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their life cycle" with an exception for swine ("continuous access to pasture for at least 80% of their production cycle"). In a May 2006 Federal
Register notice (71 Fed. Reg. 27662), the agency presented a summary and its responses to comments received in the 2002 notice, but only for the category "grass (forage) fed" which the agency stated was to be a category separate from "free range". Comments received for other categories, including "free range", are to be published in future Federal Register editions.
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runs are not extending beyond a radius of 150 metres (490 ft) from the nearest pophole of the building; an extension of up to 350 metres (1,150 ft) from the nearest pophole of the building is permissible provided that a sufficient number of shelters and drinking troughs within the meaning of that provision are evenly distributed throughout the whole open-air run with at least four shelters per hectare.
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81:
102:, for at least part of the day, can roam freely outdoors, rather than being confined in an enclosure for 24 hours each day. On many farms, the outdoors ranging area is fenced, thereby technically making this an enclosure, however, free range systems usually offer the opportunity for the extensive locomotion and sunlight that is otherwise prevented by indoor housing systems.
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animal welfare standards. In events where producers do not choose to use a certified trade mark and merely state that their product is 'free range', the producer is bound by consumer expectations and perceptions of what constitutes free range. Producers are generally thought to be bound to Model Codes of
Practice of Animal Welfare published by the
161:. The generally poor understanding of nutrition and diseases before the twentieth century made it difficult to raise many livestock species without giving them access to a varied diet, and the labor of keeping livestock in confinement and carrying all their feed to them was prohibitive except for high-profit animals such as dairy cattle.
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free range eggs due to customer concerns over animal welfare has led to a number of different standards developing in relation to three core welfare measures ā indoor stocking density, outdoor stocking density, and beak trimming. The Model Code of
Practice recommends practices for free range farming with the following standards:
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is the weakest standard, set by the industry peak group and largely based on the Model Code of
Practice. Egg Corp Assured differs in that it interprets the outdoor stocking density figure as largely irrelevant to welfare. Egg Corp Assured has been known to certify farms running up to 44,000 birds per
495:
standards are some of the most sound as far as animal welfare is concerned. Beak trimming or any other mutilation is not permitted, perches must be provided, and maximum flock numbers cannot be greater than 2500 per barn. The outdoor stocking density is 1500 birds per hectare, and the indoor density
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Free-range turkeys have continuous access to an outdoor range during the daytime. The range should be largely covered in vegetation and allow more space. Access to fresh air and daylight means better eye and respiratory health. The turkeys are able to exercise and exhibit natural behaviour resulting
268:
Traditional
American usage equates "free range" with "unfenced", and with the implication that there was no herdsman keeping them together or managing them in any way. Legally, a free-range jurisdiction allowed livestock (perhaps only of a few named species) to run free, and the owner was not liable
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for broiler chickens raised on grass pasture for all of their lives except for the initial brooding period. The
Pastured Poultry concept is promoted by the American Pastured Poultry Producers' Association (APPPA), an organization of farmers raising their poultry using Salatin's principles. This term
518:
standards are those in which most supermarket brands of free range chicken meat are accredited under. These standards require indoor stocking densities of up to 30 kg/m indoors (about 15 birds per square metre), and beak trimming is not permitted. Outdoor stocking density is not stated, but it
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Farms supplying milk under the free range dairy brand abide by the pasture promise, meaning the cows will have access to pasture land to graze for a minimum of 180 days and nights a year. There is evidence to suggest that milk from grass contains higher levels of fats such as omega-3 and conjugated
384:
production includes barn, free-range and organic systems. The UK is the largest free-range egg producer in the Europe. Free-range systems are the most popular of the non-cage alternatives, accounting for around 57% of all eggs, compared to 2% in barns and 2% organic. In free-range systems, hens are
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production/marketing claims". Many industry claim categories are included in the notice, including breed claims, antibiotic claims, and grain fed claims. "Free Range, Free
Roaming, or Pasture Raised" would be defined as "livestock that have had continuous and unconfined access to pasture throughout
195:
free range regulations currently apply only to poultry and indicate that the animal has been allowed access to the outside. To be considered "free range," the poultry must have access to the outdoors for more than 51% of the animal's life. However, USDA regulations make no mention of the quality or
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is a standard that can be applied to both barn-laid and free-range egg producers. Farms using this certification must have an indoor density of 9 birds per square metre indoors on slats, or 7 birds per square metre indoors in a deep-litter system. The standards dictate a maximum outdoor density of
446:
In
Australia, three farming methods for the production of eggs are utilised. In 2011, traditional cage (or battery) eggs accounted for 42% of value, barn-laid eggs account for 10% of value, free-range eggs accounted for 44% of value, and organic eggs accounted for 4% of value. Increased demand for
410:
standards state that in order for chickens to be free range, there must not be more than 13 chickens per square meter. Free-range broiler systems use slower-growing breeds of chicken to improve welfare, meaning they reach slaughter weight at 16 weeks of age rather than 5ā6 weeks of age in standard
354:
There are EU regulations about what free-range means for laying hens and broilers (meat chickens) as indicated above. However, there are no EU regulations for free-range pork, so pigs could be indoors for some of their lives. In order to be classified as free-range, animals must have access to the
330:
the open-air runs must at least satisfy the conditions specified in
Article 4(1)(3)(b)(ii) of Directive 1999/74/EC whereby the maximum stocking density is not greater than 2500 hens per hectare of ground available to the hens or one hen per 4 square metres (43 sq ft) at all times and the
231:
A behavioral definition of free range is perhaps the most useful: "chickens kept with a fence that restricts their movements very little." This has practical implications. For example, according to Jull, "The most effective measure of preventing cannibalism seems to be to give the birds good grass
433:
Australian standards in relation to free-range production are largely espoused in third-party certification trade marks due to the absence of any significant legally binding legislation. A number of certification bodies are utilised by rearers to identify their products with a particular level of
203:
There have been proposals to regulate USDA labeling of products as free range within the United States. As of 2017 what constitutes raising an animal "free range" is almost entirely decided by the producer of that product, and is frequently inconsistent with consumer ideas of what the term means.
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standards provides a sliding scale for indoor density, with 10 birds per square metre allowed only in enclosures housing less than 1000 birds, and 6 birds per square metre the maximum for barns with over 4000 birds. Nothing is said in the standards about outdoor density, thus it is assumed that
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raised for their meat have access to the outside in order to receive the free-range certification. However, what qualifies as "access" is not defined. There is no requirement for access to pasture, and there may be access to only dirt or gravel. Free-range chicken eggs, however, have no legal
172:
in the 1920s, which allowed confinement to be practised successfully on a commercial scale. Before that, green feed and sunshine (for the vitamin D) were necessary to provide the necessary vitamin content. Some large commercial breeding flocks were reared on pasture into the 1950s. Nutritional
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include criteria on feed content and the use of pesticides in addition to animal welfare requirements. The indoor density is a maximum of 8 birds per square metre, although most operators under this standard list their density as 5 birds per square metre. The outdoor density is 1000 birds per
467:
The above standards are not always met, and on some occasions producers may want more ethical standards. As such, certified trade marks play a significant role in the determining of what constitutes free range. The key certifications used for layer hens in
Australia include the following:
425:
linoleic acid (CLA). Additionally free range dairy is giving consumers more choice as to where their milk comes from. Free range dairy provides the consumer with reassurance that the milk they drink has come from cows with the freedom to roam and can graze in their natural habitat.
511:
In Australia, free range and organic chicken accounts for about 16.6% of value in the poultry market. This percentage is expected to grow to up to 25% in the next 5 years. No meat birds are raised in cages in Australia. There are three main certification trademarks in this market.
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for egg-laying is now being pioneered in the UK by various poultry rearing farms. In these systems, the pullets are allowed outside from as young as 4 weeks of age, rather than the conventional systems where the pullets are reared in barns and allowed out at 16 weeks of age
260:
is not defined by the USDA and has no legal definition. To use a term like pasture-raised, producers must submit documentation to the FSIS of continuous free access to the outdoors, but do not need to include additional terminology to define pasture-raised on its label.
113:
The term is used in two senses that do not overlap completely: as a farmer-centric description of husbandry methods, and as a consumer-centric description of them. There is a diet where the practitioner only eats meat from free-range sources called
196:
size of the outside range. The Certified Humane Program offers third-party certification for producers who meet minimum standards, including providing access to grass pastures, traditional nests, and "dust areas to perform natural behaviors".
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629:
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The term "free range" is mainly used as a marketing term rather than a husbandry term, meaning something on the order of, "low stocking density", "pasture-raised", "grass-fed", "old-fashioned", "humanely raised", etc.
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standards dictate a maximum indoor stocking density of up to 12 birds per square metre indoors, and 2500 birds per hectare outdoors. These standards require perches, and prevent large, conventional broiler sheds.
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the open-air runs to which hens have access is mainly covered with vegetation and not used for other purposes except for orchards, woodland and livestock grazing if the latter is authorised by the competent
374:
Free-range pregnant sows are kept in groups and they are often provided with straw for bedding, rooting and chewing. Around 40% of UK sows are kept free-range outdoors and farrow in huts on their range.
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standards for free range require an indoor stocking density of about 17 birds per square metre, and outdoor densities of up to 17 birds per square metre. No beak trimming is allowed under this system.
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was invented to prevent cannibalism for birds not on free range, and the need for de-beaking can be seen as a litmus test for whether the chickens' environment is sufficiently "free-range-like".
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hectare outdoors, far in excess of recommendations. Like the Model Code of practice, beak trimming is allowed and indoor densities run up to 15 birds per square metre.
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for any damage they caused. In such jurisdictions, people who wished to avoid damage by livestock had to fence them out; in others, the owners had to fence them in.
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attributes a number (which is the first digit on the label) to each of these categories: 0 for Organic, 1 for Free Range, 2 for Barn and 3 for Cages.
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notice and request for comments (67 Fed. Reg. 79552), USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service proposed "minimum requirements for livestock and
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228:") may have some of the benefits of free-range livestock but, in reality, the methods have little in common with the free-range method.
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regulates marketing standards for egg farming which specifies the following (cumulative) minimum conditions for the free-range method:
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hens have continuous daytime access to open-air runs, except in the case of temporary restrictions imposed by veterinary authorities,
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Otherwise, egg farming in EU is classified into 4 categories: Organic (ecological), Free Range, Barn, and Cages.) The mandatory
1080:
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If one allows "free range" to include "herding", free range was a typical husbandry method at least until the development of
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Maximum outdoor stocking density of 1500 birds per hectare, although this can be increased with rotation onto fresh pasture
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definition in the United States. Likewise, free-range egg producers have no common standard on what the term means.
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Steiner, Zvonimir; Å peranda, Marcela; DomaÄinoviÄ, Matija; AntunoviÄ, Zvonko; SenÄiÄ, Äuro (10 July 2006).
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1500 per hectare without rotation, or 2500 birds per hectare with rotation, and beak trimming is allowed.
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farmers must meet the standards under the Model Code. Beak trimming is allowed under this certification.
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is understood that the outdoor range must be at a minimum 1.5 times the floor area of inside the barn.
284:, and other non-poultry products. All USDA definitions of "free-range" refer specifically to poultry.
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science resulted in the increased use of confinement for other livestock species in much the same way.
17:
57:
2064:
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Maximum stocking densities indoors of 30 kg/m, equivalent to about 14ā15 birds per square metre.
224:, which means keeping poultry in fenced yards. Yarding, as well as floorless portable chicken pens ("
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Access to the outdoor range for a minimum of 8 hours per day, except in adverse weather conditions
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The broadness of "free range" in the U.S. has caused some people to look for alternative terms. "
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are reared for meat and are allowed access to an outdoor range for at least 8 hours each day.
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in stronger, healthier legs. Free-range systems often use slower-growing breeds of turkey.
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In the case of poultry, free range was the dominant system until the discovery of vitamins
8:
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1716:
986:"Commission directive on the registration of establishments keeping laying hens - page 4"
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125:, free-range livestock are permitted to roam without being fenced in, as opposed to
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133:. In many agriculture-based economies, free-range livestock are quite common.
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2009:
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1645:
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1535:
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1073:"Compassion in World Farming - Egg laying hens - Higher welfare alternatives"
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Beak trimming is permitted, and to be undertaken by an accredited operator
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644:"Does the label "free range" pertain only to poultry or also to meats?"
233:
74:
70:
38:
2406:
2136:
1875:
1807:
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1517:
1421:
1129:"Compassion in World Farming - Turkeys - Higher welfare alternatives"
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95:
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80:
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1426:
1192:
Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: Domestic Poultry
957:
403:
244:
122:
1018:"Compassion in World Farming - Pigs - Higher welfare alternatives"
971:
795:. American Pastured Poultry Producers' Association. Archived from
717:"Horrifying truth of the brutal life of free range hens laid bare"
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2 metres worth of popholes per 1,000 birds for access to the range
2455:
2411:
2379:
1930:
1797:
1701:
1687:
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892:"United States Standards for Livestock and Meat Marketing Claims"
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221:
182:
62:
1172:
947:
Commission Regulation for marketing standards for eggs - page 25
843:
2433:
2359:
2029:
2019:
1388:
960:"Egg quality from free range and cage system of keeping layers"
146:
99:
1941:
819:"How to Read Protein Food Labels for Meat, Seafood, Eggs, Etc"
768:"How to Read Protein Food Labels for Meat, Seafood, Eggs, Etc"
2450:
435:
84:
A small flock of mixed free-range chickens being fed outdoors
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2131:
281:
277:
192:
92:
1656:
1344:
220:
In poultry-keeping, "free range" is widely confused with
1104:"What does 'free-range' actually mean? It's complicated"
243:
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) requires that
27:
Method of farming where animals can roam freely outdoors
1173:"Market Research Reports & Analysis - IBISWorld AU"
1255:"Layer Hens: RSPCA Approved Farming Scheme Standards"
438:, and in some states this forms part of legislation.
385:
housed to a similar standard as the barn or aviary.
216:
Free range meat chickens seek shade on a U.S. farm.
1158:Initial Findings on 20,000 birds/ha free range CTM
630:"USDA Fact Sheet: Meat and Poultry Labeling Terms"
1101:
2678:
823:Labels Unwrapped | Learn How to Read Food Labels
772:Labels Unwrapped | Learn How to Read Food Labels
844:"Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences"
516:Free Range Egg & Poultry Australia (FREPA)
486:Free Range Egg & Poultry Australia (FREPA)
1957:
1672:
1329:
503:hectare, and beak trimming is not permitted.
1343:
964:Stockbreeding: Journal of Animal Improvement
276:has no specific definition for "free-range"
714:
355:outdoors for at least part of their lives.
1964:
1950:
1679:
1665:
1336:
1322:
615:Heuser, G. F: "Feeding Poultry", page 11.
670:"Farm Animal Welfare Certification Guide"
588:
1407:Abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity
1167:
1165:
898:. USDA. 30 December 2002. Archived from
362:
334:
303:
211:
140:
79:
56:
45:
884:
263:
14:
2679:
500:Australian Certified Organic Standards
308:Small-scale free range farming in the
255:" is a term promoted by farmer/author
1945:
1660:
1317:
1162:
715:Chamberlain, Gethin (26 March 2016).
207:
131:concentrated animal feeding operation
2648:
1102:Rebecca Nicholson (18 August 2018).
693:
2660:
24:
2511:Environmental impact of irrigation
1195:. CSIRO Publishing. October 2002.
441:
25:
2713:
1606:Histomoniasis (blackhead disease)
862:"Meat and Poultry Labeling Terms"
742:"Meat and Poultry Labeling Terms"
358:
299:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2624:
2623:
176:
2579:Agriculture and the environment
2316:British Agricultural Revolution
1971:
1297:
1279:
1268:
1247:
1229:
1183:
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1121:
1095:
1065:
1040:
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992:
978:
951:
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914:
854:
836:
811:
785:
506:
2523:Climate change and agriculture
2296:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
760:
734:
708:
687:
662:
648:U.S. Department of Agriculture
636:
622:
609:
389:Free-range rearing of pullets:
241:U.S. Department of Agriculture
13:
1:
1287:"Choice Free Range Standards"
1237:"Table of ECA Certified farm"
582:
496:is 5 birds per square metre.
493:Humane Choice True Free Range
2301:Arab Agricultural Revolution
1546:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
529:Australian Certified Organic
428:
7:
1686:
535:
349:labelling on the egg shells
65:in the hand of a person in
50:Commercial free range hens
32:Free range (disambiguation)
10:
2718:
2261:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
367:Free range pigs in England
180:
136:
36:
29:
2620:
2611:Universities and colleges
2587:
2531:
2479:
2340:
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2229:Universities and colleges
2043:
2036:
2002:
1979:
1821:
1788:
1750:
1694:
1526:
1493:
1475:
1397:
1374:
1356:
970:(3): 173ā179 – via
2596:Agriculturist profession
2075:Agricultural engineering
2060:Agricultural cooperative
700:. McGraw Hill. pp.
694:Jull, Morley A. (1938).
127:intensive animal farming
37:Not to be confused with
2501:Agricultural wastewater
2224:Sustainable food system
2219:Sustainable agriculture
2112:Animal-free agriculture
2080:Agricultural technology
1641:Squamous-cell carcinoma
596:"Dictionary definition"
2601:Agricultural machinery
2559:History of agriculture
2544:Agriculture by country
2539:Agricultural machinery
2496:Agricultural pollution
2491:Agricultural expansion
2266:Austronesian expansion
2177:Mechanised agriculture
1911:Organic egg production
1846:Cannibalism in poultry
1495:Religion and mythology
868:. USDA. Archived from
523:RSPCA Approved Farming
479:RSPCA Approved Farming
391:Free range rearing of
368:
344:
312:
217:
150:
129:practices such as the
85:
77:
54:
2606:Government ministries
2549:Agriculture companies
2385:Convertible husbandry
2065:Agricultural supplies
2015:Agricultural Engineer
366:
338:
310:Northern Black Forest
307:
215:
144:
83:
60:
49:
2256:Neolithic Revolution
2117:Cellular agriculture
2070:Agricultural science
1926:In the United States
1596:Gallid herpesvirus 1
1576:Dermanyssus gallinae
1417:Directive 1999/74/EC
1262:rspcaapproved.org.au
1177:www.ibisworld.com.au
264:Free-range livestock
145:Free range ducks in
91:denotes a method of
30:For other uses, see
2692:Ethical consumerism
1291:humanechoice.com.au
1048:"freerangeinfo.com"
902:on 15 December 2012
799:on 20 November 2012
542:Ethical consumerism
287:In a December 2002
106:may apply to meat,
2390:Rotational grazing
2306:Columbian exchange
1851:Chicken eyeglasses
1556:Campylobacteriosis
1139:on 9 February 2009
1083:on 30 January 2009
1000:"Know your labels"
928:on 6 December 2006
674:Vermont Law School
617:Norton Creek Press
572:Ethical omnivorism
369:
345:
313:
218:
208:Free-range poultry
151:
116:ethical omnivorism
110:or dairy farming.
86:
78:
67:Ishwarganj Upazila
55:
2674:
2673:
2234:Urban agriculture
2207:Rice-duck farming
2155:Intensive farming
2127:Extensive farming
1939:
1938:
1871:Chicken harvester
1654:
1653:
1621:Newcastle disease
1264:. September 2015.
1052:freerangeinfo.com
872:on 6 January 2013
793:"Getting Started"
697:Poultry Husbandry
422:Free range dairy:
411:rearing systems.
16:(Redirected from
2709:
2663:
2662:
2651:
2650:
2639:
2627:
2626:
2471:Wildlife farming
2321:Green Revolution
2272:Ancient history
2212:Rice-fish system
2122:Contract farming
2107:Animal husbandry
1966:
1959:
1952:
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1942:
1916:Pastured poultry
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1135:. Archived from
1125:
1119:
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1088:
1079:. Archived from
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1024:. Archived from
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949:
944:
938:
937:
935:
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924:. Archived from
922:"FR Doc E6-7276"
918:
912:
911:
909:
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896:Federal Register
888:
882:
881:
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858:
852:
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592:
562:Chickens as pets
472:Egg Corp Assured
379:Egg laying hens:
289:Federal Register
253:Pastured poultry
226:chicken tractors
61:Baby free range
21:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2702:Poultry farming
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2583:
2574:Poultry farming
2527:
2482:
2475:
2446:Poultry farming
2336:
2312:Modern history
2292:Post-classical
2240:
2239:
2238:
2182:Organic farming
2039:
2038:
2034:
1998:
1975:
1970:
1940:
1935:
1896:Furnished cages
1891:Free-range eggs
1823:Poultry farming
1817:
1784:
1746:
1722:Domestic pigeon
1690:
1685:
1655:
1650:
1611:Marek's disease
1541:Avian influenza
1522:
1497:
1489:
1471:
1462:Poultry farming
1442:Chicken tractor
1393:
1370:
1352:
1342:
1312:
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1275:Layer Standards
1273:
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1031:
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1016:
1015:
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1004:www.ciwf.org.uk
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993:
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650:. 17 March 2023
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547:Free-range eggs
538:
509:
444:
442:Egg laying hens
431:
361:
302:
266:
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185:
179:
149:Province, China
139:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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2687:Animal welfare
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2402:Insect farming
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2281:Ancient Greece
2278:
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2250:
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2033:
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2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Poultry litter
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1881:Forced molting
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1813:White striping
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1760:Chicken breeds
1756:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:Japanese quail
1724:
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1485:Scrambled eggs
1481:
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1454:
1452:Furnished cage
1449:
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1246:
1241:ecoeggs.com.au
1228:
1219:|website=
1201:
1182:
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1028:on 25 May 2009
1009:
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635:
621:
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586:
584:
581:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
552:Grass-fed beef
549:
544:
537:
534:
508:
505:
465:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
443:
440:
430:
427:
400:Meat chickens:
360:
359:United Kingdom
357:
333:
332:
328:
324:
317:European Union
301:
300:European Union
298:
265:
262:
209:
206:
178:
175:
138:
135:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2714:
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2602:
2599:
2597:
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2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Meat industry
2567:
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2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Biotechnology
2552:
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2499:
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2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2481:Environmental
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Sheep farming
2459:
2457:
2454:
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2365:Dairy farming
2363:
2361:
2358:
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2345:
2343:
2342:Farming Types
2339:
2332:
2329:
2327:
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2322:
2319:
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2314:
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2302:
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2297:
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2276:Ancient Egypt
2274:
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2259:
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2254:
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2249:
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2205:
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2203:
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2190:
2188:
2187:Paludiculture
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2171:
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2166:
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2161:
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2110:
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2100:
2098:
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2090:Biotechnology
2088:
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2078:
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2023:
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Agriculturist
2008:
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2001:
1995:
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1882:
1879:
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1859:
1857:
1856:Chick culling
1854:
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1834:
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1809:
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1787:
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1780:Pigeon breeds
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:Turkey breeds
1768:
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1646:Toxoplasmosis
1644:
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1634:
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1627:
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1536:Aspergillosis
1534:
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1433:
1432:Chick culling
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Beak trimming
1420:
1418:
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1327:
1325:
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1319:
1316:
1306:
1305:"Meat Labels"
1300:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1263:
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1250:
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1238:
1232:
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1202:9780643069145
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426:
423:
419:
416:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
390:
386:
383:
382:Cage-free egg
380:
376:
373:
365:
356:
352:
350:
342:
337:
329:
325:
322:
321:
320:
318:
311:
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294:
293:meat industry
290:
285:
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279:
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242:
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229:
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189:United States
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177:United States
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2664:
2652:
2640:
2628:
2516:Overdrafting
2375:Goat farming
2286:Ancient Rome
2192:Permaculture
2150:Horticulture
2097:Agroforestry
2055:Agribusiness
1885:
1866:Chicken coop
1861:Chick sexing
1836:Battery cage
1775:Goose breeds
1732:Muscovy duck
1446:
1437:Chick sexing
1412:Battery cage
1299:
1290:
1281:
1270:
1261:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:the original
1132:
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1108:The Guardian
1107:
1097:
1085:. Retrieved
1081:the original
1076:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1026:the original
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
980:
967:
963:
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930:. Retrieved
926:the original
916:
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900:the original
895:
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874:. Retrieved
870:the original
865:
856:
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838:
826:. Retrieved
822:
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801:. Retrieved
797:the original
787:
775:. Retrieved
771:
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750:. Retrieved
745:
736:
724:. Retrieved
720:
710:
696:
689:
679:23 September
677:. Retrieved
673:
664:
652:. Retrieved
647:
638:
624:
611:
599:. Retrieved
590:
557:Organic eggs
528:
527:
522:
521:
515:
514:
510:
507:Chicken meat
499:
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327:authorities,
314:
286:
271:
267:
257:Joel Salatin
250:
238:
230:
219:
202:
198:
186:
163:
159:chicken wire
152:
120:
112:
103:
88:
87:
43:
2666:Wikiproject
2506:Overgrazing
2441:Pig farming
2424:Paddy field
2397:Hydroponics
2370:Fur farming
2355:Aquaculture
2350:Agrivoltaic
2331:Monoculture
2252:Prehistory
2202:Polyculture
2025:Farm worker
2003:Occupations
1973:Agriculture
1831:Antibiotics
1765:Duck breeds
1631:Psittacosis
1616:Mycoplasmas
1581:Egg binding
1566:Coccidiosis
1561:Candidiasis
1133:ciwf.org.uk
1113:19 February
1077:ciwf.org.uk
1022:ciwf.org.uk
866:Fact Sheets
848:www.uvm.edu
746:Fact Sheets
402:Free-range
339:Free range
155:barbed wire
52:in Scotland
2681:Categories
2532:Categories
2197:Plantation
2146:Free range
2142:Feed ratio
1906:Hock burns
1886:Free range
1717:Guineafowl
1626:Omphalitis
1586:Erysipelas
1508:Cockatrice
1447:Free range
1376:As poultry
828:2 November
777:2 November
752:22 January
726:8 December
601:3 November
583:References
343:in Germany
234:De-beaking
181:See also:
104:Free range
98:where the
89:Free range
75:Bangladesh
71:Mymensingh
39:Open range
18:Free-range
2697:Livestock
2564:Livestock
2407:Livestock
2137:Farmhouse
1876:Debeaking
1808:Scaly leg
1737:Puna ibis
1518:Sarimanok
1399:Husbandry
1221:ignored (
1211:cite book
932:4 January
906:8 January
876:8 January
803:8 January
654:4 January
429:Australia
96:husbandry
2630:Category
2456:Orchards
2429:Pastoral
2102:Agronomy
1901:Hatchery
1841:Blinders
1790:Diseases
1636:Pullorum
1601:Gapeworm
1551:Botulism
1528:Diseases
1513:Kapparos
1457:Hatchery
1427:Candling
1347:-laying
1143:15 April
1087:15 April
1032:15 April
536:See also
415:Turkeys:
404:broilers
245:chickens
232:range."
123:ranching
2654:Commons
2466:Terrace
2412:Pasture
2380:Grazing
2326:Organic
2246:History
2160:animals
2085:Digital
2045:General
1989:History
1984:Outline
1931:Yarding
1803:Malaria
1798:Fowlpox
1702:Chicken
1695:Species
1688:Poultry
1591:Fowlpox
1500:culture
1467:Yarding
1349:chicken
702:346ā347
619:, 2003.
577:Yarding
567:Grazing
393:pullets
222:yarding
187:In the
183:Yarding
137:History
100:animals
93:farming
63:chicken
2642:Portal
2483:impact
2434:Bocage
2360:Cattle
2030:Herder
2020:Farmer
1752:Breeds
1742:Turkey
1477:Dishes
1389:Pullet
1384:Breeds
1199:
1057:9 June
748:. USDA
721:mirror
191:, the
147:Hainan
2588:Lists
2451:Ranch
2419:Mixed
2170:crops
1994:Index
1712:Goose
1571:Colds
1361:Chick
1351:(hen)
1258:(PDF)
972:HrÄak
436:CSIRO
408:RSPCA
372:Pigs:
341:geese
2165:pigs
2132:Farm
1707:Duck
1498:and
1223:help
1197:ISBN
1145:2009
1115:2021
1089:2009
1059:2023
1034:2009
934:2007
908:2013
878:2013
830:2022
805:2013
779:2022
754:2014
728:2021
681:2021
656:2024
603:2012
315:The
282:pork
278:beef
274:USDA
272:The
239:The
193:USDA
168:and
157:and
108:eggs
1366:Hen
1345:Egg
121:In
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