843:
informed about matters that would affect the movement of goods. Modern freight forwarders offer an end-to-end process i.e. shipping the goods from the place of origin to the final destination and may offer additional services such as warehouse planning, cargo insurance and customs brokerage. In a single transaction, the forwarder may be acting as a carrier (principal) or as an agent for his customer or both. Together with tracking, freight forwarding agents often have real time information on the freight. Some forwarders may specialize in niche areas such as
56:
999:, who are ocean freight forwarders or non-vessel-operating common carriers (NVOCC). NVOCCs dispatch shipments from the United States via common carriers and books or otherwise arranges space for those shipments on behalf of shippers; ocean freight forwarders prepare and process documentation and perform related activities pertaining to shipments.
939:, freight forwarders are commonly referred to as clearing and forwarding agents. A license is required, which can be acquired from the respective revenue authorities. Freight forwarders are responsible for clearing consignments through customs, arranging transportation and forwarding the consignment to the consignee.
842:
The original function of the forwarder was to arrange for carriage by contracting with various carriers. Forwarder responsibilities included advice on documentation and customs requirements in the country of destination. His correspondent agent overseas looked after his customers' goods and kept him
762:
Modern freight forwarders offer an end-to-end process i.e. shipping the goods from the place of origin to the final destination and may offer additional services such as warehouse planning, cargo insurance and customs brokerage. Together with tracking, freight forwarding agents often have real time
1008:
Modern
International freight forwarding organizations (IFFs) are formidable entities with revenues running into billions of dollars and have direct presence in countries across the globe. They serve as pivotal entities in the facilitation of global trade, orchestrating the movement of goods
907:
responsible for enforcing most regulations that affect international freight forwarders. The
Canadian International Freight Forwarders Association (CIFFA) was established in 1948 to support and protect the character, status, and interest of foreign freight forwarders by establishing uniform trade
1053:
However, alongside the core business there is a discernible trend of diversification in revenue streams among IFFs, indicating a dynamic and adaptable industry. Studies such as that by Murphy and Daley (2001) provide insights into the evolution of the industry, noting the a significant presence
1057:
The industry has also undergone digital transformation. Riedl et al. (2018) emphasize the importance of embracing digital technologies in freight forwarding operations. Their research underscores the significance of technology adoption. The integration of technologies such as barcode systems,
1009:
across international borders with efficiency and precision. Over the years, these organizations have evolved significantly, transforming from networks of contracted agents to large corporations with a direct presence in countries worldwide, boasting revenues running into billions of dollars.
975:(BIFA), a trade association for UK-registered companies engaged in the international movement of freight by all modes of transport, air, road, rail, and sea. BIFA has over 1600 members, known generally as freight forwarders, who offer a wide range of services within these various modes.
952:
as a cash crop beginning in 1914, though not initially as freight forwarding but as the means of transportation of goods and services from one country to another. Following the method of their
British, agents were used to facilitating the transport of goods and
828:, including multiple modes for a single shipment. For example, the freight forwarder may arrange to have cargo moved from a plant to an airport by truck, flown to the destination city and then moved from the airport to a customer's building by another truck.
1028:), to consumer-to-consumer (C2C) transactions. In the current economic environment, logistics firms leverage multimodal transportation modes such as land, air, and water, adapting to evolving market dynamics and the growing digitalization of commerce.
991:. Such forwarders are "carriers" who accept freight for transport and are liable for delivering the freight under their own bill of lading. International ocean freight forwarders arranging for shipments to and from the US must be licensed by the
1012:
As per The Brainy
Insights. (2023). Freight Forwarding Market - Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2027 . The global freight forwarding market was valued at $ 201.6 billion in 2021. It is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate
779:
who held and re-forwarded the personal effects of their hotel guests in the early 1800s. One of the earliest freight forwarders was Thomas
Meadows and Co. Ltd., established in 1836. With the increase in trade between
603:
878:. Freight forwarders often charge a fee for the activity and might include transportation costs from factory and to delivery, freight charges, customs and other fees and documentation charges.
1066:) remains crucial for enhancing operational efficiency. In the era of Industry 4.0, as highlighted by Adeitan et al. (2020), global logistics have undergone significant digital transformation
958:
Pakistan
International Freight Forwarders Association PIFFA has more than 500 freight forwarding companies as members and is the local representative of FIATA and member association for
808:
A freight forwarder is an entity who co-ordinates and organizes the movement of shipments on behalf of a shipper (party that arranges an item for shipment) by liaising with
836:
725:
614:
1654:
700:
is a person or a company who co-ordinates and organizes the movement of shipments on behalf of a shipper (party that arranges an item for shipment) by liaising with
622:
1540:
854:
documentation and performing activities pertaining to the regulations of different countries. Freight forwarders typically have information with respect to
735:
documentation and performing activities pertaining to the regulations of different countries. Freight forwarders typically have information with respect to
1020:
The
International freight sector plays a pivotal role in facilitating trade across diverse supply chain networks, spanning from business-to-business
1336:
570:
1050:
are the top 5 logistics companies in the world by revenue. Cumulatively, the top 10 logistics companies generated revenue of $ 538,842 million.
926:
economy. Associations including the Irish
International Freight Association represent the industry through educational and representative roles.
835:
network and will carry out freight consolidation, rate negotiations, shipment tracking, customs and other documentation, among other tasks.
724:
network and will carry out freight consolidation, rate negotiations, shipment tracking, customs and other documentation, among other tasks.
495:
988:
125:
1815:
Adeitan, Ayodeji Dennis; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Agbenyeku, Emmanuel Emem-Obong (2020). Arai, Kohei; Bhatia, Rahul; Kapoor, Supriya (eds.).
985:
243:
1157:
972:
850:
International freight forwarders typically handle cross-border logistics and have additional expertise in preparing and processing
731:
International freight forwarders typically handle cross-border logistics and have additional expertise in preparing and processing
679:
653:
895:
operate under a freight forwarder. The entities are registered with the government with the licenses renewed every three years.
608:
720:, and often use multiple modes for a single shipment. A freight forwarder does not move the goods but acts as an agent in the
1836:
1480:
1124:
788:, Medows served as an intermediary to arrange for the transportation of freight from the manufacturers to customers through
1292:
913:
Federation of
Freight Forwarders’ Associations in India is the apex body and the umbrella body of 28 associations across
643:
598:
564:
445:
1752:
1569:
17:
996:
1548:
903:
is the federal department responsible for implementing and enforcing transportation policies and programs with the
38:
648:
922:
With more than 82% of manufactured products being exported, freight forwarders are important contributors to the
93:
1612:
1252:
904:
1706:
812:. A carrier is an entity that actually transports goods and may use a variety of shipping modes, including
31:
1585:
1090:
1059:
1014:
992:
672:
37:
This article is about freight forwarders. For companies that forward mail and parcels but not cargo, see
1161:
1858:
559:
485:
1188:
368:
1213:"Service quality evaluation of international freight forwarders: an empirical research in East Asia"
1823:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 652–660.
581:
297:
1816:
859:
740:
84:
1314:
844:
764:
665:
30:"Forwarding agent" redirects here. For the concept used prior to the modern postal system, see
1031:
458:
312:
1449:
1628:
704:(party that transports goods). The carriers may use a variety of shipping modes, including
528:
274:
77:
8:
871:
752:
221:
1085:
1025:
855:
736:
337:
206:
137:
1832:
1797:
1734:
1688:
1632:
1476:
1234:
1120:
627:
544:
378:
233:
188:
142:
70:
1824:
1789:
1624:
1573:
1224:
900:
588:
395:
253:
238:
195:
120:
104:
1183:
763:
information on the freight. Some forwarders may specialize in niche areas such as
1828:
1361:
554:
523:
468:
463:
423:
216:
796:. The services were later expanded to cover consultative solutions and handling
1707:"Freight Forwarding Market Size, Trends And Outlook 2032 | The Brainy Insights"
1021:
968:
892:
863:
809:
789:
744:
701:
452:
428:
388:
383:
302:
211:
178:
1793:
1677:"A Preliminary Analysis of the Strategies of International Freight Forwarders"
1229:
1212:
1852:
1801:
1738:
1692:
1636:
1238:
1075:
1047:
981:
875:
785:
756:
549:
361:
327:
292:
287:
183:
168:
130:
99:
47:
1777:
1095:
593:
278:
161:
156:
1782:
International
Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management
1496:
1383:
839:(FIATA) describes a freight forwarder as the "Architect of transport".
440:
317:
307:
263:
1676:
831:
A freight forwarder does not move the goods but acts as an agent in the
490:
201:
173:
917:
representing 6,500 custom house agents, employing over 110,000 people.
1518:
1080:
1035:
888:
832:
793:
721:
507:
480:
475:
400:
343:
322:
258:
226:
1253:
International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (FIATA)
1144:
How Logistics Facilitate an Efficient Freight Transportation System
971:, freight forwarders are not licensed, but many are members of the
959:
936:
825:
817:
717:
709:
1003:
1063:
945:
923:
851:
797:
732:
728:
describes a freight forwarder as the "Architect of transport".
407:
373:
351:
332:
55:
1043:
949:
867:
781:
776:
748:
500:
248:
775:
The first international freight forwarders were innkeepers in
1613:"Market Concentration in the Air Freight Forwarding Industry"
1211:
Huang, Sheng Teng; Bulut, Emrah; Duru, Okan (December 2019).
1117:
International Trade in Services Effective Practice and Policy
1039:
1017:) of 3.9% from 2022 to 2030 and reach $ 284 billion by 2030.
932:
914:
821:
813:
713:
705:
151:
146:
1821:
Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2019
1753:"Size of the freight forwarding market worldwide 2021-2031"
837:
International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations
356:
866:
and other documents required by the carrier or country of
747:
and other documents required by the carrier or country of
1814:
1473:
Nigerian Groundnut Exports: Origins and Early Development
1406:"Federation of Freight Forwarders' Associations in India"
1405:
1778:"Profiling international freight forwarders: an update"
1258:(Report). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
1293:"Strategic Considerations for Compliance to Incoterms"
1427:
1054: of small companies within the IFF landscape.
1662:
Center for Digital Innovation, BCG: Boston, MA, USA
1146:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2013. p. 5.
1184:"Freight Forwarder Definition & Legal Meaning"
1617:Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie
1850:
767:, and collection and deliveries around a port.
1776:Murphy, Paul R.; Daley, James M. (2001-01-01).
1158:"Meaning and Definition of "freight forwarder""
1004:Modern Global Freight Forwarding Organizations.
847:, and collection and deliveries around a port.
1655:"The digital imperative in freight forwarding"
1652:
1210:
1817:"Global Logistics in the Era of Industry 4.0"
1610:
673:
1611:Bowen, John; Leinbach, Thomas (April 2004).
1775:
1674:
1521:. British International Freight Association
989:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
980:Companies handling domestic freight in the
803:
1276:
680:
666:
1675:Murphy, Paul R.; Daley, James M. (1996).
1541:"Office of Transportation Intermediaries"
1470:
1428:"Irish International Freight Association"
1228:
1138:
1136:
973:British International Freight Association
948:has been in place since the exporting of
1731:Business Logistics in Modern Management
1114:
654:London Maritime Arbitrators Association
14:
1851:
1629:10.1111/j.0040-747X.2004.t01-1-00299.x
1133:
881:
609:International Convention on Load Lines
1648:
1646:
1586:"Ocean Transportation Intermediaries"
1281:. Load, Seal, & Ship. p. 14.
1062:), and enterprise resource planning (
1653:Riedel, J; T, Chan; Schöndorfer, S.
1119:. Taylor & Francis. p. 12.
984:by road must be registered with the
997:ocean transportation intermediaries
986:U.S. Department of Transportation's
644:International Maritime Organization
599:Ballast Water Management Convention
565:International Convention on Salvage
446:The captain goes down with the ship
24:
1643:
25:
1870:
1547:. U.S. Government. Archived from
1475:. Ahmadu Bello University Press.
54:
39:Commercial mail receiving agency
1808:
1769:
1745:
1723:
1699:
1668:
1604:
1578:
1563:
1533:
1511:
1489:
1464:
1442:
1420:
1398:
1376:
1354:
1329:
94:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris
1307:
1285:
1270:
1245:
1204:
1176:
1160:. Random House. Archived from
1150:
1108:
13:
1:
1315:"What is freight forwarding?"
1217:Journal of Shipping and Trade
1101:
1058:electronic data interchange (
905:Canada Border Services Agency
649:Comité Maritime International
615:International Regulations for
571:United Nations Convention on
27:Handles logistics for freight
1829:10.1007/978-3-030-32523-7_48
860:shipper's export declaration
741:shipper's export declaration
617:Preventing Collisions at Sea
32:Forwarding agent (philately)
7:
1590:Federal Maritime Commission
1545:Federal Maritime Commission
1450:"Clearing fowarding agents"
1337:Basic overview of Incoterms
1091:Standard trading conditions
1069:
993:Federal Maritime Commission
636:International organizations
10:
1875:
1592:. United states Government
770:
560:Maritime Labour Convention
36:
29:
1794:10.1108/09600030110389433
1711:www.thebrainyinsights.com
1364:. Government of Australia
1277:Michelmann, Marc (1985).
1230:10.1186/s41072-019-0053-6
1032:United Parcel Service Inc
1024:), business-to-consumer (
908:practice and regulations.
537:International conventions
1452:. Government of Tanzania
1115:Jackson, Sarita (2021).
893:Customs Clearance Agents
804:Definition and functions
582:International piracy law
573:the Law of the Sea
1471:Hogendorn, Jan (1978).
1384:"About our association"
1044:A.P. Moller - Maersk AS
604:Anti-fouling Convention
1681:Transportation Journal
1279:Load, Seal, & Ship
1189:Black's Law Dictionary
944:Freight-forwarding in
1295:. SIPMM Publications
529:Vice admiralty court
275:Contract of carriage
78:Corpus Juris Civilis
1342:(Report). DHL. 2020
1164:on 10 February 2021
882:National variations
1519:"Overview of BIFA"
1086:Physical inventory
856:commercial invoice
737:commercial invoice
138:Maritime transport
18:Freight Forwarding
1859:Freight transport
1838:978-3-030-32523-7
1482:978-9-7812-5005-7
1362:"About licensing"
1126:978-1-0003-6969-4
694:freight forwarder
690:
689:
628:Athens Convention
594:MARPOL Convention
545:Hague-Visby Rules
434:Freight forwarder
379:Proof of delivery
234:Maritime security
71:Code of Hammurabi
16:(Redirected from
1866:
1843:
1842:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1733:. October 2023.
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1582:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1112:
1048:Deutsche Bahn AG
1036:Deutsche Post AG
901:Transport Canada
891:, most licensed
698:forwarding agent
682:
675:
668:
589:SOLAS Convention
576:
441:Captain (Master)
239:Letter of marque
196:Marine insurance
105:Hanseatic League
58:
44:
43:
21:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1813:
1809:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1673:
1669:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1072:
1006:
884:
806:
777:London, England
773:
686:
619:
616:
578:
574:
572:
555:Rotterdam Rules
524:Admiralty court
464:Freight company
455:
217:General average
198:
169:Merchant marine
75:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1872:
1862:
1861:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1807:
1788:(3): 152–168.
1768:
1744:
1722:
1698:
1667:
1642:
1623:(2): 174–188.
1603:
1577:
1570:49 U.S.C.
1562:
1532:
1510:
1488:
1481:
1463:
1441:
1419:
1397:
1375:
1353:
1328:
1306:
1284:
1269:
1244:
1203:
1192:(2nd ed.)
1175:
1149:
1132:
1125:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
977:
976:
969:United Kingdom
964:
963:
955:
954:
941:
940:
928:
927:
919:
918:
910:
909:
897:
896:
883:
880:
864:bill of lading
805:
802:
800:requirements.
790:rail transport
772:
769:
745:bill of lading
688:
687:
685:
684:
677:
670:
662:
659:
658:
657:
656:
651:
646:
638:
637:
633:
632:
631:
630:
625:
623:SAR Convention
620:
613:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
585:
584:
569:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
539:
538:
534:
533:
532:
531:
526:
518:
517:
513:
512:
511:
510:
505:
504:
503:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
472:
471:
466:
461:
450:
449:
448:
438:
437:
436:
431:
418:
417:
413:
412:
411:
410:
405:
404:
403:
393:
392:
391:
381:
376:
371:
366:
365:
364:
354:
349:
348:
347:
340:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
303:Bill of lading
300:
295:
290:
282:
281:
271:
270:
269:
268:
267:
266:
264:Wartime prizes
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
231:
230:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
193:
192:
191:
186:
181:
179:Passenger ship
176:
166:
165:
164:
159:
154:
149:
135:
134:
133:
128:
115:
114:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
90:
89:
88:
73:
65:
64:
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1871:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1551:on 2015-03-28
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1520:
1514:
1498:
1497:"About PIFFA"
1492:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1451:
1445:
1429:
1423:
1407:
1401:
1385:
1379:
1363:
1357:
1338:
1332:
1316:
1310:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1254:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1076:Transshipment
1074:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1010:
998:
994:
990:
987:
983:
982:United States
979:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:
961:
957:
956:
951:
947:
943:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:
925:
921:
920:
916:
912:
911:
906:
902:
899:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:
879:
877:
876:transshipment
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
840:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:United States
783:
778:
768:
766:
760:
758:
757:transshipment
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
683:
678:
676:
671:
669:
664:
663:
661:
660:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
639:
635:
634:
629:
626:
624:
621:
618:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
583:
580:
579:
577:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:Hamburg Rules
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
540:
536:
535:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
520:
519:
515:
514:
509:
506:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
454:
451:
447:
444:
443:
442:
439:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
425:
422:
421:
420:
419:
415:
414:
409:
406:
402:
401:International
399:
398:
397:
394:
390:
387:
386:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
363:
360:
359:
358:
355:
353:
350:
346:
345:
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
331:
329:
328:Force majeure
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
288:Affreightment
286:
285:
284:
283:
280:
276:
273:
272:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
228:
225:
223:
222:Seaworthiness
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
197:
194:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:Fisheries law
129:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
112:
111:
106:
103:
101:
100:Amalfian Laws
98:
96:
95:
91:
87:
86:
82:
81:
80:
79:
74:
72:
69:
68:
67:
66:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
49:
48:Admiralty law
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
1820:
1810:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:
1747:
1730:
1725:
1714:. Retrieved
1710:
1701:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1661:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1589:
1580:
1574:§ 13102
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:the original
1544:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1491:
1472:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1247:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1187:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:the original
1152:
1143:
1116:
1110:
1096:Supply chain
1056:
1052:
1030:
1019:
1011:
1007:
849:
845:rail-freight
841:
830:
807:
774:
765:rail-freight
761:
730:
697:
693:
691:
433:
374:Packing list
342:
279:Charterparty
189:Registration
162:Shipbuilding
92:
83:
76:
1687:(4): 5–11.
1525:29 December
516:Judiciaries
318:Consignment
1762:2024-03-06
1716:2024-03-05
1503:1 December
1456:1 December
1434:1 December
1412:1 December
1390:1 December
1368:1 December
1321:1 December
1262:1 December
1196:24 January
1102:References
1040:FedEx Corp
794:steamships
338:Commercial
313:Chartering
227:Total loss
202:Act of God
174:Cargo ship
1802:0960-0035
1739:1849-5931
1693:0041-1612
1637:0040-747X
1239:2364-4575
1223:(1): 14.
1168:8 January
1081:Logistics
953:services.
950:groundnut
889:Australia
874:, and/or
833:logistics
826:railroads
818:airplanes
755:, and/or
722:logistics
718:railroads
710:airplanes
508:Stevedore
486:Principal
481:Consignor
476:Consignee
459:Charterer
344:Pro forma
323:Demurrage
308:Brokerage
259:Smuggling
254:Pollution
212:Collision
1853:Category
1757:Statista
1596:20 April
1555:20 April
1346:28 April
1070:See also
960:Pakistan
937:Tanzania
810:carriers
702:carriers
575:(UNCLOS)
369:Manifest
362:Maritime
298:Barratry
184:Mortgage
143:Shipping
113:Features
1499:. PIFFA
1408:. FFFAI
1386:. CIFFA
1299:5 March
967:In the
946:Nigeria
852:customs
798:customs
771:History
733:customs
469:Manager
453:Carrier
416:Parties
408:Waybill
384:Salvage
352:Laytime
333:Invoice
157:Freight
126:Illegal
121:Fishing
85:Digesta
63:History
1835:
1800:
1737:
1691:
1635:
1572:
1479:
1430:. IIFA
1237:
1123:
1046:, and
872:import
868:export
824:, and
822:trucks
782:Europe
753:import
749:export
716:, and
714:trucks
501:Mutiny
496:Seaman
429:Factor
293:Agency
249:Piracy
1658:(PDF)
1340:(PDF)
1317:. CAF
1256:(PDF)
933:Kenya
924:Irish
915:India
814:ships
726:FIATA
706:ships
491:Owner
424:Agent
396:Terms
244:Drugs
207:Cargo
152:Cargo
147:Ferry
1833:ISBN
1798:ISSN
1735:ISSN
1689:ISSN
1633:ISSN
1598:2016
1557:2016
1527:2023
1505:2023
1477:ISBN
1458:2023
1436:2023
1414:2023
1392:2023
1370:2023
1348:2020
1323:2023
1301:2023
1264:2023
1235:ISSN
1198:2023
1170:2023
1121:ISBN
1022:(B2B
1015:CAGR
935:and
792:and
784:and
357:Lien
1825:doi
1790:doi
1625:doi
1225:doi
1064:ERP
1060:EDI
1026:B2C
995:as
931:In
887:In
696:or
389:Law
1855::
1831:.
1819:.
1796:.
1786:31
1784:.
1780:.
1755:.
1709:.
1685:35
1683:.
1679:.
1660:.
1645:^
1631:.
1621:95
1619:.
1615:.
1588:.
1543:.
1233:.
1219:.
1215:.
1186:.
1135:^
1042:,
1038:,
1034:,
870:,
862:,
858:,
820:,
816:,
759:.
751:,
743:,
739:,
712:,
708:,
692:A
1841:.
1827::
1804:.
1792::
1765:.
1741:.
1719:.
1695:.
1664:.
1639:.
1627::
1600:.
1559:.
1529:.
1507:.
1485:.
1460:.
1438:.
1416:.
1394:.
1372:.
1350:.
1325:.
1303:.
1266:.
1241:.
1227::
1221:4
1200:.
1172:.
1129:.
1013:(
962:.
681:e
674:t
667:v
277:/
145:/
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
