506:, and wounded the ears of a lion which was crouching there, and shook the triple crown on the pope's head. All the cardinals and princes ran to support it; and, as the dreamer himself joined in the effort to support the pope's crown, he awoke in great alarm, and angry with the monk who had used his pen so awkwardly. Presently he fell asleep again, and his strange dream continued; the disturbed lion began to roar, and Rome and all the surrounding States ran to make inquiry; and the pope demanded that the monk be restrained, and demanded this especially of the elector, as the monk dwelt in his dominions. Once more the elector awoke from his dream, besought God to preserve the holy father, the pope, and slept again. And still his strange dream continued, and he saw all the princes of the empire crowding to Rome, and all striving to break the mysterious pen. Yet the more they endeavored to break it, the stiffer it became; and when they asked the monk where he found it, and why it was so strong, he replied that he secured it from one of his old schoolmasters; that it belonged to a Bohemian goose (
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such as love, patience, charity, and freedom, and reminded the citizens to trust God's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change. The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate at the city. After the sixth sermon, the
Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector: "Oh, what
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at that context. Thus, according to some calculations, a diligent and pious person who rendered appropriate devotion to each of these relics at that time would be able to merit 1,902,202 years worth of penance (an earthly equivalent of time otherwise spent in purgatory, removed by indulgences). Two
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was at hand, and the elector, having retired to rest, lay musing how he should keep the festival, and was praying for the poor souls in purgatory, and beseeching Divine guidance for himself, his counselors, and his people. Thus engaged, he fell asleep, and dreamed that a monk, a true son of the
956:, embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms provoked disturbances, including a revolt by the Augustinian friars against their prior, the smashing of statues and images in churches, and denunciations of the magistracy.
1029:
Despite his victory in
Wittenberg, after banishing the Zwickau prophets, Luther would still have to fight elsewhere against both the established Catholic Church and also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence.
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Then, on 31 October 1517, Luther wrote to his bishop, Albrecht von
Brandenburg, protesting against the sale of indulgences. He enclosed in his letter a copy of his "Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences", which came to be known as the
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and other hostile figures. He was ostensibly led, not by religious conviction about the possible truthness of Luther's propositions, but rather by personal belief in a fair trial for any of his subjects (a privilege guaranteed by the
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by the
Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important for Luther was the doctrine of
498:, was sent to him; and that all the saints accompanied him, for the purpose of testifying that he was divinely commissioned. They asked of the elector, that the monk might be allowed to write something on the church door at
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on 6 March 1522. He wrote to the elector: "During my absence, Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing, but only by my personal presence and living word." For eight days in
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signifies 'goose') a hundred years old; and that it was strong because no man could take the pith out of it. Suddenly the dreamer heard an outcry, and lo, a great number of pens had issued from the long pen of the
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Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices. By working alongside the authorities to restore public order, he signaled his reinvention as a conservative force within the
Reformation.
720:. "This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification", he writes, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."
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The
Elector then protected Luther from the Pope's enforcement of the edict by faking a highway attack on Luther's way back to Wittenberg, abducting and then hiding him for several years at
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From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, and on the books of
Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as
502:. The monk began to write, and the characters were so large and brilliant that they could be read at a great distance; and the pen he used was so long that its extremity reached even to
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was not yet fully established, and was just beginning to be seen as the autonomous expression of faith it would become, instead of just a correction or a heresy inside the scope of
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These propositions attracted universal attention. They were read and re-read and repeated in every direction. Great excitement was created in the university and in the whole city.
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The pronouncements by Luther from
Wartburg Castle were made the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed while residing at the fortress.
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1005:, beginning on Invocavit Sunday, 9 March, Luther preached eight sermons, which became known as the "Invocavit Sermons". In these sermons, he hammered home the primacy of core
840:, who had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen impersonating highway robbers. They escorted Luther to the security of the
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684:, succeeding von Staupitz as chair of theology. He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg. In 1515, he was made provincial
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Despite actively protecting Luther from the hostile menaces against him, the elector had little personal contact with the reformer himself, but
Frederick's
2091:. Jaroslav Jan Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald and Helmut T. Lehmann (eds), Vol. 48: Letters I, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1999, c1963, 48:246; Mullett, 133.
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by agreeing to support
Charles and to convince his fellow electors to do the same if Charles repaid an outstanding debt to the Saxons dating back to 1497.
1080:
However, to define what it meant to "convert" to Lutheranism or Protestantism at the time, it must be taken into account that, when he passed away, the
886:
In the summer of 1521, Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practice.
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joy has Dr. Martin's return spread among us! His words, through divine mercy, are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth."
741:, where Frederick III attempted in vain to create for Luther the chance of a fair trial and the possible support of other German nobles. Painting by
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712:—God's act of declaring a sinner righteous—by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of God's
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913:. He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin, because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation.
651:, i.e., inside the territory ruled by Prince-elector Frederick III. Therefore, Luther was a subject of the elector, by living at his domains.
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of his older brother. John had been Lutheran even before succeeding Frederick as elector, and continued with his policies of supporting the
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of the people, a device of Satan to destroy the souls of all who should trust to its lying pretensions. It was also clearly shown that the
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The elector leaned heavily towards Lutheranism throughout his later years, guaranteeing safety for his subject and Protestant reformer
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1088:, considered the start of the movement, and many important works, were yet to be written at the time of Frederick's death, such as
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of virtue on 3 September 1518 in an effort to persuade him to accept the throne. However, Frederick helped secure the election of
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About October 30, 1517, Frederic had a dream which made a deep impression upon his mind, and which foreshadowed the work of the
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731:. Luther attempted to resolve these differences amicably, first proposing an academic discussion of its practice and efficacy.
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is a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation. His essay
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Degenhart Pfaffinger spoke on his behalf to Luther, as Pfaffinger had supported the elector since their pilgrimage to the
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2715:
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Geoffrey Parker; Caleb Carr; et al. (2001). "Martin Luther Burns at the Stake, 1521". In Robert Cowley (ed.).
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974:, and Christ's imminent return. When the town council asked Luther to return, he decided it was his duty to act.
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went boldly to the church, to which a crowd of worshipers was already repairing, and affixed to the door
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Wittenberg became even more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots, the so-called
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596:, or to any other man. The whole scheme was a farce, an artifice to extort money by playing upon the
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Luther received two bachelor's degrees, one in biblical studies on 9 March 1508, and another in the
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A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion
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had begun not long before, as the time he died was just eight years after the publication of the
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680:. On 21 October 1512, Luther was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the
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condemned Luther as an outlaw at the Diet, the elector also secured an exemption from the
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upon the door of the church, he proclaimed himself ready to defend them the next day at
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Frederick died unmarried in 1525, aged 62 years old, at Lochau, a hunting castle near
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demanded that Luther renounce all of his writings, and when Luther refused to do so,
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from 1486 to 1525, who is mostly remembered for the protection given to his subject
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562:. He went alone; his closest friends did not know his plan. As he fastened his
543:. Accordingly on this day the people in great numbers flocked to Wittenberg in
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rather than a title which summarizes the content. Luther usually called them "
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696:, which required him to visit and oversee eleven monasteries in his province.
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Then, to give him the right to a fair trial, Elector Frederick ensured that
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After a while, Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the
510:, who proclaimed the truth a century before Luther and whose surname in the
456:. Money was paid in order to venerate these relics and thus escape years in
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1179:
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Frederick was among the German princes who pressed the need of reform upon
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The collected What if?: eminent historians imagining what might have been
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from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings.
474:
422:
304:
293:
257:
1949:. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:112–127.
959:
After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 1521, Luther wrote
322:, and is officially commemorated as an exemplary Christian ruler in the
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612:, therein revealed, was freely bestowed upon all who should seek it by
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Luther's disappearance during his return to Wittenberg was planned by
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693:
668:
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2313: This article incorporates text from a publication in the
909:, since "every Christian is a confessor." In November, Luther wrote
440:; his inventory of 1518 listed 17,443 items, including a thumb from
3053:
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1936:. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:93.
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He is notable as being one of the most powerful early defenders of
144:
2574:
The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics
2136:
Friedrich Gottlieb Canzler; August Gottlieb Meissner (1783–1785).
2932:
2319:
Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914). "Frederick III, The Wise".
1906:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1738:
717:
700:
164:
2421:
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1507–25. Both the obverse and the reverse bear a version of the
547:. On the 31st of October, the day preceding the festival, the
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in 1507, and on the following year, in 1508, he began teaching
563:
449:
342:
119:
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As he was unmarried and had no offspring, he was succeeded as
303:
all his life, yet gradually inclining toward doctrines of the
2272:
Between Freedom and Necessity: An Essay on the Place of Value
685:
632:
30:"Frederick the Wise" redirects here. For the politician, see
2219:
Brecht, 2:60; Bainton, Mentor edition, 165; Marius, 168–169.
1140:(30 km southeast of Wittenberg), and was buried in the
1017:
Illustration of the tomb of Frederick the Wise, sculpted by
882:; an original first edition is kept in the case on the desk.
2023:"The Doctrine of Justification in the Lutheran Confessions"
1002:
899:
On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It
593:
503:
284:
209:
2334:
The Literary Culture of the Reformation: Grammar and Grace
2325:(third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls.
1849:
1033:
855:
During his stay at Wartburg, which he referred to as "my
828:
to be taken and hidden for his own protection after the
916:
3494:
Prince Frederick, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
2049:
3962:
People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
2322:
New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
1731:"Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum"
279:, as the elector successfully protected him from the
2012:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 88–94.
1988:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 45.
1963:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 44.
832:, and where the reformer wrote several of his works.
465:
years later, the collection exceeded 19,000 pieces.
299:
The prince-elector is considered to have remained a
3401:The generations are numbered from the ascension of
1061:, so that he would not receive the same fate as of
539:was granted to all who visited the church and made
2558:Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants
2331:
535:were then displayed before the people, and a full
484:Portrait of Frederick III of Saxony (17th century)
3928:
1116:Silver Saxony coin of Frederick III, known as a
716:, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the
676:in 1509. On 19 October 1512, he was awarded his
2295:Brecht, 2:251–54; Bainton, Mentor edition, 266.
2231:History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch IV
2200:History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch IV
2076:Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490–1700,
911:The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows
580:was fearlessly opposed. Luther argued that the
2502:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
2262:
1854:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 511.
1096:(1526), about Lutheran liturgy. Therefore the
623:
236:(17 January 1463 – 5 May 1525), also known as
3377:
3214:
2437:
1198:Ancestors of Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
981:Posthumous portrait of Frederick the Wise by
893:, he condemned as idolatry the idea that the
1771:Tomczak, Benjamin. "Review of Sam Wellman's
1742:
1050:in 1525 depending on how his receiving of a
1092:(1529), about Protestant doctrine, and the
3384:
3370:
3221:
3207:
2444:
2430:
2099:, had been exiled on the island of Patmos.
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
60:
3972:Burials at All Saints' Church, Wittenberg
2510:On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
2344:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187356.001.0001
2268:
2222:
1834:
1766:
1764:
727:; in particular, he disputed the view on
147:, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire
3837:Friedrich Christian, Margrave of Meissen
2329:
2197:Letter of 7 March 1522. Schaff, Philip,
2150:
2055:
2008:Wriedt, Markus. "Luther's Theology," in
1939:
1913:
1111:
1012:
976:
920:
865:
814:
733:
653:
479:
402:from 1504 on was the Renaissance master
376:
3717:Clemens Wenceslaus, Archbishop of Trier
2318:
2138:Für ältere Literatur und neuere Lektüre
1983:
1958:
1926:
1868:
1107:
14:
3992:Medieval Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
3929:
3515:Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Saxony
3228:
2356:– via Oxford Scholarship Online.
2002:
1825:(Penguin Lives) Paperback, 2008, p. 18
1761:
1564:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1322:
1212:
1208:
1034:Personal faith and issue of conversion
905:and encouraged private confession and
658:A posthumous portrait of Luther as an
468:
3391:
3365:
3202:
2875:Die LĂĽgend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo
2590:Confession Concerning Christ's Supper
2425:
2166:
2164:
1921:Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther
1883:
1720:
1640:
1630:
1626:
1614:
1611:Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Einbeck
1608:
1598:
1585:Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
1582:
1572:
1568:
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1536:
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891:On the Abrogation of the Private Mass
460:, according to the current belief in
917:Last years and Wittenberg happenings
421:; thus the Pope had awarded him the
3427:William III, Landgrave of Thuringia
2338:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1886:"The First Blow of the Reformation"
1699:Portrait of Frederick III of Saxony
848:, where he remained desguised as "
383:Portrait of Frederick III of Saxony
27:Elector of Saxony from 1486 to 1525
24:
3858:Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen
2526:Against Henry, King of the English
2161:
952:, supported by the ex-Augustinian
592:, had never been committed to the
25:
4008:
3510:John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony
2869:Propaganda during the Reformation
2451:
2365:Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
2188:Bainton, Mentor edition, 164–165.
2179:Wilson, 192–202; Brecht, 2:34–38.
2140:. Leipzig: Breitkopf. p. 48.
2010:The Cambridge Companion to Luther
1986:Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer
1961:Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer
1923:. New York: Penguin, 1995, 44–45.
1042:, but he might have converted to
874:room where Luther translated the
349:in 1486; in 1502, he founded the
2716:Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam
2668:Weimar edition of Luther's works
2308:
2154:Historischer Nachlass und Briefe
2087:Luther, Martin. "Letter 82," in
1901:
1643:Elisabeth of Brunswick-Göttingen
1427:Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
1148:, with a grave tomb sculpted by
604:of Christ was the most valuable
366:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
223:
3469:Ernest, Archbishop of Magdeburg
2494:Sermon on Indulgences and Grace
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2111:
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2029:, 26 November 1955, No. 11:801.
2015:
1977:
1952:
1837:Das Leben Friedrichs des Weisen
1249:Frederick II, Elector of Saxony
739:Luther Before the Diet of Worms
3474:Albert, Administrator of Mainz
3009:All Saints' Church, Wittenberg
2701:Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
2636:On the Councils and the Church
2542:The Adoration of the Sacrament
2157:. Friedrich Nauke. p. 89.
2108:Brecht, 2:27–29; Mullett, 133.
2078:London: Allen Lane, 2003, 132.
2068:Reformation Europe: 1517–1559,
1843:
1828:
1815:
1801:
1789:. Devillier Donegan Enterprise
1779:
1775:", Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary
1223:Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
824:, where Frederick III ordered
32:Frederick Wise, 1st Baron Wise
13:
1:
3832:Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony
3623:Christian I of Saxe-Merseburg
2983:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
2518:On the Freedom of a Christian
2469:Resources about Martin Luther
2027:Concordia Theological Monthly
1754:
1733:– The first printings of the
1038:Frederick III was a lifelong
986:
570:itself against all opposers.
361:would teach some time later.
345:, he succeeded his father as
314:He is held in high regard by
3618:Augustus of Saxe-Weissenfels
3039:Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)
2749:Heidelberg Disputation, 1518
2709:A Mighty Fortress Is Our God
996:Luther secretly returned to
795:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
336:
256:, the seminal figure of the
7:
3863:Albert, Margrave of Meissen
3034:Martin Luther's Death House
3029:Martin Luther's Birth House
2892:Hans and Margarethe Luther
2805:Priesthood of all believers
2070:London: Fontana, 1963, 53;
1884:White, E. (June 14, 1883).
1691:
1491:Albert III, Duke of Bavaria
1189:
647:, which was located in the
624:Protection of Martin Luther
270:Albert III, Duke of Bavaria
260:. Frederick was the son of
85:26 August 1486 – 5 May 1525
10:
4013:
3977:16th-century German people
2993:Albrecht VII. von Mansfeld
2644:On the Jews and Their Lies
2566:On the Bondage of the Will
2302:
2269:Schroeder, Steven (2000).
1984:Hendrix, Scott H. (2015).
1959:Hendrix, Scott H. (2015).
1558:
1442:
1316:
1210:
789:would be heard before the
309:converting on his deathbed
29:
3952:Prince-electors of Saxony
3908:
3892:
3871:
3850:
3824:
3793:
3772:
3751:
3725:
3707:Charles, Duke of Courland
3689:
3673:
3652:
3636:
3605:
3579:
3548:
3502:
3456:
3435:
3414:
3399:
3236:
3173:
3148:
3062:
3044:St. Augustine's Monastery
3001:
2885:
2795:Theology of Martin Luther
2785:Augsburg Confession, 1530
2729:
2676:
2477:
2459:
2407:
2398:
2390:
2363:
1835:Borkowsky, Ernst (1929).
1628:
1620:
1592:
1570:
1566:
1530:
1508:
1500:
1472:
1450:
1446:
1408:
1386:
1378:
1350:
1328:
1324:
1307:Ernest, Elector of Saxony
1288:
1266:
1258:
1230:
1214:
1150:Peter Vischer the Younger
1069:, after he was tried for
1019:Peter Vischer the Younger
859:", Luther translated the
523:was an important day for
454:milk from the Virgin Mary
432:Frederick collected many
262:Ernest, Elector of Saxony
219:
195:
185:
180:Ernest, Elector of Saxony
175:
163:
157:Schlosskirche, Wittenberg
151:
133:
113:
109:
99:
89:
81:
74:
59:
44:
39:
3743:Maximilian, Crown Prince
2847:Eucharist in Lutheranism
2773:Decet Romanum Pontificem
2330:Cummings, Brian (2002).
2151:Spalatin, Georg (1851).
1713:
1157:prince-elector of Saxony
682:University of Wittenberg
645:University of Wittenberg
556:ninety-five propositions
351:University of Wittenberg
3967:Medieval child monarchs
3916:of Poland and Lithuania
3712:Albert, Duke of Teschen
3049:Veste Coburg (Fortress)
2598:On War Against the Turk
2275:. Rodopi. p. 104.
2044:Encyclopædia Britannica
1839:. Jena. pp. 56–57.
1465:Ernest, Duke of Bavaria
1343:Ernest, Duke of Austria
983:Lucas Cranach the Elder
578:doctrine of indulgences
560:doctrine of indulgences
404:Lucas Cranach the Elder
292:statutory law) and the
68:Lucas Cranach the Elder
18:Frederick III of Saxony
3801:Frederick Augustus III
3351:Frederick Augustus III
3122:Martin Luther, Heretic
3014:Stadtkirche Wittenberg
2780:Marburg Colloquy, 1529
2237:23 August 2017 at the
2206:23 August 2017 at the
1823:Martin Luther: A Life.
1743:
1730:
1281:Catherine of Brunswick
1133:
1022:
993:
934:
883:
833:
746:
663:
635:, was ordained to the
606:treasure of the Church
521:festival of All-Saints
517:
485:
419:1519 imperial election
395:
258:Protestant Reformation
50:Landgrave of Thuringia
3842:Prince Ernst Heinrich
3759:Frederick Augustus II
3702:Prince Francis Xavier
3681:Frederick Augustus II
3628:Maurice of Saxe-Zeitz
3341:Frederick Augustus II
2928:Bartholomaeus Arnoldi
2923:Albert of Brandenburg
2800:Theology of the Cross
2686:First Lutheran hymnal
2614:Articles of Schwabach
2021:Bouman, Herbert J.A.
1166:, as former duke and
1115:
1054:communion is viewed.
1016:
980:
925:Luther disguised as "
924:
869:
818:
782:him in January 1521.
737:
725:Roman Catholic Church
657:
487:
483:
380:
3733:Frederick Augustus I
3665:Frederick Augustus I
3336:Frederick Augustus I
2857:Words of Institution
2754:Leipzig Debate, 1519
1809:"Frederick the Wise"
1787:"Frederick the Wise"
1747:" (my propositions).
1549:Elisabeth of Bavaria
1401:Cymburgis of Masovia
1108:Death and succession
901:rejected compulsory
759:St. Peter's Basilica
649:Electorate of Saxony
576:By these theses the
353:, where theologians
190:Elisabeth of Bavaria
124:Electorate of Saxony
3806:Prince Johann Georg
3697:Frederick Christian
3346:Frederick Christian
3187:Theologia Germanica
2953:Johann von Staupitz
2767:Diet of Worms, 1521
2652:Vom Schem Hamphoras
2072:Diarmaid MacCulloch
1811:. October 26, 2014.
1744:meine Propositiones
1523:Elisabetta Visconti
1369:Margaret of Austria
1098:Protestant doctrine
1090:Luther's cathecisms
491:feast of All-Saints
469:The elector's dream
446:Moses' burning bush
242:Friedrich der Weise
143:Castle Lochau near
3947:People from Torgau
3566:John Frederick III
3230:Electors of Saxony
2988:Frederick the Wise
2973:Philip Melanchthon
2899:Katharina von Bora
2693:Erfurt Enchiridion
2486:Ninety-five Theses
2378:17 January 1463
1893:Signs of the Times
1773:Frederick the Wise
1174:, having made the
1134:
1086:Ninety-five Theses
1023:
994:
935:
884:
834:
768:Ninety-five Theses
747:
678:Doctor of Theology
664:
628:Martin Luther, an
486:
448:, hay of the holy
415:Holy Roman Emperor
396:
359:Philip Melanchthon
328:Lutheran Church –
324:Calendar of Saints
281:Holy Roman Emperor
238:Frederick the Wise
3924:
3923:
3811:Prince Maximilian
3556:John Frederick II
3407:Elector of Saxony
3393:Princes of Saxony
3359:
3358:
3196:
3195:
3160:, Washington D.C.
2968:Andreas Karlstadt
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2852:Sacramental union
2725:
2724:
2629:Smalcald Articles
2420:
2419:
2408:Succeeded by
2401:Elector of Saxony
2353:978-0-19-818735-6
2282:978-90-420-1302-5
2170:Mullett, 135–136.
1995:978-0-300-16669-9
1970:978-0-300-16669-9
1919:Bainton, Roland.
1821:Martin E. Marty,
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1126:Saxony Electorate
1102:Roman Catholicism
950:Andreas Karlstadt
590:remit its penalty
512:Bohemian language
413:'s candidate for
231:
230:
128:Holy Roman Empire
76:Elector of Saxony
16:(Redirected from
4004:
3919:
3884:Prince Alexander
3520:John Frederick I
3386:
3379:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3291:John Frederick I
3223:
3216:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3150:Luther Monuments
2963:Karl von Miltitz
2943:Johann Cochlaeus
2917:
2909:
2907:Magdalena Luther
2901:
2893:
2674:
2673:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2391:Preceded by
2386:
2379:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2337:
2326:
2312:
2311:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2266:
2260:
2259:Mullett, 141–43.
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2228:Schaff, Philip,
2226:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2126:Marius, 163–164.
2124:
2118:
2117:Brecht, 2:18–21.
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2085:
2079:
2065:
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2047:
2036:
2030:
2019:
2013:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1956:
1950:
1945:Brecht, Martin.
1943:
1937:
1932:Brecht, Martin.
1930:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1881:
1866:
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1847:
1841:
1840:
1832:
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1819:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1797:– via PBS.
1796:
1794:
1783:
1777:
1768:
1748:
1746:
1724:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1168:heir presumptive
1007:Christian values
991:
988:
968:Zwickau prophets
954:Gabriel Zwilling
839:
743:Anton von Werner
537:remission of sin
326:of the American
227:
140:
64:
37:
36:
21:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3997:Lutheran saints
3987:Imperial vicars
3957:House of Wettin
3927:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3910:
3904:
3893:19th generation
3888:
3872:18th generation
3867:
3851:17th generation
3846:
3825:16th generation
3820:
3794:15th generation
3789:
3773:14th generation
3768:
3752:13th generation
3747:
3726:12th generation
3721:
3690:11th generation
3685:
3674:10th generation
3669:
3648:
3644:John George III
3632:
3601:
3575:
3544:
3498:
3452:
3431:
3410:
3395:
3390:
3360:
3355:
3326:John George III
3232:
3227:
3197:
3192:
3169:
3164:Luther Monument
3158:Luther Monument
3144:
3058:
3054:Wartburg Castle
2997:
2948:Johann Reuchlin
2881:
2840:Marian theology
2731:
2721:
2672:
2622:Large Catechism
2606:Small Catechism
2473:
2455:
2450:
2416:
2404:
2396:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2370:House of Wettin
2366:
2354:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2299:
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2290:
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2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2239:Wayback Machine
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:; Brecht, 2:57.
2208:Wayback Machine
2196:
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1820:
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1807:
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1802:
1792:
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1785:
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1780:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1694:
1689:
1192:
1176:Lutheran church
1159:by his brother
1110:
1036:
989:
931:Wartburg Castle
919:
842:Wartburg Castle
837:
821:Wartburg Castle
806:Wartburg Castle
793:in 1521; after
755:Dominican friar
626:
608:, and that the
471:
386:at his thirties
339:
307:and supposedly
215:
170:House of Wettin
159:
142:
138:
118:
117:17 January 1463
70:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3906:
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3887:
3886:
3881:
3879:Prince RĂĽdiger
3875:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
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3854:
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3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3660:John George IV
3656:
3654:
3653:9th generation
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3637:8th generation
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3613:John George II
3609:
3607:
3606:7th generation
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3580:6th generation
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3561:Johann Wilhelm
3558:
3552:
3550:
3549:5th generation
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3503:4th generation
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3457:3rd generation
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3436:2nd generation
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3415:1st generation
3412:
3411:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3389:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3366:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3331:John George IV
3328:
3323:
3321:John George II
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3233:
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3218:
3211:
3203:
3194:
3193:
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3190:
3183:
3177:
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3170:
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3167:
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3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2877:(1537 edition)
2871:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2835:Law and Gospel
2832:
2826:
2821:
2818:Sola scriptura
2814:
2807:
2802:
2792:
2790:Luther's canon
2787:
2782:
2777:
2769:
2764:
2760:Exsurge Domine
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2705:
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2689:
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2671:
2670:
2665:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2582:Deutsche Messe
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2550:Formula missae
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2498:
2490:
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2474:
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2456:
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2418:
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2409:
2406:
2397:
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2387:
2367:
2364:
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2358:
2352:
2327:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2288:
2281:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2221:
2212:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2160:
2143:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2089:Luther's Works
2080:
2060:
2048:
2031:
2014:
2001:
1994:
1976:
1969:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1912:
1867:
1860:
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1778:
1759:
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1075:excommunicated
1040:Roman Catholic
1035:
1032:
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799:Edict of Worms
780:excommunicated
625:
622:
582:power to grant
568:the university
470:
467:
444:, a twig from
409:Frederick was
392:Albrecht DĂĽrer
371:Reichsregiment
338:
335:
330:Missouri Synod
320:church history
301:Roman Catholic
268:, daughter of
246:Prince-elector
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210:Unclear (1525)
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3279:
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3090:Martin Luther
3087:
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3074:Martin Luther
3071:
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2679:
2678:List of hymns
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2453:Martin Luther
2447:
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2323:
2316:
2315:public domain
2307:
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2114:
2105:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2058:, p. 32.
2057:
2056:Cummings 2002
2052:
2045:
2041:
2040:Johann Tetzel
2035:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1947:Martin Luther
1942:
1935:
1934:Martin Luther
1929:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1908:public domain
1898:
1894:
1887:
1880:
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1863:
1861:0-399-15238-5
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1178:the official
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1163:the Steadfast
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:Castle Church
1139:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1077:by the Pope.
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:pre-reformers
1064:
1060:
1059:Martin Luther
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1027:
1021:(1486 – 1517)
1020:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
999:
984:
979:
975:
973:
972:adult baptism
969:
964:
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892:
887:
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877:
876:New Testament
873:
868:
864:
862:
861:New Testament
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
838:Frederick III
831:
830:Diet of Worms
827:
826:Martin Luther
823:
822:
817:
813:
811:
810:Diet of Worms
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
791:Diet of Worms
788:
787:Martin Luther
783:
781:
777:
772:
770:
769:
762:
760:
756:
752:
751:Johann Tetzel
744:
740:
736:
732:
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726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
710:justification
706:
705:righteousness
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:Peter Lombard
671:
670:
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634:
631:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:superstitions
595:
591:
587:
586:pardon of sin
583:
579:
574:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:Martin Luther
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:castle church
530:
527:. The costly
526:
522:
516:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
482:
478:
476:
466:
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459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:Castle Church
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
406:(1472–1553).
405:
401:
400:court painter
393:
389:
385:
384:
379:
375:
373:
372:
367:
362:
360:
356:
355:Martin Luther
352:
348:
344:
334:
333:every 5 May.
332:
331:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
286:
282:
278:
277:Martin Luther
273:
271:
267:
264:and his wife
263:
259:
255:
254:Martin Luther
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:Frederick III
226:
222:
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212:
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80:
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73:
69:
63:
58:
55:
51:
48:
47:
43:
40:Frederick III
38:
33:
19:
3911:
3587:Christian II
3463:
3422:Frederick II
3311:Christian II
3280:
3271:Frederick II
3251:Wenceslaus I
3185:
3138:Luther and I
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3024:Lutherstädte
3002:Luther sites
2987:
2958:Justus Jonas
2874:
2864:Antisemitism
2824:Two kingdoms
2816:
2809:
2772:
2759:
2699:
2691:
2660:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2537:(1522, 1534)
2534:Luther Bible
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2464:Bibliography
2413:the Constant
2412:
2399:
2385:5 May 1525
2382:
2375:
2368:
2333:
2320:
2291:
2271:
2264:
2255:
2250:Marius, 169.
2246:
2230:
2224:
2215:
2199:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2153:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:, author of
2088:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2051:
2043:
2034:
2026:
2017:
2009:
2004:
1985:
1979:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1896:
1892:
1851:
1845:
1836:
1830:
1822:
1817:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1781:
1772:
1734:
1722:
1705:
1697:
1426:
1180:state church
1162:
1154:
1135:
1130:coat of arms
1121:
1079:
1056:
1037:
1028:
1024:
995:
965:
960:
958:
947:
936:
910:
898:
890:
888:
885:
854:
835:
820:
803:
801:for Saxony.
784:
773:
766:
763:
748:
738:
722:
698:
667:
665:
627:
610:grace of God
575:
572:
558:against the
518:
496:apostle Paul
488:
472:
431:
408:
397:
387:
381:
369:
363:
340:
329:
313:
298:
274:
241:
237:
233:
232:
208:
139:(1525-05-05)
66:Portrait by
45:
3942:1525 deaths
3937:1463 births
3571:Christian I
3535:John Ernest
3403:Frederick I
3306:Christian I
3266:Frederick I
3181:Luther rose
3140:(2017 film)
3132:(2003 film)
3124:(1983 film)
3116:(1974 film)
3108:(1964 film)
3100:(1961 play)
3092:(1953 film)
3084:(1928 film)
3076:(1923 film)
3066:and theatre
2938:Georg Rörer
2915:Paul Luther
2744:Lutheranism
2739:Reformation
1793:25 December
1708:(2003 film)
1172:Reformation
1094:German Mass
1082:Reformation
1044:Lutheranism
990: 1530
729:indulgences
660:Augustinian
630:Augustinian
475:Reformation
423:Golden Rose
316:Protestants
305:Reformation
294:rule of law
205:(1463-1525)
90:Predecessor
3931:Categories
3448:Albert III
3261:Albert III
3256:Rudolf III
3019:Lutherhaus
2978:Pope Leo X
2910:(daughter)
2732:and events
2661:Table Talk
2405:1486–1525
2097:Revelation
1755:References
1146:Wittenberg
1065:and other
1052:Protestant
998:Wittenberg
945:together.
907:absolution
903:confession
808:after the
776:Pope Leo X
637:priesthood
614:repentance
545:pilgrimage
541:confession
525:Wittenberg
500:Wittenberg
462:indulgence
411:Pope Leo X
137:5 May 1525
3914:krĂłlewicz
3738:Anthony I
3530:Severinus
3246:Rudolf II
2894:(parents)
2811:Sola fide
2659:Luther's
1186:in 1527.
1120:, minted
943:Holy Land
939:treasurer
929:Jörg" at
774:In 1520,
761:in Rome.
749:In 1516,
745:, 1877.
694:Thuringia
669:Sentences
588:, and to
508:John Huss
458:purgatory
427:Charles V
337:Biography
266:Elisabeth
240:(German:
220:Signature
100:Successor
3540:Augustus
3489:Henry IV
3409:in 1423.
3301:Augustus
3241:Rudolf I
2829:Beerwolf
2718:" (1543)
2711:" (1529)
2235:Archived
2204:Archived
1692:See also
1190:Ancestry
1138:Annaburg
1118:Groschen
1063:Jan Huss
1048:deathbed
872:Wartburg
846:Eisenach
641:theology
442:St. Anne
394:in 1496.
390:made by
341:Born in
290:imperial
196:Religion
145:Annaburg
3525:Maurice
3296:Maurice
3174:Related
3166:, Worms
2933:Erasmus
2317::
2303:Sources
1739:incipit
1737:use an
1046:on his
933:in 1521
852:Jörg".
718:Messiah
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564:theses
529:relics
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