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A reproduction of the pyramids that marked the baseline for measurement at
Yaruqui (which was destroyed by Quito authorities in the 1740s) was erected in 1836, the centennial of the expedition, by the Rocafuerte administration of the nascent republic of Ecuador. This monument fell into disrepair over
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to confirm the results of the First
Geodesic Mission and commemorate the relationship between the two republics. This second mission was led by Captain E. Maurain and several other military personnel during its tenure in Ecuador from 1901 to 1906. The only two members of the French mission to spend
528:, and returned to Europe in 1751. Bouguer, La Condamine and the Spanish officers each wrote separate accounts of the expedition, which opened up European eyes to the exotic landscapes, flora and fauna of South America and led directly to the great naturalist expeditions by
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of measurement. When an
International Commission for Weights and Measures was convened in Paris to settle the true length of the metre, it adopted on 22 June 1799 a standard metre based on the length of the half meridian connecting the North Pole with the Equator. The
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the next century but was rebuilt in 1936, minus its original French inscription, for the bicentennial of the first geodesic expedition, along with a second pyramid at San
Antonio de Pichincha on the Equator. These monuments still exist today. The new
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In 1936, the French
American Committee of Ecuador sponsored the idea of the Ecuadoran geographer Dr. Luis Tufiño and raised a monument commemorating the bicentennial of the arrival of the First Geodesic Mission. They raised a 10-meter-high
76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
810:. Delegates from Guayaquil and Cuenca in the First Constituent Assembly suggested the name "Republic of Quito" which was initially scrapped, although the Spanish colony throughout the territory was known simply as Quito.
260:
632:
opened in the
Yaruqui Valley. Though talks of having a mural celebrating the Geodesic Mission took place during planning stages, no acknowledgement of the scientific importance of this site currently exists.
497:
They completed their survey measurements by 1739, measuring the length of a meridian arc of three degrees at the
Equator. They did this in spite of earlier news that the expedition to Lapland led by
560:
Ulloa and Juan visited the architectural Inca complex in San
Agustin de Callo and subsequently wrote a descriptive document of what they observed at the ruins. Ulloa made a drawing of the ruins.
86:
412:
Penduli simplicis aequinoctialis, unius minuti secundi temporis medii, in altitudine Soli
Quitensis, archetypus (mensurae naturalis exemplar, utinam et universalis)
410:
of the length of such a pendulum set into it, which he presented to the Jesuit
College of San Francisco in Quito in 1742, engraved with an inscription reading:
802:
passing very close to the city of Quito, and which crosses the country from east to west. The first reference of the country on the equator was registered in
863:
Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1751, pp.162-163 ; and idem, “Nouveau Projet d’une Mesure invariable propre à servir de mesure commun à toutes les Nations”,
425:
Bouguer, La Condamine, Godin and their colleagues measured arcs of the Earth's curvature on the Equator from the plains near Quito to the southern city of
429:. These measurements enabled the first accurate determination of the shape of the Earth, eventually leading to the establishment of the international
96:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
48:
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as a universal unit of measure based on the dimensions of the Earth (rather than local standards that differed and hindered trade).
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coast in Colombia, sailed to Panama where they traveled overland to the Pacific, and continued by sail to Ecuador, then called the
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Expedition members, through talking to local inhabitants, became the first Europeans to discover and scientifically document
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measured at the Equator as a universal measure of length. He was more successful with his proposal to adopt the geodetic
81:
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285:), as to whether the circumference of the Earth was greater around the Equator or around the poles. French astronomer
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509:, flattened at the poles. However, problems with astronomical observations kept them in Ecuador several more years.
257:) missions carried out under modern scientific principles, and the first major international scientific expedition.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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with the Equator. The metre was defined as the ten-millionth of the half meridian's length extrapolated from an
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317:. The other mission was sent to Ecuador, at the Equator. Previous accurate measurements had been taken in
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There was a project to build a new pyramid exactly on the Equator, to be designed by the famed architect
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In the late 19th century, the Academy of Sciences sent another mission to Ecuador at the behest of the
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by Spain. In Ecuador, they split into two groups, traveling overland through rain forests, arriving in
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Map of the meridian by Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa, showing triangulation across mountains in the
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794:. The fame brought to the region by the French Geodesic Mission influenced the adoption of the name
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In the 18th century, there was significant debate in the scientific community, specifically in the
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the entire time in Ecuador were Lieutenant (later General) Georges Perrier and medical officer
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of Paris. The toise of Peru became the royal standard of the toise in 1766 under the name
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8:
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when the country gained independence in 1830. This national name refers to the Earth's
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Latitude: The True Story of the World's Very First International Scientific Expedition
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In the 18th century, the nation of Ecuador did not yet exist. The area was under
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of Ecuador. However, there is no record that the Mission ever visited the area.
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and then to France. La Condamine, along with Maldonado, returned by way of the
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was to serve as the basis for the length of the half meridian connecting the
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1102:"Historical Brief Description of the Middle of the World and Its Monument"
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Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition that Reshaped Our World
357:. They were accompanied by several assistants, including the naturalist
346:
467:
376:. (Maldonado later traveled to Europe to continue his scientific work.)
608:
475:
370:
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
694:
Mesure des trois premiers degrés du méridien dans l'hémisphère austral
379:
The Ecuadoran expedition left France in May 1735. They landed on the
1123:"Historic Cultural and Scientific Expeditions to Equator and Ecuador"
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406:. La Condamine had a marble plaque prepared, with a bronze exemplar
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Bouguer returned first from the expedition, going overland to the
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beating seconds on the Equator at Quito, near Quito at the top of
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had already finished their work and had proven that the Earth is
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and the academy sent two expeditions to determine the answer: a
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Charles Marie de La Condamine developed the concept of the
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held to the view that the polar circumference was greater.
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to this template: there are already 1,480 articles in the
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524:, where he helped rebuild the city after the devastating
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La Condamine tried in vain to promote the length of the
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Pecker Jean-Claude Rosmorduc Jean Simaan Arkan (2001).
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Journal du Voyage fait par Ordre du Roi à l’Équateur,
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The equatorial mission was led by French astronomers
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Relación histórica del viaje a la América meridional
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of 1/334 obtained from the results of the survey by
123:{{Translated|fr|Expéditions géodésiques françaises}}
69:
494:as established by La Condamine and his colleagues.
313:and under the guidance of the French mathematician
1172:. Scotland: School of Mathematics and Statistics,
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365:. La Condamine was joined in his journey down the
249:can be inferred. The mission was one of the first
1189:
1168:O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (April 2003).
229:, was an 18th-century expedition to what is now
764:Charles Marie de La Condamine#In South America
563:The scientists witnessed two eruptions of the
520:. Louis Godin took a position as professor in
111:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
27:18th-century expedition to present-day Ecuador
966:
964:
543:used in Peru as the official standard of the
233:carried out for the purpose of performing an
974:. San AgustĂn de Callo. 2011. Archived from
1150:Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador
865:Mémoires de l’Academie Royale des Sciences,
394:Pierre Bouguer established the length of a
219:Expédition géodésique française en Équateur
1104:. Mitad del Mundo. c. 2002. Archived from
961:
833:
197:Learn how and when to remove this message
1036:
948:Direction Générale des Entreprises (DGE)
635:
328:
259:
160:This article includes a list of general
1120:
14:
1190:
897:"How France created the metric system"
582:tree that produces the active form of
438:had commissioned an expedition led by
237:, measuring the length of a degree of
211:French Geodesic Mission to the Equator
1072:
597:
829:
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604:International Association of Geodesy
578:), and identify the correct type of
146:
29:
1018:"Mitad del Mundo Half of the World"
586:(an important anti-malarial agent).
24:
1020:. Ecuadorsbest.com. Archived from
994:
894:
734:French Geodesic Mission to Lapland
166:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1239:
1143:
924:. Vuibert ADAPT. pp. 84–85.
882:Observatorio AstronĂłmico de Quito
824:
1121:Mockler, Terry (February 2005).
834:Levallois, Jean-Jacques (1986).
490:combined with those of the Peru
402:, and at sea level to determine
151:
34:
1008:. Episode 4. July–August 2008.
859:Charles-Marie de La Condamine,
675:
555:Observations during the mission
227:Spanish-French Geodesic Mission
223:French Geodesic Mission to Peru
936:
913:
888:
870:
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121:You may also add the template
13:
1:
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759:De Lacaille's arc measurement
440:Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre
339:Charles Marie de La Condamine
324:
309:, with the Swedish physicist
272:
1037:Ferreiro, Larrie D. (2011).
804:Noticias Secretas de América
769:
688:Figure de la terre determine
684:, Jorge Juan and Ulloa, 1748
369:by Ecuadoran geographer and
7:
786:control and was called the
727:
630:Quito International Airport
622:
414:. The plaque is now in the
93:will aid in categorization.
10:
1244:
1223:South American expeditions
436:French Academy of Sciences
279:French Academy of Sciences
68:Machine translation, like
1154:Missouri Botanical Garden
1043:. New York: Basic Books.
567:volcano in 1743 and 1744.
49:the corresponding article
1213:History of Earth science
1174:University of St Andrews
1073:Crane, Nicholas (2021).
659:San Antonio de Pichincha
416:Observatorio AstronĂłmico
349:and Spanish geographers
1228:Expeditions from France
1218:18th century in Ecuador
972:"The San Agustin Story"
842:. pp. 277–284, 288
808:Real Audiencia de Quito
321:by Cassini and others.
315:Pierre Louis Maupertuis
181:more precise citations.
132:For more guidance, see
18:French Geodesic Mission
655:Ciudad Mitad del Mundo
645:
642:Ciudad Mitad del Mundo
530:Alexander von Humboldt
470:. This portion of the
334:
269:
218:
1137:registration required
1002:"Figure of the Earth"
836:"La Vie des sciences"
706:Le procès des étoiles
639:
611:, later an important
332:
283:Académie des sciences
263:
134:Knowledge:Translation
105:copyright attribution
1006:Voyages of Discovery
749:History of the metre
702:, La Condamine, 1751
696:, La Condamine, 1751
944:"Histoire du mètre"
796:Republic of Ecuador
615:and founder of the
549:Toise de l'Académie
361:and Louis's cousin
295:northern expedition
221:), also called the
1108:on 23 January 2010
1079:. Michael Joseph.
790:after the city of
788:Territory of Quito
744:History of geodesy
663:Pichincha Province
646:
598:Subsequent mission
480:Earth's flattening
408:(varilla metalica)
385:Territory of Quito
335:
291:Louis XV of France
270:
113:interlanguage link
1170:"Jacques Cassini"
1086:978-0-241-47834-9
1050:978-0-465-01723-2
867:1747, pp.489-514.
722:978-2-232-11862-3
714:978-2-232-10176-2
700:Journal du voyage
420:Parque La Alameda
359:Joseph de Jussieu
268:near the equator.
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16:(Redirected from
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1208:Geodetic surveys
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355:Antonio de Ulloa
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468:Paris Panthéon
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391:in June 1736.
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1177:. Retrieved
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1106:the original
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640:Monument at
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109:edit summary
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1179:18 November
1159:18 November
1146:"Geography"
1128:18 November
1112:18 November
1092:13 November
1064:18 November
1028:18 November
982:18 November
950:(in French)
901:www.bbc.com
672:(d. 2023).
371:topographer
347:Louis Godin
179:introducing
1192:Categories
954:2019-06-03
930:1009550865
906:2019-05-22
846:2019-05-22
818:References
619:in Paris.
609:Paul Rivet
574:(and thus
499:Maupertuis
476:North Pole
400:Pinchincha
363:Jean Godin
351:Jorge Juan
325:Expedition
273:Background
162:references
56:(May 2021)
1059:657595545
878:"Visitas"
770:Footnotes
514:Caribbean
464:longitude
460:Barcelona
452:Dunkerque
381:Caribbean
241:near the
127:talk page
79:Consider
51:in French
728:See also
651:monument
623:Monument
580:cinchona
565:Cotopaxi
541:standard
484:Delambre
396:pendulum
255:geodetic
251:geodesic
239:latitude
225:and the
103:provide
840:Gallica
800:equator
784:Spanish
739:Geodesy
584:quinine
488:MĂ©chain
462:at the
418:in the
333:Ecuador
303:Lapland
299:Meänmaa
243:Equator
231:Ecuador
175:improve
125:to the
107:in the
53:.
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928:
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576:rubber
503:oblate
448:belfry
427:Cuenca
367:Amazon
215:French
164:, but
792:Quito
661:, in
591:metre
545:toise
389:Quito
319:Paris
266:Andes
70:DeepL
1181:2011
1161:2011
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1094:2021
1081:ISBN
1066:2011
1055:OCLC
1045:ISBN
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718:ISBN
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522:Lima
507:i.e.
486:and
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101:must
99:You
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