161:
189:
986:
52:
151:
Frontenac gris is a white wine version of
Frontenac, introduced in 2003. It started as a single bud mutation of Frontenac, yielding gray (thus named gris) fruit and amber-colored juice. Frontenac blanc was introduced in 2012 from white fruited mutations found in both Frontenac and Frontenac gris
222:
Frontenac gris wines present aromas of peach and apricot with hints of enticing citrus and tropical fruit. A brilliant balance of fruit and acidity creates lively, refreshing wines. Unique and complex flavors make this an excellent grape for table, dessert, and ice wines.
226:
Initial trial vinifications of
Frontenac blanc indicate that it produces wines that are distinctly different from Frontenac gris in flavor and aroma. The University of Minnesota plans to evaluate and characterize Frontenac blanc lines as they are made available.
168:
The vines produce loose clusters of dark, highly acidic, high sugar berries. Frontenac is quite vigorous, cold hardy down to −35 °F (−37 °C), highly resistant to
2014:
973:
770:
707:
1956:
455:
1951:
525:
539:
2029:
728:
721:
679:
609:
235:
Although the grape has a very short history, its promise as a wine grape for very cold regions has led to many plantings across the northeastern part of the
889:
931:
784:
665:
2067:
959:
861:
798:
686:
532:
903:
833:
791:
644:
483:
511:
397:
2024:
343:
293:
1415:
318:
268:
160:
107:
390:
2055:
2093:
985:
215:
is difficult to judge from sugar levels alone, and wine-makers are often challenged by its high acidity and atypical
180:. Frontenac grapes are much smaller than traditional grapes, grow in tight clusters and produce a mild grape flavor.
1946:
2098:
1989:
383:
208:
in the style of port. The wines produced from
Frontenac typically present aromas of cherry and other red fruits.
2019:
97:
2062:
2034:
2009:
1999:
1408:
2050:
2004:
1941:
1994:
1483:
1933:
243:. The variety is one of the 4 most commonly planted wine grapes in Minnesota, with Frontenac gris,
134:
90:
1401:
812:
212:
347:
297:
1973:
1719:
1032:
133:) is an interspecific hybrid grapevine that is a result of research and crossbreeding by the
700:
1357:
868:
20:
560:
8:
1804:
1633:
1598:
244:
602:
1856:
1673:
1578:
1538:
1302:
1082:
952:
756:
735:
616:
567:
546:
113:
1898:
1893:
1876:
1814:
1809:
1764:
1699:
1638:
1628:
1623:
1603:
1342:
1232:
1227:
1187:
1182:
1122:
1007:
966:
882:
854:
763:
742:
553:
504:
497:
248:
322:
272:
1918:
1799:
1774:
1759:
1553:
1468:
1372:
1192:
1152:
945:
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875:
714:
672:
588:
441:
434:
427:
1871:
1844:
1824:
1749:
1734:
1724:
1668:
1588:
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1458:
1337:
1322:
1312:
1282:
1252:
1222:
1147:
1097:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
847:
749:
623:
469:
462:
448:
129:
1866:
1829:
1704:
1678:
1643:
1548:
1523:
1377:
1262:
1237:
1142:
1047:
1012:
1002:
938:
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819:
805:
693:
651:
637:
630:
205:
173:
1207:
2087:
1913:
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1851:
1739:
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1307:
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1177:
1127:
1102:
1037:
924:
826:
777:
595:
581:
574:
518:
490:
476:
236:
145:
75:
188:
1961:
1819:
1729:
1709:
1683:
1658:
1563:
1503:
1478:
1448:
1438:
1382:
1327:
1112:
1072:
1027:
994:
169:
138:
1923:
1888:
1839:
1618:
1573:
1513:
1488:
1443:
1367:
1332:
1292:
1267:
1247:
1202:
1197:
1077:
910:
375:
177:
141:
80:
1903:
1754:
1648:
1528:
1493:
1352:
1132:
1117:
1107:
1042:
1017:
1789:
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1744:
1653:
1608:
1508:
1212:
1167:
1162:
1087:
1022:
840:
658:
201:
2072:
1966:
1908:
1794:
1347:
1242:
1172:
197:
51:
1287:
1092:
1393:
1834:
1779:
1257:
1157:
240:
294:"Frontenac blanc : Grapes : University of Minnesota"
412:
367:
35:
269:"Frontenac Gris : Grapes: University of Minnesota"
216:
2068:
Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
196:Frontenac has been used for the production of dry
2085:
137:. It was grown from a crossing of the complex
1409:
391:
1416:
1402:
405:
398:
384:
50:
187:
159:
183:
155:
2086:
230:
1397:
379:
368:University of Minnesota Grape Website
211:While producing a pleasing wine, the
164:Frontenac grapes growing in Michigan.
128:
144:and a very cold-hardy selection of
13:
14:
2110:
1423:
192:A young Frontenac gris grapevine.
984:
344:"UM Frontenac Blanc description"
319:"UM Frontenac Gris description"
152:vines in Minnesota and Canada.
361:
336:
311:
286:
261:
1:
254:
56:Frontenac grapes on the vine.
2063:American Vineyard Foundation
7:
148:. It was released in 1996.
10:
2115:
2051:American Viticultural Area
975:V. zhejiang-adstricta
18:
2043:
1982:
1932:
1692:
1431:
993:
982:
709:V. lanceolatifoliosa
411:
106:
96:
86:
69:
61:
49:
33:
28:
2094:Red wine grape varieties
814:V. pseudoreticulata
19:Not to be confused with
772:V. × novae-angliae
135:University of Minnesota
91:University of Minnesota
2099:Hybrid grape varieties
1957:Twenty-first Amendment
870:V. shuttleworthii
527:V. bloodworthiana
406:Hybrid grape varieties
213:ripeness of the grapes
193:
165:
1974:Vine and Olive Colony
730:V. luochengensis
723:V. longquanensis
681:V. jinggangensis
611:V. erythrophylla
191:
163:
126:French pronunciation:
1952:Eighteenth Amendment
954:V. xunyangensis
933:V. wenchouensis
842:V. rotundifolia
786:V. peninsularis
758:V. mustangensis
737:V. menghaiensis
667:V. jacquemontii
618:V. fengqinensis
569:V. chunganensis
548:V. bryoniifolia
457:V. × andersonii
184:Wine characteristics
156:Vine and viticulture
139:interspecific hybrid
21:Muscat de Frontignan
968:V. yunnanensis
884:V. sinocinerea
863:V. shenxiensis
856:V. ruyuanensis
800:V. pilosonerva
765:V. nesbittiana
744:V. mengziensis
562:V. × champinii
555:V. californica
541:V. × bourquina
506:V. betulifolia
499:V. berlandieri
231:Regional production
172:, and resistant to
62:Color of berry skin
947:V. wuhanensis
898:V. tiliifolia
891:V. × slavinii
877:V. silvestrii
716:V. lincecumii
674:V. jaegeriana
604:V. × doaniana
590:V. coignetiae
534:V. bourgaeana
443:V. aestivalis
436:V. adenoclada
429:V. acerifolia
194:
166:
130:[fʁɔ̃tnak]
2081:
2080:
1894:St. Vincent grape
1391:
1390:
1358:Triomphe d'Alsace
1193:Lakemont seedless
905:V. treleasei
849:V. rupestris
835:V. romanetii
793:V. piasezkii
751:V. monticola
646:V. hancockii
625:V. ficifolia
485:V. bashanica
471:V. balansana
464:V. arizonica
450:V. amurensis
204:, as well as for
119:
118:
2106:
1775:Gamay Beaujolais
1418:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1394:
988:
940:V. wilsonae
919:V. vinifera
821:V. retordii
807:V. popenoei
695:V. labrusca
653:V. heyneana
639:V. girdiana
632:V. flexuosa
513:V. biformis
400:
393:
386:
377:
376:
370:
365:
359:
358:
356:
355:
346:. Archived from
340:
334:
333:
331:
330:
321:. Archived from
315:
309:
308:
306:
305:
296:. Archived from
290:
284:
283:
281:
280:
271:. Archived from
265:
132:
127:
54:
43:
38:
26:
25:
16:Variety of grape
2114:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2039:
1978:
1928:
1857:Rogers' Hybrids
1693:Grape cultivars
1688:
1427:
1422:
1392:
1387:
1303:Rogers' Hybrids
1223:Marechal Joffre
1158:Himrod seedless
1053:Cabernet Cortis
995:Notable hybrids
989:
980:
926:V. vulpina
828:V. riparia
779:V. palmata
702:V. × labruscana
597:V. davidii
583:V. cinerea
576:V. chungii
520:V. blancoi
492:V. bellula
478:V. barbata
407:
404:
374:
373:
366:
362:
353:
351:
342:
341:
337:
328:
326:
317:
316:
312:
303:
301:
292:
291:
287:
278:
276:
267:
266:
262:
257:
233:
186:
158:
125:
98:Notable regions
57:
41:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2112:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1634:South Carolina
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1599:North Carolina
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1378:Villard grapes
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1183:L'Acadie blanc
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1048:Cabernet blanc
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
999:
997:
991:
990:
983:
981:
979:
978:
971:
964:
961:V. Yeshanensis
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
691:
688:V. Kelungensis
684:
677:
670:
663:
656:
649:
642:
635:
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
593:
586:
579:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
460:
453:
446:
439:
432:
424:
422:
409:
408:
403:
402:
395:
388:
380:
372:
371:
360:
335:
310:
285:
259:
258:
256:
253:
232:
229:
206:fortified wine
185:
182:
174:powdery mildew
157:
154:
117:
116:
111:
104:
103:
100:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2111:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Valvin muscat
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Black Spanish
1718:
1716:
1715:Blanc du Bois
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:West Virginia
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:New Hampshire
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:Massachusetts
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:Wine by state
1430:
1426:
1425:American wine
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:Valvin muscat
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Seibel grapes
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:Marechal Foch
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:Blanc du Bois
1036:
1034:
1033:Black Spanish
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
987:
977:
976:
972:
970:
969:
965:
963:
962:
958:
956:
955:
951:
949:
948:
944:
942:
941:
937:
935:
934:
930:
928:
927:
923:
921:
920:
916:
914:
913:
912:V. tsoii
909:
907:
906:
902:
900:
899:
895:
893:
892:
888:
886:
885:
881:
879:
878:
874:
872:
871:
867:
865:
864:
860:
858:
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146:Vitis riparia
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76:Vitis riparia
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2044:Other topics
2025:South Dakota
1962:Volstead Act
1820:Minnesota 78
1769:
1730:Cayuga White
1639:South Dakota
1629:Rhode Island
1624:Pennsylvania
1604:North Dakota
1383:Zarya severa
1328:Seyval blanc
1137:
1113:Couderc noir
1073:Cayuga White
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352:. Retrieved
348:the original
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327:. Retrieved
323:the original
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302:. Retrieved
298:the original
288:
277:. Retrieved
273:the original
263:
234:
225:
221:
210:
195:
170:downy mildew
167:
150:
121:
120:
74:
40:
1990:New England
1947:Prohibition
1924:Vidal blanc
1889:Scuppernong
1840:Olmo grapes
1805:La Crescent
1554:Mississippi
1469:Connecticut
1368:Vidal blanc
1333:Seyval noir
1293:Ravat blanc
1268:Olmo grapes
1248:Muscat bleu
1208:Léon Millot
1203:Landot noir
1198:Landal noir
1078:Chambourcin
660:V. hui
245:La Crescent
142:Landot 4511
81:Landot noir
2088:Categories
2020:New Mexico
2015:New Jersey
1942:California
1904:Traminette
1755:Corot noir
1669:Washington
1589:New Mexico
1584:New Jersey
1459:California
1353:Traminette
1133:Flot rouge
1118:De Chaunac
1108:Corot noir
1083:Chancellor
1043:Breidecker
1018:Baco blanc
354:2013-07-03
329:2013-07-03
304:2013-07-03
279:2013-07-03
255:References
1899:St. Pepin
1877:Massasoit
1815:Marquette
1810:La Crosse
1790:Jaeger 70
1785:Ives noir
1770:Frontenac
1765:Edelweiss
1745:Chardonel
1700:Alexander
1679:Wisconsin
1644:Tennessee
1549:Minnesota
1524:Louisiana
1343:St. Pepin
1233:Massasoit
1228:Marquette
1213:Malverina
1188:La Crosse
1168:Jaeger 70
1163:Ives noir
1138:Frontenac
1123:Edelweiss
1088:Chardonel
1023:Baco noir
1008:Alexander
249:Marquette
198:red wines
122:Frontenac
29:Frontenac
2073:Meritage
2035:Virginia
2010:Missouri
2000:Illinois
1983:Wineries
1967:Vine-Glo
1919:Vignoles
1909:Thomcord
1800:Lakemont
1795:Kay Gray
1760:Delaware
1664:Virginia
1614:Oklahoma
1594:New York
1569:Nebraska
1559:Missouri
1544:Michigan
1534:Maryland
1519:Kentucky
1499:Illinois
1474:Delaware
1464:Colorado
1454:Arkansas
1373:Vignoles
1348:Thomcord
1243:Merzling
1173:Kay Gray
1153:Hibernal
219:levels.
178:botrytis
1934:History
1872:Herbert
1845:Royalty
1825:Niagara
1750:Clinton
1740:Concord
1735:Cassady
1725:Catawba
1684:Wyoming
1659:Vermont
1564:Montana
1504:Indiana
1484:Georgia
1479:Florida
1449:Arizona
1439:Alabama
1338:Solaris
1323:Severny
1313:Royalty
1288:Plantet
1283:Phoenix
1253:Niagara
1148:Herbert
1103:Concord
1098:Clinton
1093:Chelois
1068:Catawba
1063:Cassady
1058:Cascade
419:species
413:Grape (
102:Germany
70:Species
2005:Kansas
1867:Goethe
1835:Noiret
1830:Norton
1780:Himrod
1705:Agawam
1619:Oregon
1574:Nevada
1514:Kansas
1489:Hawaii
1444:Alaska
1263:Norton
1258:Noiret
1238:Melody
1143:Goethe
1013:Aurore
1003:Agawam
247:, and
241:Canada
110:number
87:Origin
79:× 50%
1995:Idaho
1882:Requa
1862:Flora
1852:Onaka
1649:Texas
1529:Maine
1494:Idaho
1308:Rondo
1298:Requa
1278:Orion
1273:Onaka
1178:Kyoho
1128:Flora
415:Vitis
114:15904
42:Vitis
36:Grape
2056:list
2030:Utah
1710:Beta
1654:Utah
1609:Ohio
1509:Iowa
1028:Beta
239:and
202:rose
176:and
108:VIVC
73:50%
65:Noir
2090::
417:)
251:.
217:pH
200:,
1417:e
1410:t
1403:v
399:e
392:t
385:v
357:.
332:.
307:.
282:.
124:(
45:)
39:(
23:.
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