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302:“Intense cartographic work planned for the beginning of the war was stopped by the defeat of France in June 1940. Shortly afterward the great map service known to the world as the Service Géographique de l’Armée Française was demilitarized and renamed Institut National Géographique. Under this label, which it still bears, it continued to function, its activities including the opening of a new school for cartographers in the famous building of the
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284:(1914–1918), the difficulties of reading a map on this scale led the generals to request new map drawn to the 1:50 000 scale. This was more convenient, and practical, since one metre on the map equaled 50 kilometres. These new maps formed the basis for the current "Map of Excursion", which is at a scale of 1:25,000.
157:
The map does not pinpoint dwellings or the boundaries of marshes and forests; however, the level of precision of the road networks is such that satellite photographs correspond almost completely with drawn roads more than 200 years later. This map is still consulted today by researchers. It interests
90:
Developments in cartography continually progressed, through new techniques and by the expanding will of political powers to amass and control territories. Very powerful companies testify support to some of the cartographic missions at the end of the 19th century. Two major milestones in cartographic
119:
In France, the first general maps of the territory using a measuring apparatus were made by the
Cassini family during the 18th century on a scale of 1:86,400 (one centimeter on the chart corresponds to approximately 864 meters on the ground). The map of Cassini is the first geometrical map covering
262:). Work on this map took place between 1817 and 1866. During this period several different scales were tested, with the scale 1:80,000 being chosen. This became known as the "Geological Survey" map. The funding for this work was provided by the Department of War. The first work was done by the
522:- Carte manuscrite de la rive droite de la Vallée de la Vesdre par les ingénieurs géographes français avec la collaboration de Cassini, 1745-1748. Vincennes, Archives de la Guerre. 4.6. B 36 à 42, feuille F. in Etienne Helin, Lemoine Isabeau Claire, Bruxelles, Crédit communal, 1980.
298:
The
Institut GĂ©ographique National (English: National Geographic Institute) or IGN is a French public state administrative establishment founded in 1940 to produce and maintain geographical information for France and its overseas departments and territories.
133:
The work of the
Cassinis left its mark on the world; toponyms known as "Cassini signs" still exist, revealing where triangulated measurements at that time were made. The "map of Cassini" or "map of the Academy" is the first general map of the kingdom of
130:, and took more than fifty years to complete; four generations of the Cassini family were involved in their production. These maps, known as "Cassini Maps" or "maps of the Academy," are still referenced by geographers, historians and genealogists.
70:
in 1525. It testifies to the will of the political power to mark its presence on the territory; to affirm, to build limits, borders, to arrange its territory, and to consolidate the internal economic markets. In the 16th century,
34:
The French Sanson family was a major contributor to cartographic maps from the 17th century onwards. Pictured above: Sanson and
Jaillot's decorative map of the world on a double hemisphere projection from
277:
It was originally produced as a mosaic of maps, pasted to fabric, folded and protected by a hard case. This allowed it to be transported with the army, and to survive the rigors of ground combat.
306:
in Paris. A few more sheets of the 1:50,000 map of France were published. The main progress was achieved by the
African Army Map Service, which was able to pursue field work, particularly in the
580:
47:. This period was marked by improvements in measuring instruments and also by an upgrade of work in registers of all types. What is thought to be the oldest land map in Europe, the
243:
decided to produce a map intended to be more accurate than that of
Cassini. However, Napoleon demanded that the primary goal of the work was to produce battlefield maps.
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valley, was found in 1900, and rediscovered in a castle cellar in France in 2014. The Bronze-Age stone is thought to be 4,000 years old.
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549:"Les cahiers historiques de l'IGN" n°6, juin 2007, "l'Ecole nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG) 1941 - 2004" IGN Paris 2007
528:
Collectif : "La petite compagnie : au hasard des souvenirs des derniers arpenteurs de l'IGN" Éditions APR-IGN Cognac 1992
546:"Les cahiers historiques de l'IGN" n° 5, janvier 2005, "Sur la frontière Guyane - Brésil 1956 - 1961 - 1962 - 1991" IGN Paris 2004
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Collectif : "La boîte de
Pandore : autres souvenirs retrouvés des derniers arpenteurs de l'IGN", Éditions APR-IGN, 1995
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859:
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OpenOffice history and geography: free plugin gratuit offering 1500 maps integrated to the
Gallery and allowing modifications.
540:"Les cahiers historiques de l'IGN" n° 3, juin 2003, "de l'Empire colonial aux ageces de l'IGN : 1940-1973" IGN Paris 2003
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The surveys were carried out between 1756 and 1789 and the 181 sheets composing the map were published from 1756 to 1815.
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the entire kingdom of France. Before the surveys, it was necessary to carry out a triangulation of the territory.
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of the
Portuguese sailors had the most recent knowledge obtained by the Dieppois sailors in their exploration of
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were not part of the
Kingdom of France at the time, and are not represented on the map; neither are the
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Gottman, Jean. 1946. “French Geography in Wartime.” The Geographical Review. Volume 36, 1946. Page 89.
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537:"Les cahiers historiques de l'IGN" n° 2, juillet 2001, "du Tropique au Cercle Polaire" IGN Paris 2001
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534:"Les cahiers historiques de l'IGN", n° 1, avril 1999, "1940-1990 : une histoire mouvementée"
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Thierry Lassalle : Cartographie 4000 ans d'aventures et de passion IGN-Nathan Paris 1990
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These maps were, for their time, a technical innovation. They were the first maps based on
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543:"Les cahiers historiques de l'IGN" n° 4, juin 2003, "les bâtiments" IGN Paris 2002
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To measure distances by triangulation, ensuring the exact positioning of locations
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arc or French meridian line (French: MĂ©ridienne de France) surveyed this time by
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To measure the kingdom, determining the number of boroughs, cities and villages
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historians, in particular those in the fields of geography, genealogy and
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by French geographers (led by the Cassini family) from 1745 to 1748
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223:. Most of the map sheets were published as a new edition in 1815.
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146:(Cassini IV)—during the 18th century. The adopted scale is one
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310:. The list of maps of French Africa have lengthened notably."
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154:, or 1:86,400 (the measuring apparatus contained 864 lines).
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147:
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387:"Bronze Age slab found in France is oldest 3D map in Europe"
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Map of the French coast, corrected by the Academy of Science
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allowed the realization of many maps. At the same time, the
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Site dedicated to the Georando hiking preparation website
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Cassini map superimposed on the Google Maps map of France
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History of cartography from antiquity to the present day
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and his successor General Bassot remeasured the French
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The triangulation for this new map began also from the
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495:"La cartographie, entre science, art et manipulation"
200:(1748–1845), later finished the work of his father.
138:. It was drawn up by the Cassini family—primarily
552:"La carte de France – Histoire et techniques" by
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196:died in 1784 with his work unfinished. His son,
75:appeared as an important school of cartography.
624:ENSG website, geomatics school in Ile de France
576:retrieve all Cassini maps digitized in Gallica
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351:Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service
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111:Hand-drawn map of one side of the Valley of
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513:"Regards politiques sur les territoires"
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567:Online Cassini map on the EHESS website
183:To depict unchanging landscape features
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860:Early modern Netherlandish cartography
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632:Circé coordinates transformation tool
556:, available under CC-BY-SA on Commons
442:. Vol. 08 (11th ed.). 1911.
43:can be traced to developments in the
27:Overview of the cartography of France
260:meridian arc of Delambre and MĂ©chain
91:study was successfully determining
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1008:Science and technology in France
940:Cosmographia (Sebastian MĂĽnster)
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140:César-François Cassini de Thury
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51:, representing an area of the
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173:(Cassini III) began the map:
850:Medieval Islamic cartography
656:Site dedicated to GPS Evadeo
591:Cassini maps on geneanet.org
478:La Carte, enjeu contemporain
433:"Earth, Figure of the"
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684:site about the B-17s of IGN
648:Access to IGN on GĂ©oportail
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280:At the beginning of the
439:Encyclopædia Britannica
326:French geodesic mission
1003:Cartography by country
928:Map of Juan de la Cosa
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198:Jean-Dominique Cassini
194:César-François Cassini
171:César-François Cassini
144:Jean-Dominique Cassini
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978:Points of the compass
507:Le Monde Diplomatique
489:Le Monde Diplomatique
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759:By country or region
934:Cantino planisphere
883:Ptolemy's world map
515:. 4 September 2008.
502:Philippe Rekacewicz
497:. 4 September 2008.
484:Philippe Rekacewicz
474:Emmanuelle Tricoire
203:The departments of
418:2009-11-26 at the
264:DĂ©pĂ´t de la guerre
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41:French cartography
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18:French cartography
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58:The first map of
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64:Oronce Finé
45:Middle Ages
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888:Soleto Map
373:References
341:Topography
331:GĂ©oportail
241:Napoleon I
827:Jerusalem
791:Palestine
735:The World
239:In 1808,
217:ĂŽle d'Yeu
93:longitude
966:See also
416:Archived
391:BBC News
314:See also
252:Delambre
125:geodetic
97:latitude
68:woodcuts
842:History
815:By city
801:Ukraine
781:Jamaica
397:7 April
256:MĂ©chain
221:Corsica
166:Purpose
160:ecology
150:to 100
942:(1544)
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822:Dublin
771:France
750:Europe
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607:OOo.HG
308:Sahara
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399:2021
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