530:
365:
775:. This same study indicates that the low life expectancy for French Bulldogs is possibly influenced by the increasing number of French Bulldogs present in the UK, increasing from 2,771 KC registered individuals in 2011 to 39,266 individuals in 2020, skewing the general population to be very young on average and biasing the data. A Japanese study of pet cemetery data found the French Bulldog to have a life expectancy of 10.2 years, the lowest of all breeds in the study. A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 9.8 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for
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407:
612:
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120:
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503:
676:
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in order to seek individual recognition for the French breed. The adopted breed standard was the same one which was already in use in
America, France, Germany and Austria. Despite opposition from Miniature Bulldog (the new breed name for the Toy Bulldog) and Bulldog breeders, in 1905, the Kennel Club changed its policy on the breed and recognized them separate from the English variety, initially as the Bouledogue Francais, then in 1912 as the French Bulldog.
491:
636:
648:
419:
329:, France. They brought a variety of dogs with them, including Toy Bulldogs. The dogs became popular in France and a trade in imported small Bulldogs was created, with breeders in England sending over Bulldogs that they considered to be too small, or with faults such as ears that stood up. By 1860, there were few Toy Bulldogs left in England, such was their popularity in France.
542:
600:
715:
In 2013, a UK Medical Study reviewed the health of 2228 French
Bulldogs under veterinary care in the UK. The study found that 1612 (72.4%) of these French Bulldog had at least one recorded health issue: The most common disorders recorded were ear infections (14.0%), diarrhea (7.5%) and conjunctivitis
465:
initially recognized them as a subset of the existing
Bulldog breed rather than an entirely new breed. Some English breeders in this period bred the French Bulldogs in order to resurrect the Toy Bulldog. On 10 July 1902, at the house of Frederick W. Cousens, a meeting was held to set up a breed club
478:
fewer than 22,000. In 2013, the
American Kennel Club (AKC) ranked the French Bulldog as the 10th most popular breed in the United States, enjoying a sharp rise in popularity from 54th place a decade before, in 2003. In 2023, the French Bulldog overtook the Labrador as the most popular breed of dog
290:. It is commonly kept as a pet, and is among the most frequently registered dogs in a number of countries including Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The breed is susceptible to various health problems as a consequence of breeding for their distinctive appearance, especially the
469:
Today the French
Bulldog is commonly kept as a pet: in 2020, it was the second-most registered dog in the United Kingdom, and the fourth-most in the United States. They were rated the third-most popular dog in Australia in 2017. In 2019, in the United Kingdom, the French Bulldog had a total of
589:. Eyes that are AKC Standard approved for French Bulldogs are dark, almost to the point of being black; blue eyed French bulldogs are not AKC approved. The coat of a French bulldog should be short haired and fine and silky. Acceptable colors under the breed standard are the various shades of
529:
352:
are thought to have French
Bulldogs in their paintings. However, records were not kept of the breed's development as it diverged further away from its original Bulldog roots. As it changed, terrier stock had been brought in to develop traits such as the breed's long straight ears.
460:
This new
Bulldog breed arrived for the first time in England in 1893, with English Bulldog breeders in an uproar as the French imports did not meet the new breed standards in place by this time, and they wanted to prevent the English stock from crossbreeding with the French.
593:, fawn, cream or white with brindle patches (known as "pied"). The fawn colors can be any light through red. The most common colors are brindle, then fawn, with pieds being less common than the other colors. The breed clubs do not recognize any other colors or patterns.
695:
A study in the UK comparing French
Bulldogs to the general canine population found that of 43 common conditions, the French Bulldog had significantly higher prevalence for almost half (20/43) and a significantly lower prevalence for a quarter (11/43).
439:
in 1896. In the following year, the judge at the dog show, George Raper, only chose winners with "rose ears"—ears that folded at the tip, as with the standard for
Bulldogs. The ladies formed the French Bull Dog Club of America and created a
434:
Americans had been importing French
Bulldogs for a while, but it was not until 1885 that they were brought over in order to set up an American-based breeding program. They were mostly owned by society ladies, who first displayed them at the
847:
to be more prevalent in the French Bulldog than other breeds. The overall prevalence in French Bulldogs was 1.3% compared to the overall rate of 0.17%. The prevalence in dogs under the age of 2 years was 1.9% compared to 0.48%.
1887:
Gruenheid, Michaela; Aarnes, Turi K.; McLoughlin, Mary A.; Simpson, Elaine M.; Mathys, Dimitria A.; Mollenkopf, Dixie F.; Wittum, Thomas E. (1 August 2018). "Risk of anesthesia-related complications in brachycephalic dogs".
444:
which preferred the "erect bat ear" type.In the early 20th century, the breed remained in vogue for high society, with dogs changing hands for up to $ 3,000 and being owned by members of influential families such as the
364:
759:— with the latter caused due to an inability to effectively reduce body temperature via panting. French Bulldogs are banned by several commercial airlines due to the numbers that have died while in the air.
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858:
The French Bulldog is also prone to skin allergies (in addition to the demodicosis called out above) that often result in excessive licking of the paws, watery eyes, ear infections, sneezing, or vomiting.
584:
The AKC Standard weight for a French Bulldog is at maximum 28 pounds (13 kg). The head of a French bulldog should be square shaped and large, with ears that resemble bat ears. French bulldogs are a
344:('mastiff'). The dogs were highly fashionable and were sought after by society ladies and Parisian prostitutes alike, as well as creatives such as artists, writers, and fashion designers. The artists
1090:
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such as bull-baiting, which were banned in 1835. By the middle of the century there were miniature bulldogs, often weighing some 7–11 kg (15–24 lb), though some weighed considerably less.
1189:
837:
1618:
Hendricks, J. C.; Kline, L. R.; Kovalski, R. J.; O'Brien, J. A.; Morrison, A. R.; Pack, A. I. (1 October 1987). "The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing".
332:
The small Bulldog type gradually became thought of as a breed, and received a name, the Bouledogue Francais. This Francization of the English name is also a contraction of the words
875:
The Japanese study reviewed cemetery data which is unlikely to have any records of still-births and altricial deaths whilst a veterinary clinic likely would have some data on these.
1488:
2256:
830:
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1104:
767:
A study of the deaths of 30,563 dogs of different breeds in the United Kingdom in 2016–2020 found the French Bulldog to have a life expectancy at birth of
565:
2279:
1143:
385:
2499:"Prevalence of thoracic vertebral malformations in French bulldogs, Pugs and English bulldogs with and without associated neurological deficits"
1214:
457:
recognized the breed quickly after the breed club was formed, and by 1906 the French Bulldog was the fifth most popular dog breed in America.
60:
719:
Despite these challenges, the popularity of French Bulldogs continues to rise, emphasizing the importance of addressing their health issues.
581:
The American Kennel Club standard for the French Bulldog states that it should be muscular, with a soft and loose coat forming wrinkles.
936:
899:
740:
291:
221:
1973:
3605:
2147:
McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (1 February 2024).
731:. Brachycephaly results in deformation of the upper airway tract and leads to obstruction of breathing. Effects of brachycephaly are
700:
had an occurrence rate of 42 times the general population, brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome was 30 times more prevalent,
2003:
2819:
2305:
1357:
O’Neill, Dan G.; Packer, Rowena M.A.; Francis, Peter; Church, David B.; Brodbelt, Dave C.; Pegram, Camilla (16 December 2021).
2739:
2713:
2660:
2613:
2604:
Oliver, James A.C.; Mellersh, Cathryn S. (2020). "Genetics". In Cooper, Barbara; Mullineaux, Elizabeth; Turner, Lynn (eds.).
2814:
3183:
755:, and laryngeal collapse. Other issues arising from brachycephaly are risk of complications whilst under anaesthesia, and
3347:
3108:
2331:
1998:
1341:
1002:
94:
2824:
2799:
2357:
502:
436:
817:
A review of more than 200,000 patients in the UK found that French Bulldogs had a noticeably higher occurrence of
418:
2859:
2829:
2794:
1513:
Knecht, C. D. (1979). Upper airway obstruction in brachycephalic dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet, 1, 25-31.
1416:
17:
3163:
680:
2212:
Evans, Katy M.; Adams, Vicki J. (2010). "Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section".
1415:"Demography and disorders of the French Bulldog population under primary veterinary care in the UK in 2013"
1359:"French Bulldogs differ to other dogs in the UK in propensity for many common disorders: a VetCompass study"
406:
2672:
1430:"Demography and disorders of the French Bulldog population under primary veterinary care in the UK in 2013"
803:
209:
1175:
1030:
3425:
2952:
1099:
553:
2804:
2440:"Prevalence of neurological disorders in French bulldog: a retrospective study of 343 cases (2002–2016)"
1428:
O’Neill, Dan G.; Baral, Lauren; Church, David B.; Brodbelt, Dave C.; Packer, Rowena M. A. (3 May 2018).
3375:
2789:
2754:
2381:"The epidemiology of patellar luxation in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England"
1150:
214:
2849:
2706:
1334:
The New Complete Dog Book: Official Breed Standards and All-New Profiles for 200 Breeds, 21st Edition
1294:
1225:
992:
349:
3133:
2844:
2764:
2028:
Teng, Kendy Tzu-yun; Brodbelt, Dave C.; Pegram, Camilla; Church, David B.; O'Neill, Dan G. (2022).
1781:"The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome"
514:
76:
2839:
1249:
794:
A UK study identified French Bulldog bitches to be 15.9 times more likely to experience dystocia.
771:, the lowest by a large margin of all breeds in the study, which found an average for all dogs of
3600:
3595:
3060:
2759:
2549:"Juvenile-onset and adult-onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK: prevalence and breed associations"
2379:
O’Neill, Dan G.; Meeson, Richard L.; Sheridan, Adam; Church, David B.; Brodbelt, Dave C. (2016).
1250:
American Kennel Club 2013 Dog Registration Statistics Historical Comparisons & Notable Trends
2629:
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3101:
2864:
2834:
2498:
2547:
O'Neill, D. G.; Turgoose, E.; Church, D. B.; Brodbelt, D. C.; Hendricks, A. (4 October 2019).
2030:"Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom"
1754:
829:
A French study found that 45% of French Bulldogs presenting with a neurological condition had
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322:
895:
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2046:
611:
454:
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8:
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2029:
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226:
72:
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68:
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687:
471:
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2438:
Mayousse, Vincent; Desquilbet, Loïc; Jeandel, Aurélien; Blot, Stéphane (5 July 2017).
1679:
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3333:
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1954:
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1802:
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1635:
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1337:
998:
818:
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623:
659:
3554:
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3415:
3380:
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2560:
2513:
2469:
2451:
2410:
2392:
2221:
2184:
2168:
2119:
2103:
2092:"Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data"
2062:
2054:
1944:
1897:
1859:
1841:
1792:
1719:
1674:
1627:
1536:
1459:
1441:
1388:
1370:
1036:
1008:
370:
3370:
716:(3.2%). Skin problems were the most commonly reported group of disorders (17.9%).
119:
3513:
3480:
3465:
3460:
3283:
3278:
3178:
3168:
2937:
2917:
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1631:
1500:
1314:
1065:
479:
as ranked by the AKC. Before 2023, Labradors had held the top spot for 31 years.
462:
257:
3138:
635:
3559:
3445:
3258:
3158:
3143:
2932:
2927:
2907:
2869:
2769:
2517:
2172:
2058:
1723:
1375:
833:, with the study concluding that the French Bulldog is prone to the condition.
697:
586:
475:
279:
278:. It appeared in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century, apparently the result of
3293:
3238:
2456:
2397:
1446:
1118:
3584:
3539:
3430:
3208:
3148:
3128:
2973:
2691:
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2525:
2465:
2406:
2180:
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1958:
1909:
1855:
1806:
1731:
1688:
1639:
1589:
1550:
1455:
1384:
728:
271:
56:
2608:(Sixth ed.). British Small Animal Veterinary Association. p. 131.
1901:
1417:
https://cgejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40575-018-0057-9#Sec4
3243:
3198:
3075:
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3024:
3004:
2892:
2749:
2590:
2533:
2483:
2424:
2335:
2280:"New study reveals flat faced dogs have the highest risk when giving birth"
2233:
2198:
2133:
2076:
1917:
1873:
1814:
1739:
1573:
1473:
1402:
898:[French Bulldog]. FCI breeds nomenclature (in French and English).
756:
744:
701:
675:
450:
307:
287:
242:
2744:
2497:
Ryan, R.; Gutierrez-Quintana, R.; ter Haar, G.; De Decker, Steven (2017).
1696:
1647:
1597:
1558:
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3549:
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3405:
3390:
3268:
3228:
2774:
2731:
2107:
1949:
1932:
1215:"COMPARATIVE TABLES OF REGISTRATIONS FOR THE YEARS 2010 – 2019 INCLUSIVE"
844:
727:
The shortened snout and pushed in face of the French Bulldog is known as
521:
397:
345:
283:
2249:"Why do over 80 per cent of Bulldog births happen by caesarian section?"
1846:
1190:"Top 10 dog breeds in Australia 2017. Don't worry, they're all adorable"
3518:
3505:
3475:
3420:
3218:
3055:
2874:
2779:
2564:
2496:
705:
318:
3253:
3223:
3029:
1828:
Hobi, Stefan; Barrs, Vanessa R.; Bęczkowski, Paweł M. (16 June 2023).
1797:
1780:
1489:"Highly Inbred, French Bulldogs Face Higher Odds for 20 Health Issues"
3500:
3395:
3248:
2968:
1144:"Top Twenty Breeds In Registration Order For The Years 2018 And 2019"
836:
A UK study found the French Bulldog to be more likely to suffer from
267:
571:
1917 with Grand Duchesses Tatiana and Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia
306:
were bred in the United Kingdom for purposes other than traditional
3385:
3273:
2149:"Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death"
951:
851:
The French Bulldog is one of the most commonly affected breeds for
752:
709:
326:
1933:"Heatstroke and brachycephalic dogs – is there an increased risk?"
3400:
3356:
3153:
3117:
3009:
2884:
2546:
2334:. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UK). Archived from
1617:
776:
732:
590:
303:
275:
33:
1886:
1048:
1046:
3534:
3314:
3034:
2978:
2723:
736:
2332:"Genetic welfare problems of companion animals: Hemivertebrae"
1896:(3). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): 301–306.
1263:"Beloved and debated, French bulldog becomes top US dog breed"
2437:
1043:
811:
356:
2146:
1409:
791:
to give birth, with over 80% of litters delivered this way.
3325:
3086:
2378:
314:
1710:
Meola, Stacy D. (2013). "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome".
1667:
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice
1529:
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice
1427:
1356:
3263:
2090:
INOUE, Mai; KWAN, Nigel C. L.; SUGIURA, Katsuaki (2018).
2102:(7). Japanese Society of Veterinary Science: 1153–1158.
2027:
1890:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
1107:
on 30 June 2022 – via sacramento.newsreview.com.
1974:"Banned by Many Airlines, These Bulldogs Fly Private"
1309:
1307:
821:
with the French Bulldog having an odds ratio of 5.4.
429:
1331:
1091:"A Sacramento heiress and [a] murder on the
2630:"The 10 Most Common French Bulldog Health Problems"
2450:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 212.
2159:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531.
1827:
2240:
1304:
1055:, The American Kennel Club, retrieved 28 May 2014.
2308:. Mar Vista Animal Medical Center. Archived from
1252:, The American Kennel Club, Retrieved 28 May 2014
1035:. London, UK / New York, NY: Cassell – via
376:Bouboule, Bull-dog de madame Palmyre, Ă la souris
3582:
2089:
1830:"Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs"
1626:(4). American Physiological Society: 1344–1350.
935:(Report). FCI Standard (in French and English).
2246:
802:French Bulldogs are prone to having congenital
2721:
2603:
302:From the beginning of the nineteenth century,
3341:
3102:
2707:
1778:
1574:"Pattern of breathing in brachycephalic dogs"
53:The examples and perspective in this article
1295:"American Kennel Club - Dog Breed Standards"
960:, 'Official breed club created in 1898 (fr)'
831:Hansen type I intervertebral disk herniation
391:
374:
339:
333:
1930:
470:33,661 registered dogs. By comparison, the
3348:
3334:
3109:
3095:
2714:
2700:
2211:
1755:"Reverse Sneezing (Pharyngeal Gag Reflex)"
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
741:brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome
357:Depictions in nineteenth-century paintings
118:
2580:
2473:
2455:
2414:
2396:
2188:
2123:
2066:
1948:
1863:
1845:
1796:
1779:Sebbag, Lionel; Sanchez, Rick F. (2023).
1678:
1660:
1540:
1522:
1463:
1445:
1392:
1374:
1332:American Kennel Club (11 November 2014).
782:
286:imported from England and local Parisian
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
1971:
1752:
1486:
986:
686:
674:
2675:(Report). Breed standards. London, UK:
2004:American Veterinary Medical Association
1578:American Journal of Veterinary Research
1015:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
482:
14:
3583:
1972:Haughney, Christine (6 October 2011).
1931:Ewers Clark, Anna (22 December 2022).
1315:"French Bulldog Dog Breed Information"
1176:"AKC: Most Popular Dog Breeds of 2018"
1149:. The Kennel Club (UK). Archived from
1066:"French Bulldog Dog Breed Information"
1028:
958:"Le bouledogue Français, Ses origines"
923:
921:
919:
917:
3329:
3184:English Toy Terrier (Black & Tan)
3090:
2695:
2650:
2096:Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
2023:
2021:
1999:"Air Travel and Short-Nosed Dogs FAQ"
1709:
1487:Thompson, Dennis (20 December 2021).
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
990:
937:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
900:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
222:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
2820:Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Orange
2606:BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing
963:
39:
1712:Topics in Companion Animal Medicine
1571:
1168:
914:
824:
787:French Bulldogs frequently require
24:
2815:Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Noir
2277:
2018:
1277:
1136:
1083:
888:
762:
430:Breed clubs and modern recognition
25:
3622:
2686:– via thekennelclub.org.uk.
1572:TC, Amis; C, Kurpershoek (1986).
1103:. 4 February 2022. Archived from
1058:
708:was 11 times more prevalent, and
3606:Dog breeds originating in France
2740:Anglo-Français de Petite Vénerie
2643:
2634:Southern Cross Veterinary Clinic
2553:Journal of Small Animal Practice
2385:Canine Genetics and Epidemiology
2247:Pete Wedderburn (6 April 2009).
2226:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x
2214:Journal of Small Animal Practice
1753:Lundgrun, Becky (26 June 2006).
1663:"Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome"
1525:"Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome"
1434:Canine Genetics and Epidemiology
1292:
1053:"Get to Know the French Bulldog"
838:thoracic vertebral malformations
722:
679:Closeup of the French Bulldog's
658:
646:
634:
622:
610:
598:
564:
552:
540:
528:
513:
501:
489:
437:Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
417:
405:
384:
363:
44:
2653:Titanic: An illustrated history
2622:
2597:
2540:
2490:
2431:
2372:
2350:
2324:
2298:
2271:
2205:
2140:
2083:
1991:
1965:
1924:
1880:
1821:
1772:
1746:
1703:
1654:
1611:
1584:(10). Am J Vet Res: 2200–2204.
1565:
1516:
1507:
1480:
1421:
1350:
1325:
1255:
1243:
1207:
1182:
1123:French Bull Dog Club of America
869:
797:
691:French Bulldog at rest, panting
2825:Grand Anglo-Français Tricolore
2800:Chien Français Blanc et Orange
1336:. i5 Publishing. p. 912.
1111:
576:
508:1901, Maurice in New York City
13:
1:
3164:Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
1680:10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0
1673:(5). Elsevier BV: 1145–1153.
1620:Journal of Applied Physiology
1542:10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0
1535:(5). Elsevier BV: 1145–1153.
882:
704:was 14 times more prevalent,
474:had over 36,700 dogs and the
3355:
3116:
2860:Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen
2830:Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen
2795:Chien Français Blanc et Noir
1632:10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1344
1363:Canine Medicine and Genetics
1100:Sacramento News & Review
712:was 9 times more prevalent.
7:
3510:Saint Louis Vincent Mastiff
2953:Wirehaired Pointing Griffon
1661:Hendricks, Joan C. (1992).
1523:Hendricks, Joan C. (1992).
1178:. The American Kennel Club.
997:. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's.
991:Coile, D. Caroline (2005).
393:A l'Ă©curie, cheval et chien
71:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3627:
3376:Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog
2655:. New York, NY: Hyperion.
2518:10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.01.018
2173:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w
2059:10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6
1724:10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.004
1376:10.1186/s40575-021-00112-3
810:"), which will show on an
321:who were displaced by the
297:
31:
3527:
3501:Perro de Presa Mallorquin
3363:
3307:
3124:
3043:
2997:
2961:
2883:
2850:Griffon Fauve de Bretagne
2730:
2457:10.1186/s12917-017-1132-2
2398:10.1186/s40575-016-0034-0
1718:(3). Elsevier BV: 91–96.
1447:10.1186/s40575-018-0057-9
1029:Robert, Leighton (1907).
931:[French Bulldog]
670:
350:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
261:
236:
225:
220:
213:
208:
203:
199:
185:
174:
164:
153:
148:
144:
136:
126:
117:
112:
3134:Australian Silky Terrier
2845:Griffon Bleu de Gascogne
2805:Chien Français Tricolore
2765:Basset Fauve de Bretagne
2284:Royal Veterinary College
1785:Veterinary Ophthalmology
862:
739:, skin fold dermatitis,
735:, stertorous breathing,
535:1911, Ch. Stanmore Argus
294:face and skin wrinkles.
55:deal primarily with the
3061:Grand Fauve de Bretagne
2790:Briquet Griffon Vendéen
2760:Basset Bleu de Gascogne
2755:Basset Artésien Normand
2444:BMC Veterinary Research
2360:. Top Dog Animal Health
1902:10.2460/javma.253.3.301
1293:Club, American Kennel.
1032:The New Book of the Dog
210:Société Centrale Canine
59:and do not represent a
3496:Perro de Presa Canario
3491:Olde English Bulldogge
3426:CĂŁo Fila de SĂŁo Miguel
3289:Toy Manchester Terrier
2865:Petit Bleu de Gascogne
2835:Grand Bleu de Gascogne
2512:. Elsevier BV: 25–29.
2506:The Veterinary Journal
2286:. University of London
2045:(2022): article 6415.
1119:"History of the FBDCA"
1093:French bulldog express
843:A British study found
783:Birth and reproduction
692:
684:
392:
375:
340:
334:
2984:Pyrenean Mountain Dog
2913:Braque du Bourbonnais
2840:Grand Griffon Vendéen
1840:(12). MDPI AG: 2016.
1759:VeterinaryPartner.com
896:"Bouledogue Français"
749:pharyngeal gag reflex
690:
678:
559:between 1875 and 1917
323:Industrial Revolution
204:Kennel club standards
3545:Cordoba fighting dog
3214:King Charles Spaniel
2943:Pont-Audemer Spaniel
2923:Braque Saint-Germain
2898:Blue Picardy Spaniel
2722:Dogs originating in
2108:10.1292/jvms.17-0384
1950:10.18849/ve.v7i4.534
1319:American Kennel Club
1070:American Kennel Club
853:hereditary cataracts
706:skin fold dermatitis
483:Historic photographs
455:American Kennel Club
77:create a new article
69:improve this article
3565:Old English Bulldog
3441:Continental Bulldog
3174:Chinese Crested Dog
2948:Saint-Usuge Spaniel
2810:Gascon Saintongeois
2785:Briquet de Provence
2651:Lynch, Don (1992).
2559:(1). Wiley: 32–41.
2253:The Daily Telegraph
2165:2024NatSR..14..531M
2051:2022NatSR..12.6415T
1937:Veterinary Evidence
1847:10.3390/ani13122016
929:Bouledogue Français
840:than other breeds.
808:butterfly vertebrae
325:began to settle in
263:Bouledogue Français
132:Bouledogue Français
29:French breed of dog
3486:Neapolitan Mastiff
3234:Miniature Pinscher
3194:Griffon Bruxellois
3066:King's White Hound
2908:Braque de l'Ariege
2565:10.1111/jsap.13067
2153:Scientific Reports
2038:Scientific Reports
1231:on 31 January 2020
1222:The Kennel Club UK
693:
685:
472:Labrador Retriever
313:At the same time,
3578:
3577:
3456:Dogue de Bordeaux
3436:CimarrĂłn Uruguayo
3323:
3322:
3299:Yorkshire Terrier
3204:Italian Greyhound
3084:
3083:
3015:Dogue de Bordeaux
2989:Pyrenean Sheepdog
2903:Braque d'Auvergne
2855:Griffon Nivernais
2662:978-1-56282-918-6
2615:978-1-910-44339-2
2259:on 13 August 2011
1798:10.1111/vop.13054
939:. N° 101 g09 / en
819:patellar luxation
789:Caesarean section
250:
249:
232:
231:
195:
194:
105:
104:
97:
79:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3618:
3555:Fila da Terceira
3451:Dogue Brasileiro
3416:Campeiro Bulldog
3381:American Bulldog
3350:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3239:Miniature Poodle
3111:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3087:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2666:
2638:
2637:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2459:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2400:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2338:on 12 March 2015
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2312:on 30 April 2015
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2278:Packer, Rowena.
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2255:. Archived from
2244:
2238:
2237:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1849:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1800:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1682:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1544:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1449:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1378:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1224:. Archived from
1219:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1097:. Looking back.
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1037:Internet Archive
1026:
1013:
1012:
1009:Internet Archive
988:
961:
955:
949:
948:
946:
944:
934:
925:
912:
911:
909:
907:
892:
876:
873:
825:Other conditions
774:
773:11.23 years
770:
662:
650:
638:
626:
614:
602:
587:flat-faced breed
568:
556:
544:
532:
517:
505:
493:
424:Toulouse-Lautrec
421:
412:Toulouse-Lautrec
409:
395:
388:
378:
371:Toulouse-Lautrec
367:
343:
337:
265:
245:
239:
201:
200:
146:
145:
129:
122:
110:
109:
100:
93:
89:
86:
80:
48:
47:
40:
21:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3523:
3514:Serrano Bulldog
3481:Kurdish Mastiff
3466:Fila Brasileiro
3461:English Mastiff
3359:
3354:
3324:
3319:
3303:
3284:Toy Fox Terrier
3279:Tibetan Spaniel
3179:Coton de Tulear
3120:
3115:
3085:
3080:
3039:
2993:
2957:
2938:Picardy Spaniel
2918:Braque Francais
2879:
2726:
2720:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2677:The Kennel Club
2671:
2663:
2646:
2641:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2602:
2598:
2545:
2541:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2436:
2432:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2358:"Hemivertebrae"
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2306:"Hemivertebrae"
2304:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2245:
2241:
2210:
2206:
2145:
2141:
2088:
2084:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1970:
1966:
1929:
1925:
1885:
1881:
1826:
1822:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1751:
1747:
1708:
1704:
1659:
1655:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1570:
1566:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1485:
1481:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1330:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1291:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1265:. 15 March 2023
1261:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1156:on 26 June 2020
1153:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1044:
1027:
1016:
1005:
994:French Bulldogs
989:
964:
956:
952:
942:
940:
932:
927:
926:
915:
905:
903:
894:
893:
889:
885:
880:
879:
874:
870:
865:
827:
800:
785:
772:
769:4.53 years
768:
765:
763:Life expectancy
725:
702:aural discharge
673:
666:
663:
654:
651:
642:
639:
630:
627:
618:
615:
606:
603:
579:
572:
569:
560:
557:
548:
545:
536:
533:
524:
518:
509:
506:
497:
494:
485:
463:The Kennel Club
432:
425:
422:
413:
410:
401:
389:
380:
368:
359:
300:
241:
237:
127:
108:
101:
90:
84:
81:
66:
49:
45:
36:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3624:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Companion dogs
3598:
3596:Bulldog breeds
3593:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3528:Extinct breeds
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:French Bulldog
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3446:Dogo Argentino
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3259:Pomeranian dog
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3189:French Bulldog
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3159:Boston Terrier
3156:
3151:
3146:
3144:Biewer Terrier
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:French Bulldog
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:French Spaniel
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2770:Beagle-Harrier
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2673:French Bulldog
2668:
2667:
2661:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2621:
2614:
2596:
2539:
2489:
2430:
2371:
2349:
2323:
2297:
2270:
2239:
2204:
2139:
2082:
2017:
1990:
1978:New York Times
1964:
1923:
1879:
1820:
1771:
1745:
1702:
1653:
1610:
1564:
1515:
1506:
1479:
1420:
1408:
1349:
1342:
1324:
1303:
1276:
1254:
1242:
1206:
1181:
1167:
1135:
1110:
1082:
1057:
1042:
1039:(archive.org).
1014:
1011:(archive.org).
1003:
962:
950:
913:
886:
884:
881:
878:
877:
867:
866:
864:
861:
826:
823:
806:(also called "
799:
796:
784:
781:
764:
761:
724:
721:
698:Stenotic nares
681:brachycephalic
672:
669:
668:
667:
664:
657:
655:
652:
645:
643:
640:
633:
631:
628:
621:
619:
616:
609:
607:
604:
597:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
563:
561:
558:
551:
549:
546:
539:
537:
534:
527:
525:
519:
512:
510:
507:
500:
498:
495:
488:
484:
481:
476:Cocker Spaniel
442:breed standard
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
416:
414:
411:
404:
402:
390:
383:
381:
369:
362:
358:
355:
299:
296:
292:brachycephalic
280:cross-breeding
266:) is a French
254:French Bulldog
248:
247:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
218:
217:
212:
206:
205:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
151:
150:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
124:
123:
115:
114:
113:French Bulldog
106:
103:
102:
63:of the subject
61:worldwide view
52:
50:
43:
28:
18:Frenchie (dog)
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3623:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:Bullenbeisser
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:Chongqing dog
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:Alano Español
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:Extant breeds
3362:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:Japanese Chin
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Bolognese dog
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Affenpinscher
3127:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Berger Picard
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:Pastoral dogs
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
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57:United States
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3244:Papillon dog
3199:Havanese dog
3188:
3139:Bichon Frisé
3076:Talbot Hound
3071:Norman Hound
3051:Braque Dupuy
3019:
3005:Bichon Frise
2750:Artois Hound
2680:. Retrieved
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2220:(2): 113–8.
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1226:the original
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745:exophthalmos
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447:Rockefellers
433:
400:, about 1861
331:
312:
308:blood sports
301:
284:Toy Bulldogs
262:
253:
251:
243:domestic dog
91:
82:
54:
37:
26:
3570:Toy Bulldog
3550:Dogo Cubano
3411:Bully Kutta
3406:Bullmastiff
3269:Russkiy Toy
3229:Maltese dog
2732:Scenthounds
2342:21 December
2316:21 December
1764:26 December
943:15 November
906:15 November
845:demodicosis
777:crossbreeds
577:Description
522:Anna Sacher
398:Edgar Degas
346:Edgar Degas
128:Other names
3611:FCI breeds
3585:Categories
3506:Rottweiler
3476:Great Dane
3421:Cane Corso
3294:Toy Poodle
3219:Lhasa Apso
3056:Chien-gris
2875:Porcelaine
2780:Bloodhound
1603:6 February
1501:2611700588
1075:31 January
883:References
319:Nottingham
32:See also:
3396:Broholmer
3249:Pekingese
3169:Chihuahua
2969:Beauceron
2745:Ariégeois
2682:15 August
2573:0022-4510
2526:1090-0233
2466:1746-6148
2407:2052-6687
2181:2045-2322
2116:0916-7250
1983:8 October
1959:2396-9776
1910:0003-1488
1856:2076-2615
1807:1463-5216
1732:1938-9736
1689:0195-5616
1640:8750-7587
1590:0002-9645
1551:0195-5616
1493:HealthDay
1456:2052-6687
1385:2662-9380
1369:(1): 13.
1194:NewsComAu
1128:2 January
107:Dog breed
73:talk page
3591:Toy dogs
3560:Molossus
3386:Boerboel
3357:Mastiffs
3274:Shih Tzu
3118:Toy dogs
3025:Papillon
2928:Brittany
2885:Gun dogs
2870:Poitevin
2591:31584708
2534:28283076
2484:28676057
2425:27280025
2391:(1): 4.
2290:13 March
2263:5 August
2234:20136998
2199:38302530
2190:10834484
2134:29798968
2077:35484374
1918:30020004
1874:37370526
1865:10294810
1815:36585820
1740:24182996
1497:ProQuest
1474:29750111
1440:(1): 3.
1403:34911586
1269:15 March
1199:12 April
753:cyanosis
710:dystocia
605:Brindle
449:and the
327:Normandy
304:bulldogs
227:standard
215:standard
170:24–32 cm
160:27–35 cm
67:You may
3401:Bulldog
3254:Phalène
3224:Löwchen
3154:Bolonka
3044:Extinct
3030:Phalène
3010:Cursinu
2582:7003809
2475:5497356
2416:4898461
2161:Bibcode
2125:6068313
2068:9050668
2047:Bibcode
1834:Animals
1697:1523786
1648:3693167
1598:3777646
1559:1523786
1465:5932866
1394:8675495
1160:23 June
733:stridor
591:brindle
298:History
288:ratters
276:toy dog
191:8–13 kg
188:Females
181:9–14 kg
167:Females
34:Bulldog
3535:Alaunt
3315:Bichon
3312:Types:
3035:Poodle
2979:Briard
2893:Barbet
2724:France
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737:emesis
671:Health
653:Black
629:Cream
520:1908,
453:. The
379:, 1897
258:French
175:Weight
154:Height
149:Traits
140:France
137:Origin
3391:Boxer
2998:Other
2775:Billy
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2033:(PDF)
1943:(4).
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933:(PDF)
902:. 101
863:Notes
812:X-ray
641:Fawn
617:Pied
341:dogue
335:boule
268:breed
178:Males
157:Males
75:, or
3519:Tosa
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683:face
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547:1915
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348:and
315:lace
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282:of
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238:Dog
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