Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

2851:). However, all agree on Frederick II's significance as Holy Roman Emperor. In the judgment of British historian Geoffrey Barraclough, Frederick's extensive concessions to German princes – which he made in the hopes of securing his base for his Italian projects – undid the political power of his predecessors and postponed German unity for centuries. The modern approach to Frederick II tends to be focused on the continuity between Frederick and his predecessors as Kings of Sicily and Holy Roman Emperors, and the similarities between him and other thirteenth-century monarchs. David Abulafia, in a biography subtitled "A Medieval Emperor", argues that Frederick's reputation as an enlightened figure ahead of his time is undeserved, and that Frederick was mostly a conventionally Christian monarch who sought to rule in a conventional medieval manner. 2244:

his anti-king William of Holland had been defeated by Conrad in Germany, no other European monarch proved willing to offer much support for fear of Frederick’s ire, and Frederick’s lieutenants and partisans had recaptured much of the Italian territories lost in the last two years. Frederick, however, was in a strong position and he prepared to march on Lyon in the new year: his coffers had been relatively refilled, his forces and supporters controlled much of Italy, and, after the failure of Louis IX’s crusade, he had skillfully imaged himself as the aggrieved party prevented by papal machinations from supporting Louis and won support on the wider diplomatic stage. Only his death reversed the situation. His testament left his legitimate son Conrad the Imperial and Sicilian crowns. Manfred received the principality of

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hearing of their deeds, in particular their able commanders and fierce discipline and obedience, judging the latter to be the greatest source of their success. He called a levy throughout Germany while the Mongols were busy raiding Hungary. In mid-1241, Frederick dispersed his army back to their holdfasts as the Mongols preoccupied themselves with the lands east of the Danube, attempting to smash all Hungarian resistance. He subsequently ordered his vassals to strengthen their defenses, adopt a defensive posture, and gather large numbers of crossbowmen.

1894: 2345: 1273: 922:(King of the Romans and Sicily), but in 1198, after Constance (who kept using title of Empress) found out that Philip of Swabia had been recognized by the Staufer supporters in Germany, she had her son renounce the title King of the Romans. She probably agreed with Philip that Frederick's prospects in Germany were hopeless. The decision strengthened Frederick's position in Sicily as this satisfied both Philip of Swabia and the Pope, who did not like the idea of a ruler who had authority in both Sicily and the North Alpine realm. 2126: 2745: 3216: 2364: 862:(an illegitimate son of Roger, eldest son of Roger II of Sicily) Henry had hurried over to assume power and to have himself crowned king. Frederick was entrusted to the care of the duchess of Spoleto, the wife of the Swabian noble Conrad I of Urslingen, who was named duke of Spoleto by Frederick Barbarossa. Frederick II stayed in Foligno, a place located in papal territory and so under papal jurisdiction, until the death of his father, on September 28 in 1197. 7024: 7671: 2973: 974: 1659: 6387: 2872: 1637: 1601:

anti-princes policy, against his father's will: Frederick thus obtained his excommunication from Gregory IX (July 1234). Henry tried to muster an opposition in Germany and asked the Lombard cities to block the Alpine passes. In May 1235, Frederick went to Germany, taking no army with him: as soon as July, however, he was able to force his son to renounce to the crown all his lands, at Worms, and then imprisoned him.

2623:. Among the experiments were shutting a prisoner up in a cask to see if the soul could be observed escaping through a hole in the cask when the prisoner died; feeding two prisoners, having sent one out to hunt and the other to bed and then having them disemboweled to see which had digested his meal better; imprisoning children and then denying them any human contact to see if they would develop a natural language. 2110: 871: 2719:("statute in favor of princes"). It was a charter of liberties for the leading German princes at the expense of the lesser nobility and the entirety of the commoners. The princes gained whole power of jurisdiction, and the power to strike their own coins. The emperor lost his right to establish new cities, castles and mints over their territories. The 929:. Constance sided with the Pope who preferred that Sicily and the Germans were under separate governments. She renounced the authority over the Sicilian state church to the papal side, but only as Sicilian queen and not as empress, seemingly with the intention of keeping options open for Frederick. Upon Constance's death in 1198, 5792:(Oxford, 1972). p. 381: "Certainly there is some evidence that a son, Jordanus, was born in the year 1236, and died shortly afterwards, but the only son of Frederick II and Isabella of England whose birth can be firmly established was a second Henry, born in 1238, and named after his uncle, Henry III, the King of England." 751: 2804:

administration in Palermo.... Sicily and the Italian South in later centuries suffered a long slide into overtaxed poverty and marginality. Textbook narratives therefore focus not on medieval Palermo, with its Muslim and Jewish bureaucracies and Arabic-speaking monarch, but on the historical winners, Paris and London.

1950:. A full-scale invasion never occurred, as the Mongols spent the next year pillaging Hungary before withdrawing. After the Mongols withdrew from Hungary back to Russia, Frederick turned his attention back towards Italian matters. The danger represented by the presence of the Mongols in Europe was debated again at the 2513:" or "girdle poems" influenced the birth of the sonnet. The language developed by Giacomo da Lentini and Pier delle Vigne in the Sicilian School of Poetry gathering around Frederick II of Swabia in the first half of the thirteenth century had a decisive influence on Dante Alighieri and then on the development of 1811:, whence he aimed to finally conquer Rome to restore the ancient splendours of the Empire. Frederick's plan to attack Rome at that time, however, did not come to fruition as he chose to leave for southern Italy where a papal incited rebellion flared in Apulia. In southern Italy, Frederick attacked and razed 5482:

Vor allem die Astrologie gewann immer an Einfluß und bestimmte teilweise sogar das Handeln der politischen Entscheidungsträger – die Gestalt des Hofastrologen Michael Scotus... ist ein nur ein prominenter Beleg (lit.: Mainly astrology gained ever more influence and in parts it even decided the acting

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His 1241 Edict of Salerno (sometimes called "Constitution of Salerno") made the first legally fixed separation of the occupations of physician and apothecary. Physicians were forbidden to double as pharmacists and the prices of various medicinal remedies were fixed. This became a model for regulation

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At this time, Gregory considered yielding. A truce occurred and peace negotiations began. Direct peace negotiations ultimately failed and Gregory called for a General Council. Frederick and his allies, however, dashed Gregory's plan for a General Council when they intercepted a delegation of prelates

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Nietzsche, a prominent philosopher, mentioned Frederick in his book Beyond Good and Evil (Part V, aphorism 200). Nietzsche seems to admire Frederick for resisting the conventional morals of his time and having the courage to create his own moral code to live by. He compares Frederick to figures like

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of the Church, he was excommunicated. His rationalistic mind took pleasure in the strictly logical character of Christian dogma. He was not, however, a champion of rationalism, nor had he any sympathy with the mystico-heretical movements of the time; in fact he joined in suppressing them. It was not

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At the time of his death, his preeminent position in Europe was challenged but certainly not lost. The political situation remained fluid and the victories of 1250 had put Frederick seemingly in the ascendant once again. Everywhere Innocent IV’s fortunes seemed dire: the papal treasury was depleted,

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Innocent convinced the rebels to sign a peace but, after Frederick withdrew his garrison, Ranieri had them slaughtered on 13 November. Frederick was enraged. The new Pope was a master diplomat, and Frederick signed a peace treaty, which was soon broken. Innocent, together with most of the Cardinals,

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Whilst Frederick's seeming bloodless recovery of Jerusalem for the cross brought him great prestige in some European circles, his decision to complete the crusade while excommunicated provoked Church hostility. Although in 1230 the Pope lifted Frederick's excommunication, this decision was taken for

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Gaetano Cipolla: "The language they used became the standard for poetry in all of Italy and was used even by poets who were not Sicilian. In fact, Dante Alighieri acknowledged the importance of the new language by saying that for the first 150 years of Italian literature what poetry was written was

2397:, and his whole imperial policy aimed at expanding the Sicilian kingdom into Italy rather than the German kingdom southward." And according to Cantor, "Frederick had no intention of giving up Naples and Sicily, which were the real strongholds of its power. He was, in fact, uninterested in Germany." 1921:

at some time, which he ignored. He apparently kept up to date on the Mongols' activities, as a letter from Frederick II dated June 1241 comments that the Mongols were now using looted Hungarian armor. A letter written by Emperor Frederick II, found in the Regesta Imperii, dated to 20 June 1241, and

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Da die Demonstration gelehrten Wissens an den arabischen Höfen besonderen Stellenwert hatte, waren die Fragen, die Friedrich an muslimische Gelehrte schickte – sie betrafen optische Phänomene wie die Krümmung eines Gegenstandes im Wasser ebenso wie die angebliche Unsterblichkeit der Seele —, nicht

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One effect of this approach has been to privilege historical winners, aspects of medieval Europe that became important in later centuries, above all the nation state.... Arguably the liveliest cultural innovation in the 13th century was Mediterranean, centered on Frederick II's polyglot court and

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Frederick was aware of the danger the Mongols posed, and grimly assessed the situation, but also tried to use it as leverage over the Papacy to frame himself as the protector of Christendom. While he called them traitorous pagans, Frederick expressed an admiration for Mongol military prowess after

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power, offered their loyal support during the capture of the rival city: as a sign of gratitude, they were granted an augmentation of the communal coat-of-arms with the Hohenstaufen eagle, together with other privileges. This episode shows how the independent cities used the rivalry between Empire

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on mainland Italy in 1220. In Lucera he assumed, surveillance was better in order to control them and the Muslims acknowledged that they were left with their religious freedom. He also enlisted some in the army and six hundred as his personal bodyguards because, as Muslim soldiers, they had the

2264:. Perhaps aiming to lay stones for a potential peace settlement between Conrad and Innocent, Frederick's will stipulated that all the lands he had taken from the Church were to be returned to it, all the prisoners freed, and the taxes reduced, provided this did not damage the Empire's prestige. 1937:

Mongol probing attacks materialised on the Holy Roman Empire's border states: a force was repulsed in a skirmish near Kłodzko, 300–700 Mongol troops were killed in a battle near Vienna to 100 Austrian losses (according to the Duke of Austria), and a Mongol raiding party was destroyed by Austrian

1987:, was elected on 25 June 1243. He was a member of a noble Imperial family and had some relatives in Frederick's camp, so the Emperor was initially happy with his election. Innocent, however, was to become his fiercest enemy. Negotiations began in the summer of 1243, but the situation changed as 1922:

intended for all his vassals in Swabia, Austria, and Bohemia, included a number of specific military instructions. His forces were to avoid engaging the Mongols in field battles, hoard all food stocks in every fortress and stronghold, and arm all possible levies as well as the general populace.

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were to remain under Muslim control and that the city of Jerusalem would remain without fortifications. Virtually all other crusaders, including the Templars and Hospitallers, condemned this deal as a political ploy on the part of Frederick to regain his kingdom while betraying the cause of the

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had been crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Innocent III in October 1209. In southern Italy, Otto became the champion of those noblemen and barons who feared Frederick's increasingly strong measures to check their power, such as the dismissal of the pro-noble Walter of Palearia. The new emperor

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An unexpected event was to change the situation dramatically. In June 1247 the important Lombard city of Parma expelled the Imperial functionaries and sided with the Guelphs. Enzo was not in the city and could do nothing more than ask for help from his father, who came back to lay siege to the

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appealed to Frederick for aid, but Frederick, being in dispute with the Hungarian king for some time (as Bela had sided with the Papacy against him) and not wanting to commit to a major military expedition so readily, refused. He was unwilling to cross into Hungary, and although he went about

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At his coronation, he may have worn the red silk mantle that had been crafted during the reign of Roger II. It bore an Arabic inscription indicating that the robe dated from the year 528 in the Muslim calendar, and incorporated a generic benediction, wishing its wearer "vast prosperity, great

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the Imperial side was routed. Frederick lost the Imperial treasure and with it any hope of maintaining the impetus of his struggle against the rebellious communes and against the pope, who began plans for a crusade against Sicily. Frederick soon recovered and rebuilt an army, but this defeat

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The situation for Frederick was also problematic in Lombardy, after all the emperor's attempts to restore the imperial authority in Lombardy with the help of Gregory IX (at the time, ousted from Rome by a revolt) turned to nothing in 1233. In the meantime Henry in Germany had returned to an

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Despite initially appearing that the council could end with a compromise, the intervention of Ranieri, who had a series of insulting pamphlets published against Frederick (in which, among other things, he defined the emperor as a heretic and an Antichrist), led the prelates towards a less

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Frederick eventually sailed again from Brindisi in June 1228. The pope, still Gregory IX, regarded that action as a provocation, since, as an excommunicate, Frederick was technically not capable of conducting a crusade, and he excommunicated the emperor a second time. Frederick reached

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went to the Mediterranean sea, and embarked with a small retinue; but after pretending to make for the Holy Land for three days, he said that he was seized with a sudden illness this conduct of the emperor redounded much to his disgrace, and to the injury of the whole business of the

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in mid-July 1215 by one of the three German archbishops. Frederick then astonished the crowd by taking the cross and calling upon the nobles present to do the same. It was not until another five years had passed, and only after further negotiations between Frederick, Innocent III, and

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With peace north of the Alps, Frederick raised an army from the German princes to suppress the rebel cities in Lombardy. Gregory tried to stop the invasion with diplomatic moves, but in vain. During his descent to Italy, Frederick had to divert his troops to quell a rebellion of

961:. His first task was to reassert his power over Sicily and southern Italy, where local barons and adventurers had usurped most of the authority. Pope Innocent was in search of a diplomatic match for his protege Frederick, to enable him successful future alliances. Eventually 3058:(1221–1256). Although Frederick has been ascribed up to eight children, only two, perhaps three, can be identified from primary documents. His son, Conrad, was alive as late as 1301. His daughter Philippa, born around 1242, married Manfredi Maletta, the grand chamberlain of 3853:

A charter issued by Emperor Frederick II dated 1248 was witnessed by Manfred , Marquis of Lancia, "our beloved kinsman" . The word here used for kinsman is "affinis," that is, kinsman by marriage, not blood. A transcript of this charter is published in Huillard-Bréholles,

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as he advanced. Then just as the Emperor's forces were ready to attack Rome, Gregory died on 22 August 1241. Frederick then attempted to show that the war was not directed against the Church of Rome but against the Pope by withdrawing his troops and freeing from prison in

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in September. Many of the local nobility, the Templars, and Hospitallers were therefore reluctant to offer overt support. Since the crusading army was already a small force, Frederick negotiated along the lines of a previous agreement he had intended to broker with the

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Historians rate Frederick II as a highly significant European monarch of the Middle Ages. This reputation was present even in Frederick's era. Lansing and English, two British historians, argue that medieval Palermo has been overlooked in favor of Paris and London:

823:, he was not the son of Henry and Constance but was presented to Henry as his own after a faked pregnancy. His real father was variously described as a butcher of Jesi, a physician, a miller or a falconer. Frederick's birth was also associated with a prophecy of 1235:

was chosen as the league's leader. The Diet was cancelled, however, and the situation was stabilized only through a compromise reached by Honorius between Frederick and the league. During his sojourn in northern Italy, Frederick also invested the

1200:'s offer to restore the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem to the crusaders in exchange for their withdrawal from Egypt and caused the Crusade to continually stall in anticipation of his ever-delayed arrival. The crusade ended in failure with the loss of 2389:, the "astonishment of the world"; the majority of his contemporaries were indeed astonished – and sometimes repelled – by the pronounced unorthodoxy of the Hohenstaufen emperor and his temperamental stubbornness. 1258:, an imperial city. The barons of the French army sent a letter to Frederick defending their action as a military necessity, and a few days after the start of the siege Henry (VII) ratified an alliance with France that had been signed in 1223. 2697:, left a physical description of Frederick based on the testimony of those who had seen the emperor in person in Jerusalem: "The Emperor was covered with red hair, was bald and myopic. Had he been a slave, he would not have fetched 200 5543:

nur Ausdruck der persönlichen Wissbegier des Kaisers (lit.:Because demonstration of scholarly knowledge played an important role at the Arab courts, the questions Frederick sent to Muslim scholars, regarding optical phenomena like the

1470:, was adversely affected by the manner in which Frederick carried out negotiations without the support of the church. He left behind a kingdom in the Levant torn between his agents and the local nobility, a civil war known as the 2563:) and receive an office at the Khan's court, he remarked that he would make a good falconer, for he understood birds very well. He maintained up to fifty falconers at a time in his court, and in his letters he requested Arctic 1219:: the main arguments for holding the Diet would be to continue the struggle against heresy, to organize the crusade and, above all, to restore the imperial power in northern Italy, which had long been usurped by the numerous 2663:, or perchance the tongue of their parents of whom they had been born. But he laboured in vain, for the children could not live without clappings of the hands, and gestures, and gladness of countenance, and blandishments". 2034:, as rival for the imperial crown and set in motion a plot to kill Frederick and Enzo, with the support of the pope's brother-in-law Orlando de Rossi, another friend of Frederick. The plotters were unmasked by the count of 1175:

At the time he was elected King of the Romans, Frederick promised to go on crusade. He continually delayed, however, and, in spite of his renewal of this vow at his coronation as the King of Germany, he did not travel to

812:. He was only given his grandfathers' names, becoming Frederick Roger (or Roger Frederick), at his baptism when he was two years old. This dual name served the same purpose as Constantine: emphasising his dual heritage. 2219:

Frederick did not take part in of any of these campaigns. He had been ill and likely felt tired. Despite the betrayals and the setbacks he had faced in his last years, Frederick died peacefully, wearing the habit of a

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generosity and high splendor, fame and magnificent endowments, and the fulfillment of his wishes and hopes. May his days and nights go in pleasure without end or change." This coronation robe can be found today in the

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as far as the Volturno–Irpino. Frederick arrived at Brindisi in June 1229. He quickly recovered the lost territories, and tried and condemned the rebel barons, but avoided crossing the borders of the Papal States.

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book, minute and almost mechanical in its divisions and subdivisions. It is also a rigidly practical book, written by a falconer for falconers and condensing a long experience into systematic form for the use of

3018:(c. 1184 – c. 1222). Her relationship with Frederick II took place during the time he stayed in Germany between 1215 and 1220. According to some sources, she was related to the Hohenburg family under the name 2723:

severely weakened central authority in Germany. From 1232 the vassals of the emperor had a veto over imperial legislative decisions. Every new law established by the emperor had to be approved by the princes.

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accommodating solution. One month later, Innocent IV declared Frederick to be deposed as emperor, characterising him as a "friend of Babylon's sultan", "of Saracen customs", "provided with a harem guarded by

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also declared Frederick deposed, and in May 1246 Heinrich Raspe was chosen as the new king. On 5 August 1246 Heinrich, thanks to the Pope's money, managed to defeat an army of Conrad, son of Frederick, near

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Salimbene wrote that Frederick bade "foster-mothers and nurses to suckle and bathe and wash the children, but in no ways to prattle or speak with them; for he would have learnt whether they would speak the

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Maehl argues that Frederick inherited German, Norman, and Sicilian blood, but by training, lifestyle, and temperament he was "most of all Sicilian." "To the end of his life he remained above all a Sicilian

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Thomas of Split comments that there was a frenzy of fortifying castles and cities throughout the Holy Roman Empire, including Italy. Either following the Emperor's instructions or on their own initiative,

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At birth, Frederick was named Constantine by his mother. This name, a masculine form of his mother's name, served to identify him closely with both his Norman heritage and his imperial heritage (through

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For this book he drew from sources in the Arabic language. Frederick's pride in his mastery of the art is illustrated by the story that, when he was ordered to become a subject of the Great Khan (

1049:– who succeeded to the papacy after Innocent's death in 1216 – that Frederick was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome by Honorius III, on 22 November 1220. At the same time, Frederick's oldest son 2808:

Modern medievalists no longer accept the notion, sponsored by the popes, of Frederick as an anti-Christian. They argue that Frederick understood himself as a Christian monarch in the sense of a

2042:, where they had found shelter, was razed. The guilty were blinded, mutilated, and burnt alive or hanged. An attempt to invade the Kingdom of Sicily, under the command of Ranieri, was halted at 3165:(on her deathbed) between them when Bianca was dying, but this marriage was never recognized by the Church. Nevertheless, Bianca's children were apparently regarded by Frederick as legitimate, 2332: 1450:

arrived to place the city under interdict on the patriarch's orders. Frederick's further attempts to rule over the Kingdom of Jerusalem were met by resistance on the part of the barons, led by

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Caesar and Leonardo da Vinci, both of whom he sees as embodying strong individualism and, most importantly, the will to power—which Nietzsche believed to be the very core of human greatness.

918:. Frederick was hastily brought back to his mother Constance in Palermo, Sicily, where he was crowned King of Sicily on 17 May 1198, at just three years of age. Originally his title had been 6395: 1489:, supported Frederick. Against the interdict pronounced on his lands, the preachers condemned the Pope and continued to minister the sacraments and grant absolutions. Brother Arnold in 2931:

Jordan (born during the spring of 1236, failed to survive the year); this child was given the baptismal name Jordanus as he was baptized with water brought for that purpose from the

2816:" on earth. Whatever his personal feelings toward religion, certainly submission to the pope did not enter into the matter in the slightest. This was in line with the Hohenstaufen 1092:

until 1236, when he made his last journey to Germany. He returned to Italy in 1237 and stayed there for the remaining thirteen years of his life, represented in Germany by his son

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knights in the district of Theben after being backed to the border of the River March. As the Holy Roman Empire seemed now the target of the Mongols, Frederick II sent letters to

839:. A later legend claims that Constance gave birth in the public square of Jesi to silence doubters. Constance took unusual measures to prove her pregnancy and its legitimacy and 6410: 2733: 1954:

in 1245, but Frederick II was excommunicated by that very diet in the context of his struggle with the Papacy and ultimately abandoned the possibility of a crusade against the

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Seals used by Frederick as Emperor (ed. Otto Posse 1909): 1: first imperial seal (1221–1225), 2: second imperial seal (1226), 3: third imperial seal, addition of the title of

2173:, cried when he discovered the plot. Pier, blinded and in chains, died in Pisa, possibly by his own hand. Even more shocking for Frederick was the capture of his natural son 6132: 3821: 1585:("Statutes in favor of the princes"), issued at Worms, deprived the emperor of much of his sovereignty in Germany. Frederick summoned Henry to a meeting, which was held at 1934:

had every castle strengthened and provisioned, as well as providing soldiers and armaments to monasteries in order to turn them into refuges for the civilian population.

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with a small following. He agreed with the pope on a future separation between the Sicilian and Imperial titles, and named his wife Constance as regent. Passing through

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unifying his magnates and other monarchs to potentially face a Mongol invasion, he specifically took his vow for the defense of the empire on "this side of the Alps".

3169:, evidenced by his daughter Constance's marriage to the Nicaean Emperor, and his own will, in which he appointed Manfred as Prince of Taranto and Regent of Sicily. 3015: 2150:. The besieged languished as the Emperor waited for them to surrender from starvation. He had a wooden city, which he called "Vittoria", built around the walls. 739: 5435:

From St. Francis to Dante : translations from the chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene, 1221–1288 with notes and illustrations from other medieval sources

3227: 1121:), a collection of laws for his realm that was remarkable for its time and was a source of inspiration for a long time after. It made the Kingdom of Sicily an 8801: 1466:, a chronicler of the period, said: "The emperor left Acre ; hated, cursed, and vilified." Overall this crusade, arguably the first successful one since the 703:, as scientist, scholar, architect, poet and composer. As an avid patron of science and the arts, he played a major role in promoting literature through the 2585:

in "Natural Curiosities" notes that Frederick fully understood the migration of some birds at a time when all sorts of now improbable theories were common.

6455: 3840: 3196: 3108: 831:, writing at some distance but probably recording contemporary gossip, Henry doubted reports of his wife's pregnancy and was only convinced by consulting 3691: 3089: 2674:. He often sent letters to the leading scholars of the time (not only in Europe) asking for solutions to questions of science, mathematics and physics. 2271:

began, lasting until 1273, one year after the last Hohenstaufen, Enzo, had died in his prison. During this time, a legend developed that Frederick was

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as German King by a rebellious faction backed by the pope. Innocent also excommunicated Otto, who was forced to return to Germany. Frederick sailed to

949:, he landed in Sicily and one year later seized the young Frederick. He thus ruled Sicily until 1202, when he was succeeded by another German captain, 4881:

Gian Andri Bezzola, Die Mongolen in Abendländischer Sicht (1220–1270): Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Völkerbegegnungen (Bern: Francke Verlag, 1974), 79–80

3180: 1326:, the current king of Jerusalem, was dispossessed and his rights transferred to the emperor. In August 1227, Frederick set out for the Holy Land from 1029:. Frederick's authority in Germany remained tenuous, and he was recognized only in southern Germany. In the region of northern Germany, the center of 2248:, 100,000 gold ounces, and regency over the Kingdom of Sicily while his half-brother remained in Germany. Henry received 100,000 gold ounces and the 1563:(August 1231), as an attempt to solve the political and administrative problems of the country, which had dramatically been shown by the recent war. 7633: 2344: 847:

that Frederick was her son by Henry. It is probable that these public acts of affirmation on account of her age gave rise to some false rumours.

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Problems of stability within the empire delayed Frederick's departure on crusade. It was not until 1225, when, by proxy, Frederick had married

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Many contemporary chroniclers doubted the sincerity of Frederick's illness, and their attitude may be explained by their pro-papal leanings.

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Worried by the independent rule the Muslim population developed since his departure in 1212, he deported the Muslim population of Sicily to

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language, Sicilian. The poetry that emanated from the school had a significant influence on literature and on what was to become the modern

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for 1260, at which time Frederick would then confiscate the riches of Rome and distribute them among the poor, the "only true Christians".

8766: 8751: 8711: 3795:, during which the German kings did not receive the Imperial coronation. That period ended only with the coronation of Henry VII in 1220. 3074: 1419:

as rightful king. There is also disagreement as to whether the "coronation" was a coronation at all, as a letter written by Frederick to

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He was not able to extend his legal reforms beyond Sicily to the Empire. In 1232, he was forced by the German princes to promulgate the

1579:) had caused their discontent with an aggressive policy against their privileges. This forced Henry to a complete capitulation, and the 1033:

power, Otto continued to hold the reins of royal and imperial power despite his excommunication. Otto's decisive military defeat at the

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Black Central Europe – We bring you over 1000 years of Black history in the German-speaking lands and show you why it matters right now

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Black Central Europe – We bring you over 1000 years of Black history in the German-speaking lands and show you why it matters right now

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encouraged resistance in many cities that could no longer bear the fiscal burden of his regime: Romagna, Marche and Spoleto were lost.

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After the failure of the negotiations between the Lombard cities, the pope and the imperial diplomats, Frederick invaded Lombardy from

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Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle. History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century, Volume 1. Forgotten Books (15 June 2012). p. 152.

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on 18 March 1229, although this was technically improper. Frederick's wife Isabella, the heiress, had died, leaving their infant son

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Frederick II was crowned King in Germany in 1212. He deposed his rival Otto IV in 1215 and received the Imperial coronation in 1220.

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Mountains and would one day awaken to reestablish his empire. Over time, this legend largely transferred itself to his grandfather,

1388:, and a small coastal strip to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, though there are disagreements as to the extent of the territory returned. 8776: 8761: 8756: 8746: 3791:

in 1245 solemnly deposed and excommunicated Frederick II, absolving all his subjects from allegiance. This is the beginning of the

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Caterina da Marano (1216/18 – aft. 1272), who married firstly with NN and secondly with Giacomo del Carretto, marquis of Noli and

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decisively defeated the armies of Hungary and Poland and devastated their countryside and all their unfortified settlements. King

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Bonatti, for instance, was perhaps the most famous astrologer of his day and apparently advised Frederick II on military matters.

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Emperor Frederick II, »Sultan of Lucera", "Friend of the Musilims«, Promoter of Cultural Transfer: Controversies and Suggestions

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While he may have temporarily made his peace with the pope, Frederick found the German princes another matter. Frederick's son

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The "stupor mundi" Frederick II (seated left) receiving homage from the people of the world. Contemporary fresco 13th century

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Frederick was a religious sceptic to an extent unusual for his era. His papal enemies used it against him at every turn. Pope

8741: 8701: 8696: 6360: 6307:

Smith, Thomas W. "Between two kings: Pope Honorius III and the seizure of the Kingdom of Jerusalem by Frederick II in 1225."

6229: 5938: 5515: 5298: 5264: 5214: 5157: 4979: 4460: 4421: 4387: 4353: 4061: 4027: 3993: 3904: 2204:. An army sent to invade the Kingdom of Sicily under the command of Cardinal Pietro Capocci was crushed in the Marche at the 898:

the infant Frederick was elected King of the Romans and thus heir to his father's imperial crown. His rights in Germany were

8786: 8540: 8195: 7626: 6114: 3329: 3137:(c. 1200/10 – 1230/46), possibly starting around 1225. One source states that it lasted 20 years. They had three children: 2783: 1040:

The German princes, supported by Innocent III, again elected Frederick king of Germany in 1215, and he was crowned king in

669:

four times between 1227 and his own death in 1250", and was often vilified in pro-papal chronicles of the time and after.

8791: 5970:

Mediæval popes, emperors, kings, and crusaders; or, Germany, Italy, and Palestine from A.D. 1125 to A.D. 1268, Volume III

5719: 5547:

as well as the alleged immortality of the soul, were not merely a sign of the emperor's personal intellectual curiosity).

2833: 953:, who kept Frederick under his control in the royal palace of Palermo until 1206. Frederick was subsequently under tutor 5992:

Mediæval popes, emperors, kings, and crusaders; or, Germany, Italy, and Palestine from A.D. 1125 to A.D. 1268, Volume IV

5845: 854:

had been crowned king of Sicily and not long after the birth of her son, Constance the empress continued her journey to

3751: 2615:

He was also alleged to have carried out a number of experiments on people. These experiments were recorded by the monk

8371: 7423: 7403: 7383: 7053: 6969: 6949: 6929: 6762: 6324: 6248: 6210: 6175: 6082: 6043: 5957: 5919: 5651: 5475: 5378: 5130: 4768: 4645: 4095: 2764: 2521:

and his peers and predate by at least a century the use of the Tuscan idiom as the elite literary language of Italy.

1763:

Frederick received the news of his excommunication by Gregory IX in the first months of 1239 while his court was in

957:, until, in 1208, he was declared of age. At that time he spoke five languages, Greek, Arabic, Latin, Provençal and 8796: 8408: 7428: 7418: 7388: 6964: 6934: 6109: 5863:

Ernst Kraus: Leben der Unehelichen: Ein Abstieg in Status, Reichtum und Zuneigung. Leipzig 1843, p. 92–93. (German)

4111: 3945: 3417: 2627: 2093:, but the king was a friend of the Emperor and believed in his desire for peace. A papal army under the command of 1967: 1211:

In 1225, after agreeing with Pope Honorius to launch a Crusade before 1228, Frederick summoned an imperial Diet at

2666:

Frederick was also interested in the stars, and his court was host to many astrologers and astronomers, including

2486:, who had migrated there from the holy land, at his court to translate Greek and Arabic works. He also introduced 1338:, recommended that he return to the mainland to recuperate. On 29 September 1227, Frederick was excommunicated by 8836: 8660: 8291: 7942: 7619: 7448: 7398: 7240: 6989: 6944: 6884: 5693: 4921: 3874:"His dream of universal power made him regard himself as an emperor of classical times and a direct successor to 3792: 3297: 2280: 2153:

On 18 February 1248, during one of these absences, the camp was suddenly assaulted and taken, and in the ensuing

735: 2081:, naming his relatives or friends as vicars of the various lands. He married his son Manfred to the daughter of 8806: 8771: 8650: 8355: 7862: 7506: 7468: 7463: 7443: 7344: 7009: 7004: 6984: 6919: 6400: 2960: 2788: 5667: 605:

He ruled a vast area, beginning with Sicily and stretching through Italy all the way north to Germany. As the

8615: 8379: 8363: 8339: 8259: 8251: 7595: 7521: 7458: 7453: 7433: 7408: 7393: 7373: 7329: 7206: 7201: 6999: 6994: 6974: 6954: 6939: 6924: 6909: 6869: 6864: 6739: 4562:

Toch, Michael (1999). "Welfs, Hohenstaufen and Habsburgs". In Abulafia, David; McKitterick, Rosamond (eds.).

3391: 2715: 2509:. Through the mix of Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, Greek, and Sicilian language poems and art at the court, Arabic " 2483: 2471: 1927: 1744:, which had sent a great sum of money. This demand of total surrender spurred further resistance from Milan, 1700: 1581: 1373: 1065: 815:

Frederick's birth was accompanied by gossip and rumour on account of his mother's advanced age. According to

657:. Frequently at war with the papacy, which was hemmed in between Frederick's lands in northern Italy and his 5990: 1330:

but was forced to return when he was struck down by an epidemic that had broken out. Even the master of the

1037:

forced him to withdraw to the Guelph hereditary lands where, virtually without supporters, he died in 1218.

945:, reclaimed the regency for himself and soon after invaded the Kingdom of Sicily. In 1200, with the help of 8505: 8347: 8315: 8267: 8243: 8227: 7438: 7413: 7334: 7260: 7211: 7196: 7191: 7046: 7027: 6979: 6959: 6914: 6894: 6874: 6859: 6854: 6755: 6497: 6072: 6010:

The Emperor and the Saint: Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Francis of Assisi, and Journeys to Medieval Places

4863:

Peter Jackson, "The Crusade against the Mongols (1241)", Journal of Ecclesiastical History 42 (1991): 14–15

3355: 3271: 3215: 3141: 2825: 2772: 1552: 1443: 1081: 911: 851: 777: 583: 517: 1133: 8401: 8323: 8283: 8219: 7270: 7235: 7186: 6899: 6879: 6849: 6692: 4606: 3746: 2776: 2435: 907: 294: 136: 2949:

after his father died, but he, too, died within three years and was never crowned. Betrothed to many of

2185:, in May 1249. Enzo was held in a palace in Bologna, where he remained captive until his death in 1272. 1676: 1628:, ending the unclear status of the German Guelphs, who had been left without title and rank after 1180. 1408:, wished to avoid further trouble from the Christians, at least until his domestic rivals were subdued. 8726: 8500: 7562: 7478: 7361: 5872: 5810: 4670: 3597: 2946: 2529: 2470:, Part II, Parker Library, MS 16, fol. 151v – On parade during the visit of Frederick's brother-in-law 2453: 2377: 2267:

However, upon Conrad's death a mere four years later, the Hohenstaufen dynasty fell from power and the

874: 642: 595: 527: 460: 204: 184: 7350: 5468:

Gregor von Montesacro und die geistige Kultur Süditaliens unter Friedrich II. (Montesacro-Forschungen)

2984:

with a mistress and a bird of prey; though it is often claimed that it actually depicts Frederick and

8826: 8811: 7590: 7571: 7552: 7319: 6460: 6352: 6222:

Frederick, Conrad and Manfred of Hohenstaufen, Kings of Sicily: The Chronicle of Nicholas of Jamsilla

3023: 1624:

Otto with the same lands and additional former imperial possessions as the newly established Duke of

1455: 1396: 1085: 1061: 915: 878: 2682: 2460: 914:

in 1197, Frederick was in Italy, traveling towards Germany, when the bad news reached his guardian,

8816: 8736: 7530: 7356: 6655: 6635: 5628:

The physician was not allowed to sell his own drugs ('nec ipse etiam habebit propriam stationem').

4605:, edited by César Auguste Horoy, 28–29. Paris: Imprimerie de la Bibliothèque Ecclésiastique, 1880. 3539: 3513: 3202: 2902: 2840:, and depiction of the different peoples under their rule, which persisted throughout the starting 2701:

at market." Frederick's eyes were described variously as blue, or "green like those of a serpent".

2094: 1972: 1432: 1315: 1296: 1185: 1125:; it also set a precedent for the primacy of written law. With relatively small modifications, the 883: 368: 270: 246: 6336:

The Two Powers: The Papacy, the Empire, and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Thirteenth Century

5616: 4051: 2208:

in 1250. In the first month of that year the indomitable Ranieri of Viterbo died and the Imperial

8781: 8555: 8530: 8485: 7756: 7151: 7069: 6487: 4969: 3633: 3145: 3059: 2272: 2268: 2077:

Between February and March 1247 Frederick settled the situation in Italy by means of the diet of

1931: 1856: 1681: 1589:

in 1232. Henry confirmed his submission, but Frederick was nevertheless compelled to confirm the

1255: 1111:(1220, issued soon after his coronation in Rome) but came to fruition in his promulgation of the 1030: 492: 6156: 2638:

that they might demonstrate once their voices matured. It is claimed he was seeking to discover

1812: 1423:

suggests that the crown he placed on his own head was in fact the imperial crown of the Romans.

1322:, that his departure seemed assured. Frederick immediately saw to it that his new father-in-law 8831: 8605: 8575: 8515: 8130: 7511: 7280: 6682: 6614: 6493: 6445: 5641: 3078: 3007: 2894: 2257: 2143: 2050: 2031: 1740:(later sent to the commune of Rome) and an elephant. He rejected any suit for peace, even from 1572: 1560: 1112: 1056:

Unlike most Holy Roman emperors, Frederick spent few years in Germany. In 1218, he helped King

1050: 938: 734:

came to an end. Furthermore, the Holy Roman Empire entered a long period of decline during the

477: 472: 455: 209: 147: 5886: 5122: 4017: 3066:

and died in prison in 1273. Maria, wife of Barnabò Malaspina, may also have been his daughter.

2097:

never reached Lombardy, and the Emperor, accompanied by a massive army, held the next diet in

2049:

Innocent also sent a flow of money to Germany to cut off Frederick's power at its source. The

8716: 8590: 8565: 8495: 8299: 7297: 7245: 7217: 6543: 6430: 5147: 4450: 4377: 3788: 2981: 2535: 2322:. His sarcophagus was opened in the nineteenth century and various items can be found in the 2071: 1951: 1847: 1540: 1486: 899: 805: 731: 587: 50: 5450: 3983: 2161:

In February 1249 Frederick fired his advisor and prime minister, the famous jurist and poet

1906: 1625: 1555:

absolved Frederick and lifted his excommunication. The emperor personally met Gregory IX at

1155: 613:

became his enemy, and it eventually prevailed. Viewing himself as a direct successor to the

8691: 8686: 8655: 8570: 8520: 8480: 8307: 8174: 7543: 7497: 7378: 7308: 7285: 7255: 6889: 6709: 6625: 6101:

Eclipse of Empire? Perceptions of the Western Empire and its Rulers in Late-Medieval France

5053:

Arabic Script on Christian Kings: Textile Inscriptions on Royal Garments from Norman Sicily

4971:

The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia

3757: 3154:(1232 – killed in battle, Benevento, 26 February 1266), first Regent, later King of Sicily. 3055: 3044: 3033: 2942: 2916: 2847:

21-century treatments of Frederick vary from the sober (Wolfgang Stürner) to the dramatic (

2752: 2678: 2299: 2213: 1939: 1723: 1712: 1641: 1462:

a variety of reasons related to the political situation in Europe. Of Frederick's crusade,

1454:. In the mid-1230s, Frederick's viceroy was forced to leave Acre, and in 1244, following a 1420: 1416: 1319: 1252: 1228: 1093: 950: 591: 487: 482: 325: 260: 194: 6188:(2016) . "The Papal 'Crusade' against Frederick II in 1228–1230". In Michel Balard (ed.). 5826: 5299:

https://www.splendidsicily.com/audio/giacomo-da-lentini-and-the-sicilian-school-of-poetry/

3985:

The Heian Court Poetry as World Literature: From the Point of View of Early Italian Poetry

3936: 2169:. Some historians suggest that Pier was planning to betray the Emperor, who, according to 835:, who confirmed that Frederick was his son by interpretation of Merlin's prophecy and the 621:

from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a claimant to the title of

8: 8821: 8721: 8635: 8625: 8595: 8545: 8490: 8475: 8160: 8125: 8094: 8059: 8043: 7987: 7687: 7679: 7324: 7314: 7302: 7140: 7111: 7096: 7082: 6839: 6829: 6605: 6589: 6527:

Deed by Frederick II for the branch of the Teutonic Order in Nuremberg, 30 January 1215,

6504: 6074:

History of the Church: From the High Middle Ages to the eve of the Reformation, Volume IV

5433: 3063: 2924: 2876: 2739: 2592:, with which he impressed the cold cities of Northern Italy and Europe, included hounds, 2319: 2082: 2054: 2039: 1576: 1471: 1088:. After his coronation in 1220, Frederick remained either in the Kingdom of Sicily or on 1073: 1057: 962: 925:

Constance of Sicily was in her own right queen of Sicily, and she established herself as

789: 393: 343: 5968: 5610: 5420: 4345:

Friedrich II.: Die Königsherrschaft in Sizilien und Deutschland : 1194–1220. Teil 1

8630: 8620: 8580: 8560: 8550: 8535: 8470: 8451: 8424: 8275: 8108: 7339: 7230: 7167: 7131: 6819: 6778: 6729: 6275: 6199: 5586: 5573: 5388: 5349: 5341: 5065: 5034: 4739: 4632: 4539: 3964: 3892: 3844:; however, Houben believes that he was probably only baptized under the name Frederick. 3659: 3571: 3449: 2956: 2582: 2424:" (paganism), Frederick II is listed as a representative member of the sixth region of 2307: 2295: 2182: 2134: 2090: 1943: 1799:, which had sent some ships against Sicily. In December of that year Frederick entered 1796: 1708: 1512: 1447: 1439: 1412: 1104: 1034: 985: 954: 809: 689: 646: 622: 618: 609:

progressed, he acquired control of Jerusalem and styled himself its king. However, the

575: 465: 71: 41: 7611: 2447: 8645: 8640: 8610: 8600: 8461: 8441: 8201: 8182: 8027: 7780: 7172: 7101: 6804: 6646: 6366: 6356: 6320: 6279: 6244: 6225: 6206: 6171: 6152: 6078: 6039: 6032: 5953: 5934: 5915: 5647: 5591: 5511: 5471: 5374: 5353: 5260: 5210: 5153: 5126: 5115: 4975: 4764: 4641: 4531: 4456: 4417: 4383: 4349: 4091: 4057: 4023: 3989: 3900: 3815: 3151: 2848: 2820:, the ideology claiming the Holy Roman Emperor to be the legitimate successor to the 2809: 2694: 2616: 2576: 2506: 2368: 2351: 2302:

beside those of his parents (Henry VI and Constance) as well as his grandfather, the

2225: 2205: 1876: 1400:

Crusaders. Al-Kamil, who was nervous about possible war with his relatives who ruled

1346: 1220: 1205: 1122: 1100: 1069: 1046: 997: 981:(1226–1250) 4: seal used in 1221 and 1225, 5: first seal as King of Jerusalem (1233). 978: 958: 946: 930: 895: 808:, the first Christian emperor). It was still his name at the time of his election as 685: 658: 650: 638: 599: 579: 439: 314: 310: 217: 3022:(it: Alayta di Marano); but the most accepted theory stated she was the daughter of 1893: 1272: 8585: 8432: 8116: 8035: 8011: 7367: 7265: 7145: 7091: 6824: 6809: 6665: 6296: 6267: 5581: 5333: 4521: 4482: 3954: 3920: 3124: 3120: 3029: 2950: 2841: 2768: 2635: 2514: 2249: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2130: 2125: 2063: 2020: 1996: 1984: 1977: 1788: 1776: 1757: 1613: 1527:

and, in 1229, invaded southern Italy. His troops overcame an initial resistance at

1520: 1463: 1392: 1335: 1331: 1245: 1117: 1108: 942: 903: 859: 836: 832: 797: 720: 634: 547: 6133:"Federico II di Svevia, imperatore, re di Sicilia e di Gerusalemme, re dei Romani" 4413:

Kommunikation in der Krise Könige und Fürsten im deutschen Thronstreit (1198–1218)

3813:

There is some doubt of this because the sources are not exactly contemporary. The

2501:. His Sicilian royal court in Palermo, saw the first use of a literary form of an 2062:. Frederick strengthened his position in Southern Germany, however, acquiring the 1862:

Frederick then directed his army toward Rome and the Pope, burning and destroying

1136:

for maladministration. The trial was nullified by the pope on procedural grounds.

1002: 8446: 8235: 8144: 8067: 8051: 7224: 7116: 7106: 6834: 6814: 6794: 6699: 6639: 5833: 5507: 4925: 4343: 4085: 3835: 2829: 2660: 2648: 2639: 2494: 2466: 2425: 2372: 2315: 2261: 2154: 2118: 1992: 1872: 1835: 1784: 1772: 1690: 1685: 1663: 1620:

in 1180, conveying the allodial Guelphic possessions to Frederick, who in return

1617: 1548: 1524: 1516: 1506: 1339: 1323: 1189: 840: 816: 724: 704: 697: 670: 666: 626: 567: 539: 290: 250: 76: 6472: 6396:

Frederick II. King of Sicily from 1197, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1215 to 1250

6258:

Powell, James M. (April 2007). "Church and Crusade: Frederick II and Louis IX".

8211: 8003: 7250: 7181: 7157: 6844: 6672: 6596: 5907: 2837: 2652: 2323: 1645: 1609: 1605: 1237: 1224: 888: 828: 563: 155: 6300: 5180: 4794: 2744: 1760:, in the course of which his enemies had tried unsuccessfully to capture him. 8675: 8152: 7642: 7581: 6718: 6370: 5243: 4689: 4535: 3923: 3134: 2993: 2985: 2977: 2748: 2734:

Cultural depictions of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor § Historiography

2671: 2551: 2502: 2229: 2066:, whose duke had died without heirs. A year later Heinrich died, and the new 1955: 1947: 1902: 1803:

and spent Christmas in Pisa. In January 1240, Frederick triumphantly entered

1731: 1668: 1650: 1494: 1467: 1282: 1267: 1181: 1150: 1077: 760: 716: 654: 630: 614: 571: 418: 80: 3010:(1212/13 – aft. 1240), who fled to Spain with his wife and children in 1240. 2482:

Frederick had a great thirst for knowledge and learning. Frederick employed

2417:

the Church of the Middle Ages that he antagonized, but its representatives.

2276: 1879:. Frederick then traveled to Sicily to wait for the election of a new pope. 933:

succeeded as Frederick's guardian. Frederick's tutor during this period was

750: 7126: 7077: 6560: 5595: 5484: 5031: 2932: 2821: 2667: 2421: 2166: 1792: 1528: 1241: 934: 844: 625:

from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was

507: 6271: 6110:"Capocci, Raniero (Raynerius de Viterbio, Rainerius, Ranerius, Reinerius)" 1995:. Frederick could not afford to lose his main stronghold near Rome, so he 1099:

In the Kingdom of Sicily, he built on the reform of the laws begun at the

8089: 7995: 7291: 6789: 6287:

Pybus, H. J. (1930). "The Emperor Frederick II and the Sicilian Church".

6185: 6017:

Cavendish, Richard (December 2000). "Death of the Emperor Frederick II".

5501: 2631: 2401: 2363: 2291: 2027: 1917:

A chronicler reports that Frederick received a demand of submission from

1405: 1377: 1360: 1144: 6055:

Le royaume d'Arles et de Vienne sous le règne de Frédéric II (1214–1250)

5574:"The Earliest Modern Law for the Regulation of the Practice of Medicine" 4115: 877:

handing her son over to the care of the duchess of Spoleto, the wife of

7974: 7950: 7926: 7600: 5544: 5345: 5287:, Vol. 28, No. 3, Special Issue: Arab Shakespeares (2016), pp. 133–157. 4543: 3968: 3100:

Blanchefleur (1226 – 20 June 1279), Dominican nun in Montargis, France.

2510: 2409: 2221: 2086: 1823: 1482: 1478: 1301: 996:

In response, Innocent sided against Otto, and in September 1211 at the

693: 678: 98: 56: 7038: 6747: 5931:

The Ferraris Chronicle: Popes, Emperors, and Deeds in Apulia 1096–1228

4918: 2338:

A 1781 picture showing the mummified corpse of Frederick II in Palermo

1930:

paid to have his border castles strengthened at his own expense. King

1559:, making some concessions to the church in Sicily. He also issued the 973: 8393: 8169: 8019: 7918: 7878: 7854: 7838: 7703: 7695: 7670: 6799: 3157:

Violante (1233–1264), married Riccardo Sanseverino, count of Caserta.

3097:

Anais of Brienne (c. 1205–1236), cousin of Isabella II of Jerusalem:

2992:

Unknown name, Sicilian countess. Her exact parentage is unknown, but

2927:(1214 – 1 December 1241). Marriage: 15 July 1235, at Worms, Germany. 2589: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2543: 2253: 2237: 2067: 2059: 1918: 1816: 1736: 1658: 1621: 1385: 1223:

located there. Those assembled responded with the reformation of the

1160: 820: 708: 236: 6477: 5337: 5281:

The Quest for the Sonnet: The Origins of the Sonnet in Arabic Poetry

2871: 2568: 2109: 965:, a widow of the late King of Hungary and double his age was found. 715:, beginning around 1220, saw the first use of a literary form of an 8525: 8139: 8103: 7934: 7910: 7902: 7886: 7870: 7846: 7806: 7487: 5639: 4526: 4509: 4452:

Kaiser Friedrich II.: 1194–1250 : Herrscher, Mensch und Mythos

3959: 3940: 3875: 3838:

and the fact that the order was not important is made clear in the

3804:

The name is the chapter heading for his early years in Kantorowicz.

2972: 2906: 2756: 2609: 2525: 2524:

Frederick II is the author of the first treatise on the subject of

1768: 1753: 1726:

over the Lombard League. Frederick celebrated it with a triumph in

1594: 1586: 1532: 1381: 1369: 1327: 1277: 1216: 1201: 1197: 1164: 1019: 1011: 990: 764:, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, ms. Chigi L. VIII.296 (cat. XI.8) 606: 6386: 5483:

of the political decision makers – the figure of court astrologer

5368: 4411: 2216:, scored several victories in Germany against William of Holland. 2089:. On his part, Innocent asked protection from the King of France, 1846:, which had kept its Ghibelline stance even after the collapse of 1843: 7966: 7958: 7830: 7822: 7814: 7798: 7790: 7719: 7711: 7657: 5257:

A place for everything: the curious history of alphabetical order

3037: 2945:, his uncle; appointed Governor of Sicily and promised to become 2887: 2813: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2534:("The Art of Hunting with Birds"). In the words of the historian 2475: 2311: 2303: 2245: 2201: 2178: 2035: 2016: 2004: 1988: 1831: 1827: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1780: 1749: 1745: 1727: 1636: 1544: 1365: 1212: 1193: 1089: 1015: 855: 712: 502: 174: 1851:

and Pope as a means to obtain maximum advantage for themselves.

1604:

In Germany the Hohenstaufen and the Guelphs reconciled in 1235.

7894: 7764: 7735: 7727: 5536: 3206: 2863:

Frederick left numerous children, legitimate and illegitimate:

2792: 2760: 2698: 2498: 2412:) on July 17, 1245. As Frederick allegedly did not respect the 2233: 2197: 2189: 2147: 2043: 1863: 1839: 1719: 1704: 1556: 1490: 1208:

and the general Christian populace for this calamitous defeat.

1107:. His initiative in this direction was visible as early as the 1041: 926: 824: 793: 785: 773: 610: 1411:

The crusade ended in a truce and in Frederick's coronation as

1188:, but constant expectation of his arrival caused papal legate 7772: 6521: 5421:

Medieval Sourcebook: Salimbene: On Frederick II, 13th Century

5324:

Haskins, C. H. (July 1927). "The Latin Literature of Sport".

4416:. Münster: Verl.-Haus Monsenstein und Vannerdat. p. 56. 3187: 2656: 2518: 2487: 2098: 2078: 1868: 1830:

had fallen, and Frederick swept his way northwards capturing

1764: 1741: 1458:, Jerusalem itself was lost again to a new Muslim offensive. 1401: 1232: 1177: 1026: 1007: 870: 555: 107: 6509:

Repertorium "Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages" (

5660: 4289: 4287: 3086:

Manna, niece of Berardo di Castagna, Archbishop of Palermo:

2546:

but based closely on observation and experiment throughout,

1779:

as Imperial vicar for Northern Italy. Enzo soon annexed the

1575:(who was born 1211 in Sicily, son of Frederick's first wife 968: 7743: 4954:

Harold T. Cheshire, "The Great Tartar Invasion of Europe",

2601: 2575:. One of the two existing versions was modified by his son 2493:

He played a major role in promoting literature through the

2193: 2008: 1251:

Frederick was distracted with the League when in June 1226

769: 755: 286: 118: 6317:

The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immuntator Mundi

5558:

Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, "Mirat al-Zaman" cited in Malouf, Amin

4323: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 2326:'s collection, including a small piece of funerary crown. 1897:

The Holy Roman Empire at the time of the Mongol incursions

6190:

La Papauté et les croisades / The Papacy and the Crusades

5790:

The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immutator Mundi

5712: 5540:(in German). Vol. 42, no. 10/2010. p. 61. 4299: 4284: 2011:, where a new council was being held since 24 June 1245. 1662:

Frederick II's troops paid with leather coins during the

5694:"Johannes dictus Morus (d. 1254) – Black Central Europe" 5314:(2007) Volume 1 pp. 780–782, also 563, 571, 640, 832–836 5244:

Sicilian Peoples: The Jews of Sicily by Vincenzo Salerno

4601:

Honorius III. "Ad Fredericum Romanorum Imperatorem". In

4570: 4241: 2640:

what language would have been imparted unto Adam and Eve

2550:, in the words of the preface; it is at the same time a 1446:, did not attend the ceremony; indeed, the next day the 7641: 5738: 4711: 4661:

Peters, ed. (1971). "The History of Philip of Novara".

4566:. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 381. 4265: 4053:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture

3233:

Arms of the House of Hohenstaufen as Holy Roman Emperor

3111:(1230–1298), married Thomas of Aquino, count of Acerra. 2314:-style inscribed cuff. A bust of Frederick sits in the 2212:

again reconquered Romagna, the Marche and Spoleto; and

776:, Italy, on 26 December 1194, Frederick was the son of 4253: 4084:

Sammartino, Peter; Roberts, William (1 January 2001).

2905:(1212 – 25 April 1228). Marriage: 9 November 1225, at 2542:

It is a scientific book, approaching the subject from

1991:

rebelled, instigated by the intriguing local cardinal

1511:

During Frederick's stay in the Holy Land, his regent,

1184:

in 1217. He sent forces to Egypt under the command of

1145:

The Fifth Crusade and early policies in northern Italy

696:, Greek, and Arabic), Frederick has a reputation as a 5668:"The emperor's retinue (1194) – Black Central Europe" 5310:

Gaetana Marrone, Paolo Puppa, and Luca Somigli, eds.

4564:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1198 – c. 1300

4311: 4112:"Ma l'imperatore svevo fu conservatore o innovatore?" 5686: 5032:

Ralph Henry Carless Davis, Robert Ian Moore (1957).

4611: 4592:. MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2006. 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4122: 2967: 2886:(1179 – 23 June 1222). Marriage: 15 August 1209, at 1543:

in July 1230. On 28 August, in a public ceremony in

6494:

Works by and about Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

5004: 5002: 5000: 4699: 4430: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 730:After his death, his line did not survive, and the 6198: 6170:(Revised ed.). New York: Facts On File, Inc. 6031: 5884: 5114: 5033: 4640:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 4631: 3123:(died after 1255), married Magdalena, daughter of 2681:, the world's oldest state university: now called 2517:itself. The school and its poetry were saluted by 2439:advantage of immunity from papal excommunication. 1349:, a chronicler of the time, wrote that Frederick: 1022:in September 1212, preceding Otto by a few hours. 653:by virtue of marriage and his connection with the 6343:Wood, Casey A.; Fyfe, F. Marjorie, eds. (2004) . 6071:Jedin, Hubert; Dolan, John Patrick, eds. (1980). 6064:Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler Between East and West 5640:Carol Lansing and Edward D. English, ed. (2012). 5534:Görich, Knut. "Stupor mundi – Staunen der Welt". 5448: 5367:Weltecke, Dorothea (2011). Feuchter, Jörg (ed.). 5207:The Divine Comedy, Vol. 1: Inferno, 2: Commentary 5139: 4150:Les Amis de la Bibliothèque Humaniste de Selestat 4083: 3161:Matthew of Paris relates the story of a marriage 2941:Henry (18 February 1238 – May 1253), named after 2431:, that of the heretics, who are burned in tombs. 1756:, and in October 1238 he was forced to raise the 1631: 1300:A statue of Frederick II from the Black Tower of 1025:Frederick was crowned king on 9 December 1212 in 8673: 5506:. A History of Western Astrology. Vol. II. 5470:(in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 307. 4997: 4854:Peter Jackson, "The Mongols and the West", p. 66 4164: 3880:The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity 3002:nobili comitissa quo in regno Sicilie erat heres 2260:was entrusted with the Duchy of Austria and the 727:, which had come to be viewed as superstitious. 723:. He was also the first king to formally outlaw 5562:(J. Rothschild trans.) Saqi Books, 2006, p. 230 4603:Medii Aevi Bibliotheca Patristica Tomus Quartus 4455:(in German). W. Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 29. 2710:of the practice of pharmacy throughout Europe. 2588:Frederick loved exotic animals in general: his 2046:by Marino of Eboli, Imperial vicar of Spoleto. 1129:remained the basis of Sicilian law until 1819. 843:reports that she swore on the gospels before a 754:The birth of Frederick on the market square of 6534:Photograph Archive of Old Original Documents ( 6441:Frederick II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 5050: 8409: 7627: 7054: 6763: 6012:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5612:The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages 5021:Papal bull of excommunication of Frederick II 3247:Ancestors of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 2085:and secured the submission of the marquis of 1795:. The father announced he was to destroy the 1707:, in February 1237, he obtained the title of 1227:, which had already defeated his grandfather 1167:, Italy, struck after 1231. Reverse legend: " 1084:and forcing him to withdraw his support from 742:has attracted fierce debates until this day. 8802:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 6535: 6512:Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters 6510: 5817:(Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2005). 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5578:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 4936:Thomas of Split, History of the Bishops, 287 1855:traveling to Rome in a Genoese fleet at the 6151: 5947: 5075: 5073: 4761:Frederick II : the wonder of the world 4305: 4247: 4022:. Princeton University Press. p. 115. 2959:(1 December 1241 – 8 August 1270), married 2763:, France, dated circa 1210–1270, depicting 2358: 2350:Flowers at the tomb of Frederick II in the 2007:, arriving on 7 July. His aim was to reach 1946:in order to organise a crusade against the 1376:, signed in February 1229, resulted in the 1342:for failing to honor his crusading pledge. 562:; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was 61:c(a)esar aug(ustus) imp(erator) rom(anorum) 8416: 8402: 7634: 7620: 7061: 7047: 6770: 6756: 6070: 5891:. Vol. 6. Henricus. pp. 670–672. 5750: 5393:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4908:Matthew Paris, English History, v. 1, 344. 4744:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4675:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4557: 4555: 4553: 3834:His double name at baptism is recorded by 2727: 2634:in an attempt to determine if there was a 2192:. The struggle continued: the Empire lost 1889:Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire 1240:with the territories in what would become 1139: 850:In the spring of 1195, a few months after 49: 6314: 6016: 5795: 5779:, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 26. 5720:"Crowned Moors on crests (ca. 1263-1400)" 5585: 5204: 4525: 4329: 4278: 4049: 3958: 3209:built by King Frederick II from 1240-1250 3163:confirmatio matrimonii in articulo mortis 2442: 1871:two cardinals he had captured at Giglio, 969:Reign prior to the conflict with the pope 740:His complex political and cultural legacy 6537:Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden 6342: 6077:. London: Burns & Oates Publishers. 6052: 5906: 5744: 5608: 5366: 5312:Encyclopedia of Italian literary studies 5254: 5093: 5091: 5070: 4758: 4752: 4510:"Emperor Frederick II., The Hohenstaufe" 4382:(in German). C.H.Beck. pp. 11, 12. 4348:(in German). Primus Verlag. p. 83. 4293: 4259: 4128: 4056:. Oxford University Press. p. 342. 3941:"Emperor Frederick II., The Hohenstaufe" 3071:An unknown member of the Lancia family: 2971: 2913:Margareta (November 1226 – August 1227). 2870: 2782: 2743: 2464:The Cremona elephant as depicted in the 2459: 2446: 2362: 2124: 2108: 1971: 1892: 1675: 1657: 1635: 1295: 1271: 1154: 972: 869: 749: 7068: 6777: 6219: 6196: 6007: 5873:"Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora 5499: 5431: 5323: 5259:(1st ed.). New York: Basic Books. 4729: 4590:The New Concise History of the Crusades 4550: 4341: 4016:Lerner, Robert E. (11 September 2018). 3988:. Firenze University Press. p. 2. 3981: 3105:Richina of Wolfsöden (c. 1205 – 1236): 3026:, Count of Assisi and Duke of Spoleto. 2188:Frederick lost another son, Richard of 1767:The emperor responded by expelling the 1722:. In November 1237 he won the decisive 941:, with the support of Henry's brother, 408: 1235; died 1241) 383: 1225; died 1228) 358: 1209; died 1222) 14: 8674: 8423: 6473:Frederick II – Encyclopædia Britannica 6333: 6257: 6238: 6061: 5888:Historia diplomatica Friderica Secundi 5145: 5112: 4717: 4660: 4629: 4507: 4448: 4409: 4317: 4143: 4015: 3935: 3761:, Kantorowicz's biography of Frederick 3613: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3371: 3261: 3257: 3167:legitimatio per matrimonium subsequens 2385:Frederick's contemporaries called him 2310:. He is wearing a funerary alb with a 1204:in 1221. Frederick was blamed by both 1053:took the title of King of the Romans. 937:, who would become Pope Honorius III. 637:. At the age of three, he was crowned 8397: 7615: 7042: 6751: 6484:Literature by and about Friedrich II. 6286: 6098: 6029: 5571: 5465: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5181:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Frederick II" 5097: 5088: 4792: 4617: 4576: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4436: 4375: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4139: 4137: 3926:(Rose E. Selfe's English translation) 3891: 3689: 3679: 3675: 3663: 3657: 3647: 3631: 3621: 3617: 3601: 3595: 3585: 3569: 3559: 3555: 3543: 3537: 3527: 3511: 3501: 3497: 3473: 3463: 3447: 3437: 3433: 3421: 3415: 3405: 3389: 3379: 3375: 3359: 3353: 3343: 3327: 3317: 3313: 3301: 3295: 3285: 3269: 3265: 2104: 1976:Frederick II being excommunicated by 1523:. Gregory IX recruited an army under 1244:, starting what was later called the 1132:In 1223–1224, Frederick tried Bishop 582:from 1225. He was the son of Emperor 6184: 6165: 6139:(in Italian). Vol. 45. Treccani 6137:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 6130: 6118:(in Italian). Vol. 18. Treccani 6115:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 6107: 5988: 5966: 5928: 5849:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 5838: 5646:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 4. 5079: 5008: 4786: 4763:. Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme. 4705: 4561: 4219: 3190:built by Frederick II from 1233–1249 2953:'s nieces, but never married to any. 1391:The treaty also stipulated that the 1261: 483:Frederick, Imperial Vicar of Tuscany 59:bearing Frederick's effigy. Legend: 27:Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 to 1250 6338:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 5234:Studer, Marie-Josèphe (2007), p. 68 5117:The Civilization of the Middle Ages 4967: 4919:http://regesten.regesta-imperii.de/ 4793:Adams, John P (18 September 2014). 4723: 4498:Studer, Marie-Josèphe (2007), p. 67 4238:Studer, Marie-Josèphe (2007), p. 66 2866: 1775:from Lombardy and electing his son 745: 93:23 November 1220 – 13 December 1250 24: 8767:Christians of the Prussian Crusade 8752:Christians of the Livonian Crusade 8712:13th-century monarchs of Jerusalem 5533: 5487:is just one prominent reference .) 5223: 5149:A History of Florence, 1200 - 1575 4732:Medieval European Coinage: Vol. 14 4663:Christian Society and the Crusades 4638:Christian Society and the Crusades 4487: 4225: 4134: 3752:Family tree of the German monarchs 3133:Frederick had a relationship with 2273:not truly dead but merely sleeping 2019:", like the schismatic emperor of 1500: 466:Margaret, Landgravine of Thuringia 25: 8848: 6556:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 6379: 5643:A Companion to the Medieval World 4917:Regesta Imperii, (RI V) n. 3210, 3899:. UK: Head of Zeus. p. 405. 3221:Arms of the House of Hohenstaufen 3062:, in 1258. She was imprisoned by 2968:Mistresses and illegitimate issue 2765:emperors of the Holy Roman Empire 2142:rebels, together with his friend 1566: 993:without meeting much resistance. 8707:13th-century Holy Roman Emperors 8682:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 7669: 7023: 7022: 6385: 5912:Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor 5885:Huillard-Bréholles, JLA (1861). 5878: 5866: 5857: 5820: 5782: 5455:. Vol. 1. Bari: G. Laterza. 4514:The American Journal of Theology 4090:. Associated University Presse. 3946:The American Journal of Theology 3847: 3476:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 3418:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy 3226: 3214: 3195: 3179: 3052:Matilda or Maria, from Antioch. 3016:Adelheid (Adelaide) of Urslingen 2875:The wedding of Frederick II and 2632:raised without human interaction 2367:Contemporary portrait from the " 2343: 2331: 1968:Ad Apostolicae Dignitatis Apicem 1901:In 1241–1242, the forces of the 1539:The war came to an end with the 1215:, the main pro-imperial city in 989:invaded Italy, where he reached 858:. After the unexpected death of 8777:University and college founders 8762:Christians of the Sixth Crusade 8757:Christians of the Fifth Crusade 8747:Characters in the Divine Comedy 6349:of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 6345:The Art of Falconry: Being the 6243:. Martin Secker & Warburg. 6158:Frederick the Second, 1194–1250 5899: 5633: 5602: 5565: 5552: 5527: 5492: 5459: 5442: 5425: 5414: 5401: 5360: 5317: 5304: 5290: 5273: 5248: 5237: 5198: 5173: 5106: 5100:Germany in Western Civilization 5059: 5044: 5025: 5014: 4988: 4961: 4948: 4939: 4930: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4872:Hungary Matthew Paris, 341–344. 4866: 4857: 4848: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4777: 4683: 4654: 4623: 4595: 4582: 4501: 4476: 4442: 4403: 4369: 4335: 4104: 4077: 3828: 3807: 3798: 3298:Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor 2998:Gesta Imperatorum et Pontificum 2651:(which had been the first), or 2628:language deprivation experiment 2165:, on charges of peculation and 1882: 1231:in the 12th century, and again 684:Speaking six languages (Latin, 641:as a co-ruler with his mother, 427: 405: 380: 355: 6401:New International Encyclopedia 6201:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes 5948:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). 5560:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes 5503:The Medieval And Modern Worlds 5098:Maehl, William Harvey (1979). 4144:Studer, Marie-Josèphe (2007). 4043: 4009: 3975: 3929: 3913: 3885: 3868: 3781: 3772: 2961:Albert, Landgrave of Thuringia 2919:(25 April 1228 – 21 May 1254). 2704: 1961: 1632:The war for Lombardy and Italy 1612:, had been deposed as Duke of 1452:John of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut 673:went so far as to declare him 13: 1: 8732:Titular kings of Thessalonica 6334:Whalen, Brett Edward (2019). 6192:. Routledge. pp. 91–103. 6066:. Cambridge University Press. 5950:The Origins of Modern Germany 5209:. Princeton UP. p. 159. 4734:. Cambridge University Press. 4146:"Frédéric II de Hohenstaufen" 3861: 3392:Renaud III, Count of Burgundy 3144:(1230 – April 1307), married 2716:Statutum in favorem principum 2688: 2451:An image from an old copy of 2224:monk, on 13 December 1250 in 1928:Frederick II, Duke of Austria 1701:Frederick II, Duke of Austria 1582:Statutum in favorem principum 1305: 1287: 910:. At the death of his father 8742:Burials at Palermo Cathedral 8702:13th-century kings of Sicily 8697:12th-century kings of Sicily 6498:Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek 6411:Frederick II., Roman Emperor 6289:Cambridge Historical Journal 6241:Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 6166:Kohn, George Childs (1999). 6161:. New York: Frederick Ungar. 6034:A History of Medieval Europe 6008:Cassady, Richard F. (2011). 5995:. London: Hookham & Sons 5973:. London: Hookham & Sons 5827:CLUEB – Scheda Pubblicazione 5036:A History of Medieval Europe 4694:Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches 3882:(Oxford: Blackwell) 1973:12. 3356:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 3272:Frederick II, Duke of Swabia 2963:, later Margrave of Meissen. 2003:fled via Genoese galleys to 1730:in the manner of an ancient 1444:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem 1082:Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine 792:. Frederick was baptised in 778:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 649:. His other royal title was 518:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 7: 8787:Italian patrons of the arts 6309:Journal of Medieval History 5989:Busk, Mrs. William (1856). 5967:Busk, Mrs. William (1856). 5615:. Clarendon Press. p. 5609:Rashdall, Hastings (1895). 5545:curving of objects in water 5205:Singleton, Charles (1989). 4087:Sicily: An Informal History 3825:both record his birth name. 3822:Cronica Reinhardsbrunnensis 3747:Dukes of Swabia family tree 3740: 3238: 3000:(c. 1280) stated she was a 2038:, however, and the city of 1481:preachers and many radical 1103:in 1140 by his grandfather 865: 590:(the second son of Emperor 445: 10: 8853: 8792:Italian literature patrons 7563:North German Confederation 7479:Confederation of the Rhine 6461:Collier's New Encyclopedia 6347:De arte venandi cum avibus 6260:Catholic Historical Review 5875:, Matthew of Paris, p. 572 5788:Thomas Curtis Van Cleve's 5580:. Aug 11(8) (8): 521–527. 5500:Campion, Nicholas (2009). 5449:Salimbene de Adam (1942). 5113:Cantor, Norman F. (1993). 4945:Master Roger, Epistle, 195 4759:Bressler, Richard (2010). 4342:Stürner, Wolfgang (1997). 3607: 3598:Constance, Queen of Sicily 3491: 3365: 3259: 3172: 3077:(1221/23 – 1244), married 3032:(1215–1272). The powerful 2897:(1211 – 12 February 1242). 2828:, Frederick established a 2737: 2731: 2531:De Arte Venandi cum Avibus 2454:De arte venandi cum avibus 2378:De arte venandi cum avibus 2214:Conrad, King of the Romans 2133:a son of Frederick at the 2023:, and in sum a "heretic". 1965: 1886: 1504: 1276:Frederick II (left) meets 1265: 1148: 528:Constance, Queen of Sicily 461:Conrad IV, King of Germany 456:Henry VII, King of Germany 8460: 8431: 8194: 8079: 7986: 7755: 7678: 7667: 7650: 7580: 7561: 7542: 7520: 7496: 7477: 7166: 7125: 7076: 7018: 6785: 6736: 6727: 6716: 6706: 6697: 6689: 6679: 6670: 6662: 6644: 6632: 6622: 6594: 6586: 6581: 6554: 6505:"Fridericus II Imperator" 6353:Stanford University Press 6315:Van Cleve, T. C. (1972). 6301:10.1017/s1474691300002444 6239:Masson, Georgina (1957). 5929:Alio, Jacqueline (2017). 5411:, scriptores, xxiii. 943. 5407:Albericus Trium Fontium, 5373:. Frankfurt. p. 88. 5255:Flanders, Judith (2020). 5121:. HarperCollins. p. 5066:British Museum Collection 4410:Mamsch, Stefanie (2012). 4050:Hourihane, Colum (2012). 4019:Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life 3982:Gerlini, Edoardo (2014). 3677: 3669: 3641: 3619: 3615: 3579: 3557: 3549: 3521: 3499: 3495: 3457: 3435: 3427: 3399: 3377: 3373: 3337: 3315: 3307: 3279: 3263: 3040:claimed descent from him. 2858: 2548:Divisivus et Inquisitivus 1086:Erard of Brienne-Ramerupt 1064:, to bring an end to the 1062:Odo III, Duke of Burgundy 523: 513: 501: 438: 332: 320: 300: 280: 276: 266: 256: 242: 231: 223: 216: 200: 190: 180: 169: 161: 154: 143: 132: 97: 89: 67: 48: 39: 34: 18:Frederick II Hohenstaufen 8082:(title disputed 887–933) 7531:Archduke John of Austria 6500:(German Digital Library) 6030:Davis, R. H. C. (1988). 5815:Enciclopedia Federiciana 5572:Walsh, James J. (1935). 5466:Pabst, Bernhard (2002). 4795:"Sede Vacante 1241–1243" 4730:Gierson, Philip (1998). 4508:Köhler, Walther (1903). 3878:", notes Roberto Weiss, 3765: 3540:Roger II, King of Sicily 3514:Roger I, Count of Sicily 3092:(1224/25 – 26 May 1249). 2903:Isabella II of Jerusalem 2832:court, such as with the 2693:A Damascene chronicler, 2579:, also a keen falconer. 2359:Personality and religion 2095:Ottaviano degli Ubaldini 1791:, nominally part of the 1433:Kunsthistorisches Museum 1316:Isabella II of Jerusalem 1186:Louis I, Duke of Bavaria 1076:, capturing and burning 920:Romanorum et Sicilie rex 884:Liber ad honorem Augusti 665:) to the south, he was " 369:Isabella II of Jerusalem 8797:Medieval child monarchs 6488:German National Library 6478:Psalter of Frederick II 6416:Encyclopædia Britannica 6220:Mendola, Louis (2016). 6062:Houben, Hubert (2002). 6053:Fournier, Paul (1885). 5432:Coulton, C. G. (1907). 5084:. Rome: Newton Compton. 4974:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1. 4449:Houben, Hubert (2008). 4376:Rader, Olaf B. (2012). 3634:Ithier, Count of Rethel 3146:John III Ducas Vatatzes 2728:Significance and legacy 2677:In 1224 he founded the 2490:into a European court. 1932:Wenceslaus I of Bohemia 1857:Battle of Giglio (1241) 1711:for his 9-year-old son 1180:with the armies of the 1140:Foreign policy and wars 643:Constance of Hauteville 493:Manfred, King of Sicily 488:Anna, Empress of Nicaea 8837:Sons of queens regnant 6536: 6511: 6446:Encyclopedia Americana 6419:(11th ed.). 1911. 6197:Maalouf, Amin (1989). 6057:. Grenoble: G. Dupont. 5846:"Federico d'Antiochia" 5498:Little, Kirk, citing: 5297:written in Sicilian." 5285:Critical Survey (2016) 4890:Jackson, pp. 66–67, 71 3186:The Castello Svevo at 3079:Ezzelino III da Romano 3036:family of Bologna and 3008:Frederick of Pettorano 2988: 2938:Agnes (b and d. 1237). 2879: 2806: 2795: 2780: 2683:Università Federico II 2608:, exotic birds and an 2557: 2479: 2457: 2443:Literature and science 2414:privilegium potestatis 2406:preambulus Antichristi 2382: 2144:Ezzelino III da Romano 2138: 2122: 2051:archbishops of Cologne 2032:landgrave of Thuringia 1980: 1898: 1695: 1673: 1655: 1561:Constitutions of Melfi 1356: 1311: 1293: 1172: 1113:Constitutions of Melfi 1000:Frederick was elected 982: 891: 780:. He was known as the 765: 675:preambulus Antichristi 478:Enzo, King of Sardinia 473:Frederick of Pettorano 8807:Patrons of literature 8772:Deaths from dysentery 6561:House of Hohenstaufen 6544:University of Marburg 6480:from around 1235–1237 6431:Catholic Encyclopedia 6390:Texts on Wikisource: 6272:10.1353/cat.2007.0201 6099:Jones, Chris (2007). 5152:. Wiley. p. 33. 5146:Najemy, J.M. (2008). 5082:Federico II di Svevia 4968:May, Timothy (2016). 3789:First Council of Lyon 2982:Konrad von Altstetten 2975: 2874: 2801: 2786: 2747: 2540: 2536:Charles Homer Haskins 2463: 2450: 2366: 2236:, after an attack of 2128: 2112: 2072:William II of Holland 1975: 1952:First Council of Lyon 1896: 1679: 1661: 1639: 1541:Treaty of San Germano 1351: 1299: 1275: 1256:laid siege to Avignon 1163:of Frederick II from 1158: 1115:(1231, also known as 1072:(France) by invading 976: 939:Markward of Annweiler 873: 806:Constantine the Great 753: 732:House of Hohenstaufen 619:Emperor of the Romans 617:of antiquity, he was 42:Emperor of the Romans 8292:Lothair III (or II) 7645:between 476 and 1556 7544:German Confederation 7498:German Confederation 6311:41, 1 (2015): 41–59. 5811:"Federico II, figli" 5777:The Sicilian Vespers 5724:Black Central Europe 5051:Dolezalek Isabelle. 4924:17 July 2009 at the 4630:Peters, ed. (1971). 3758:Frederick the Second 3056:Frederick of Antioch 2943:Henry III of England 2753:Strasbourg Cathedral 2679:University of Naples 2408:(predecessor of the 2375:, Pal. lat 1071) of 2352:Cathedral of Palermo 2300:cathedral of Palermo 1940:Henry III of England 1822:In the meantime the 1734:, with the captured 1724:battle in Cortenuova 1642:Battle of Cortenuova 1547:, the papal legates 1421:Henry III of England 1320:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1253:Louis VIII of France 1229:Frederick Barbarossa 951:William of Capparone 677:(predecessor of the 592:Frederick Barbarossa 588:Hohenstaufen dynasty 326:Cathedral of Palermo 7083:Carolingian dynasty 7070:Monarchs of Germany 6779:Holy Roman emperors 6530:"digitalised image" 5832:19 May 2008 at the 4956:The Slavonic Review 4633:"Roger of Wendover" 4579:, pp. 155–161. 4379:Kaiser Friedrich II 3024:Conrad of Urslingen 2925:Isabella of England 2884:Constance of Aragon 2877:Isabella of England 2836:treasury custodian 2740:Subventio generalis 2630:young infants were 2472:Richard of Cornwall 2373:Biblioteca Vaticana 2320:Ludwig I of Bavaria 2256:, while the son of 2113:The wooden city of 1577:Constance of Aragon 1515:, had attacked the 1472:War of the Lombards 1123:absolutist monarchy 1058:Philip II of France 963:Constance of Aragon 902:by Henry's brother 879:Conrad of Urslingen 796:, in the church of 790:Constance of Sicily 596:Constance of Sicily 394:Isabella of England 344:Constance of Aragon 8425:Monarchs of Sicily 7168:Kingdom of Germany 7132:Kingdom of Germany 6730:Holy Roman Emperor 6168:Dictionary of Wars 6153:Kantorowicz, Ernst 5080:Cattaneo, Giulio. 4783:Busk, pp. 455–458. 4588:Madden, Thomas F. 3841:Annales Casinenses 3660:Beatrice of Rethel 3572:Adelaide del Vasto 3450:Agatha of Lorraine 3116:Unknown mistress: 3109:Margaret of Swabia 2989: 2880: 2796: 2781: 2779:, and Frederick II 2583:David Attenborough 2480: 2458: 2420:For his supposed " 2383: 2308:Roger II of Sicily 2183:Battle of Fossalta 2139: 2135:Battle of Fossalta 2123: 2117:is charged at the 2105:Setbacks and death 1981: 1944:Louis IX of France 1907:Béla IV of Hungary 1899: 1836:another long siege 1797:Republic of Venice 1709:King of the Romans 1696: 1674: 1656: 1646:2nd Lombard League 1626:Brunswick-Lüneburg 1608:, the grandson of 1513:Rainald of Spoleto 1448:Bishop of Caesarea 1440:Gerald of Lausanne 1312: 1294: 1173: 983: 955:Walter of Palearia 900:to end up disputed 892: 810:King of the Romans 788:). His mother was 766: 690:Middle High German 647:Roger II of Sicily 645:, the daughter of 623:King of the Romans 600:Hauteville dynasty 576:Holy Roman Emperor 173:3 September 1198, 117:22 November 1220 ( 72:Holy Roman Emperor 8727:Jure uxoris kings 8669: 8668: 8462:Kingdom of Sicily 8391: 8390: 8202:Holy Roman Empire 7609: 7608: 7535: 7534:(Imperial Regent) 7173:Holy Roman Empire 7102:Louis the Younger 7036: 7035: 6746: 6745: 6737:Succeeded by 6707:Succeeded by 6680:Succeeded by 6647:King of Jerusalem 6626:Conrad I & II 6623:Succeeded by 6362:978-0-8047-0374-1 6231:978-1-943-63906-9 5940:978-1-943-63916-8 5914:. Penguin Press. 5775:Steven Runciman, 5517:978-1-4411-8129-9 5266:978-1-5416-7507-0 5216:978-0-691-01895-9 5185:www.newadvent.org 5159:978-1-4051-7846-4 4981:978-1-61069-340-0 4720:, pp. 40–44. 4671:cite encyclopedia 4462:978-3-17-018683-5 4423:978-3-8405-0071-8 4389:978-3-406-64051-3 4355:978-3-89678-022-5 4332:, pp. 13–16. 4296:, pp. 89–90. 4118:on 29 April 2015. 4063:978-0-19-539536-5 4029:978-0-691-18302-2 3995:978-88-6655-600-8 3906:978-1-781-85889-9 3816:Annales Stadenses 3793:Great Interregnum 3737: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3692:Beatrice of Namur 3330:Judith of Bavaria 3090:Richard of Chieti 3020:Alayta of Vohburg 2980:showing the poet 2947:King of Jerusalem 2849:Ernst Kantorowicz 2812:, thus as God's " 2810:Byzantine emperor 2751:windows from the 2695:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi 2617:Salimbene di Adam 2269:Great Interregnum 2226:Castel Fiorentino 2206:Battle of Cingoli 1877:James of Pecorara 1597:soon afterwards. 1531:and reached into 1413:King of Jerusalem 1347:Roger of Wendover 1318:, heiress to the 1262:The Sixth Crusade 1206:Pope Honorius III 1101:Assizes of Ariano 1066:War of Succession 998:Diet of Nuremberg 986:Otto of Brunswick 979:King of Jerusalem 931:Pope Innocent III 916:Conrad of Spoleto 908:Otto of Brunswick 896:Frankfurt am Main 736:Great Interregnum 659:Kingdom of Sicily 651:King of Jerusalem 580:King of Jerusalem 533: 532: 315:Kingdom of Sicily 311:Castel Fiorentino 218:King of Jerusalem 112:German coronation 106:9 December 1212 ( 16:(Redirected from 8844: 8827:Sons of emperors 8812:People from Jesi 8433:County of Sicily 8418: 8411: 8404: 8395: 8394: 8383: 8375: 8367: 8359: 8351: 8343: 8335: 8327: 8319: 8311: 8303: 8295: 8287: 8279: 8271: 8263: 8255: 8247: 8239: 8231: 8223: 8215: 8196:Kingdom of Italy 8186: 8178: 8164: 8156: 8148: 8134: 8120: 8112: 8098: 8071: 8063: 8055: 8047: 8039: 8031: 8023: 8015: 8007: 7999: 7978: 7970: 7962: 7954: 7946: 7938: 7930: 7922: 7914: 7906: 7898: 7890: 7882: 7874: 7866: 7858: 7850: 7842: 7834: 7826: 7818: 7810: 7802: 7794: 7786: 7776: 7768: 7747: 7739: 7731: 7723: 7715: 7707: 7699: 7691: 7673: 7661: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7613: 7612: 7533: 7092:Louis the German 7063: 7056: 7049: 7040: 7039: 7026: 7025: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6749: 6748: 6690:Preceded by 6663:Preceded by 6633:Preceded by 6587:Preceded by 6577: 6570: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6518: 6514: 6465: 6450: 6435: 6420: 6405: 6389: 6374: 6339: 6330: 6304: 6283: 6254: 6235: 6216: 6204: 6193: 6181: 6162: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6131:Kamp, N (1995). 6127: 6125: 6123: 6108:Kamp, N (1975). 6104: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6067: 6058: 6049: 6037: 6026: 6013: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5985: 5980: 5978: 5963: 5944: 5925: 5893: 5892: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5861: 5855: 5842: 5836: 5824: 5818: 5808: 5793: 5786: 5780: 5773: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5623: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5589: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5429: 5423: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5392: 5384: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5321: 5315: 5308: 5302: 5294: 5288: 5279:Kamal abu-Deeb, 5277: 5271: 5270: 5252: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5221: 5220: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5120: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5095: 5086: 5085: 5077: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5029: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5006: 4995: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4965: 4959: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4915: 4909: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4743: 4735: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4674: 4666: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4635: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4599: 4593: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4559: 4548: 4547: 4529: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4485: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4306:Kantorowicz 1937 4303: 4297: 4291: 4282: 4276: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4248:Kantorowicz 1937 4245: 4239: 4236: 4223: 4217: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4141: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4114:. 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The people of 1789:Duchy of Spoleto 1758:siege of Brescia 1682:Battle of Giglio 1553:Giovanni Colonna 1521:Duchy of Spoleto 1464:Philip of Novara 1393:Dome of the Rock 1336:Hermann of Salza 1332:Teutonic Knights 1310: 1309: 1280–1290 1307: 1292: 1289: 1246:Northern Crusade 1170: 1134:Aldoin of Cefalù 1127:Liber Augustalis 1118:Liber Augustalis 1109:Assizes of Capua 943:Philip of Swabia 904:Philip of Swabia 860:Tancred of Lecce 837:Erythraean Sibyl 833:Joachim of Fiore 746:Birth and naming 721:Italian language 449: 431: 429: 409: 407: 384: 382: 359: 357: 307: 304:13 December 1250 284:26 December 1194 123:Papal Coronation 62: 53: 32: 31: 21: 8852: 8851: 8847: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8817:Sicilian School 8737:Dukes of Swabia 8672: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8456: 8427: 8422: 8392: 8387: 8381: 8373: 8365: 8357: 8349: 8341: 8333: 8325: 8317: 8309: 8301: 8293: 8285: 8277: 8269: 8261: 8253: 8245: 8237: 8229: 8221: 8213: 8204: 8199: 8190: 8184: 8176: 8162: 8154: 8146: 8132: 8118: 8110: 8096: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8061: 8053: 8045: 8037: 8029: 8021: 8013: 8005: 7997: 7982: 7976: 7968: 7960: 7952: 7944: 7936: 7928: 7920: 7912: 7904: 7896: 7888: 7880: 7872: 7864: 7856: 7848: 7840: 7832: 7824: 7816: 7808: 7800: 7792: 7784: 7774: 7766: 7751: 7745: 7737: 7729: 7721: 7713: 7705: 7697: 7689: 7674: 7665: 7659: 7646: 7640: 7610: 7605: 7576: 7557: 7538: 7516: 7492: 7473: 7340:Frederick (III) 7171: 7162: 7130: 7121: 7117:Louis the Child 7107:Charles the Fat 7081: 7072: 7067: 7037: 7032: 7014: 6781: 6776: 6742: 6733: 6722: 6712: 6703: 6700:King of Germany 6695: 6685: 6676: 6668: 6652: 6650: 6642: 6628: 6612: 6602: 6600: 6592: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6557: 6528: 6524:Italian website 6503: 6453: 6438: 6423: 6408: 6393: 6382: 6377: 6363: 6327: 6251: 6232: 6213: 6178: 6142: 6140: 6121: 6119: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6046: 5998: 5996: 5976: 5974: 5960: 5941: 5922: 5908:Abulafia, David 5902: 5897: 5896: 5883: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5844:Ernst Voltmer, 5843: 5839: 5834:Wayback Machine 5825: 5821: 5809: 5796: 5787: 5783: 5774: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5674:. 21 April 2016 5666: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5638: 5634: 5621: 5619: 5607: 5603: 5570: 5566: 5557: 5553: 5532: 5528: 5518: 5508:Continuum Books 5497: 5493: 5478: 5464: 5460: 5447: 5443: 5438:. 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In his 2495:Sicilian School 2467:Chronica maiora 2445: 2361: 2354: 2348: 2339: 2336: 2316:Walhalla temple 2262:March of Styria 2200:, but regained 2155:Battle of Parma 2129:The capture of 2107: 1993:Ranieri Capocci 1970: 1964: 1891: 1885: 1873:Otto of Tonengo 1691:Chronica Maiora 1664:Siege of Faenza 1634: 1569: 1549:Thomas of Capua 1525:John of Brienne 1517:March of Ancona 1509: 1507:War of the Keys 1503: 1501:War of the Keys 1493:proclaimed the 1340:Pope Gregory IX 1324:John of Brienne 1308: 1290: 1270: 1264: 1168: 1153: 1147: 1142: 971: 868: 841:Roger of Howden 827:. According to 817:Albert of Stade 748: 725:trial by ordeal 711:royal court in 707:of poetry. His 705:Sicilian School 701:avant la lettre 698:Renaissance man 671:Pope Gregory IX 627:King of Germany 568:King of Germany 497: 471: 443: 442: 434: 433: 430: 1246) 425: 421: 411: 403: 399: 396: 386: 378: 374: 371: 361: 353: 349: 346: 328: 309: 305: 291:March of Ancona 285: 235:18 March 1229, 208: 128: 85: 77:King of Germany 63: 60: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8850: 8840: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8782:German hunters 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8646:Victor Amadeus 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8467: 8465: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8438: 8436: 8429: 8428: 8421: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8398: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8385: 8377: 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6660: 6659: 6643: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6621: 6597:King of Sicily 6593: 6588: 6584: 6583: 6582:Regnal titles 6579: 6578: 6558: 6555: 6550: 6549: 6525: 6519: 6501: 6491: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6451: 6436: 6421: 6406: 6381: 6380:External links 6378: 6376: 6375: 6361: 6340: 6331: 6325: 6312: 6305: 6295:(2): 134–163. 6284: 6266:(2): 251–264. 6255: 6249: 6236: 6230: 6217: 6211: 6194: 6182: 6176: 6163: 6149: 6128: 6105: 6096: 6083: 6068: 6059: 6050: 6044: 6027: 6014: 6005: 5986: 5964: 5958: 5945: 5939: 5926: 5920: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5877: 5865: 5856: 5837: 5819: 5794: 5781: 5749: 5747:, p. 436. 5737: 5711: 5700:. 7 April 2016 5685: 5659: 5652: 5632: 5601: 5564: 5551: 5526: 5516: 5491: 5476: 5458: 5441: 5424: 5413: 5400: 5379: 5359: 5316: 5303: 5289: 5272: 5265: 5247: 5236: 5222: 5215: 5197: 5172: 5158: 5138: 5131: 5105: 5087: 5069: 5058: 5043: 5024: 5013: 4996: 4987: 4980: 4960: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4910: 4901: 4899:Jackson, p. 61 4892: 4883: 4874: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4845:Jedin, p. 193. 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4785: 4776: 4769: 4751: 4722: 4710: 4708:, p. 101. 4698: 4682: 4653: 4646: 4622: 4620:, p. 289. 4610: 4594: 4581: 4569: 4549: 4527:10.1086/478355 4500: 4486: 4475: 4461: 4441: 4429: 4422: 4402: 4388: 4368: 4354: 4334: 4330:Van Cleve 1972 4322: 4320:, p. 174. 4310: 4298: 4283: 4279:Van Cleve 1972 4264: 4252: 4240: 4224: 4163: 4133: 4121: 4103: 4096: 4076: 4062: 4042: 4028: 4008: 3994: 3974: 3960:10.1086/478355 3953:(2): 225–248. 3928: 3912: 3905: 3884: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3846: 3827: 3806: 3797: 3780: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 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3178: 3174: 3171: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3149: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3041: 3013: 3012: 3011: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2954: 2939: 2936: 2921: 2920: 2914: 2899: 2898: 2868: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2838:Johannes Morus 2822:Roman Emperors 2789:Torre San Zeno 2732:Main article: 2729: 2726: 2706: 2703: 2690: 2687: 2571:and even from 2444: 2441: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2330: 2324:British Museum 2298:) lies in the 2287:("Redbeard"). 2228:(territory of 2119:siege of Parma 2106: 2103: 2028:Heinrich Raspe 1966:Main article: 1963: 1960: 1887:Main article: 1884: 1881: 1633: 1630: 1610:Henry the Lion 1606:Otto the Child 1568: 1567:Henry's revolt 1565: 1505:Main article: 1502: 1499: 1477:The itinerant 1397:al-Aqsa Mosque 1380:of Jerusalem, 1266:Main article: 1263: 1260: 1238:Teutonic Order 1225:Lombard League 1149:Main article: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 970: 967: 889:Peter of Eboli 867: 864: 829:Andrea Dandolo 747: 744: 667:excommunicated 639:King of Sicily 615:Roman emperors 578:from 1220 and 564:King of Sicily 531: 530: 525: 521: 520: 515: 511: 510: 505: 499: 498: 496: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 468: 463: 458: 452: 450: 436: 435: 423: 417: 416: 415: 414: 401: 397: 392: 391: 390: 389: 376: 372: 367: 366: 365: 364: 351: 347: 342: 341: 340: 339: 336: 334: 330: 329: 324: 322: 318: 317: 308:(aged 55) 302: 298: 297: 282: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 244: 240: 239: 233: 229: 228: 225: 221: 220: 214: 213: 202: 198: 197: 192: 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 171: 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 156:King of Sicily 152: 151: 145: 141: 140: 134: 130: 129: 127: 126: 115: 103: 101: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 84: 83: 74: 68: 65: 64: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8849: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8832:Sons of kings 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8662: 8661:Ferdinand III 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8571:Frederick III 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8414: 8412: 8407: 8405: 8400: 8399: 8396: 8384: 8378: 8376: 8370: 8368: 8362: 8360: 8354: 8352: 8346: 8344: 8338: 8336: 8332:Frederick II 8330: 8328: 8322: 8320: 8314: 8312: 8306: 8304: 8298: 8296: 8290: 8288: 8282: 8280: 8274: 8272: 8266: 8264: 8258: 8256: 8250: 8248: 8242: 8240: 8234: 8232: 8226: 8224: 8218: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8203: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8181: 8179: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8165: 8159: 8157: 8151: 8149: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8135: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8121: 8115: 8113: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8099: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8064: 8058: 8056: 8050: 8048: 8042: 8040: 8034: 8032: 8026: 8024: 8018: 8016: 8010: 8008: 8002: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7971: 7965: 7963: 7957: 7955: 7949: 7947: 7941: 7939: 7933: 7931: 7925: 7923: 7917: 7915: 7909: 7907: 7901: 7899: 7893: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7869: 7867: 7861: 7859: 7853: 7851: 7845: 7843: 7837: 7835: 7829: 7827: 7821: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7803: 7797: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7740: 7734: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7718: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7702: 7700: 7694: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7672: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7644: 7637: 7632: 7630: 7625: 7623: 7618: 7617: 7614: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7596:Frederick III 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582:German Empire 7579: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522:German Empire 7519: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7424:Ferdinand III 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7404:Maximilian II 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7384:Frederick III 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 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Trinacria. 6223: 6218: 6214: 6212:0-8052-0898-4 6208: 6203: 6202: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6177:0-8160-3928-3 6173: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6086: 6084:9780860120865 6080: 6076: 6075: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6045:0-582-01404-2 6041: 6036: 6035: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6019:History Today 6015: 6011: 6006: 5994: 5993: 5987: 5984: 5972: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5959:0-393-30153-2 5955: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5933:. Trinacria. 5932: 5927: 5923: 5921:88-06-13197-4 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5890: 5889: 5881: 5874: 5869: 5860: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5791: 5785: 5778: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5746: 5745:Abulafia 1988 5741: 5726:. 7 July 2016 5725: 5721: 5715: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5655: 5653:9781118499467 5649: 5645: 5644: 5636: 5629: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5548: 5546: 5539: 5538: 5530: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5495: 5488: 5486: 5479: 5477:3-515-07909-2 5473: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5453: 5445: 5437: 5436: 5428: 5422: 5417: 5410: 5404: 5396: 5390: 5382: 5380:9783593394046 5376: 5372: 5371: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5245: 5240: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5161: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5142: 5134: 5132:9780060170332 5128: 5124: 5119: 5118: 5109: 5102:. p. 64. 5101: 5094: 5092: 5083: 5076: 5074: 5067: 5062: 5054: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5028: 5022: 5017: 5010: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4991: 4983: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4964: 4958:5 (1926): 97. 4957: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4914: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4860: 4851: 4842: 4836:Kohn, p. 211. 4833: 4824: 4815: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4780: 4772: 4770:9781594161094 4766: 4762: 4755: 4747: 4741: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4696:, Chapter 10 4695: 4691: 4690:Marvin Harris 4686: 4678: 4672: 4664: 4657: 4649: 4647:9780812276442 4643: 4639: 4634: 4626: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4591: 4585: 4578: 4573: 4565: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4445: 4439:, p. 12. 4438: 4433: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4406: 4391: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4372: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4338: 4331: 4326: 4319: 4314: 4308:, p. 11. 4307: 4302: 4295: 4294:Abulafia 1988 4290: 4288: 4281:, p. 20. 4280: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4262:, p. 62. 4261: 4260:Abulafia 1988 4256: 4249: 4244: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4138: 4130: 4129:Abulafia 1988 4125: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4099: 4097:9780845348772 4093: 4089: 4088: 4080: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4046: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4012: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3925: 3924:Book VI e. 1. 3922: 3916: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3867: 3850: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3817: 3810: 3801: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3775: 3771: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3135:Bianca Lancia 3126: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2994:Thomas Tuscus 2991: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978:Codex Manesse 2974: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2901:Second wife: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749:Stained glass 2746: 2741: 2735: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2672:Guido Bonatti 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503:Italo-Romance 2500: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2404:declared him 2403: 2398: 2396: 2395:grand signore 2390: 2388: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2371:manuscript" ( 2370: 2365: 2353: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2294:(made of red 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230:Torremaggiore 2227: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1956:Mongol Empire 1953: 1949: 1948:Mongol Empire 1945: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1903:Mongol Empire 1895: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1732:Roman emperor 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1671: 1670: 1669:Nuova Cronica 1665: 1660: 1653: 1652: 1651:Nuova Cronica 1647: 1643: 1638: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1495:Second Coming 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1468:First Crusade 1465: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1438:In any case, 1436: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1303: 1298: 1285: 1284: 1283:Nuova Cronica 1279: 1274: 1269: 1268:Sixth Crusade 1259: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182:Fifth Crusade 1179: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1151:Fifth Crusade 1137: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1018:, he reached 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1004: 999: 994: 992: 987: 980: 975: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 947:Genoese ships 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 890: 886: 885: 880: 876: 872: 863: 861: 857: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 763: 762: 761:Nuova Cronica 757: 752: 743: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 722: 718: 717:Italo-Romance 714: 710: 706: 702: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655:Sixth Crusade 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 572:King of Italy 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 529: 526: 522: 519: 516: 512: 509: 506: 504: 500: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 470:Illegitimate: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 451: 448: 447: 441: 437: 420: 419:Bianca Lancia 413: 412: 395: 388: 387: 370: 363: 362: 345: 338: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 316: 312: 303: 299: 296: 292: 288: 283: 279: 275: 272: 269: 265: 262: 259: 255: 252: 248: 245: 241: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 219: 215: 211: 206: 203: 199: 196: 193: 189: 186: 183: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 157: 153: 149: 146: 142: 138: 135: 131: 124: 120: 116: 113: 109: 105: 104: 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 82: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 66: 58: 52: 47: 44: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 8717:Hohenstaufen 8606:Ferdinand II 8556:Frederick II 8541:Constance II 8510: 8331: 8308:Frederick I 8175:Berengar II 8168: 8138: 8124: 8102: 8088: 8080:Non-dynastic 8052:Charles III 7996:Charlemagne 7988:Carolingians 7781: 7651:Non-dynastic 7429:Ferdinand IV 7419:Ferdinand II 7389:Maximilian I 7366: 7349: 7307: 7292:Henry (VIII) 7290: 7276:Frederick II 7275: 7231:Conrad (III) 7223: 7216: 7150: 7127:East Francia 7078:East Francia 6965:Ferdinand II 6935:Maximilian I 6905:Frederick II 6904: 6728: 6717: 6698: 6671: 6653: 6645: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6595: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6533: 6522:Stupor mundi 6508: 6459: 6456:Frederick II 6444: 6429: 6426:Frederick II 6414: 6399: 6351:. Stanford: 6348: 6344: 6335: 6316: 6308: 6292: 6288: 6263: 6259: 6240: 6221: 6205:. Schocken. 6200: 6189: 6167: 6157: 6141:. Retrieved 6136: 6120:. Retrieved 6113: 6100: 6088:. Retrieved 6073: 6063: 6054: 6033: 6022: 6018: 6009: 5997:. Retrieved 5991: 5982: 5975:. Retrieved 5969: 5949: 5930: 5911: 5900:Bibliography 5887: 5880: 5868: 5859: 5851: 5848: 5840: 5822: 5814: 5789: 5784: 5776: 5740: 5728:. Retrieved 5723: 5714: 5702:. Retrieved 5697: 5688: 5676:. Retrieved 5671: 5662: 5642: 5635: 5627: 5620:. Retrieved 5611: 5604: 5577: 5567: 5559: 5554: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5521: 5502: 5494: 5485:Michael Scot 5481: 5467: 5461: 5451: 5444: 5434: 5427: 5416: 5408: 5403: 5369: 5362: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5311: 5306: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5256: 5250: 5239: 5206: 5200: 5190:27 September 5188:. Retrieved 5184: 5175: 5163:. Retrieved 5148: 5141: 5116: 5108: 5099: 5081: 5061: 5052: 5046: 5035: 5027: 5016: 4990: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4950: 4941: 4932: 4913: 4904: 4895: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4827:Busk, p. 15. 4823: 4814: 4802:. Retrieved 4798: 4788: 4779: 4760: 4754: 4731: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4693: 4685: 4662: 4656: 4637: 4625: 4613: 4602: 4597: 4589: 4584: 4572: 4563: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4478: 4466:. Retrieved 4451: 4444: 4432: 4412: 4405: 4393:. Retrieved 4378: 4371: 4359:. Retrieved 4344: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4301: 4255: 4250:, p. 8. 4243: 4154:. Retrieved 4152:. p. 65 4149: 4124: 4116:the original 4106: 4086: 4079: 4067:. Retrieved 4052: 4045: 4033:. Retrieved 4018: 4011: 3999:. Retrieved 3984: 3977: 3950: 3944: 3931: 3915: 3896: 3887: 3879: 3870: 3849: 3839: 3830: 3820: 3814: 3809: 3800: 3783: 3774: 3756: 3475: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3132: 3019: 3001: 2997: 2933:Jordan river 2923:Third wife: 2922: 2900: 2882:First wife: 2881: 2862: 2853: 2846: 2830:cosmopolitan 2817: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2692: 2676: 2668:Michael Scot 2665: 2643: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2587: 2581: 2558: 2547: 2541: 2530: 2523: 2511:muwashshahat 2492: 2481: 2465: 2452: 2433: 2427: 2422:Epicureanism 2419: 2413: 2405: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2387:stupor mundi 2386: 2384: 2376: 2289: 2284: 2266: 2242: 2218: 2209: 2187: 2167:embezzlement 2160: 2152: 2146:, tyrant of 2140: 2114: 2076: 2048: 2025: 2013: 2001: 1983:A new pope, 1982: 1936: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1900: 1883:Mongol raids 1861: 1853: 1848:Hohenstaufen 1821: 1807:followed by 1793:Papal States 1762: 1735: 1717: 1697: 1689: 1667: 1649: 1644:against the 1603: 1599: 1590: 1580: 1570: 1538: 1529:Montecassino 1510: 1476: 1460: 1437: 1429:Schatzkammer 1428: 1425: 1410: 1390: 1357: 1352: 1344: 1313: 1281: 1250: 1242:East Prussia 1210: 1174: 1131: 1126: 1116: 1098: 1080:, capturing 1055: 1047:Honorius III 1039: 1024: 1001: 995: 984: 924: 919: 893: 882: 849: 845:papal legate 814: 802: 782:puer Apuliae 781: 767: 759: 729: 700: 683: 674: 662: 604: 594:) and Queen 559: 551: 543: 536:Frederick II 535: 534: 508:Hohenstaufen 444: 306:(1250-12-13) 267:Co-sovereign 150:king in 1220 40: 35:Frederick II 29: 8692:1250 deaths 8687:1194 births 8636:Charles III 8591:Ferdinand I 8511:Frederick I 8501:Constance I 8496:William III 8464:(1130–1816) 8435:(1071–1130) 8382:(1530–1556) 8374:(1452–1493) 8366:(1431–1437) 8358:(1355–1378) 8356:Charles IV 8350:(1327–1347) 8342:(1311–1313) 8334:(1212–1250) 8326:(1209–1212) 8318:(1186–1197) 8310:(1154–1186) 8302:(1138–1152) 8300:Conrad III 8294:(1125–1137) 8286:(1106–1125) 8278:(1093–1101) 8270:(1056–1105) 8262:(1039–1056) 8254:(1026–1039) 8246:(1004–1024) 8238:(1002–1014) 8161:Lothair II 8095:Berengar I 8090:Unruochings 8036:Charles II 7975:Desiderius 7951:Hildeprand 7927:Aripert II 7782:Interregnum 7584:(1871–1918) 7565:(1867–1871) 7546:(1850–1866) 7524:(1848/1849) 7512:Ferdinand I 7500:(1815–1848) 7481:(1806–1813) 7449:Charles VII 7399:Ferdinand I 7281:Henry (VII) 7256:Frederick I 6990:Charles VII 6945:Ferdinand I 6890:Frederick I 6885:Lothair III 6815:Charles III 6790:Charlemagne 6683:Henry (VII) 6656:Isabella II 6636:Isabella II 6619:(1212–1217) 6186:Loud, G. A. 6038:. Longman. 5622:20 November 5283:in journal 4804:19 December 4718:Whalen 2019 4607:Archive.org 4318:Houben 2002 3119:Gerhard of 3034:Bentivoglio 2895:Henry (VII) 2818:Kaiser-Idee 2705:Law reforms 2402:Innocent IV 2292:sarcophagus 2281:Frederick I 2252:or that of 2210:condottieri 1985:Innocent IV 1962:Innocent IV 1834:and, after 1769:Franciscans 1483:Franciscans 1435:in Vienna. 1406:Mesopotamia 1378:restitution 1291: 1348 1003:in absentia 894:In 1196 at 881:, from the 635:of Burgundy 570:from 1212, 566:from 1198, 271:Isabella II 247:Isabella II 243:Predecessor 212:(1212–1217) 205:Constance I 185:Constance I 181:Predecessor 148:Henry (VII) 133:Predecessor 8822:Sonneteers 8722:Anti-kings 8676:Categories 8651:Charles IV 8631:Philip III 8616:Charles II 8481:William II 8380:Charles V 8364:Sigismund 8340:Henry VII 8276:Conrad II 8260:Henry III 8252:Conrad II 8230:(996–1002) 8205:(962–1556) 8020:Lothair I 7943:Liutprand 7919:Raginpert 7879:Perctarit 7855:Perctarit 7839:Aripert I 7704:Theodahad 7696:Athalaric 7688:Theodoric 7680:Ostrogoths 7601:William II 7488:Napoleon I 7469:Francis II 7464:Leopold II 7444:Charles VI 7357:Wenceslaus 7345:Charles IV 7251:Henry (VI) 7246:Conrad III 7175:(962–1806) 7170:within the 7080:during the 7010:Francis II 7005:Leopold II 6985:Charles VI 6955:Rudolph II 6920:Charles IV 6810:Charles II 6723:1212–1250 6704:1212–1250 6677:1212–1216 6319:. Oxford. 6103:. Brepols. 5952:. Norton. 5332:(3): 244. 4618:Jones 2007 4577:Pybus 1930 4520:(2): 229. 4468:19 January 4437:Rader 2012 4395:19 January 4361:19 January 4156:19 January 3893:Jones, Dan 3862:References 2909:, Apulia. 2890:, Sicily. 2738:See also: 2689:Appearance 2644:Chronicles 2621:Chronicles 2565:gyrfalcons 2552:scholastic 2505:language, 2410:Antichrist 2285:Barbarossa 2277:Kyffhäuser 2222:Cistercian 2131:King Enzio 2087:Monferrato 1824:Ghibelline 1787:, and the 1773:Dominicans 1686:Gregory IX 1487:Spirituals 1479:Joachimite 1302:Regensburg 1192:to reject 1169:fridericus 798:San Rufino 694:Old French 679:Antichrist 560:Fridericus 232:Coronation 207:(1198) and 170:Coronation 99:Coronation 57:augustalis 8656:Charles V 8641:Philip IV 8626:Philip II 8596:Alfonso I 8586:Martin II 8536:Charles I 8526:Conrad II 8491:Roger III 8476:William I 8348:Louis IV 8316:Henry VI 8268:Henry IV 8244:Henry II 8236:Arduin I 8228:Otto III 8222:(980–983) 8214:(962–973) 8185:(950–963) 8183:Adalbert 8177:(950–963) 8170:Anscarids 8163:(945–950) 8155:(926–947) 8147:(900–905) 8145:Louis II 8133:(922–933) 8119:(891–897) 8111:(889–894) 8104:Guideschi 8097:(887–924) 8062:(896–899) 8054:(879–887) 8046:(877–879) 8044:Carloman 8038:(875–877) 8030:(855–875) 8022:(818–855) 8014:(810–818) 8006:(781–810) 7998:(774–814) 7977:(756–774) 7969:(749–756) 7961:(744–749) 7945:(712–744) 7935:Ansprand 7929:(702–712) 7913:(700–702) 7911:Liutpert 7905:(689–700) 7903:Cunipert 7889:(688–689) 7887:Cunipert 7881:(671–688) 7871:Garibald 7865:(662–671) 7863:Grimoald 7857:(661–662) 7849:(661–662) 7847:Godepert 7841:(653–661) 7833:(652–653) 7825:(636-652) 7817:(626–636) 7809:(616–626) 7807:Adaloald 7801:(590–616) 7793:(584–590) 7785:(574–584) 7775:(572–574) 7767:(568–572) 7746:(552–553) 7738:(541–552) 7722:(540–541) 7714:(536–540) 7706:(534–536) 7698:(526–534) 7690:(493–526) 7660:(476–493) 7591:William I 7572:William I 7507:Francis I 7459:Joseph II 7454:Francis I 7434:Leopold I 7409:Rudolf II 7394:Charles V 7379:Albert II 7374:Sigismund 7330:Henry VII 7286:Conrad IV 7207:Henry III 7202:Conrad II 7134:(919–962) 7129:(911–919) 7085:(843–911) 7000:Joseph II 6995:Francis I 6975:Leopold I 6940:Charles V 6925:Sigismund 6910:Henry VII 6870:Henry III 6865:Conrad II 6835:Louis III 6800:Lothair I 6740:Henry VII 6710:Conrad IV 6651:1225–1228 6606:Constance 6601:1198–1250 6590:Constance 6490:catalogue 6371:474664651 6280:154964516 5983:contents. 5409:Monumenta 5389:cite book 5354:162301922 5009:Kamp 1975 4740:cite book 4706:Loud 2016 4536:1550-3283 4220:Kamp 1995 3919:Cronica, 3897:Crusaders 3075:Selvaggia 2917:Conrad IV 2590:menagerie 2573:Greenland 2544:Aristotle 2318:built by 2258:Henry VII 2254:Jerusalem 2238:dysentery 2179:Bolognese 2068:anti-king 2060:Frankfurt 2040:Altavilla 2021:Byzantium 1919:Batu Khan 1817:Benevento 1813:St Angelo 1737:carroccio 1688:in 1241, 1622:enfeoffed 1573:Henry VII 1386:Bethlehem 1280:(right). 1161:augustale 1070:Champagne 875:Constance 821:Salimbene 758:from the 544:Friedrich 261:Conrad II 257:Successor 237:Jerusalem 227:1225–1228 191:Successor 165:1198–1250 144:Successor 8621:Philip I 8581:Martin I 8561:Peter II 8521:Conrad I 8516:Henry II 8471:Roger II 8452:Roger II 8324:Otto IV 8284:Henry V 8220:Otto II 8140:Bosonids 8131:Rudolph 8117:Lambert 8028:Louis I 8012:Bernard 7967:Aistulf 7959:Ratchis 7831:Rodoald 7823:Rothari 7815:Arioald 7799:Agilulf 7791:Authari 7757:Lombards 7720:Ildibad 7712:Vitiges 7658:Odoacer 7439:Joseph I 7414:Matthias 7335:Louis IV 7325:Albert I 7315:Rudolf I 7261:Henry VI 7212:Henry IV 7197:Henry II 7192:Otto III 7141:Conrad I 7097:Carloman 7028:Category 6980:Joseph I 6960:Matthias 6915:Louis IV 6895:Henry VI 6875:Henry IV 6860:Henry II 6855:Otto III 6840:Berengar 6805:Louis II 6615:Henry II 6155:(1937). 5910:(1988). 5830:Archived 5730:9 August 5704:9 August 5678:9 August 5596:19311966 5326:Speculum 4922:Archived 4799:csun.edu 3939:(1903). 3895:(2019). 3876:Augustus 3741:See also 3239:Ancestry 2957:Margaret 2907:Brindisi 2826:Henry VI 2773:Henry IV 2757:Bas-Rhin 2721:Statutum 2610:elephant 2606:leopards 2598:cheetahs 2594:giraffes 2526:falconry 2507:Sicilian 2426:Dante's 2296:porphyry 2115:Vittoria 2091:Louis IX 1826:city of 1771:and the 1754:Piacenza 1684:against 1648:(1237), 1595:Cividale 1591:Statutum 1587:Aquileia 1533:Campania 1519:and the 1382:Nazareth 1370:Al-Kamil 1368:sultan, 1354:crusade. 1328:Brindisi 1278:Al-Kamil 1221:communes 1217:Lombardy 1202:Damietta 1198:Al-Kamil 1190:Pelagius 1165:Brindisi 1105:Roger II 1074:Lorraine 1035:Bouvines 1020:Konstanz 1012:Lombardy 991:Calabria 959:Sicilian 912:Henry VI 866:Minority 852:Henry VI 784:(son of 768:Born in 709:Sicilian 686:Sicilian 631:of Italy 607:Crusades 584:Henry VI 552:Federico 210:Henry II 201:Co-ruler 195:Conrad I 8551:James I 8546:Peter I 8531:Manfred 8506:Henry I 8486:Tancred 8442:Roger I 8212:Otto I 8198:within 8068:Ratold 8060:Arnulf 7895:Alahis 7765:Alboin 7736:Totila 7728:Eraric 7351:Günther 7309:Alfonso 7303:Richard 7298:William 7271:Otto IV 7236:Henry V 7225:Hermann 7187:Otto II 7146:Henry I 6900:Otto IV 6880:Henry V 6850:Otto II 6825:Lambert 6795:Louis I 6693:Otto IV 6496:in the 6486:in the 6464:. 1921. 6449:. 1920. 6434:. 1913. 6404:. 1905. 6122:20 June 6090:6 March 5999:5 March 5977:4 March 5854:(1995). 5587:1965858 5452:Cronica 5346:2847715 5165:2 March 4544:3153729 4483:FIU.edu 3969:3153729 3173:Gallery 3152:Manfred 3121:Koskele 3038:Ferrara 2888:Messina 2814:viceroy 2777:Henry V 2699:dirhams 2626:In the 2619:in his 2577:Manfred 2555:others. 2478:in 1241 2476:Cremona 2428:Inferno 2369:Manfred 2312:Thuluth 2275:in the 2246:Taranto 2202:Ravenna 2181:at the 2177:by the 2036:Caserta 2017:eunuchs 2005:Liguria 1989:Viterbo 1832:Ravenna 1828:Ferrara 1809:Viterbo 1805:Foligno 1801:Tuscany 1781:Romagna 1750:Bologna 1746:Brescia 1728:Cremona 1672:c. 1348 1654:c. 1348 1614:Bavaria 1545:Ceprano 1431:of the 1366:Ayyubid 1213:Cremona 1196:sultan 1194:Ayyubid 1090:Crusade 1016:Engadin 856:Palermo 772:, near 713:Palermo 598:of the 586:of the 548:Italian 446:more... 432: 424: 410: 402: 398: 385: 377: 373: 360: 352: 348: 333:Spouses 175:Palermo 139:in 1215 137:Otto IV 55:A gold 8611:Joanna 8004:Pepin 7773:Cleph 7362:Rupert 7266:Philip 7218:Rudolf 7182:Otto I 7158:Otto I 7152:Arnulf 7112:Arnulf 6845:Otto I 6830:Arnulf 6666:Philip 6610:(1198) 6572: 6369: 6359: 6323: 6278: 6247: 6228: 6209: 6174: 6143:26 May 6081: 6042: 5956: 5937: 5918: 5650: 5594: 5584: 5537:Damals 5514: 5474: 5377: 5352: 5344: 5263: 5213: 5156: 5129: 4978: 4767: 4644: 4542: 4534: 4459: 4420: 4386: 4352: 4094: 4069:2 June 4060: 4035:2 June 4026: 4001:2 June 3992: 3967: 3903: 3207:Andria 3045:Finale 2986:Bianca 2859:Family 2793:Verona 2761:Alsace 2661:Arabic 2602:lynxes 2569:Lübeck 2499:poetry 2436:Lucera 2304:Norman 2234:Apulia 2232:), in 2198:Modena 2190:Chieti 2148:Verona 2044:Spello 1864:Umbria 1840:Faenza 1785:Marche 1752:, and 1720:Verona 1713:Conrad 1705:Vienna 1694:(1259) 1618:Saxony 1557:Anagni 1491:Swabia 1485:, the 1442:, the 1417:Conrad 1374:treaty 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Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

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