154:
2455:(1868–1951), who wrote under the pseudonym of "Alain". He was a leading theorist of radicalism, and his influence extended through the Third and Fourth Republics. He stressed individualism, seeking to defend the citizen against the state. He warned against all forms of power – military, clerical, and economic. To oppose them, he exalted the small farmer, the small shopkeeper, the small town, and the little man. He idealized country life and saw Paris as a dangerous font of power.
2210:
726:
33:
738:
2198:
2447:
to refer to political liberalism. The
Radicals tended to be more statist than most European liberals, but shared liberal values on other issues, especially support for individual liberty and secularism, while the Republicans were keener on economic liberalism than secularism.
2540:, established in 2017 as a successor of the Union for French Democracy, stripped of most former Republicans, who joined the Union for a Popular Movement (later The Republicans) or the Union of Democrats and Independents.
4769:
4699:
2071:
2466:
was formed in 1962. The originally centre-left
Radical Party was a declining force and joined the centre-right in 1972, causing the split of the left-wing faction and the foundation of the
761:
4967:
4982:
4934:
1527:
4939:
4791:
4944:
4861:
4781:
4684:
4972:
4321:
4992:
4977:
4924:
3079:
4962:
4764:
4689:
4669:
4101:
1308:
4987:
4929:
4816:
4806:
50:
2501:
and re-shaped as an economic liberal party, left the federation in 1998 and was later merged, along with the
Radical Party, into the liberal-conservative
2909:
2763:
3556:"Le Centre national des indépendants et paysans (CNIP) de 1948 à nos jours": interview with Gilles Richard, Professor of Contemporary history at Rennes
2980:
97:
2993:
69:
4641:
1858:
768:
5023:
4427:
3993:
2724:
2590:
2459:
2325:
2294:
2240:
574:
568:
76:
3766:
2290:
1726:
1382:
83:
2144:
1664:
3592:
3555:
3214:
2821:
1783:
1751:
1744:
1482:
1333:
65:
4141:
4126:
4043:
3142:(which has suffered the split of some of its founding components in 1998–2002, see above), on the remnants of the latter party.
2857:
2485:(successor of the Independent Republicans) and the Radical Party were founding components, along with the Christian-democratic
2051:
1669:
941:
686:
273:
3894:
2270:
2129:
2094:
1739:
5033:
4525:
2361:
2134:
2119:
2109:
2104:
1946:
1679:
1619:
1477:
1402:
1080:
519:
4248:
4011:
3657:
3521:
3146:
3115:
3062:
3004:
2879:
2573:
2510:
2349:
1986:
1916:
1791:
1472:
563:
524:
5028:
4634:
4096:
2139:
2124:
2099:
1958:
1921:
1831:
1629:
4068:
4053:
3200:
3165:
3107:
2756:
2533:
1811:
1796:
1634:
504:
116:
17:
2996:(SFIO), however some dissidents transformed the RGR into a full-fledged party and other Radical dissidents from the
2683:(FR) is founded and the Liberal Republican Union (ULR) and National Republican Association (ANR) are merged into it.
4906:
4719:
4336:
4177:
4131:
3015:
2787:
2632:
2233:
1951:
1836:
1806:
1801:
1697:
1674:
1584:
1532:
1431:
785:
580:
1145:
4744:
2149:
2046:
1492:
1457:
1318:
1313:
646:
90:
4356:
3931:
2801:
2663:
2436:
2317:
2041:
2011:
1843:
1692:
1624:
536:
54:
3400:
3370:
2735:
5018:
4831:
4826:
4627:
4279:
3899:
3840:
3835:
3326:
2066:
1999:
1901:
1441:
1419:
1328:
754:
133:
3921:
2451:
Intellectuals played a powerful role in all the movements, for example a major spokesman for radicalism was
4607:
4346:
3825:
3662:
3130:
3048:
2846:
2842:, the "Liberal Clubs", "Liberal Generation" and the "Free Right", as well as the Radical Party (see below).
2834:
2537:
2502:
2475:
2341:
1926:
1392:
494:
5013:
4464:
4184:
4058:
4048:
3796:
3637:
3585:
2715:
2564:
2389:
2226:
2056:
1848:
1818:
1734:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1397:
1372:
1230:
3188:
3157:
2525:
4375:
4296:
4063:
3973:
3952:
3652:
3642:
3632:
3139:
2932:
2813:
2792:
2779:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2337:
1886:
1462:
1286:
595:
235:
4891:
4555:
4311:
4226:
4199:
4116:
3911:
3756:
3023:
2985:
2885:
2771:
2616:
2482:
2467:
2400:
2333:
1981:
1908:
1778:
1687:
1436:
1414:
1407:
691:
590:
514:
489:
302:
3272:
3260:
2340:) have since embraced liberalism, including its economic version, and have mostly joined either the
4821:
4801:
4136:
4106:
3711:
3433:
3183:
3150:
2901:
2893:
2521:
2506:
2471:
2357:
2345:
2036:
1933:
1547:
1452:
1195:
2883:(UDI), which aims at becoming a centrist alternative to the UMP, while being in alliance with it.
1060:
4796:
4392:
4274:
4221:
4167:
4121:
3810:
2744:
2606:
2463:
2432:
2329:
2302:
2167:
2004:
1994:
1876:
1866:
1654:
1604:
1569:
1387:
1345:
1340:
1303:
1298:
245:
43:
3314:
3011:
1240:
1165:
423:
4876:
4871:
4846:
4704:
4497:
4459:
4417:
4402:
4194:
4016:
3916:
3578:
2959:
2829:
2783:
2668:
2585:
2440:
2408:
2313:
1896:
1871:
1649:
1589:
1210:
1075:
626:
509:
362:
1502:
4901:
4851:
4811:
4759:
4749:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4709:
4694:
4679:
4674:
4664:
4422:
4412:
4204:
4028:
3936:
3871:
3561:
3486:
3480:
3462:
3055:
2679:
2598:
2321:
1881:
1644:
1639:
1609:
1599:
1537:
1245:
1150:
839:
448:
428:
357:
173:
207:
4896:
4886:
4866:
4856:
4841:
4836:
4786:
4754:
4739:
4714:
4650:
4447:
3988:
3926:
3815:
3706:
3468:
3422:
2968:
2261:
2182:
2172:
1552:
1522:
1291:
993:
887:
877:
812:
807:
793:
710:
696:
546:
372:
250:
195:
168:
8:
4881:
4776:
4530:
4487:
4407:
4361:
4238:
4231:
4211:
4172:
4084:
3876:
3845:
3820:
3786:
3688:
3683:
3378:
3196:
3098:
2805:(PPDF) is formed by supporters of Giscard, including several Republicans, within the UDF.
2752:
2529:
2424:
2365:
2306:
2177:
1938:
1766:
1512:
1377:
1265:
1200:
1020:
934:
902:
882:
817:
499:
347:
190:
185:
3396:
3298:
3252:
3244:
2404:
438:
387:
4442:
4387:
4341:
4189:
4155:
3739:
3516:
3414:
3404:
3366:
3310:
3282:
1467:
1215:
1205:
1185:
1155:
1105:
1085:
1070:
956:
907:
829:
681:
631:
367:
200:
3290:
3222:
3135:
4588:
4570:
4565:
4550:
4535:
4474:
4437:
4351:
4284:
4262:
4243:
4111:
4038:
3861:
3761:
3647:
3627:
3604:
3511:
3474:
3418:
3362:
3330:
3302:
3218:
2940:
2866:
2739:
2393:
2214:
1594:
1517:
1487:
1100:
1032:
1010:
917:
867:
822:
730:
479:
377:
312:
307:
255:
230:
3392:
3334:
2452:
1125:
621:
4502:
4454:
4326:
4301:
3791:
3286:
3086:
2019: A group of former members of the PRG re-form the PRG as an independent party.
3070:
2420:
2026:
2021:
2016:
1853:
1709:
1542:
1235:
1175:
1160:
1135:
1130:
922:
892:
862:
585:
412:
397:
382:
240:
225:
3964:
3803:
3268:
3264:
3234:
392:
4597:
4560:
4545:
4540:
4482:
4397:
3957:
3698:
3429:
3179:
3161:
3061:
2012: The Rad is, along with other parties (see above), a founding member of the
2517:
2353:
1180:
1090:
1055:
973:
872:
844:
418:
322:
153:
3943:
3278:
3240:
4520:
4515:
4507:
4331:
4289:
3866:
3498:
3437:
3294:
3248:
3226:
2202:
1823:
1761:
1446:
1260:
1250:
1220:
1140:
1115:
1065:
1027:
1005:
929:
912:
897:
443:
297:
3230:
402:
5007:
4602:
4432:
4216:
3904:
3382:
3352:
3348:
3322:
3256:
2923:
2914:
2851:
2839:
2809:
2076:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1756:
1579:
1000:
978:
963:
742:
484:
474:
317:
279:
266:
3306:
2992:
1956: The
Radicals and the other components of the RGR join forces with the
2892:
2014: The UDI and the
Democratic Movement form a short-lived alliance named
2419:
was used during the 19th century either to refer to the traditional liberal
1360:
4316:
4021:
3978:
3778:
3749:
3492:
3408:
3388:
3356:
3340:
2556:
1562:
1426:
1323:
1225:
1190:
1110:
541:
352:
3344:
2428:
2282:
178:
3983:
3886:
3731:
3450:
3374:
3318:
2874:
2458:
After World War II, the
Republicans gathered in the liberal-conservative
2286:
2278:
2274:
1771:
1659:
1614:
1574:
1367:
1255:
1120:
968:
704:
663:
651:
433:
407:
2819:
1998: The DL separates from the UDF, but a group of dissidents form the
328:
4619:
4492:
3721:
2377:
2257:
1507:
1355:
1350:
1170:
1095:
988:
983:
2072:
Universal League for the
Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes
2061:
3830:
3047:
2002: The Rad leaves the UDF and becomes an affiliated member of the
2385:
2298:
2209:
946:
725:
636:
556:
2640:(ULR), are formed. The remaining Opportunist Republicans formed the
2509:) in 2002. The Radicals and several former Republicans launched the
32:
3456:
2494:
1015:
951:
834:
641:
551:
453:
2427:. Economic liberalism in France was long associated more with the
3744:
3612:
2742:
and, in order to continue to be part of the government, form the
1557:
1037:
260:
3570:
4033:
3601:
3030:
1978: The Rad becomes an affiliated member of the centrist UDF.
2828:
2002: The DL and the PPDF merge with the
Gaullist-conservative
2738:, oppose the party's decision to withdraw support to President
2266:
2031:
1528:
International
Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties
1497:
616:
3541:
Historical
Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870-1940
2731:
1949: The declining AD and the PRL are absorbed by the CNIP.
4306:
3716:
3105:
2008: A group of dissidents leaves the AL and launches the
2877:
and other minor centre-right or centrist parties form the
3014:, a leading Radical and former Prime Minister, joins the
2497:
centre-right forces. The Republican Party, re-founded as
2674:
1902: The Progressive Union (UR) is merged into the ARD.
1309:
Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe
2838:(UMP). Liberal factions within the new party include
3054:2011: The Rad cuts its ties with the UMP and joins
2910:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
2415:In France, as in much of Southern Europe, the term
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3096:2006: A group of classical liberals establish the
2348:in 2015, while a minority are affiliated with the
2734:1962: A group of splinters from the CNIP, led by
5005:
2981:Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance
2960:Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party
2265:have played a role in the political history of
2253:Overview of liberalism and radicalism in France
3068:2017: The Rad and the PRG are merged into the
2604:1871: The Moderate Republicans split into the
1859:Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance
1478:Free Democratic Party/Radical Democratic Party
1420:Democratic Union-Agricultural and Labour Party
4635:
3586:
2861:(ACDE) to continue the alliance with the UMP.
2693:1917: The ARD goes back to its original name.
2234:
762:
3962:
3941:
3801:
2994:French Section of the Workers' International
2979:1946: The Radicals, along with the PRI, the
2939:2021: Agir and Horizons join the ⇒ LREM-led
2918:(LC), which continues to be part of the UDI.
2725:National Centre of Independents and Peasants
2460:National Centre of Independents and Peasants
2407:(since 1830) and led to the creation of the
2326:National Centre of Independents and Peasants
3172:
2825:(PRIL) in order to remain loyal to the UDF.
2655:
2474:. The former was later associated with the
2309:, were opposed to the Republican Radicals.
4642:
4628:
3593:
3579:
2764:European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party
2762:1976: The RI are a founding member of the
2623:1885: The GR and the UR are united in the
2241:
2227:
769:
755:
2371:
2316:and especially the "republican" parties (
1727:Progressive Democratic Party of the North
1383:Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
4649:
2947:
2588:in opposition to the Orléanists and the
2536:. The party formed an alliance with the
1665:Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente
3156:2017: The MoDem forms an alliance with
3003:1959: The RGR merges into the Gaullist
2822:Independent Republican and Liberal Pole
2719:(PRL), successor of the FR, is founded.
2701:Social, Democratic and Republican Party
14:
5006:
3122:
2858:Civic Alliance for Democracy in Europe
2845:2007: The UDF is transformed into the
2543:
2462:, from which the conservative-liberal
2360:, launched En Marche! (later re-named
2052:Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club
687:Political positions of Emmanuel Macron
4623:
3574:
3090:
3077:2017: A group of PRG members founded
2921:2017: A moderate faction of LR forms
2271:France in the long nineteenth century
66:"Liberalism and radicalism in France"
5024:Liberalism and radicalism by country
3021:1972: A left-wing faction forms the
2930:2021: Centre-right politicians form
2864:2009: Former UDF members formed the
2696:1919: The ALP is merged into the FR.
1620:Movement for Constitutional Freedoms
1403:Democratic Socialist Party of Greece
55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
3522:List of political parties in France
3444:
3147:Union of Democrats and Independents
3116:Union of Democrats and Independents
3063:Union of Democrats and Independents
2983:(UDSR) and minor parties, form the
2880:Union of Democrats and Independents
2808:1997: The PR, under the new leader
2778:1978: The PR joins forces with the
2751:1974: Giscard d'Estaing is elected
2528:, a liberal party, and was elected
2511:Union of Democrats and Independents
2350:Union of Democrats and Independents
1987:Republican Democratic Concentration
1473:Federal Democratic Republican Party
525:Union of Democrats and Independents
24:
3207:
3149:form a short-lived alliance named
2966:1926: Dissident Radicals form the
2899:2015: The UMP is transformed into
2802:Popular Party for French Democracy
2580:1848: A radical faction forms the
1959:Radical Socialist Republican Party
25:
5045:
3600:
3549:
2849:(see below). Dissidents form the
2706:1926: The ARD is finally renamed
2699:1920: The ARD is further renamed
2443:, leading to the use of the term
1635:National Progressive Center Union
2873:2012: The NC, the AC, the ACDE,
2301:). The Orléanists, who favoured
2208:
2196:
1585:Liberals, Democrats and Radicals
1533:Italian Democratic Liberal Party
1432:Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
736:
724:
152:
31:
2722:1948: The liberal-conservative
2713:1945: The liberal-conservative
2661:1901: The centre-right liberal
2642:National Republican Association
2548:
2269:. The main line of conflict in
1493:Free-thinking Democratic League
1314:Authentic Radical Liberal Party
42:needs additional citations for
3932:Government of National Defense
3533:
2664:Democratic Republican Alliance
2437:Democratic Republican Alliance
2318:Democratic Republican Alliance
1625:National and Social Liberation
1334:Union of the Democratic Centre
537:Democratic Republican Alliance
13:
1:
3841:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
3836:War of the Spanish Succession
3527:
3327:Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber
2912:. The NC is transformed into
2067:Union, Progress and Democracy
1675:Party of Independence and '48
1670:Party of Democratic Socialism
1442:European Republicans Movement
3049:Union for a Popular Movement
2835:Union for a Popular Movement
2677:1903: The more conservative
2503:Union for a Popular Movement
2476:Union for a Popular Movement
2470:, closely associated to the
2364:) in 2016 and has served as
2342:Union for a Popular Movement
1393:Democratic Left of Catalonia
942:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
274:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
7:
5034:Political history of France
3505:
3401:Roger-GĂ©rard Schwartzenberg
3138:, until then leader of the
2957:organise themselves in the
2716:Republican Party of Liberty
2688:Democratic Republican Party
2057:Transnational Radical Party
1819:Radical Federative Movement
1715:Portuguese Republican Party
1705:Political Party of Radicals
1398:Democratic-Republican Party
1373:Czech National Social Party
10:
5050:
4322:French subdivisions by GDP
4069:2022 presidential election
4054:2017 presidential election
3562:What Is French Liberalism?
3140:Union for French Democracy
3005:Union for the New Republic
2793:Union for French Democracy
2780:Centre of Social Democrats
2636:, whose official name was
2610:, whose official name was
2534:2017 presidential election
2491:Union for French Democracy
2487:Centre of Social Democrats
1752:Progressive People's Party
1483:Free-minded People's Party
596:Union for French Democracy
236:Civil and political rights
5029:Radical parties in France
4953:
4915:
4657:
4583:
4473:
4383:
4374:
4270:
4261:
4163:
4154:
4092:
4083:
4004:
3885:
3854:
3826:Second Hundred Years' War
3777:
3730:
3697:
3676:
3668:Liberalism and radicalism
3620:
3611:
3182:, a former member of the
3042:Radical Party of the Left
3040:1996: The PRS is renamed
3033:1996: The MRG is renamed
3024:Movement of Left Radicals
2986:Rally of Left Republicans
2974:Independent Radical Party
2886:Democratic European Force
2769:1977: The RI are renamed
2686:1911: The ARD is renamed
2520:, a former member of the
2468:Radical Party of the Left
2401:French Revolution of 1848
2376:The early high points of
2356:, a former member of the
1909:Radical Party of the Left
1788:Radical Democratic Party
1437:European Radical Alliance
1408:Georgios Papandreou Party
1329:Centre Union – New Forces
692:Rally of Republican Lefts
515:Radical Party of the Left
490:Democratic European Force
4097:Administrative divisions
3371:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
3195:2017: Macron is elected
3189:La RĂ©publique En Marche!
3173:La RĂ©publique En Marche!
3160:and endorses its leader
3158:La RĂ©publique En Marche!
3145:2014: The MoDem and the
3114:2012: The PLD joins the
3108:Liberal Democratic Party
3080:The Radicals of the Left
2908:2016: The UDI joins the
2736:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2656:The Republican tradition
2638:Liberal Republican Union
2526:La RĂ©publique En Marche!
1943:Radical Socialist Party
1934:Radical Republican Party
1548:Italian Republican Party
1453:German Free-minded Party
505:Liberal Democratic Party
132:This article is part of
4317:Franc (former currency)
3922:Coup of 2 December 1851
3895:Long nineteenth century
3560:Ghins, Arthur (2023). "
3539:Patrick H. Hutton, ed.
3035:Radical-Socialist Party
3016:Unified Socialist Party
2788:Social Democratic Party
2745:Independent Republicans
2633:Progressive Republicans
2607:Opportunist Republicans
2464:Independent Republicans
2433:Opportunist Republicans
2344:in 2002, later renamed
2330:Independent Republicans
2303:constitutional monarchy
2295:Opportunist Republicans
2168:Conservative liberalism
2047:Socialist Radical Party
2042:Social Democratic Party
1913:Radical People's Party
1893:Radical Party of Chile
1784:Radical Democracy Party
1684:People's Radical Party
1655:Opportunist Republicans
1605:Manhood Suffrage League
1570:Labour Democratic Party
1346:Colombian Liberal Party
1304:Alsatian Progress Party
1299:Alfarista Radical Front
581:Progressive Republicans
246:Equality before the law
4700:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4337:Science and technology
3994:Provisional Government
3963:
3942:
3802:
3543:(1986) vol 1 pp 12-13.
3273:Pierre-Étienne Flandin
2830:Rally for the Republic
2669:Popular Liberal Action
2409:French Second Republic
2372:Background and history
1828:Radical Liberal Party
1630:National Radical Party
627:Courrier International
4651:Liberalism in Europe
3487:Alexis de Tocqueville
3463:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3201:presidential election
3166:presidential election
3134:(MoDem) is formed by
2948:The Radical tradition
2757:presidential election
2680:Republican Federation
2493:, an alliance of non-
2322:Republican Federation
2215:Liberalism portal
1640:National Reform Union
1610:Mexican Liberal Party
1600:Liberal Swedish Party
1538:Italian Radical Party
1458:German People's Party
840:History of liberalism
731:Liberalism portal
5019:Liberalism in France
4142:World Heritage Sites
4059:Coronavirus pandemic
3469:Marquis de Condorcet
3423:Jean-Pierre Raffarin
3315:Pierre Mendès France
3012:Pierre Mendès France
2969:Independent Radicals
2591:Moderate Republicans
2435:(whose heir was the
2392:dominated the early
2352:, launched in 2012.
2183:Liberalism in Europe
2173:History of socialism
1968:Radicals of the Left
1553:Jacksonian Democrats
1523:Independent Radicals
1341:Civic Workers' Party
888:Classical radicalism
878:Classical liberalism
813:Atlantic Revolutions
808:Age of Enlightenment
711:Together (coalition)
575:Moderate Republicans
569:Moderate Republicans
547:Independent Radicals
251:Freedom of the press
144:Liberalism in France
51:improve this article
4916:States with limited
4280:Automotive industry
4064:2021 labor protests
3821:Peace of Westphalia
3689:History of Normandy
3684:History of Brittany
3379:Jean-Pierre Soisson
3197:President of France
3131:Democratic Movement
3123:Democratic Movement
3099:Liberal Alternative
2889:splits from the NC.
2847:Democratic Movement
2753:President of France
2708:Democratic Alliance
2544:Timeline of parties
2538:Democratic Movement
2530:President of France
2439:), rather than the
2425:economic liberalism
2380:in France were:
2366:President of France
2307:economic liberalism
2289:) and republicans (
2178:Irish republicanism
1939:Radical Republicans
1767:Radical Civic Union
1513:Historical Far Left
1503:Giustizia e LibertĂ
1378:Czech Realist Party
935:Left-libertarianism
903:Freedom of movement
883:Cultural radicalism
818:American Revolution
500:Liberal Alternative
495:Democratic Movement
303:February Revolution
5014:Politics of France
4347:Telecommunications
4049:2015 Paris attacks
3912:Revolution of 1848
3740:Visigothic Kingdom
3566:Political Studies.
3517:Politics of France
3415:Jean-Claude Gaudin
3405:Jean-Michel Baylet
3367:Michel Poniatowski
3311:Gaston Monnerville
3283:Georges Clemenceau
3091:Classical liberals
2832:(RPR) to form the
2728:(CNIP) is founded.
2403:, which ended the
2291:Radical-Socialists
2203:History portal
1844:Radical Left Party
1731:Progressive Party
1176:Mill (John Stuart)
957:Left-wing populism
830:Belgian Revolution
682:Centrism in France
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3816:Thirty Years' War
3797:Absolute monarchy
3762:Kingdom of France
3658:Foreign relations
3638:Political history
3512:History of France
3475:Benjamin Constant
3419:Patrick Devedjian
3363:Raymond Marcellin
3331:Jean-Louis Borloo
3303:Camille Chautemps
3219:Benjamin Constant
2998:Republican Centre
2941:Ensemble Citoyens
2867:Centrist Alliance
2814:Liberal Democracy
2740:Charles de Gaulle
2671:(ALP) are formed.
2649:Progressive Union
2584:, supporting the
2567:re-united in the
2499:Liberal Democracy
2481:In 1978 both the
2394:French Revolution
2338:Liberal Democracy
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1982:Republican Action
1779:Radical Democracy
1595:Liberal Reformers
1518:Independence Club
1488:Free-minded Union
1033:Utopian socialism
1011:Social liberalism
918:Liberal socialism
868:Civic nationalism
823:French Revolution
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313:French Revolution
308:French Resistance
256:Freedom of speech
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3481:Frédéric Bastiat
3445:Liberal thinkers
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3299:Édouard Daladier
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3253:Raymond Poincaré
3245:Armand Fallières
3071:Radical Movement
2772:Republican Party
2625:Democratic Union
2617:Republican Union
2571:, also known as
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2012:Republican Union
1991:Republican Left
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1720:Democratic Party
1710:Popular Councils
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4914:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:Liechtenstein
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4640:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:Birth control
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:Constitutions
4166:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3965:Années folles
3961:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:Second Empire
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:July Monarchy
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:Ancien RĂ©gime
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3387:MRS/PRS/PRG:
3386:
3384:
3383:Alain Madelin
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:Antoine Pinay
3350:
3349:Joseph Laniel
3346:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3323:Maurice Faure
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:André Maginot
3266:
3265:André Tardieu
3262:
3261:Albert Lebrun
3258:
3257:Louis Barthou
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3235:LĂ©on Gambetta
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:The Centrists
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:(NC) and the
2854:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2840:The Reformers
2837:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2812:, is renamed
2811:
2810:Alain Madelin
2807:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2784:Radical Party
2781:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2563:1817: Former
2562:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2441:Radical Party
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:Radical Party
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2150:United States
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2077:Young Ireland
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Reform League
1975:
1973:
1972:Radicals (UK)
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:Radical Whigs
1962:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Radical Cause
1755:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:United States
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:Liberal Party
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:Left Liberals
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:Action Party
1282:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:Papanastasiou
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:Mendès France
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:Social change
999:
995:
992:
991:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
979:Republicanism
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
964:Progressivism
962:
958:
955:
954:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
936:
933:
932:
931:
928:
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
854:
853:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
799:
798:
795:
792:
791:
787:
783:
782:
772:
767:
765:
760:
758:
753:
752:
750:
749:
744:
734:
732:
727:
722:
721:
720:
719:
712:
709:
707:
706:
702:
700:
699:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
673:
672:
665:
662:
661:
660:
659:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
605:
604:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
565:
564:Liberal Party
562:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
533:
532:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
510:Radical Party
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
485:The Centrists
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
463:
462:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
429:Merleau-Ponty
427:
425:
424:Mendès France
422:
420:
417:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
339:
338:
331:
330:
326:
324:
321:
319:
318:July Monarchy
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
289:
288:
281:
280:Republicanism
278:
276:
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267:Laissez-faire
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78:
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71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
4945:Transnistria
4498:Coat of arms
4488:Architecture
4460:Social class
4418:Homelessness
4403:Demographics
4357:Trade unions
4290:Central bank
4232:criminal law
4195:Human rights
4178:presidential
4022:Algerian War
4005:Contemporary
3979:Vichy France
3974:World War II
3944:Belle Époque
3877:First Empire
3779:Early Modern
3750:West Francia
3667:
3565:
3540:
3535:
3493:Raymond Aron
3417:(ex-PR/DL),
3409:Sylvia Pinel
3389:Robert Fabre
3357:Roger Duchet
3341:Paul Reynaud
3279:Émile Combes
3241:Émile Loubet
3187:
3168:(see below).
3129:
3106:
3097:
3078:
3069:
3056:The Alliance
3041:
3034:
3022:
2997:
2984:
2973:
2972:(RI), later
2967:
2958:
2954:
2931:
2922:
2913:
2900:
2884:
2878:
2865:
2856:
2850:
2833:
2820:
2800:
2791:
2790:to form the
2770:
2743:
2723:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2687:
2678:
2662:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2589:
2581:
2572:
2568:
2560:were formed.
2557:Doctrinaires
2555:
2549:19th Century
2515:
2480:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2416:
2414:
2375:
2368:since 2017.
2311:
2297:, and later
2287:Bonapartists
2273:was between
2256:
2255:
2114:
2000:Spain (1977)
1995:Spain (1934)
1849:Radical Left
1650:New Liberals
1563:The Mountain
1427:Democrats 66
1324:Centre Union
1171:Mill (James)
1156:Lloyd George
703:
697:
657:
656:
611:
542:Doctrinaires
530:
529:
469:
327:
272:
265:
142:
141:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
4983:Isle of Man
4918:recognition
4892:Switzerland
4827:Netherlands
4608:WikiProject
4423:Immigration
4413:Health care
4275:Agriculture
4227:enforcement
3984:Free France
3953:World War I
3900:Restoration
3887:Late Modern
3757:Middle Ages
3732:Middle Ages
3717:Celtic Gaul
3501:(1934–2013)
3495:(1905–1983)
3489:(1805–1859)
3483:(1801–1850)
3477:(1767–1830)
3471:(1743–1794)
3465:(1712–1778)
3459:(1694–1778)
3453:(1689–1755)
3451:Montesquieu
3375:Simone Veil
3373:(ex-CNIP),
3369:(ex-CNIP),
3365:(ex-CNIP),
3319:Edgar Faure
3231:Jules Grévy
3186:, launches
2875:Modern Left
2524:, launched
2362:Renaissance
2279:Legitimists
2275:monarchists
2145:Switzerland
1772:Radicales K
1740:South Korea
1660:Parti rouge
1615:More Europe
1575:Left Centre
1368:Clear Grits
1211:Robespierre
1151:La Follette
969:Rationalism
705:Sinistrisme
652:Le Parisien
520:Renaissance
449:Tocqueville
434:Montesquieu
298:Dreyfusards
5008:Categories
4862:San Marino
4822:Montenegro
4802:Luxembourg
4782:Kazakhstan
4685:Azerbaijan
4551:Philosophy
4536:Literature
4448:secularism
4244:Parliament
4039:2005 riots
3989:Liberation
3855:Revolution
3722:Roman Gaul
3707:Prehistory
3663:Journalism
3528:References
3440:(ex-MoDem)
3425:(ex-PR/DL)
3395:(ex-Rad),
3391:(ex-Rad),
3361:RI/PR/DL:
3355:(ex-ARD),
3351:(ex-ARD),
3347:(ex-Rad),
3343:(ex-ARD),
3307:René Mayer
3128:2007: The
2953:1901: The
2852:New Centre
2799:1995: The
2647:1894: The
2630:1889: The
2601:is formed.
2597:1870: The
2565:Feuillants
2554:1815: The
2429:Orléanists
2399:1848: the
2390:Feuillants
2378:liberalism
2299:socialists
2283:Orléanists
2262:radicalism
2258:Liberalism
1947:Luxembourg
1887:Luxembourg
1832:Luxembourg
1508:GroenLinks
1449:(elements)
1361:HĂ©bertists
1356:Dantonists
1351:Cordeliers
1319:Blue Party
1231:Saint-Just
1201:Papandreou
1086:Clemenceau
1081:Cartwright
989:Secularism
984:Revolution
908:Jacobinism
794:Radicalism
368:Clemenceau
220:Principles
201:Jacobinism
77:newspapers
4973:Gibraltar
4797:Lithuania
4408:Education
4362:Transport
4212:Judiciary
4173:Elections
4127:Mountains
4085:Geography
3831:Louis XIV
3621:Overviews
3345:René Coty
3215:Lafayette
2569:Democrats
2513:in 2012.
2489:, of the
2431:and with
2386:Girondins
2285:but also
2089:By region
1246:Venizelos
1216:Roosevelt
1206:Plastiras
1186:Mossadegh
1136:Jefferson
1106:Garibaldi
947:Modernity
647:L'Opinion
637:Le Figaro
632:Les Echos
557:Girondins
398:de Gouges
388:Fallières
383:Doumergue
373:Condorcet
179:Orléanism
169:Classical
4993:Svalbard
4978:Guernsey
4925:Abkhazia
4877:Slovenia
4872:Slovakia
4847:Portugal
4705:Bulgaria
4598:Category
4531:Language
4443:Religion
4388:Abortion
4342:Taxation
4239:Military
4200:Intersex
4190:Politics
4156:Politics
3958:Interwar
3653:Economic
3648:Language
3633:Timeline
3506:See also
3457:Voltaire
3277:Rad/MR:
2955:Radicals
2933:Horizons
2786:and the
2582:Radicals
2574:Liberals
2516:In 2016
2495:Gaullist
2277:(mainly
2130:Paraguay
2095:Bulgaria
1837:Paraguay
1792:Bulgaria
1468:Far Left
1221:Rosselli
1131:Hobhouse
1016:Suffrage
952:Populism
835:Chartism
786:a series
784:Part of
664:L'Aurore
642:Le Monde
552:Jacobins
454:Voltaire
439:Poincaré
393:Gambetta
378:Constant
329:Lumières
191:National
186:Economic
174:Orthodox
134:a series
4902:Ukraine
4852:Romania
4812:Moldova
4770:Ireland
4765:Iceland
4760:Hungary
4750:Germany
4745:Georgia
4735:Finland
4730:Estonia
4725:Denmark
4710:Croatia
4695:Belgium
4690:Belarus
4680:Austria
4675:Armenia
4670:Andorra
4665:Albania
4589:Outline
4571:Theatre
4566:Symbols
4526:Gardens
4516:Fashion
4508:Cuisine
4475:Culture
4465:Welfare
4438:Poverty
4376:Society
4352:Tourism
4312:Exports
4285:Banking
4263:Economy
4222:history
4117:Islands
4112:Borders
3745:Francia
3699:Ancient
3677:Regions
3628:History
3613:History
3199:in the
3164:in the
2755:in the
2703:(PRDS).
2532:in the
2505:(later
2445:radical
2417:liberal
2162:Related
2135:Romania
2120:Hungary
2110:Ecuador
2105:Denmark
1952:Estonia
1917:Finland
1877:Hungary
1867:Bolivia
1812:Ukraine
1797:Estonia
1735:Belgium
1558:Jacobin
1251:Virchow
1236:Stevens
1181:Mommsen
1161:Mazzini
1146:Leclerc
1141:Lacombe
1091:Cobbett
1071:BolĂvar
1066:Bentham
1061:AtatĂĽrk
1038:Welfare
994:Laicité
802:History
698:Laïcité
466:Parties
415:(early)
363:Brissot
358:Bastiat
292:History
261:Laicism
196:Radical
163:Schools
91:scholar
4988:Jersey
4930:Kosovo
4897:Turkey
4887:Sweden
4867:Serbia
4857:Russia
4842:Poland
4837:Norway
4817:Monaco
4787:Latvia
4755:Greece
4740:France
4715:Cyprus
4603:Portal
4503:Cinema
4483:Anthem
4455:Racism
4433:People
4327:Mining
4302:Energy
4137:Rivers
4102:Cities
4034:May 68
3605:topics
3602:France
3428:LREM:
3339:CNIP:
3192:(EM!).
3178:2016:
3118:(UDI).
3111:(PLD).
3083:(LRG).
3065:(UDI).
3051:(UMP).
3044:(PRG).
3037:(PRS).
3027:(MRG).
3018:(PSU).
3010:1961:
3007:(UNR).
2989:(RGR).
2976:(PRI).
2963:(Rad).
2796:(UDF).
2782:, the
2690:(PRD).
2644:(ANR).
2594:emerge
2336:, and
2267:France
2115:France
2032:ROSSEM
1927:Turkey
1922:Norway
1872:France
1498:Foxite
1278:Groups
1261:Wilson
1256:Wilkes
1241:Varlet
1126:HĂ©bert
1116:Godwin
1111:George
1050:People
658:Former
617:BFM TV
612:Active
577:(1871)
571:(1848)
531:Former
470:Active
444:Thiers
419:Macron
342:People
208:Social
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
4963:Ă…land
4882:Spain
4807:Malta
4777:Italy
4561:Sport
4546:Music
4541:Media
4398:Crime
4122:Lakes
3413:UMP:
3239:ARD:
3102:(AL).
3074:(MR).
3000:(CR).
2905:(LR).
2870:(AC).
2816:(DL).
2775:(PR).
2748:(RI).
2710:(AD).
2627:(UD).
2140:Spain
2125:Italy
2100:Chile
2005:Italy
1882:Italy
1807:Spain
1802:India
1191:Paine
1121:Green
1096:Dewey
1076:Bryan
857:Ideas
608:Media
403:Grévy
348:Alain
98:JSTOR
84:books
4521:Flag
4307:Euro
4205:LGBT
3432:(ex-
2924:Agir
2620:(UR)
2388:and
2312:The
2305:and
2281:and
2260:and
1902:2018
1897:1863
1698:1990
1693:1919
1688:1881
1292:1942
1287:1853
1226:Roux
1056:Alem
475:Agir
408:Hugo
353:Aron
70:news
4493:Art
4217:Law
3564:".
3436:),
2423:or
1101:Fox
53:by
5010::
3434:PS
3421:,
3407:,
3403:,
3399:,
3381:,
3377:,
3333:,
3329:,
3325:,
3321:,
3317:,
3313:,
3309:,
3305:,
3301:,
3297:,
3293:,
3289:,
3285:,
3281:,
3271:,
3267:,
3263:,
3259:,
3255:,
3251:,
3247:,
3243:,
3233:,
3229:,
3225:,
3221:,
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2478:.
2332:,
2328:,
2324:,
2320:,
2293:,
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3203:.
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3058:.
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109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
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