1177:
1142:
2761:
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136:
59:
974:
31:
1173:, which was moored nearby, fired a shell into the dry dock gates in an attempt to flood it, but the shell ricocheted without holing the gate. They were manually opened shortly afterwards by one of the ship's officers. A total of 118 crewmen and dockyard workers were killed by the explosions, as were 2 civilians in the suburb of Pont-Las who were killed by fragments.
880:, embrasures in the hull, and in the superstructure. They fired a 1.49-kilogram (3.3 lb) projectile at 610 m/s (2,000 ft/s) to a maximum range of 4,000 metres (4,400 yd). Their theoretical maximum rate of fire was fifteen rounds per minute, but only seven rounds per minute sustained. The ship's magazines held 15,000 shells for these guns.
1261:, that failed to come to a definite conclusion. The navy's Propellant Branch (Service des Poudres et Saltpêtres) objected to the criticisms of its product, claiming that it was tested to resist 43 °C (110 °F) temperatures for 12 hours, although it never explained how that test was relevant to the long-term storage of
1113:. In 1905 the ship was refitted during 15–25 April and then participated in the summer cruise of the Mediterranean Squadron, during which she visited ports in France and French North Africa between 10 May and 24 June. She took part in the annual fleet manoeuvres over the period 3 July–1 August. Rear-Admiral
1235:-based propellant, which tended to become unstable with age and self-ignite, though a report published in April 1907 stated a torpedo exploded in the torpedo room directly below the magazine. When burnt, it gave off yellow-coloured smoke, which matched the colour seen by eye-witnesses. To test this theory,
849:
on the upper deck, and fired 54.2-kilogram (119 lb) APC shells. At their maximum elevation of +15°, their muzzle velocity of 800 m/s (2,600 ft/s) gave them a maximum range of 9,000 metres (9,800 yd). Each gun was provided with 200 rounds, enough for 80 minutes at their sustained
858:
in single, unprotected, mounts on the shelter deck. These guns fired a 14-kilogram (31 lb) projectile at 740 m/s (2,400 ft/s), which could be trained up to 20° for a maximum range of 9,500 metres (10,400 yd). Their theoretical maximum rate of fire was six rounds per minute, but
894:
criticised the arrangements for the 47 mm guns in a 1903 report: "The number of ready-use rounds is insufficient and the hoists are desperately slow. The 47 mm guns, much more so than the large and medium-calibre guns, will have to fight at night; yet these are the only guns without a
1161:
No. 2 in the
Missiessy Basin at Toulon to undergo maintenance of her hull as well as an inspection of her leaking rudder shaft. Eight days later, beginning at 13:35 and continuing until 14:45, a series of explosions began near the aft 100-millimetre magazines which devastated the ship and the
1125:. Beginning on 3 July, the ship participated in the combined fleet manoeuvres, which included the Northern Squadron that year. After the conclusion of the exercise on 4 August, she spent most of the next several months refitting, aside from participating in an international naval review in
1239:, the Navy Minister, ordered on 31 March that a replica magazine and the adjacent black-powder magazine be built, but when the tests were conducted on 6–7 August, they were deemed inconclusive because the propellant used in the test was not of the same age as that aboard
922:
and 224 mm (8.8 in) at the stern. Below the waterline, the plates tapered to a thickness of 120 mm (4.7 in) at their bottom edge for most of the ship's length although the plates at the stern were 100 mm thick. The upper armour belt was in two
1289:
The multiple explosions ripped open the ship's side between Frames 74 and 84 down to the lower edge of the armour belt, and all the machinery in this area was destroyed. After it was estimated that it would take seven million francs and two years to fully repair
956:
ranged in thickness from 55–150 millimetres (2.2–5.9 in), the thicker plates protecting the central battery, and reduced in thickness the further down it went until it met the armoured deck. The 164 mm guns were protected by 70-millimetre (2.8 in)
1347:
firing projectiles from her 164.7 mm and 194 mm (7.6 in) guns at a range of 6,000 metres (6,600 yd). After every shot the results were photographed and the effects on the crew of wooden dummies and live animals evaluated. By 2 December
715:
is an excellent ship. Pitching and rolling movements are gentle and the ship rides the waves well." Naval historians John Jordan and
Philippe Caresse believe the ship was a good gun platform because she had a long, slow roll and she manoeuvred well.
907:, one submerged and the other above water. The submerged tubes were fixed at a 60° angle from the centreline and the above-water mounts could traverse 80°. Twelve Modèle 1889 torpedoes were carried, of which four were training models in peacetime.
1273:, and was debated on 21–26 November. The Michel Commission published its report on 7 November 1908, although its contents had been debated on 16–19 October, and was "a model of vagueness and imprecision". The reason for the explosion became a
1360:
and sank in shallow water. The rights to the wreck were sold on 21 December 1912 for 33,005 francs and she was slowly broken up and salvaged between 1912 and 1927. Another company was contracted to remove the remnants of the wreck in 1957.
1026:
became
Marquis' flagship as commander of the Second Division of the Mediterranean Squadron on 1 May and was docked for repairs during 14–31 May. After the completion of the repairs the ship began a series of port visits in France and
1166:
and the aft turret. Because the ship was in a dry dock with the water pumped out, it was initially impossible to flood the magazines, which had not been unloaded before docking. The commanding officer of the battleship
678:
of 7.45 metres (24 ft 5 in) forward and 8.45 metres (27 ft 9 in) aft. She displaced 11,688 tonnes (11,503 long tons) at normal and 12,105 tonnes (11,914 long tons) at deep load. As a flagship,
766:
carried a maximum of 1,165 tonnes (1,147 long tons) of coal; this allowed her to steam for 4,400 nautical miles (8,100 km; 5,100 mi) at a speed of 10.3 knots (19.1 km/h; 11.9 mph). The ship's
927:, the lower 120 mm thick and the upper 80 mm (3.1 in). Their combined height was 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) amidships. The lower strake was backed by a highly subdivided
948:
The Harvey armour plates protecting the sides of the turrets were 290 mm (11.4 in) in thickness and the mild steel of the turret roofs was 50 mm (2 in) thick. The
965:
ranged in thickness from 258 to 298 mm (10.2 to 11.7 in) on its face and rear, respectively. Its communications tube was protected by 200 mm (7.9 in) of armour.
623:
952:
were protected by 250 mm (9.8 in) of Harvey armour. The sides and rear of the central battery were 90 mm (3.5 in) thick. The forward transverse
1267:
in magazines limited to natural ventilation, as was used by every ship in the fleet. The Monis
Commission published its report on 9 July, blaming the explosion on
762:
on 16 July 1901, the ship barely exceeded her designed speed, reaching 18.1 knots (33.5 km/h; 20.8 mph) from 16,590 metric horsepower (12,200 kW).
2805:
1904:
1047:
in
October. During the return voyage, two crewmen died while training with the manual steering gear in heavy seas. Marquis was relieved by Rear-Admiral
1129:
on 16 September with
British, Spanish and Italian ships. While exercising off Toulon shortly afterwards, the ship accidentally collided with and sank
548:
to resign. While the damage could have been repaired, the five-year-old ship was considered obsolete and worth neither the time nor the expense; her
891:
648:
s with 164.7-millimetre (6.5 in) guns. Thibaudier submitted his revised design on 9 February and it was approved by the Board of
Construction (
931:
intended to reduce flooding from any penetrating hits as its compartments were filled by 14,858 water-resistant "bricks" of dried and compressed
945:
plate laid over two 9 mm (0.35 in) plates. The splinter deck beneath it comprised two layers of 17 mm (0.67 in) plates.
941:). The seaweed was intended to expand upon contact with water and plug any holes. The armoured deck consisted of a 65 mm (2.6 in)
2825:
1999:
516:
2229:
612:
after several penetrations of the hull and the resulting flooding, an armament equal to those of foreign battleships, a speed of 18
818:
between their limits of −5° and +15°, and they were normally loaded at an angle of −5°. The guns fired 340-kilogram (750 lb)
641:
2800:
1897:
1623:
544:. It killed 120 people and badly damaged the ship. Investigations were launched afterwards, and the ensuing scandal forced the
1212:, organised commissions to inquire into the cause of the explosion. The Senate appointed its commission on 20 March under the
1825:
1776:
1734:
1712:
1281:
with accusations of gross negligence by the government such that
Thomson was forced to resign on the last day of the debate.
830:
of 815 m/s (2,670 ft/s). This gave a range of 12,000 metres (13,000 yd) at the maximum elevation of +15°. The
799:
411:
1223:
The origin of the first explosion was traced to a 100 mm magazine and was believed to have been caused by decomposing
895:
fire-control system designed for night operations. This is a deficiency which needs to be corrected as soon as possible."
2795:
1757:
2045:
1890:
723:
366:
1795:
1693:
1197:
545:
1837:
Rapport concernant les poudres de la marine, présenté à M. le ministre à la suite de l'enquête qui lui a été confiée
1295:
580:
2031:
1992:
1031:
which would be repeated for most of her career. She spent most of
January 1903 refitting and was inspected by King
819:
2820:
2785:
1818:
The World of the
Battleship: The Lives and Careers of Twenty-One Capital Ships of the World's Navies, 1880–1990
1727:
Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory
1162:
surrounding area. The explosions blew the roofs off three nearby workshops and gutted the area between the aft
859:
only three rounds per minute could be sustained. Each gun was provided with 240 shells in the ship's magazine.
702:
2088:
1841:
Report on the Powders of the Navy, Presented to the Minister as a Result of the Investigation Entrusted to Him
1314:
was disarmed, except for her 305 mm guns, and all useful equipment was removed in 1908. She was rendered
1204:
was declared and a monument was built in the cemetery of Lagoubran. Both houses of the French Parliament, the
855:
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1966:
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that was 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) high. The armour plates were 320 mm (12.6 in) thick
2096:
2764:
2760:
2755:
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2685:
2244:
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2166:
2139:
498:
274:
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87:
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160:
2602:
2810:
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2523:
2503:
2180:
2104:
1342:
628:), Jules Thibaudier, had already prepared a preliminary design two months earlier with improved
2695:
2260:
873:
815:
432:
523:. She participated in the annual fleet manoeuvres and made many visits to French ports in the
2737:
2464:
2401:
2146:
1335:
1032:
747:
2207:
2727:
2584:
2437:
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1114:
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242:
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and 4.4 metres (14 ft 5 in) on the centre shaft. The engines were powered by 20
8:
2790:
2716:
2554:
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and the navy decided to have her towed to deeper water. Shortly after the tow began, she
1078:
1028:
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593:
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20:
2622:
2427:
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834:
stored 45 shells per gun, and an additional 14 projectiles were stowed in each turret.
811:
2270:
1821:
1791:
1772:
1753:
1730:
1708:
1689:
1243:. Fallières appointed a technical commission on 6 August that included mathematician
904:
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348:
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2016:
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1201:
827:
731:
667:
493:
1220:; the Chamber of Deputies followed eight days later with Henri Michel as chair.
1074:
1048:
691:, her crew numbered 33 officers and 668 ratings. The ship was fitted with large
2574:
2255:
1236:
1232:
985:
807:
758:) to give the ship a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph). During her
739:
663:
605:
574:
549:
2779:
1163:
962:
911:
877:
743:
617:
556:
476:
389:
256:
1703:
Caresse, Philippe (2007). "The Iéna Disaster, 1907". In Jordan, John (ed.).
392:(8,100 km; 5,100 mi) at 10.3 knots (19.1 km/h; 11.9 mph)
2513:
2447:
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1217:
1066:
1011:
900:
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869:
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and remained there for the duration of her career, frequently serving as a
438:
188:
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2117:
1331:
1303:
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502:
458:
377:
249:
64:
1977:
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it and to power the ammunition hoist. The guns, however, were manually
803:
708:
692:
541:
470:
452:
2453:
2330:
2300:
1315:
1307:
1121:
was dispatched to provide assistance to Naples after the eruption of
993:
928:
915:
759:
727:
695:, but, according to naval historian N.J.M. Campbell, was reported to
671:
637:
298:
40:
1200:
attended the funeral of those lost during the explosion. A national
1043:, together with the rest of the Mediterranean Squadron, visited the
730:
that was 4.5 metres (14 ft 9 in) in diameter on the outer
620:(8,300 km; 5,200 mi). The Director of Naval Construction (
2545:
2407:
2340:
1357:
1226:
1213:
1158:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1056:
984:
Ordered on 3 April 1897, and named after the French victory at the
949:
918:; they thinned to a thickness of 272 mm (10.7 in) at the
755:
609:
601:
537:
520:
464:
352:
291:
1180:
Inauguration of the monument to the victims of the explosion, 1908
1586:
Caresse, pp. 125–127; Jordan & Caresse, pp. 219, 221–222, 246
1319:
1110:
932:
30:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1070:
1019:
1015:
924:
776:
772:
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explosion that was probably caused by the decomposition of old
1684:
Campbell, N.J.M. (1979). "France". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
2237:
1039:
in June. After another refit from 20 August to 10 September,
1018:, losing one man overboard and having some problems with her
597:
287:
1595:
Caresse, pp. 127–128; Jordan & Caresse, pp. 223–224, 246
973:
874:
Canon de 47 mm (1.9 in) Modèle 1885 Hotchkiss guns
854:
of 2–3 rounds per minute. She also carried eight 45-calibre
768:
1688:. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333.
1117:
relieved Barnaud on 16 November. During 12–17 April 1906,
1014:
25.58 million. Five days later the ship departed for
616:(33 km/h; 21 mph) and a minimum range of 4,500
312:
1882:
800:
Canon de 305 mm (12 in) Modèle 1893–1896 guns
577:, after consultations with the Supreme Naval Council (
1318:
again at a cost of 700,000 francs and was towed to a
1085:. Afterwards, the Mediterranean Squadron cruised the
632:, but it was modified to increase the height of the
555:
was used as a gunnery target in 1909, then sold for
1310:on 18 March and her crew was reassigned on 3 July.
856:
Canon de 100 mm (3.9 in) Modèle 1893 guns
810:. Each turret had a dedicated 300-ampere dynamo to
1686:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905
2777:
899:also mounted four 450-millimetre (17.7 in)
1330:. A programme to evaluate the effectiveness of
670:of 20.81 metres (68 ft 3 in) and, at
1771:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
1055:conducted training exercises off the coast of
707:) Bouxin's report of November 1905: "From the
2223:
1993:
1898:
1767:Jordan, John & Caresse, Philippe (2017).
1766:
2806:Ships sunk by non-combat internal explosions
1752:] (in French). Nantes: Marines édition.
1323:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1252:
1224:
1145:A postcard showing the amidships portion of
1005:
936:
885:
700:
699:, although this is contradicted by Captain (
666:of 122.31 metres (401 ft 3 in), a
649:
621:
578:
568:
506:
1785:
1149:, with charred and scorched paint prominent
2230:
2216:
2000:
1986:
1905:
1891:
1812:Caresse, Philippe (2018). "The Battleship
968:
910:The ship had a complete waterline belt of
604:), an armour scheme capable of preserving
2238:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1907
2007:
1843:] (in French), Paris: Impr. nationale
562:
1721:
1683:
1175:
1140:
972:
872:defences consisted of twenty 40-calibre
19:For other ships with the same name, see
1811:
1702:
1022:en route, before arriving on 25 April.
724:vertical triple-expansion steam engines
722:was powered by a trio of four-cylinder
311:122.31 m (401 ft 3 in) (
2778:
1788:Directory of the World's Capital Ships
1184:On 17 March, the President of France,
782:
771:electrical power was provided by four
750:) and were rated at a total of 16,500
585:), requested a design for an enlarged
16:French Navy pre-dreadnought battleship
2211:
1981:
1886:
1743:
1510:
1508:
1462:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1420:
1418:
822:(APC) projectiles at the rate of one
795:carried her main armament of four 40-
492:
479:: 258–298 mm (10.2–11.7 in)
132:
1707:. London: Conway. pp. 121–138.
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1192:, who was both the President of the
531:was docked for a refit, there was a
455:: 224–320 mm (8.8–12.6 in)
2826:Shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
1769:French Battleships of World War One
961:. The armour plates protecting the
697:roll considerably and pitch heavily
656:) on 4 March with minor revisions.
642:138.6-millimetre (5.5 in) guns
567:On 11 February 1897 Navy Minister (
511:). Completed in 1902 and named for
323:20.81 m (68 ft 3 in)
13:
1805:
1505:
1457:
1445:
1415:
683:had a crew of 48 officers and 731
331:8.45 m (27 ft 9 in)
297:12,105 t (11,914 long tons) (
14:
2837:
1867:
1820:. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing.
1729:. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing.
1388:
1306:. The ship was stricken from the
1059:from 19 November to 17 December.
738:at a working pressure of 18
2759:
2754:
1577:Jordan & Caresse, pp. 66, 68
1550:Jordan & Caresse, pp. 60, 70
1532:Jordan & Caresse, pp. 55, 69
1338:began on 9 August 1909 with the
1010:) on 14 April 1902 at a cost of
845:guns, which were mounted in the
775:, a pair each of 600- and 1,200-
134:
57:
29:
1750:A Century of French Battleships
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1496:
1487:
1484:Jordan & Caresse, pp. 68–69
1478:
1469:
1376:Jordan & Caresse, pp. 64–65
806:, one each fore and aft of the
515:, the ship was assigned to the
437:4 × 450 mm (17.7 in)
2801:Battleships of the French Navy
1790:. New York: Hippocrene Books.
1746:Cent ans de cuirassés français
1671:Caresse, pp. 129, 134, 137–138
1624:"The American Marine Engineer"
1436:
1427:
1406:
1379:
1370:
1081:, had a state visit with King
1004:on 1 September and completed (
876:, fitted in platforms on both
841:consisted of eight 45-calibre
726:, each driving a three-bladed
581:Conseil supérieur de la Marine
367:triple-expansion steam engines
1:
1967:List of battleships of France
1878:at battleships-cruisers.co.uk
1786:Silverstone, Paul H. (1984).
1677:
843:Canon de 164.7 mm Modèle 1893
433:47 mm (1.9 in) guns
1853:31 March 1907, 21 April 1907
1083:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
1000:on 15 January 1898. She was
473:: 290 mm (11.4 in)
7:
1859:n°3342 (16 March 1907) and
1816:". In Taylor, Bruce (ed.).
1541:Jordan & Caresse, p. 70
1502:Jordan & Caresse, p. 69
1466:Jordan & Caresse, p. 68
1454:Jordan & Caresse, p. 71
1442:Jordan & Caresse, p. 74
1412:Jordan & Caresse, p. 67
1284:
513:one of Napoleon's victories
467:: 250 mm (9.8 in)
419:164.7 mm (6.5 in)
380:(33 km/h; 21 mph)
10:
2842:
2796:Maritime incidents in 1907
1835:Schwerer, Antoine (1912),
592:battleship with a maximum
499:pre-dreadnought battleship
461:: 65 mm (2.6 in)
275:Pre-dreadnought battleship
18:
2749:
2535:
2243:
2191:
2157:
2116:
2015:
1962:
1937:
1922:
1644:Caresse, pp. 132, 136–137
1634:– via Google Books.
1604:Caresse, pp. 129–130, 132
426:100 mm (3.9 in)
265:
127:
47:
28:
2563:January (unknown date):
1912:
1626:. March 1906. p. 18
1364:
1198:Minister of the Interior
412:305 mm (12 in)
245:explosion, 12 March 1907
161:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
2704:August (unknown date):
1136:
1073:in April–May 1904 when
969:Construction and career
820:armour-piercing, capped
266:General characteristics
2349:March (unknown date):
1336:armour-piercing shells
1324:
1298:, the navy decided to
1275:
1269:
1263:
1253:
1225:
1181:
1150:
1006:
981:
937:
886:
701:
650:
622:
579:
569:
563:Design and description
517:Mediterranean Squadron
507:
2821:Ships sunk as targets
2786:Ships built in France
2009:Battleships of France
1613:Caresse, pp. 134, 136
1302:her and use her as a
1179:
1144:
1033:Alfonso XIII of Spain
976:
938:briquettes de zostère
703:Capitaine de vaisseau
624:Directeur du matérial
570:Ministre de la Marine
2816:Shipwrecks of France
2650:Prinz August Wilhelm
1744:Gille, Eric (1999).
1653:Caresse, pp. 136–137
1514:Caresse, pp. 121–122
1326:Île des Porquerolles
1251:and the inventor of
1194:Council of Ministers
1115:Henri-Louis Manceron
1065:participated in the
1874:Picture gallery of
1851:supplément illustré
1568:Silverstone, p. 100
1210:Chamber of Deputies
1131:Torpedo Boat No. 96
1079:President of France
1029:French North Africa
783:Armament and armour
652:Conseil des travaux
640:and to replace the
1190:Georges Clemenceau
1182:
1151:
1035:during a visit to
1007:armement définitif
982:
839:secondary armament
736:Belleville boilers
711:point of view the
343:Belleville boilers
191:25.58 million
2771:
2770:
2205:
2204:
1975:
1974:
1827:978-0-87021-906-1
1778:978-1-59114-639-1
1736:978-1-84832-100-7
1714:978-1-84486-041-8
752:metric horsepower
527:. In 1907, while
485:
484:
252:, 2 December 1909
84:Succeeded by
2833:
2763:
2758:
2742:
2732:
2722:
2711:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2597:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2528:
2518:
2508:
2505:Thomas W. Lawson
2498:
2488:
2478:
2468:
2458:
2442:
2432:
2422:
2412:
2396:
2386:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2295:
2285:
2275:
2265:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2159:Fast battleships
2017:Pre-dreadnoughts
2002:
1995:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1849:Le Petit Journal
1844:
1831:
1801:
1782:
1763:
1740:
1723:Friedman, Norman
1718:
1699:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1493:Friedman, p. 227
1491:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1475:Friedman, p. 221
1473:
1467:
1464:
1455:
1452:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1424:Campbell, p. 296
1422:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1340:armoured cruiser
1329:
1296:already obsolete
1280:
1272:
1266:
1256:
1230:
1186:Armand Fallières
1153:On 4 March 1907
1045:Balearic Islands
1009:
998:Arsenal de Brest
940:
889:
867:
826:per minute at a
706:
655:
627:
584:
572:
510:
508:Marine nationale
496:
207:1 September 1898
179:Arsenal de Brest
142:
139:
138:
137:
63:
61:
60:
33:
26:
25:
21:French ship Iéna
2841:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2745:
2735:
2725:
2714:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2666:
2656:
2646:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2600:
2582:
2572:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2536:Other incidents
2531:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2461:
2445:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2399:
2389:
2378:
2368:
2358:
2348:
2338:
2328:
2318:
2308:
2298:
2288:
2278:
2268:
2252:
2239:
2236:
2206:
2201:
2187:
2153:
2112:
2011:
2006:
1976:
1971:
1958:
1933:
1918:
1911:
1870:
1863:(23 March 1907)
1834:
1828:
1808:
1806:Further reading
1798:
1779:
1760:
1737:
1715:
1696:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:Caresse, p. 137
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:Caresse, p. 122
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:Caresse, p. 126
1522:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:Caresse, p. 127
1432:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:Caresse, p. 121
1402:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1287:
1202:day of mourning
1157:was moved into
1139:
1051:on 3 November.
971:
865:
847:central battery
828:muzzle velocity
785:
565:
494:[je.na]
336:Installed power
199:15 January 1898
140:
135:
133:
58:
56:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2811:1907 in France
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2769:
2768:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2723:
2712:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2664:
2654:
2644:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2580:
2570:
2560:
2550:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2485:Queen Cristina
2479:
2469:
2459:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2397:
2387:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2346:
2336:
2326:
2316:
2306:
2296:
2286:
2276:
2272:Prinz Waldemar
2266:
2256:Alice Gertrude
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2033:Charles Martel
2029:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1869:
1868:External links
1866:
1865:
1864:
1857:L’Illustration
1854:
1845:
1832:
1826:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1783:
1777:
1764:
1759:2-909-675-50-5
1758:
1741:
1735:
1719:
1713:
1700:
1694:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:
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1456:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1414:
1405:
1387:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1286:
1283:
1245:Henri Poincaré
1237:Gaston Thomson
1233:nitrocellulose
1138:
1135:
1123:Mount Vesuvius
986:Battle of Jena
970:
967:
903:, two on each
878:military masts
808:superstructure
791:-class ships,
784:
781:
664:overall length
618:nautical miles
575:Armand Besnard
564:
561:
501:built for the
483:
482:
481:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
448:
444:
443:
442:
441:
435:
429:
422:
415:
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401:
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332:
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324:
321:
317:
316:
309:
305:
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295:
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272:
268:
267:
263:
262:
261:
260:
253:
246:
237:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
220:Decommissioned
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
205:
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200:
197:
193:
192:
186:
182:
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176:
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117:
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101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
85:
81:
80:
72:
68:
67:
54:
50:
49:
48:Class overview
45:
44:
35:A postcard of
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2838:
2827:
2824:
2822:
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2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
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2762:
2757:
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2724:
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2641:
2636:
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2599:
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2571:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2551:
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2538:
2534:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:Ina Mactavish
2470:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2434:
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2327:
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2258:
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2251:
2250:
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2242:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2197:
2194:
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2190:
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2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:
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2162:
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2150:
2149:
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2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
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2103:
2101:
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2078:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2047:Jauréguiberry
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1950:Followed by:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:Preceded by:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1797:0-88254-979-0
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1695:0-85177-133-5
1691:
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1681:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1625:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
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1574:
1565:
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1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1499:
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1472:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1385:Gille, p. 101
1382:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:was close to
1351:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:cause célèbre
1271:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:in March 1907
979:
975:
966:
964:
963:conning tower
960:
955:
951:
946:
944:
939:
934:
930:
926:
921:
917:
913:
912:Harvey armour
908:
906:
902:
901:torpedo tubes
898:
893:
888:
887:Contre-amiral
883:
879:
875:
871:
864:
860:
857:
853:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:
794:
790:
780:
778:
774:
770:
765:
761:
757:
754:(12,100
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
705:
704:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
654:
653:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:Harvey armour
626:
625:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
589:
583:
582:
576:
571:
560:
558:
554:
551:
547:
546:Navy Minister
543:
540:
539:
534:
530:
526:
525:Mediterranean
522:
518:
514:
509:
504:
500:
495:
491:
490:
478:
477:Conning tower
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
445:
440:
439:torpedo tubes
436:
434:
430:
427:
423:
420:
416:
413:
409:
408:
407:
404:
403:
399:
396:
395:
391:
387:
384:
383:
379:
375:
372:
371:
368:
364:
361:
360:
354:
351:(12,100
350:
346:
344:
340:
339:
338:
335:
334:
330:
327:
326:
322:
319:
318:
314:
310:
307:
306:
300:
296:
293:
289:
285:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
273:
270:
269:
264:
258:
254:
251:
247:
244:
241:Wrecked by a
240:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:18 March 1907
230:
227:
226:
222:
219:
218:
215:14 April 1902
214:
211:
210:
206:
203:
202:
198:
195:
194:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
131:
126:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
106:
103:
102:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:
86:
83:
82:
79:
77:
73:
70:
69:
66:
55:
52:
51:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
2773:
2738:
2728:
2718:
2708:Commonwealth
2707:
2696:
2686:
2676:
2670:
2658:
2649:
2639:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2594:Commonwealth
2593:
2586:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2544:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2495:Mount Temple
2494:
2484:
2474:
2463:
2454:
2448:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2320:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2254:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2118:Dreadnoughts
2105:
2097:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
1952:
1943:
1927:
1926:
1914:
1913:
1875:
1856:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1817:
1813:
1787:
1768:
1749:
1745:
1726:
1705:Warship 2007
1704:
1685:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1438:
1429:
1408:
1381:
1372:
1349:
1343:
1311:
1300:decommission
1294:, which was
1291:
1288:
1259:Paul Vieille
1249:Albin Haller
1240:
1222:
1218:Ernest Monis
1214:chairmanship
1183:
1169:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1130:
1118:
1075:Émile Loubet
1067:fleet review
1062:
1061:
1052:
1049:Léon Barnaud
1040:
1023:
989:
983:
977:
947:
909:
896:
892:René Marquis
882:Rear-Admiral
870:torpedo boat
862:
861:
852:rate of fire
836:
802:in two twin-
792:
788:
786:
763:
742:(1,765
719:
718:
712:
689:private ship
680:
659:
658:
645:
594:displacement
587:
566:
536:
528:
488:
487:
486:
431:20 × single
365:3 shafts, 3
347:16,500
294:) (designed)
286:11,688
281:Displacement
170:3 April 1897
150:
88:
75:
36:
2660:Grängesberg
2576:Winifredian
2465:Pedro Nunes
2068:Charlemagne
1944:Charlemagne
1304:target ship
1089:, visiting
959:gun shields
837:The ship's
804:gun turrets
789:Charlemagne
746:; 256
709:sea-keeping
693:bilge keels
646:Charlemagne
634:belt armour
588:Charlemagne
503:French Navy
424:8 × single
417:8 × single
388:4,400
250:target ship
223:3 July 1907
76:Charlemagne
71:Preceded by
65:French Navy
39:during her
2791:1898 ships
2780:Categories
2739:Mauretania
2525:Dei Gratia
2245:Shipwrecks
2090:République
1678:References
1354:foundering
1247:, chemist
1127:Marseilles
943:mild steel
779:capacity.
760:sea trials
636:above the
596:of 12,000
542:propellant
397:Complement
362:Propulsion
104:In service
41:sea trials
2717:USS
2706:HMS
2687:San Pedro
2669:HMS
2592:HMS
2587:Albemarle
2585:HMS
2556:Vaderland
2515:Cap Lopez
2393:Silverlip
2381:HMS
2352:Fairhaven
2312:Dundonald
2198:Cancelled
2175:Richelieu
2168:Dunkerque
2141:Normandie
1316:seaworthy
1308:navy list
1037:Cartagena
994:laid down
950:barbettes
935:seaweed (
929:cofferdam
916:amidships
905:broadside
832:magazines
787:Like the
728:propeller
672:deep load
638:waterline
606:stability
602:long tons
559:in 1912.
465:Barbettes
410:2 × twin
299:deep load
292:long tons
255:Sold for
212:Completed
196:Laid down
112:Completed
107:1902–1907
99:1898–1902
53:Operators
2736:23 Dec:
2729:Favorite
2719:Franklin
2715:21 Oct:
2697:Standart
2694:29 Aug:
2684:21 Jul:
2674:, USLHT
2667:20 Jun:
2631:12 Mar:
2624:Devonian
2621:11 Mar:
2601:20 Feb:
2583:11 Feb:
2553:19 Jan:
2546:Turbinia
2543:11 Jan:
2522:27 Dec:
2512:21 Dec:
2502:14 Dec:
2482:21 Oct:
2472:17 Oct:
2462:13 Oct:
2446:11 Oct:
2439:Metamora
2436:29 Sep:
2429:Columbia
2426:21 Jul:
2416:19 Jun:
2400:20 May:
2379:19 Apr:
2369:16 Apr:
2362:Hereford
2339:18 Mar:
2329:17 Mar:
2319:12 Mar:
2289:24 Feb:
2279:21 Feb:
2269:17 Jan:
2253:11 Jan:
2134:Bretagne
1725:(2011).
1358:capsized
1334:-filled
1332:Melinite
1322:off the
1285:Disposal
1270:Poudre B
1264:Poudre B
1254:Poudre B
1227:Poudre B
1208:and the
1159:Dry dock
1107:Salonika
1103:Mytilene
1095:Suda Bay
1057:Provence
1002:launched
954:bulkhead
816:elevated
812:traverse
610:buoyancy
600:(11,810
550:salvaged
538:Poudre B
533:magazine
521:flagship
405:Armament
290:(11,503
248:Sunk as
243:magazine
228:Stricken
204:Launched
157:Namesake
120:Scrapped
2726:9 Nov:
2657:2 Jun:
2647:3 May:
2640:Suffren
2614:Gymnote
2611:5 Mar:
2573:5 Feb:
2566:Etruria
2492:2 Dec:
2419:Gymnote
2390:1 May:
2372:Lucifer
2359:1 Apr:
2309:7 Mar:
2299:3 Mar:
2262:Welcome
2127:Courbet
2098:Liberté
2083:Suffren
2054:Masséna
2026:Brennus
1953:Suffren
1630:30 July
1320:mooring
1111:Piraeus
996:at the
933:Zostera
925:strakes
868:s anti-
797:calibre
773:dynamos
687:; as a
685:ratings
676:draught
662:had an
644:of the
471:Turrets
328:Draught
175:Builder
167:Ordered
128:History
89:Suffren
2634:Patrie
2604:Kléber
2455:Cyprus
2403:Chanzy
2332:Suevic
2302:Dakota
2282:Berlin
2182:Alsace
2106:Danton
2061:Bouvet
2040:Carnot
1824:
1794:
1775:
1756:
1733:
1711:
1692:
1206:Senate
1188:, and
1170:Patrie
1164:funnel
1099:Smyrna
1091:Beirut
1087:Levant
1071:Naples
1020:rudder
1016:Toulon
777:ampere
732:shafts
598:tonnes
590:-class
497:was a
447:Armour
308:Length
259:, 1912
141:France
62:
2677:Maple
2671:Dryad
2449:Aagot
2409:Izaro
2383:Ariel
2342:Jebba
2108:class
2100:class
2092:class
2070:class
1946:class
1839:[
1748:[
1365:Notes
1344:Condé
866:'
824:round
740:kg/cm
614:knots
557:scrap
385:Range
378:knots
373:Speed
257:scrap
96:Built
78:class
2765:1908
2752:1906
2322:Iéna
2292:Gjøa
2148:Lyon
2076:Iéna
1928:Iéna
1915:Iéna
1876:Iéna
1861:3343
1822:ISBN
1814:Iéna
1792:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1632:2020
1350:Iéna
1312:Iéna
1292:Iéna
1241:Iéna
1231:, a
1196:and
1155:Iéna
1147:Iéna
1137:Loss
1119:Iéna
1109:and
1069:off
1063:Iéna
1053:Iéna
1041:Iéna
1024:Iéna
992:was
990:Iéna
978:Iéna
897:Iéna
863:Iéna
793:Iéna
769:volt
764:Iéna
720:Iéna
713:Iéna
681:Iéna
674:, a
668:beam
660:Iéna
608:and
553:hulk
529:Iéna
489:Iéna
459:Deck
453:Belt
428:guns
421:guns
414:guns
320:Beam
271:Type
236:Fate
185:Cost
151:Iéna
147:Name
37:Iéna
1216:of
920:bow
767:80-
748:psi
744:kPa
400:701
390:nmi
376:18
341:20
313:o/a
2782::
2637:,
2590:,
2452:,
2406:,
2259:,
1507:^
1459:^
1447:^
1417:^
1390:^
1257:,
1133:.
1105:,
1101:,
1097:,
1093:,
1077:,
988:,
890:)
756:kW
573:)
353:kW
349:PS
2231:e
2224:t
2217:v
2195:X
2001:e
1994:t
1987:v
1906:e
1899:t
1892:v
1830:.
1800:.
1781:.
1762:.
1739:.
1717:.
1698:.
1012:F
884:(
505:(
355:)
315:)
301:)
288:t
189:F
123:1
115:1
23:.
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