French Basque Country

1559: 726: 2188:(Basque-medium schools) are recognized as educational establishments, with an association model, although they don't receive any state aid. Professors in the ikastolas are under the responsibility of the French Education Ministry. In 2000, the Basque-French federation of ikastolas, Seaska, decided to end negotiations with the French educational administration to integrate ikastolas into the public education system of France, since the conditions it set did not guarantee their education model. Currently, the ikastolas are financed largely by the parents in a cooperative system and by various activities organized in favor of Basque, such as 68: 1570: 3401: 702: 20: 56: 1889: 714: 475:(a Béarnese community during the Ancien Régime) is usually included on the list of Souletin populations, since its population is historically Basque-speaking. However, it became part of Béarn and has not requested admission into the Councils of the French Basque Country. Soule is divided between the districts of Bayonne and Oloron-Sainte-Marie, where the majority of its communes are located. These 35 Souletin communes of the 2113:), but conservative in its lexicon and morphology. Souletin relies on a written literary tradition of great importance, but something worth noting is the oral tradition, since ancient ballads and songs have been passed on from generation to generation up until current times, being rescued by musicians and singer-songwriters in the second half of the 20th century. The Soule people have a firm popular theatre tradition, and 2342: 1947:(French-Basque), 8.6% were French speakers who understand Basque, and 68.9% were not Basque speakers. But the results were very different in the three zones. In the inner land (Lower Navarre and Soule), 66.2% speak or understand Basque. In the coast (Labourd), the figure stands at 36.9%. And in the B.A.B. urban zone (Bayonne- Anglet-Biarritz), only 14.2% speak or understand Basque (20% of B.A.B. can speak or understand 79: 36: 3309: 2459:"The first words written in Basque are those found in the Basque-Aquitanian and Pyrenean funerary stelae from Roman times (1st century). They could be names of gods and goddesses: sembe > seme (son), anderex > andere (lady), cison > gizon (man), nescato > neskato (girl)...although at present they correspond to common names in our vocabulary" (translated from Basque) 612:, according to the French administrative category, in accordance with the laws called: the Pasqua Law (LOADT) from 4 February 1995, and the Voynet Law (LOADDT) from 25 June 1999. These are based on the notion of a country in the traditional sense, as a society belonging to a place, culture, etc., promoting the organization and development of the territory in a global manner. 2145:) have official recognition in France. According to the second article of the French Constitution, "the language of the Republic is French" and, despite many attempts to add "with respect to regional languages that are a part of our patrimony" to the text by 44 deputies in 2006, the proposal was denied by 57 votes against the 44 votes in favor. 2170:). Article 21 of the Toubon Law states that the establishments made with this law will not be applied with prejudice of the norm and legislation corresponding to the regional languages of France, and that such a law does not go against the use of those languages. But that article lacks usefulness, because no legislation or norm exists for the 2196:(Popular Step), which Basque speakers in Spain and France attend to do a walk for solidarity. Thanks to the participation of individuals, companies, and communities, Herri Urrats, in collaboration with Seaska, has allowed for the opening of 20 elementary schools, three highschools and an institution for secondary education since 1984. 1806:, 1887), the only institution that still spoke to the people in their language. This could not prevent the Basque language from further receding, it becoming confined to local and domestic circles. In 1914, Basque ceased to be the trading language used by the local middle- and higher-class customers at the Mauleon marketplace (Soule). 1613:

and the following national assemblies in Paris rejected the imposition of an alien political-administrative design, regarding the events with a blend of disbelief and indignation. The brothers Garat, representatives of Labourd, defended against a hostile audience the specificity of their province and

2159:

In the French State (Labourd, Lower Navarre, and Soule provinces). With the constitutional reform of 1992, France declared French the language of the Republic. Although Article 2.1 the Constitution proclaims the beginning of equality, it only recognizes legal protection for French, leaving the rest

2108:

dialects are the dialects that have conserved the largest number of archaisms due to their geographical location, but at the same time, they had the greatest influence from other languages (Mitxelena). This is why Souletin is considered innovative with regards to its phonology (influenced mainly by

1364:

All vacant land, forests, and waters under this Viscounty belonged to the King and everyone had the right to use them, whether they were nobles or not. Nobles did not have any feudal rights and justice rested solely in the hands of the King. The Biltzar, the only existing assembly, was in charge of

1954:

On the coast, where the largest cities are located, the predominant language is French, for example, in the Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz agglomeration, Basque is spoken by 10% of the population. However, in the rural interior of the Northern Basque Country, Basque is the predominant language, spoken by

1924:

Neither Basque nor any of the other regional languages in France, such as Catalan, Breton or Occitan, have official recognition in France. According to the second article of the French Constitution, "the language of the Republic is French", and, despite several attempts to add "with respect to the

357:

is conventionally considered part of Labourd, but it stopped belonging to it in the 13th century. A few municipalities are considered a part of Lapurdi and are a part of the "Council of the Elected" and the "Council of the Development of the French Basque Country" but did not belong the historic

2009:

The literary tradition in the French Basque Country, especially in Labourd, has had great importance in the history of the Basque language. The first Basque writers on that side of the Pyrenees took the language from the Labourd coast as their base language for literature, more specifically the

675:

In 2012, the French government proposed the creation of a single commonwealth for all of the towns in French Basque Country, under two conditions: being approved by at least half of the 158 communes in the historic territory, and that at least half of the nearly 300,000 residents be represented

2203:

and the members of the Department of Public Works of the French Basque Country signed the protocols that allowed the collaboration between the various Basque organisms and institutions to encourage a linguistic policy on both sides of the Spanish-French border; the Public Institution of Basque

2005:

or Mixe Country region and the Soule province, where a dialect with great cohesion and defined traits can be found: Souletin. In Zuazo's opinion, this may be due to the fact that this territory has been separated administratively from the other two, and that the differences in speech have been

1163:, placing them under the direct control of the sovereign, while the rest of their territories were organized into autonomous entities led by powerful officials of the kingdom: counts, dukes, patricians, and vice chancellors, in accordance with the Merovingian tradition of decentralizing power. 1853:

Over the last 200 years, the territory has shown a slow demographic rise: 126,493 (in 1801); 162,365 (1851); 226,749 (1979) (79% in Labourd, 13% in Lower Navarre, 8% in Soule); 259,850 (1990) (81%; 13%; 6% respectively); 262,000 (1999 census). On 29 January 1997 the area was made an official

2418:, made the first classification of the dialects in the nineteenth century based solely on linguistic criteria. He made four different classifications. The definitive classification was collected in his work "Le verbe basque en tableaux", where he differentiated eight dialects: 1745:), and Royalists (traditional Catholics), with the latter eventually prevailing in the area. Shepherding and small-scale mining and agriculture were the main economic activities, and were accompanied by the increased presence of customs officials, both locals and non-Basques. 1662:

The Basques started to be forcibly recruited for the French army, with large numbers of youths in turn deciding to run away or defect among allegations of mistreatment, so starting a trend of exile and emigration to the Americas that was to last for more than a century.

1308:, a stable and long-lasting ecclesiastic organization was established in the region. The most important trails leading to Santiago pass through the region, and this greatly influenced the development of the trails and the villas in the territory up to the present day. 1830:

or the Americas. However, war took a heavy toll; 6,000 died at the front, equivalent to 3% of the French Basque population. It also produced strengthened the notion in the Basque psyche that it is an integral part of the French nation, fostered by the above weekly

1458:, gives a rough description of the extent of Basque at the time: The language comprised all the provinces now known as Basque Country "and so many other places". After Axular's accomplished book, other Basque writing authors followed suit, especially in 2022:. The language has evolved in the literary plane from classical Labourd dialect used by writers in the Sare School, to the literary Navarro-Lapurdian dialect, a sort of Basque unified in the French Basque Country made concrete by a grammar book by 1065:, demonstrate. In the north of what is now French Basque Country, these (toponyms) become more frequent: e.g., Loupiac and Gaillan. However, in the southeast of the territory, the less Romanized area, toponyms with Basque suffixes are abundant: 2641: 2614: 2174:. In order to give the Basque language legal recognition, it would be necessary to modify the Constitution of the Republic. French speakers of Basque do not then have any recognized linguistic rights. And thus no guaranteed linguistic rights. 2160:

of the languages of the Republic in a state/environment of tolerance. Other legal texts that strengthen the status of French are Law 75-1349, from 31 December 1975, and the law that replaced it, Law 94-665, from 4 August 1994, known as the

550:), the most populated urban space in the territory. It is the political capital of its subprefecture and economic capital of the largest region, which includes the French Basque country and the south of Landes. Other important places are 444:

canton) has usually not been considered a part of Lower Navarre, even though it belonged to Navarre during the Ancien Régime. Additionally, it has not entered the Councils of the French Basque Country. Lower Navarre is located within the

2642:"Loi n° 99-533 du 25 juin 1999 d'orientation pour l'aménagement et le développement durable du territoire et portant modification de la loi n° 95-115 du 4 février 1995 d'orientation pour l'aménagement et le développement du territoire" 1614:

that of the Basques, putting forward instead the establishment of a Basque department. However, eventually the brothers Garat from Labourd voted for the new design out of hopes to get a say in future political decisions. In 1790, the

683:, was created: an intercommunal cooperation movement (EPCI), which promotes a greater level of autonomy, with the French administrative categorization as an official territorial administrative structure with greater abilities than a 1690:, General Moncey forced the removal of Pinet and Cavaignac, who had managed to have a falling out with the Gipuzkoans. Due to this, they threw themselves into a desperate guerilla war, an antecedent to that of 1808. On July 22, the 662:(Chamber of Agriculture for the Basque Country), was created as a house for the representation and promotion of the interests of livestock farmers and agriculturists of the French Basque Country, promoted by the agrarian union, 1974:) spoken in this region since before the Roman era, does not have official status but it does have some acknowledgement, so that it can be studied in school and be used as a secondary language by the institutions in the area. 1752:

in 1864 (Mauleon in 1880), increasing the flow of freight and people from outside the Basque Country, resulting in the growth of the non-Basque population especially on the coast, with Biarritz the most noteworthy case, in a

1821:

thrived on their shipbuilding and steel processing industry supplying the European war effort, continental Basques under the age of 49 were required to travel to the front in north-east France. From the beginning and as the

2321:

for most administrative entities, it does have its own Chamber of Commerce (the CCI Bayonne-Pays-Basque) and a distinct economy with a pole of competences around the boardsports industry including companies such as

1511:. He believed women had a sinful nature, and that they were so dangerous that one judge alone could not judge a woman because men are weak. He said that a tribunal made up of several men was necessary to do so. 635:

is an association that groups political posts such as regional councilors, general councilors and mayors of the French Basque Country, from both political spectrums, whose goal is to achieve the division of the

1472: 2559: 3154: 2001:), whose delimitations don't correspond to the three Basque provinces. The spoken languages of Labourd and Lower Navarre are part of a linguistic continuum without established borders. It ends in the 1655:

even declaring that "fanaticism speaks Basque", an indiscriminate mass-deportation of civilians followed resulting in the expulsion from their homes of thousands and a death toll of approx. 1,600 in

600:

A slow but continuous French institutional evolution has been produced as a response to the historical claims of the French Basque Country. By an order from 29 January 1997 from the prefect of the

2667: 1269:

detached from the Franks and became the independent commander of Vasconia, but got involved in the Carolingian dynastic wars over succession after taking over Bordeaux (844), supporting the young

1375:

that administered the collective goods of each parish existed. In 1215, Bayonne separated from Labourd, ruling from that moment on through its council. From the end of the 12th century until the

1383:

was the capital of Labourd. Bayonne continued to be the economic hub of the area until the 19th century. However, above all, it was the port of Navarre that connected it to the North of Europe.

742:

The oldest human remains that are known of in the territory of the current French Basque Country are approximately 150,000 years old. Some houses have been found on the terraces of the river

1540:

and Bayonne in 1449 and 1451 respectively, Labourd and Soule were under the domain of the French crown. When Henry III of Navarre took the French throne at the end of the 16th century (as

1492:

The 16th century was probably the most tragic for the inhabitants of the French Basque Country in its history. The recurring French-Spanish conflict between 1512 and 1659 and the

2121:

reflect this. The plays are performed by entire towns, who turn into an instrument for the reaffirmation of Souletin identity, which has suffered a worrying demographic decline.

1709:, with large numbers further departing to the Americas in search for a better life. In Soule, the emigration trend was mitigated by the establishment circa 1864 of a flourishing 3254: 621:

and more specifically of a Basque department, has been a constant element during that last decades in elected posts for the main political parties, with representation from the

1705:. As of 1814, traditional cross-Pyrenean trade fell conspicuously, starting a period of economic stagnation. Eventually, trade across the Pyrénées border was cut off after the 2030:, and it currently survives as an unrecognized version of unified Basque. In other words, it is a unified Basque with lexical and morphological elements unique to the region. 2755: 1558: 3178: 217:), with 785 km (303 sq mi). The population included in the Basque Municipal Community amounts to 309,723 inhabitants distributed in 158 municipalities. 2506: 2567: 668:. Initially, this institution wasn't recognised, and its function was illegal. Now, its function is regulated and receives subventions from the Regional Council of 436:, did not belong to Navarre although it is also a part of the Council of Elects and the Council of the Development of the French Basque Country. On the other hand, 160: 1223:

that broke up during the 8th to 9th centuries, following the Carolingian expansion, the pressure of Norman raids, and introduction of feudalism. At this time, the

1670:

against revolutionary France. At first, French Basque Country stayed at the margins of the conflict, since Spain stayed neutral, but in 1793, France declared

420:

belong to Lower Navarre and are a part of the Council of Elects and the Council of the Development of the French Basque Country. They were dependent on the

255:. It is a popular tourist destination and is somewhat distinct from neighbouring parts of the southern Basque Country, since it was not industrialized as 2671: 1301:

The evangelization of the territory that today comprises French Basque Country was slow and precarious. Beginning in the 9th century, and in part due to

804:

era, humans began to live outside of caves, despite the fact that these were still used until a much later date. Also, during this era, the artefacts of

326:

The French Basque Country included three pre-existing historic territories before the departmental division of France in 1789, with a few modifications:

1298:, interpreted as meaning "the limit of Vasconia" or "prominence of Vasconia" (on account of its location on a hill overlooking the plains of Vasconia). 2886: 2033:

The Navarro-Lapurdian dialect and Souletin have common characteristics that distinguish them from other Basque dialects, such as the pronunciation of

647:

The Council of the Development of the French Basque Country was created in 1994, and in 1995 the Council of the Elected of the French Basque Country (

3340: 2365: 680: 2742: 3400: 2766: 1484:

by Pierre Etxeberri. However, during the 17 and 18th century, that activity saw a gradual decline as the English took over from the Basques.

2287:

The Northern Basque Country has 29,759 companies, 107 companies for 1,000 inhabitants and an annual growth of 4.5% (between 2004 and 2006).

3236: 3135: 1925:

regional languages that are part of our heritage" by 44 deputies in 2006, the proposal was rejected by 57 votes against and 44 in favor.

3266: 2530: 2480: 2002: 1423:

After the conquest of Upper Navarre by Castile in 1512–21, the still independent north Pyrenean part of Navarre took the lead of the

1340:

in 1023 with its capital in Bayonne, which gave vassals to the King and Queen of Navarre until 1193. The area became disputed by the

1507:. He burned around 200 women, children and priests by forcing them to confess through torture. Pierre de Lancre was responsible for 1200:, Galactorio, up until 580, while Gregory of Tours wrote about the incursions Duke Austrobald faced in 587 after the defeat of Duke 3313: 641: 249: 2781: 2307: 1643:

The three Basque provinces were then shaken by traumatic events after the intervention of the French Convention Army during the

1514:

However, after overcoming the disasters suffered, a sort of renaissance was lived during the 17th century. Among other things,

1316:

The lands to the south of the Adour became Labourd, encompassing initially a bigger region than the later territory around the

3368: 3333: 3186: 3087: 2981: 2927: 476: 288: 178: 1443:

became King of France but kept Navarre as a formally independent state until 1620–24, when this separation was suppressed.

1239:

exercised better military control over the area, including better tax collection and judicial administration, placing Duke

2691: 1182:, armed incursions and confrontations with Merovingian potentates were frequent during the last third of the 6th century. 2588: 1100:

After the Germanic invasions that caused the fall of the Roman Empire, the ancient province began to be referred to as

693:, and that is made up of a union of ten commonwealths and 157 of the 159 Basque communes, plus one Béarnese community. 3070: 725: 1666:

The mutual hostility and lack of trust between the new regime and the European monarchies led to the creation of the

1553: 1361:

agreed to divide the country, Labourd remaining under Angevin sovereignty and Lower Navarre under Navarrese control.

859:, but by the end of the 3rd century, when use of the name Aquitania was extended to cover the region up to the river 371: 367: 3450: 3326: 2703: 2228:

political movement going back to 1963 with the Embata movement (outlawed in 1974), followed up during the 2000s by

1800:

of the Pyrenees had an impact in the French Basque Country, especially in church-related circles (periodicals like

1254:

was created. By the end of the 9th century, Guillermo Sanchez was named the duke of all Vascons. Some years later,

622: 417: 3279: 3179:

Fourth Sociolinguistic Survey. 2006: Basque Autonomous Community, Northern Basque Country, Navarre, Basque Country

1605:

to discuss problems of state. This assembly united the three estates: nobles, clerics, and the common people (the

615:

The creation of an institution of greater substance than what was represented by the geographical organization of

3350: 2097:

took into account the four centuries of literary tradition of this region when it began the unification project.

2015: 1255: 413: 320: 24: 676:

within this historic territory. After a process of municipal meetings, on 2 May 2016, both conditions were met.

2956: 1118:

from the 6th century, and was differentiated from the trans-Pyrenean territories that later chroniclers in the

1759:

type of settlement (Manex Goihenetxe, Eneko Bidegain). Upper-class tourism gained momentum from 1854 onwards (

1796:(Anton Abbadia), followed by several more editions up to 1897. Other political and cultural events in fellow 1544:), Lower Navarre was incorporated into the French Royal patrimony (becoming the King of France and Navarre). 1155:. After Clovis I's death in 511, the heirs to his throne consolidated their northern possessions centered on 2893: 2034: 1900: 3210: 2171: 2130: 1793: 1675: 775: 640:

department into Basque and Béarnese departments respectively (24 of the existing mainland departments have

1686:

went to Spain to manage conquered territory, courting the possibility of annexing it to France. After the

3155:"Celebration of Herri Urrats, traditional festival to help Basque language schools in the Basque Country" 2219: 2114: 955: 378:(which was united administratively to Lapurdi in 1763 but seceded judicially from the Seneschal of Came ( 2735: 1266: 148: 1288:

and written Latin and was increasingly confined to the lands around the Pyrénées. Since 963, the town

165: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2318: 2233: 2023: 1992: 1615: 1463: 770:

inhabited this area. At the beginning they lived in the open air and later in caves, like the one in

637: 601: 446: 383: 296: 284: 276: 272: 144: 60: 2615:"Loi n° 95-115 du 4 février 1995 d'orientation pour l'aménagement et le développement du territoire" 1602: 1520: 1262: 1215:

in the late 4th and 5th centuries, the area was eventually incorporated as part of the independent

626: 1929: 1143:

made with Rome, but they were forced to leave in 507 as a consequence of their defeat against the

72: 3410: 3359: 2850: 2431: 2427: 1827: 1797: 1683: 1610: 1493: 1428: 1247:

set out on a campaign to repress the Vascon inhabitants that eventually led to their submission.

1050: 751: 569: 433: 229: 28: 221: 67: 2411: 2261: 2046: 1839: 1718: 1702: 1305: 3318: 1879: 1341: 2767:

Orden nº 64-2016-07-13-015, publicado el 13 de julio de 2016 (en francés, páginas de 41 a 54)

2538: 2155:

Below is an extract from the report of the Observatory of Linguistic Rights of Euskal Herria:

1971: 1694:

was signed and the conflict ended, giving rise to a period of relative peace and prosperity.

1671: 1586: 1405: 1329: 1270: 1115: 690: 292: 1772: 538:

originate, is a part of the Biarritz-Anglet-Bayonne agglomeration community (BAB) alongside

2229: 1590: 1569: 1355: 1348: 1183: 843:, he found all the region south and west of the Garonne inhabited by a people known as the 1515: 1152: 8: 1967: 1687: 1678:

led the French to a counterattack in June 1794, expelling the Spanish, and even entering

1644: 1631: 1598: 1508: 1409: 1144: 1120: 1089: 990: 848: 792:

The most well-known object found is a bird bone with three holes in it in the shape of a

421: 363: 2045:

influence and became extinct on the Labourd coast around the 19th century, according to

1951:). The proportion of French-Basque bilinguals fell from 26.4% in 1996 to 22.5% in 2006. 1864:, i.e., a representative body promoting several activities, but without its own budget. 1714: 579: 3198: 2817: 2805: 2392: 2387: 2225: 2042: 1738: 1698: 1541: 1467: 1440: 1404:, though at times also it admitted a certain Angevin overlordship. With the end of the 1397: 1302: 1224: 759: 194: 2778: 1652: 441: 3182: 3083: 2977: 2952: 2923: 2423: 2370: 2265: 2257: 2237: 2200: 2149: 2019: 1764: 1734: 1706: 1582: 1376: 1344: 1216: 779: 701: 551: 3044: 3019: 1415: 629:, and nationalist parties. 64% of Basque-French mayors support such a creation. The 2447: 2375: 2295: 2279:('the Northerners') used violence to seek independence. It disbanded in the 1990s. 2142: 2134: 2105: 2101: 1823: 1531: 1525: 1504: 1278: 1251: 1111: 856: 486: 102: 2311: 819:(4000–3000 B.C.E.), new techniques for the use of metals and agriculture arrived. 425: 2948: 2785: 2507:"Jean-René Etchegaray élu président de la communauté d'agglomération Pays basque" 2419: 2291: 2138: 2110: 2056: 2038: 2027: 1963: 1948: 1843: 1667: 1648: 1436: 1274: 786: 513: 344: 174: 114: 94: 2777:

Adolf Schulten, 1927, Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos. RIEV, 18, 2.

1775:) chose to take healing baths at spa resorts and sought to be closer to nature. 1674:. The political situation after the mass-deportation of civilians improved when 1261:

During this period, northern Basques very likely participated in the successive

39:

Northern Basque Country in green. From left to right, the historic provinces of

2299: 2152:

exists at the municipal level for traffic (trilingual in places like Bayonne).

2094: 1873: 1691: 864: 847:, who were not Celtic and are nowadays assumed to have been early Basques (see 763: 299:

in Oloron-Sainte-Marie. Additionally, it includes the following territories in

1826:

wore on, thousands of Basques objected to military service, defected and fled

55: 19: 3444: 3424: 3211:"Euskararen Jatorriari Buruzko Teoriak (Theories about the origin of Basque)" 2347: 2066: 1847: 1325: 1236: 836: 816: 607: 390: 225: 182: 82: 44: 1231:. According to Iñaki Bazán, after the Duchy was created, the Frankish kings 2303: 2274: 2191: 1935: 1789: 1606: 1477: 1447: 1285: 1232: 1032: 966: 852: 3255:"Cinco estatus diferentes para la lengua vasca y los derechos lingüísticos 2743:"Iparralde cumple las dos condiciones para la creación de la Mancomunidad" 2260:

with a reduced, almost symbolic presence, especially when compared to the

1928:

Basques continue to practice many Basque cultural traditions. The town of

1577:

announcing the outbreak of war and its allegiance to the French war effort

3072:

Lehen mundu gerra "Eskualduna" astekarian [World War I on the Weekly

2847:

De l'année 587 à l'année 589. Gontran, Childebert II et Clotaire II, Rois

2360: 2264:

across the border. Since 2007, they gather around the electoral platform

2041:, it was lost around the 13th century in the Pyrenees territories due to 1978: 1810: 1742: 1636: 1581:

The three Basque provinces still enjoyed considerable autonomy until the

1453: 1289: 1258:

united the duchies of Vasconia and Aquitania (with the Poitiers county).

1187: 924: 896: 809: 767: 713: 706: 2268:, typically earning roughly 15% of the votes in the district elections. 2026:

in the 1940s. In many ways, it is considered one of the predecessors of

1888: 1088:, such as Biscarrosse and Almandoz, for example; some inscriptions have 2821: 2323: 2161: 1733:

The mid-1800s were years of decay and yearning for the time before the

1710: 1244: 801: 252: 2589:"Carte interactive des communes du pays Basque - Pyrénées-Atlantiques" 1618:

department project arrived, uniting the ancient Basque countries with

1609:). Third estate representatives of the Basque provinces attending the 1537: 1480:

and other Basque traditional fisheries. In 1677, it was translated to

1396:) was constituted as an independent viscounty, generally supported by 312: 35: 3241: 3140: 2707: 1944: 1481: 1365:

distributing taxes and charges, and its delegates were chosen by the

1337: 1320:(Errobi) and the coast. In 1020, Gascony ceded its jurisdiction over 1212: 1160: 1134: 962: 945: 832: 755: 669: 2756:

Banatic, página oficial de las Mancomunidades francesas (en francés)

1785: 3373: 3283: 2779:

Las referencias sobre los Vascones hasta el año 810 después de J.C.

2668:"Electos de Iparralde votan a favor de la Colectividad Territorial" 2481:"Abian da Euskal Elkargoa [The Basque Community kicks off]" 2415: 2355: 2185: 1982: 1814: 1768: 1679: 1585:

suppressed it radically, as it did elsewhere in France, eventually

1562: 1500: 1424: 1380: 1197: 1156: 1148: 1042: 986: 979: 882: 844: 828: 805: 771: 539: 472: 304: 260: 245: 237: 3378: 3237:"París dice que hacer oficial el euskera ataca la unidad francesa" 3136:"París dice que hacer oficial el euskera ataca la unidad francesa" 2248: 2124: 1619: 1594: 1401: 300: 240:, Basque is spoken), which is the eastern part of the department. 233: 3419: 3390: 2253: 2011: 1749: 1656: 1623: 1466:. In 1579, an important handbook for navigation was published by 1459: 1372: 1321: 1220: 1201: 1053:, as many of the toponyms with Latin or Celtic suffixes, such as 1007: 928: 886: 730: 718: 559: 505: 429: 409: 379: 354: 331: 308: 241: 198: 143:), is a region lying on the west of the French department of the 78: 40: 1532:

Territories of the French Basque Country and the French monarchy

1408:, Labourd and Soule passed to the Crown of France as autonomous 3383: 3348: 3308: 2327: 2118: 1818: 1722: 1627: 1240: 1107: 938: 795: 747: 543: 359: 316: 256: 1981:, there are two dialects spoken in the French Basque Country: 3429: 2976:(2nd ed.). Pamplona-Iruñea, Spain: Pamiela. p. 23. 2381: 1813:

when they were drafted to the front. While across the border

1760: 1499:

On the other hand, the accusations made in the Parliament of

1432: 1387: 1228: 1205: 1192: 1021: 1011: 1000: 903: 860: 743: 589: 453: 437: 208: 48: 2728: 1219:

in 602, a mixed ethnic polity stretching south of the river

1137:

moved to the region in accordance with a federation pact or

1725:

too. Others took to smuggling, a rising source of revenue.

1317: 1028: 917: 907: 840: 709:, "This house was made by Betiri Echarte and Aimia Iriarte" 2922:. Donostia-San Sebastián: Txertoa. pp. 50–53, 70–71. 2845:, edición J.-L.-L. Brière, Paris 1823. Tomo II, Libro IX, 1792:

tradition) organized by a scholar of Basque-Irish origin,

2945:

The Revolution in Provincial France: Aquitaine, 1789-1799

2049:), the differences in speech in the grammatical cases of 1626:

bishopric that included the entire department (up to the

466: 403: 375: 348: 3257:- Observatorio de Derechos Lingüísticos de Euskal Herria 2604:

French page where the country is listed.(Page in French)

2450:. In them he recognized 25 sub-dialects and 50 variants. 2210:) was born due to this accord in French Basque Country. 1284:

At this point, the Basque language was losing ground to

1809:

Basque young men could not avoid becoming entangled in

877:, as a reference to the nine tribes that inhabited it: 721:(including Bayonne), showing a fiscal system of its own 2179:

Observatory of the Linguistic Rights of Euskal Herria

1186:' chronicles cite the clashes with the Frankish king 789:(9,000–14,000 years BP) have been found in Isturits. 2337: 2317:

Although the Northern Basque Country is part of the

1293: 1167: 1125: 1101: 1006:

The Vocates (Vassei or Vocates) in the southeast of

295:. French Basque Country includes all of Bayonne and 3159:

Euskalkultura.com: Basque Heritage Worldwide (BETA)

2860: 2858: 2100:According to the theory of waves or gradients, the 1487: 1243:at the forefront. Later, between 635 and 638, King 263:and remained agricultural and a beach destination. 2704:"Association des Elus pour une Departement Basque" 2531:"Aujourd'hui, 10 intercommunalités en Pays Basque" 1728: 1476:, offering guidance and useful landmarks found in 220:It is delimited in the north by the department of 2971: 2081:used in speech on the other side of the Bidasoa ( 595: 434:a sovereign principality during the Ancien Régime 181:totalling 2,967 km (1,146 sq mi): 3442: 3045:"La economía vasca durante el período 1914-1918" 2942: 2855: 2810:The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751. 3082:. Universities UB/BU and UPV/EHU. p. 652. 2692:El País Vasco francés o la pugna de identidades 2125:Recognition of the Basque and Occitan languages 1265:against the Franks, in 778, 812 and 824. Count 827:The present-day territory was inhabited by the 63:, with the French Basque Country in dark green. 2876:(La Historia y los Vascos – Vascon.Galeon.com) 2537:. Communauté Pays Basque. 2015. Archived from 2271:In the 1980s and 1990s, an armed group called 1771:, Hendaye, etc.), as the high nobility (e.g., 1496:that lasted 30 years sowed terror and misery. 3334: 3147: 1977:According to the current division created by 1737:. The Basques were divided into Republicans, 3181:, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 2008, 3020:"Republicanismo en Euskal Herria: Iparralde" 3009:; Editorial Actas, 2010 Madrid. Pag. 30 a 37 2816:, Vol. 51, No. 3 (Jul., 1976), pp. 381–410. 2272: 2241: 2205: 2189: 2165: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2060: 2050: 1996: 1986: 1933: 1859: 1835:on the grounds that "God champions France." 1801: 1779: 1754: 1451: 1413: 1391: 1366: 1311: 1083: 1077: 1072: 1066: 793: 684: 663: 657: 648: 630: 616: 605: 583: 573: 563: 533: 527: 504:The most important city in the territory is 490: 480: 479:are a part of a Municipal Commonwealth, the 212: 202: 197:, with 1,284 km (496 sq mi); 122: 2564:MOT, Mission Opérationelle Transfrontalière 1846:and the coast was fortified as part of the 1697:It became a matter of concern discussed by 1503:motivated Labourd in sending the councilor 1177: 1138: 1060: 1054: 1036: 1015: 994: 973: 949: 932: 911: 890: 868: 521: 248:(BAB) are its chief towns, included in the 207:), with 800 km (310 sq mi); 147:. Since 1 January 2017, it constitutes the 128: 3341: 3327: 2306:, fishing and forestry). This includes an 2167:relative à l'emploi de la langue française 1647:(1793–95). Besides prohibiting the native 1211:After the Basque rebellions against Roman 2366:Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque 1634:coasts that disappeared, and part of the 1400:against the pretensions of the Counts of 855:times, the region was initially known as 835:, tribal divisions of the Aquitani. When 812:, and raising livestock were discovered. 604:, a "Basque Country" was recognized as a 157:Communauté d'Agglomeration du Pays Basque 3068: 2917: 2504: 2006:intensified by the lack of interaction. 1842:, the French Basque Country was part of 1568: 1557: 1528:wrote the first printed text in Basque. 1250:In the 8th century, a second autonomous 1227:was created, extending around the river 724: 712: 700: 77: 66: 54: 34: 18: 3126:Bidegain, Eneko. 2012, pp. 606, 658-659 2972:Etxegoien (Xamar), Juan Carlos (2009). 1943:According to a 2006 survey, 22.5% were 681:Agglomerate Community of Basque Country 482:Communauté de Communes de Soule-Xiberoa 3443: 1273:to the throne of Aquitaine. He became 362:, which belonged to the department of 3322: 2252:. Some other nationalist parties are 2232:and others. They seek a split of the 578:), the capital of Lower Navarre, and 289:Arrondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie 250:Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San Sebastián 236:(although in the Béarnese village of 177:in the north-east of the traditional 2849:pag. 8. Disponible el 16/11/2006 en 2129:Neither Basque nor any of the other 2095:Royal Academy of the Basque Language 1883: 1741:(but for a nuanced position held by 1536:With the conquest of the castles of 717:French customs system in 1732, with 477:Arondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie 2729:"Euskal Herriko Laborantza Ganbara" 1049:The region reached a high level of 650:Association des Élus du Pays Basque 13: 3108:Bidegain, Eneko. 2012, pp. 562-571 1880:Music in the French Basque Country 737: 358:region of Lapurdi. Among them are 173:It includes three former historic 14: 3462: 3302: 2298:(manufacturing) and 19.3% in the 1622:. The reorganization favored the 1597:, a former sovereign territory). 1554:End of Basque home rule in France 659:Euskal Herriko Laborantza Ganbara 644:than the French Basque Country). 382:). Lapurdi is located within the 3399: 3307: 2340: 1955:the majority of the population. 1887: 1547: 1488:The Renaissance and witch trials 1090:words similar to those in Basque 3272: 3267:Seaska: Les racines de l'avenir 3260: 3248: 3230: 3203: 3192: 3172: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3062: 3037: 3012: 3005:Sánchez Arreseigor, Juan José: 2999: 2990: 2965: 2936: 2911: 2887:"Joanes Leizarraga Vida Y Obra" 2879: 2867: 2835: 2826: 2799: 2790: 2771: 2760: 2749: 2721: 2696: 2505:Sabathlé, Pierre (2017-01-23). 2453: 2405: 1729:The 19th century to the present 1593:, half-Basque and half-Gascon ( 1565:converted into a seaside resort 873:). Its name in Latin means the 785:Many artistic objects from the 321:Canton of Oloron-Sainte-Marie-1 3227:Website in Basque and Spanish. 2685: 2660: 2634: 2607: 2581: 2552: 2523: 2498: 2473: 2290:66.2% of companies are in the 1435:was first translated into the 1371:of the parishes. Furthermore, 1095: 596:Proposed institutional reforms 71:Bilingual French-Basque sign, 1: 3349:Traditional provinces of the 3282:. CCI Bayonne. Archived from 3117:Bidegain, Eneko. 2012, p. 174 2566:. French Govt. Archived from 2466: 1798:Basque districts to the south 467: 404: 349: 16:Region in southwestern France 2996:Bolinaga, Iñigo. 2012, p. 87 2892:. Euskomedia. Archived from 2207:Euskararen Erakunde Publikoa 2172:regional languages of France 2131:regional languages of France 2069:), and the use of the root * 1919: 1717:that attracted workers from 961:The Consorani, who occupied 822: 481: 428:, not dependent on Navarre. 266: 7: 3369:Basque Autonomous Community 2434:(now practically extinct), 2333: 2330:based on the Basque Coast. 2220:Basque Country independence 2213: 972:The Lactorates in Lomagne, 956:Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges 778:people appeared during the 85:courts are in most villages 10: 3467: 2420:Biscayan (Basque language) 2282: 2217: 2024:Pierres Lafitte Ithurralde 1877: 1871: 1867: 1551: 696: 526:, from which the toponyms 149:Basque Municipal Community 3408: 3397: 3357: 3245:, 22 de diciembre de 2006 3144:, 22 de diciembre de 2006 2943:Forrest, Alan I. (1996). 2294:(services), 14.5% in the 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 1993:Navarro-Lapurdian dialect 1958: 1934: 1860: 1824:slaughter of the trenches 1802: 1755: 1509:the witch hunt in Labourd 1462:, a district thriving on 1336:. This monarch made it a 1312:Politics and institutions 1037: 1016: 995: 974: 950: 933: 912: 891: 885:lived along the coast of 782:(9,000–50,000 years BP). 685: 664: 658: 617: 606: 499: 491: 447:Arrondissement of Bayonne 384:Arrondissement of Bayonne 297:Canton of Montagne Basque 285:Arrondissement of Bayonne 59:The modern department of 3069:Bidegain, Eneko (2012). 2918:Bolinaga, Iñigo (2012). 2398: 1521:Gargantua and Pantagruel 1292:has been referred to as 656:On 15 January 2005, the 193:), until 1789 nominally 153:Euskal Hirigune Elkargoa 3451:Northern Basque Country 3411:Northern Basque Country 3360:Southern Basque Country 3314:Northern Basque Country 3215:Department of Education 3049:Auñamendi Entziklopedia 3024:Auñamendi Entziklopedia 2440:Eastern Lower Navarrese 2436:Western Lower Navarrese 2432:Southern High Navarrese 2428:Northern High Navarrese 1748:The railway arrived at 1684:Jean-Baptiste Cavaignac 1611:Estates-General of 1789 1587:creating the department 1494:French Wars of Religion 1450:, in his literary work 1429:French Wars of Religion 1035:, lived in the city of 679:On 1 January 2017, the 570:Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port 492:Xiberoko Herri Alkargoa 432:, a territory that was 230:Southern Basque Country 111:Northern Basque Country 29:Southern Basque Country 3007:Vascos contra Napoleón 2874:Baja Navarra y Zuberoa 2648:. République Française 2621:. République Française 2535:Communauté Pays Basque 2412:Louis Lucien Bonaparte 2273: 2262:Spanish Basque Country 2242: 2206: 2190: 2182: 2166: 2061: 2051: 2047:Louis Lucien Bonaparte 1997: 1987: 1932:is well known for its 1780: 1578: 1566: 1452: 1414: 1392: 1367: 1324:, then also including 1306:Santiago de Compostela 1294: 1178: 1168: 1139: 1126: 1106:according to texts by 1102: 1084: 1078: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1014:, with its capital in 869: 794: 734: 722: 710: 649: 631: 623:French Socialist Party 584: 574: 564: 555: 547: 534: 528: 522: 517: 509: 462: 458: 399: 395: 340: 336: 275:is divided into three 271:The department of the 228:, in the south by the 213: 203: 190: 186: 156: 152: 123: 118: 106: 98: 86: 75: 64: 52: 32: 3316:at Wikimedia Commons 3295:Invest-PaysBasque.com 2974:The Country of Basque 2302:(mainly agriculture, 2157: 1930:Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle 1756:colonie de peuplement 1651:for public use, with 1572: 1561: 1552:Further information: 1133:In the year 418, the 1116:Chronicle of Fredegar 762:era (700,000–100,000 728: 716: 704: 520:). The ancient Roman 293:Arrondissement of Pau 224:, in the west by the 91:French Basque Country 81: 73:Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle 70: 58: 38: 22: 3280:"Invest Pays Basque" 2920:La alternativa Garat 2319:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 2234:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 2230:Abertzaleen Batasuna 1682:. Jacques Pinet and 1441:Henry III of Navarre 1431:. In this time, the 1303:the peregrination to 1277:after submitting to 1263:battles of Roncevaux 1184:Venantius Fortunatus 1110:chroniclers, mainly 944:The Convenae in the 752:Saint-Pierre-d'Irube 705:Stone decoration in 638:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 632:Association des Élus 602:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 273:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 161:Jean-René Etchegaray 145:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 99:Pays basque français 61:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 3217:. Basque Government 2843:Histoire des Francs 2841:Grégoire de Tours, 2832:(Schulten 1927:234) 2010:triangle formed by 1778:In 1851, the first 1688:fall of Robespierre 1645:War of the Pyrenees 1599:Louis XVI of France 1121:Ravenna Cosmography 889:and Chalosse, near 849:Aquitanian language 689:, but fewer than a 665:Laborarien Batasuna 642:smaller populations 232:and in the east by 159:) presided over by 138:the Northern Region 2908:Article in Spanish 2806:Archibald R. Lewis 2784:2007-09-29 at the 2416:Napoleon Bonaparte 2393:Northern Catalonia 2388:Kingdom of Navarre 2238:French departments 2226:Basque nationalist 1899:. You can help by 1773:Eugénie de Montijo 1699:Napoleon Bonaparte 1579: 1567: 1473:Navigational Pilot 1468:Martin Oihartzabal 1406:Hundred Years' War 1345:Dukes of Aquitaine 1225:County of Vasconia 800:. Moving into the 760:Middle Paleolithic 735: 723: 711: 588:), the capital of 195:Kingdom of Navarre 119:Ipar Euskal Herria 107:País Vasco francés 87: 76: 65: 53: 33: 3438: 3437: 3312:Media related to 3187:978-84-457-2777-5 3089:978-84-8438-511-0 2983:978-84-7681-478-9 2929:978-84-7148-530-4 2560:"Basque Eurocity" 2371:Duchy of Vasconia 2266:Euskal Herria Bai 2201:Basque government 2150:bilingual signage 2020:Saint-Jean-de-Luz 1966:, a continuum of 1917: 1916: 1794:Antoine d'Abbadie 1765:Saint-Jean-de-Luz 1735:French Revolution 1707:First Carlist War 1583:French Revolution 1377:French Revolution 1373:parish assemblies 1217:Duchy of Vasconia 1153:battle of Vouillé 993:with the city of 892:Aquae Tarbellicae 780:Upper Paleolithic 691:French department 556:Donibane Lohizune 552:Saint-Jean-de-Luz 465:, and in Gascon: 3458: 3403: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3234: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3207: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3151: 3145: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3096: 3081: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3016: 3010: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2915: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2864:(Bazán 2006:246) 2862: 2853: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2824: 2803: 2797: 2796:(Bazán 2006:245) 2794: 2788: 2775: 2769: 2764: 2758: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2706:. Archived from 2700: 2694: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2670:. Archived from 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2611: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2477: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2409: 2384:, local currency 2378:, a local liquor 2350: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2296:secondary sector 2278: 2245: 2209: 2195: 2184:Since 1994, the 2180: 2169: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2064: 2054: 2036: 2000: 1990: 1939: 1912: 1909: 1891: 1884: 1863: 1862: 1858:of France named 1805: 1783: 1758: 1739:laicist Jacobins 1505:Pierre de Lancre 1457: 1419: 1395: 1370: 1347:until 1191 when 1297: 1279:Charles the Bald 1275:Duke of Vasconia 1252:Duchy of Gascony 1181: 1171: 1142: 1129: 1112:Gregory of Tours 1105: 1087: 1081: 1076: 1070: 1064: 1058: 1040: 1039: 1019: 1018: 998: 997: 977: 976: 953: 952: 936: 935: 915: 914: 910:and the city of 894: 893: 872: 870:Aquitania Tertia 799: 746:, in Ilbarritz ( 688: 667: 661: 652: 634: 620: 611: 587: 577: 567: 537: 531: 525: 494: 484: 483: 470: 422:Seneschal of Dax 407: 352: 216: 206: 191:Nafarroa Beherea 175:French provinces 169: 142: 139: 136: 133: 130: 126: 27:, including the 3466: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3404: 3395: 3353: 3347: 3305: 3300: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3235: 3231: 3220: 3218: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3199:Euskalgintza IV 3197: 3193: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3079: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2951:. p. 234. 2949:Clarendon Press 2941: 2937: 2930: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2856: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786:Wayback Machine 2776: 2772: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2713: 2711: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2686: 2677: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2624: 2622: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2597: 2595: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2573: 2571: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2544: 2542: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2515: 2513: 2503: 2499: 2490: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2292:tertiary sector 2285: 2222: 2216: 2181: 2178: 2127: 2039:Koldo Mitxelena 2028:Standard Basque 1998:nafar-lapurtera 1961: 1922: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1897:needs expansion 1882: 1876: 1870: 1844:Occupied France 1731: 1703:Dominique Garat 1692:Treaty of Basel 1668:First Coalition 1653:Bertrand Barère 1649:Basque language 1603:Estates General 1591:Basses-Pyrénées 1573:The periodical 1556: 1550: 1534: 1490: 1437:Basque language 1314: 1295:caput vasconiae 1179:Vasconum saltus 1098: 825: 787:Magdalenian era 740: 738:Prehistoric era 699: 653:) was created. 627:The Republicans 598: 575:Donibane Garazi 502: 442:Salies-de-Béarn 440:(a town in the 281:arrondissements 269: 163: 140: 137: 134: 131: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3464: 3454: 3453: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3416: 3414: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3354: 3351:Basque Country 3346: 3345: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3304: 3303:External links 3301: 3298: 3297: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3229: 3202: 3191: 3171: 3146: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3088: 3061: 3036: 3011: 2998: 2989: 2982: 2964: 2957: 2935: 2928: 2910: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2834: 2825: 2798: 2789: 2770: 2759: 2748: 2734: 2720: 2695: 2684: 2659: 2633: 2606: 2580: 2551: 2522: 2497: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2452: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2335: 2332: 2300:primary sector 2284: 2281: 2215: 2212: 2176: 2148:Despite this, 2126: 2123: 2037:(according to 1960: 1957: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1894: 1892: 1874:Basque culture 1872:Main article: 1869: 1866: 1784:took place in 1730: 1727: 1676:General Moncey 1616:Lower Pyrenees 1549: 1546: 1533: 1530: 1518:published his 1489: 1486: 1439:. Eventually, 1313: 1310: 1127:Spanoguasconia 1097: 1094: 1047: 1046: 1025: 1004: 983: 970: 959: 942: 921: 900: 865:Novempopulania 824: 821: 739: 736: 698: 695: 597: 594: 501: 498: 497: 496: 450: 405:Baisha Navarra 387: 268: 265: 179:Basque Country 25:Basque Country 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3463: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3425:Lower Navarre 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3286:on 2013-07-23 3285: 3281: 3275: 3269:(en francés). 3268: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3091: 3085: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3008: 3002: 2993: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2899:on 2008-12-19 2895: 2888: 2882: 2875: 2870: 2861: 2859: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2829: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2763: 2757: 2752: 2744: 2738: 2730: 2724: 2710:on 2007-08-07 2709: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2688: 2674:on 2013-11-07 2673: 2669: 2663: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2570:on 2017-12-10 2569: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2541:on 2017-06-29 2540: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2472: 2456: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2348:France portal 2338: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2312:Irouléguy AOC 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2199:In 2003, the 2197: 2194: 2193: 2187: 2175: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2075:in front of * 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1956: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1940:celebration. 1938: 1937: 1931: 1926: 1911: 1902: 1898: 1895:This section 1893: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1865: 1857: 1851: 1849: 1848:Atlantic Wall 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1601:summoned the 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1571: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1548:Modern period 1545: 1543: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1464:whale hunting 1461: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427:party in the 1426: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1327: 1326:Lower Navarre 1323: 1319: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1299: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237:Theudebert II 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1176:periphery in 1175: 1170: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1080: 1075: 1069: 1063: 1057: 1052: 1044: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1002: 992: 988: 984: 981: 971: 968: 964: 960: 957: 947: 943: 940: 930: 926: 922: 919: 909: 905: 901: 898: 888: 884: 880: 879: 878: 876: 871: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 820: 818: 817:Neolithic era 813: 811: 807: 803: 798: 797: 790: 788: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 732: 727: 720: 715: 708: 703: 694: 692: 687: 682: 677: 673: 671: 666: 660: 654: 651: 645: 643: 639: 633: 628: 624: 619: 613: 610: 609: 603: 593: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 530: 524: 519: 515: 511: 507: 493: 488: 478: 474: 469: 464: 460: 456: 455: 451: 448: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 426:Ancien Régime 423: 419: 415: 411: 406: 401: 400:Behe Nafarroa 397: 396:Basse-Navarre 393: 392: 391:Lower Navarre 388: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 356: 351: 346: 342: 338: 334: 333: 329: 328: 327: 324: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 264: 262: 258: 254: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 226:Bay of Biscay 223: 218: 215: 210: 205: 200: 196: 192: 188: 187:Basse-Navarre 184: 183:Lower Navarre 180: 176: 171: 167: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 125: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 84: 83:Basque pelota 80: 74: 69: 62: 57: 50: 46: 45:Lower Navarre 42: 37: 30: 26: 21: 3409: 3358: 3306: 3288:. Retrieved 3284:the original 3274: 3262: 3250: 3240: 3232: 3219:. Retrieved 3214: 3205: 3194: 3174: 3162:. Retrieved 3158: 3149: 3139: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3093:. Retrieved 3075: 3071: 3064: 3053:. Retrieved 3051:. EuskoMedia 3048: 3039: 3028:. Retrieved 3026:. EuskoMedia 3023: 3014: 3006: 3001: 2992: 2973: 2967: 2944: 2938: 2919: 2913: 2901:. Retrieved 2894:the original 2881: 2873: 2869: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2828: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2792: 2773: 2762: 2751: 2737: 2723: 2712:. Retrieved 2708:the original 2698: 2687: 2676:. Retrieved 2672:the original 2662: 2650:. Retrieved 2645: 2636: 2623:. Retrieved 2618: 2609: 2596:. Retrieved 2592: 2583: 2572:. Retrieved 2568:the original 2563: 2554: 2543:. Retrieved 2539:the original 2534: 2525: 2514:. Retrieved 2510: 2500: 2489:. 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In early 826: 814: 791: 784: 768:Neanderthals 741: 678: 674: 655: 646: 614: 599: 516:and Basque: 503: 452: 389: 366:until 1857, 330: 325: 280: 270: 219: 172: 110: 90: 88: 3164:29 February 2361:Bayonne ham 2243:Pays Basque 2224:There is a 1979:Koldo Zuazo 1861:Pays Basque 1811:World War I 1781:Lore Jokoak 1416:pays d'état 1386:Meanwhile, 1368:etxeko-jaun 1334:of Pamplona 1290:Saint-Sever 1188:Chilperic I 1096:Middle Ages 989:, in lower 925:Bigerriones 815:During the 810:agriculture 707:Armendarits 424:during the 164: [ 3290:2008-06-05 3095:2015-05-16 3074:Eskualduna 3055:2015-05-16 3030:2015-05-16 2958:019820616X 2903:2008-01-28 2714:2019-06-10 2678:2019-06-10 2646:Légifrance 2619:Légifrance 2593:Geo-market 2574:2017-02-02 2545:2017-02-03 2516:2017-02-02 2491:2017-02-02 2467:References 2324:Quiksilver 2218:See also: 2162:Toubon Law 2057:absolutive 1991:) and the 1968:Aquitanian 1945:bilinguals 1908:March 2012 1878:See also: 1833:Eskualduna 1803:Eskualduna 1788:(restored 1711:espadrille 1575:Eskualduna 1245:Dagobert I 1204:in 574 at 913:Elimberrum 839:conquered 802:Mesolithic 776:Cro-magnon 461:, Basque: 402:, Gascon: 398:, Basque: 339:, Basque: 291:, and the 253:Euroregion 189:; Basque: 155:; French: 3242:El Correo 3141:El Correo 2631:in French 2444:Labourdin 2424:Gipuzkoan 2236:into two 2186:ikastolas 2115:pastorals 2043:Aragonese 1920:Languages 1446:In 1634, 1410:provinces 1358:Lionheart 1338:Viscounty 1332:the Great 1213:feudalism 1202:Bladastes 1161:Austrasia 1135:Visigoths 1092:on them. 963:Couserans 946:Comminges 857:Aquitania 833:Sibulates 823:Antiquity 758:. In the 756:Mouguerre 670:Aquitaine 554:(Basque: 546:(Basque: 508:(French: 457:(French: 394:(French: 335:(French: 277:districts 267:Territory 185:(French: 151:(Basque: 124:Iparralde 3445:Category 3374:Gipuzkoa 3221:5 August 2814:Speculum 2782:Archived 2652:5 August 2625:5 August 2598:5 August 2511:SudOuest 2448:Souletin 2356:Aquitani 2334:See also 2214:Politics 2177:— 2135:Alsatian 2106:Biscayan 2102:Souletin 2067:ergative 1988:zuberera 1983:Souletin 1815:Gipuzkoa 1769:Biarritz 1680:Gipuzkoa 1563:Biarritz 1542:Henry IV 1526:Etxepare 1516:Rabelais 1501:Bordeaux 1425:Huguenot 1381:Ustaritz 1356:Richard 1351:the Wise 1271:Pepin II 1198:Bordeaux 1190:and the 1174:Pyrenean 1172:and the 1169:Wasconia 1157:Neustria 1149:Clovis I 1114:and the 1108:Frankish 1103:Wasconia 1043:Le Teich 1012:Bazadais 991:Armagnac 987:Elusates 980:Lectoure 951:Lugdunum 883:Tarbelli 845:Aquitani 831:and the 829:Tarbelli 806:ceramics 772:Isturits 764:years BP 540:Biarritz 523:Lapurdum 487:Souletin 473:Esquiule 319:(in the 305:Esquiule 261:Gipuzkoa 246:Biarritz 238:Esquiule 31:in Spain 3420:Labourd 3391:Navarre 2822:2851704 2745:. Eitb. 2283:Economy 2143:Occitan 2119:masques 2093:). 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