495:, and wounded the ears of a lion which was crouching there, and shook the triple crown on the pope's head. All the cardinals and princes ran to support it; and, as the dreamer himself joined in the effort to support the pope's crown, he awoke in great alarm, and angry with the monk who had used his pen so awkwardly. Presently he fell asleep again, and his strange dream continued; the disturbed lion began to roar, and Rome and all the surrounding States ran to make inquiry; and the pope demanded that the monk be restrained, and demanded this especially of the elector, as the monk dwelt in his dominions. Once more the elector awoke from his dream, besought God to preserve the holy father, the pope, and slept again. And still his strange dream continued, and he saw all the princes of the empire crowding to Rome, and all striving to break the mysterious pen. Yet the more they endeavored to break it, the stiffer it became; and when they asked the monk where he found it, and why it was so strong, he replied that he secured it from one of his old schoolmasters; that it belonged to a Bohemian goose (
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such as love, patience, charity, and freedom, and reminded the citizens to trust God's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change. The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate at the city. After the sixth sermon, the
Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector: "Oh, what
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at that context. Thus, according to some calculations, a diligent and pious person who rendered appropriate devotion to each of these relics at that time would be able to merit 1,902,202 years worth of penance (an earthly equivalent of time otherwise spent in purgatory, removed by indulgences). Two
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was at hand, and the elector, having retired to rest, lay musing how he should keep the festival, and was praying for the poor souls in purgatory, and beseeching Divine guidance for himself, his counselors, and his people. Thus engaged, he fell asleep, and dreamed that a monk, a true son of the
945:, embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms provoked disturbances, including a revolt by the Augustinian friars against their prior, the smashing of statues and images in churches, and denunciations of the magistracy.
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Despite his victory in
Wittenberg, after banishing the Zwickau prophets, Luther would still have to fight elsewhere against both the established Catholic Church and also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence.
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Then, on 31 October 1517, Luther wrote to his bishop, Albrecht von
Brandenburg, protesting against the sale of indulgences. He enclosed in his letter a copy of his "Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences", which came to be known as the
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and other hostile figures. He was ostensibly led, not by religious conviction about the possible truthness of Luther's propositions, but rather by personal belief in a fair trial for any of his subjects (a privilege guaranteed by the
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by the
Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important for Luther was the doctrine of
487:, was sent to him; and that all the saints accompanied him, for the purpose of testifying that he was divinely commissioned. They asked of the elector, that the monk might be allowed to write something on the church door at
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on 6 March 1522. He wrote to the elector: "During my absence, Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing, but only by my personal presence and living word." For eight days in
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signifies 'goose') a hundred years old; and that it was strong because no man could take the pith out of it. Suddenly the dreamer heard an outcry, and lo, a great number of pens had issued from the long pen of the
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Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices. By working alongside the authorities to restore public order, he signaled his reinvention as a conservative force within the
Reformation.
709:. "This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification", he writes, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."
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The
Elector then protected Luther from the Pope's enforcement of the edict by faking a highway attack on Luther's way back to Wittenberg, abducting and then hiding him for several years at
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From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, and on the books of
Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as
491:. The monk began to write, and the characters were so large and brilliant that they could be read at a great distance; and the pen he used was so long that its extremity reached even to
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was not yet fully established, and was just beginning to be seen as the autonomous expression of faith it would become, instead of just a correction or a heresy inside the scope of
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These propositions attracted universal attention. They were read and re-read and repeated in every direction. Great excitement was created in the university and in the whole city.
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The pronouncements by Luther from
Wartburg Castle were made the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed while residing at the fortress.
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994:, beginning on Invocavit Sunday, 9 March, Luther preached eight sermons, which became known as the "Invocavit Sermons". In these sermons, he hammered home the primacy of core
829:, who had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen impersonating highway robbers. They escorted Luther to the security of the
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673:, succeeding von Staupitz as chair of theology. He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg. In 1515, he was made provincial
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Despite actively protecting Luther from the hostile menaces against him, the elector had little personal contact with the reformer himself, but
Frederick's
2080:. Jaroslav Jan Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald and Helmut T. Lehmann (eds), Vol. 48: Letters I, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1999, c1963, 48:246; Mullett, 133.
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by agreeing to support
Charles and to convince his fellow electors to do the same if Charles repaid an outstanding debt to the Saxons dating back to 1497.
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However, to define what it meant to "convert" to Lutheranism or Protestantism at the time, it must be taken into account that, when he passed away, the
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In the summer of 1521, Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practice.
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joy has Dr. Martin's return spread among us! His words, through divine mercy, are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth."
730:, where Frederick III attempted in vain to create for Luther the chance of a fair trial and the possible support of other German nobles. Painting by
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701:—God's act of declaring a sinner righteous—by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of God's
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902:. He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin, because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation.
640:, i.e., inside the territory ruled by Prince-elector Frederick III. Therefore, Luther was a subject of the elector, by living at his domains.
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of his older brother. John had been Lutheran even before succeeding Frederick as elector, and continued with his policies of supporting the
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of the people, a device of Satan to destroy the souls of all who should trust to its lying pretensions. It was also clearly shown that the
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The elector leaned heavily towards Lutheranism throughout his later years, guaranteeing safety for his subject and Protestant reformer
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of virtue on 3 September 1518 in an effort to persuade him to accept the throne. However, Frederick helped secure the election of
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About October 30, 1517, Frederic had a dream which made a deep impression upon his mind, and which foreshadowed the work of the
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is a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation. His essay
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Degenhart Pfaffinger spoke on his behalf to Luther, as Pfaffinger had supported the elector since their pilgrimage to the
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Geoffrey Parker; Caleb Carr; et al. (2001). "Martin Luther Burns at the Stake, 1521". In Robert Cowley (ed.).
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went boldly to the church, to which a crowd of worshipers was already repairing, and affixed to the door
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Wittenberg became even more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots, the so-called
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Luther received two bachelor's degrees, one in biblical studies on 9 March 1508, and another in the
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A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion
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had begun not long before, as the time he died was just eight years after the publication of the
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669:. On 21 October 1512, Luther was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the
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condemned Luther as an outlaw at the Diet, the elector also secured an exemption from the
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upon the door of the church, he proclaimed himself ready to defend them the next day at
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Frederick died unmarried in 1525, aged 62 years old, at Lochau, a hunting castle near
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demanded that Luther renounce all of his writings, and when Luther refused to do so,
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from 1486 to 1525, who is mostly remembered for the protection given to his subject
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551:. He went alone; his closest friends did not know his plan. As he fastened his
532:. Accordingly on this day the people in great numbers flocked to Wittenberg in
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rather than a title which summarizes the content. Luther usually called them "
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Then, to give him the right to a fair trial, Elector Frederick ensured that
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After a while, Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the
499:, who proclaimed the truth a century before Luther and whose surname in the
445:. Money was paid in order to venerate these relics and thus escape years in
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Frederick was among the German princes who pressed the need of reform upon
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The collected What if?: eminent historians imagining what might have been
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from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings.
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246:
1938:. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:112–127.
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After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 1521, Luther wrote
311:, and is officially commemorated as an exemplary Christian ruler in the
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Luther's disappearance during his return to Wittenberg was planned by
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2302: This article incorporates text from a publication in the
898:, since "every Christian is a confessor." In November, Luther wrote
429:; his inventory of 1518 listed 17,443 items, including a thumb from
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1925:. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:93.
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He is notable as being one of the most powerful early defenders of
133:
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The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics
2125:
Friedrich Gottlieb Canzler; August Gottlieb Meissner (1783–1785).
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2308:
Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914). "Frederick III, The Wise".
1895:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1727:
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689:
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1507–25. Both the obverse and the reverse bear a version of the
536:. On the 31st of October, the day preceding the festival, the
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in 1507, and on the following year, in 1508, he began teaching
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As he was unmarried and had no offspring, he was succeeded as
292:
all his life, yet gradually inclining toward doctrines of the
2261:
Between Freedom and Necessity: An Essay on the Place of Value
674:
621:
19:"Frederick the Wise" redirects here. For the politician, see
2208:
Brecht, 2:60; Bainton, Mentor edition, 165; Marius, 168–169.
1129:(30 km southeast of Wittenberg), and was buried in the
1006:
Illustration of the tomb of Frederick the Wise, sculpted by
871:; an original first edition is kept in the case on the desk.
2012:"The Doctrine of Justification in the Lutheran Confessions"
991:
888:
On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It
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492:
273:
198:
2323:
The Literary Culture of the Reformation: Grammar and Grace
2314:(third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls.
1838:
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During his stay at Wartburg, which he referred to as "my
817:
to be taken and hidden for his own protection after the
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3483:
Prince Frederick, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
2038:
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People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
2311:
New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
1720:"Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum"
268:, as the elector successfully protected him from the
2001:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 88–94.
1977:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 45.
1952:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 44.
821:, and where the reformer wrote several of his works.
454:
years later, the collection exceeded 19,000 pieces.
288:
The prince-elector is considered to have remained a
3390:The generations are numbered from the ascension of
1050:, so that he would not receive the same fate as of
528:was granted to all who visited the church and made
2547:Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants
2320:
524:were then displayed before the people, and a full
473:Portrait of Frederick III of Saxony (17th century)
3917:
1105:Silver Saxony coin of Frederick III, known as a
705:, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the
665:in 1509. On 19 October 1512, he was awarded his
2284:Brecht, 2:251–54; Bainton, Mentor edition, 266.
2220:History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch IV
2189:History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch IV
2065:Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490–1700,
900:The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows
569:was fearlessly opposed. Luther argued that the
2491:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
2251:
1843:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 511.
1085:(1526), about Lutheran liturgy. Therefore the
612:
225:(17 January 1463 – 5 May 1525), also known as
3366:
3203:
2426:
1187:Ancestors of Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
970:Posthumous portrait of Frederick the Wise by
882:, he condemned as idolatry the idea that the
1760:Tomczak, Benjamin. "Review of Sam Wellman's
1731:
1039:in 1525 depending on how his receiving of a
1081:(1529), about Protestant doctrine, and the
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2088:, had been exiled on the island of Patmos.
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3961:Burials at All Saints' Church, Wittenberg
2499:On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
2333:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187356.001.0001
2257:
2211:
1823:
1755:
1753:
716:; in particular, he disputed the view on
136:, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire
3826:Friedrich Christian, Margrave of Meissen
2318:
2186:Letter of 7 March 1522. Schaff, Philip,
2139:
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1997:Wriedt, Markus. "Luther's Theology," in
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909:
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642:
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391:from 1504 on was the Renaissance master
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3706:Clemens Wenceslaus, Archbishop of Trier
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2127:Für ältere Literatur und neuere Lektüre
1972:
1947:
1915:
1857:
1096:
3981:Medieval Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
3918:
3504:Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Saxony
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2345:– via Oxford Scholarship Online.
1991:
1814:(Penguin Lives) Paperback, 2008, p. 18
1750:
1553:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1311:
1201:
1197:
1023:Personal faith and issue of conversion
894:and encouraged private confession and
647:A posthumous portrait of Luther as an
457:
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3354:
3191:
2864:Die LĂĽgend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo
2579:Confession Concerning Christ's Supper
2414:
2155:
2153:
1910:Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther
1872:
1709:
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1600:Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Einbeck
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1574:Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
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880:On the Abrogation of the Private Mass
449:, according to the current belief in
906:Last years and Wittenberg happenings
410:; thus the Pope had awarded him the
3416:William III, Landgrave of Thuringia
2327:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1875:"The First Blow of the Reformation"
1688:Portrait of Frederick III of Saxony
837:, where he remained desguised as "
372:Portrait of Frederick III of Saxony
16:Elector of Saxony from 1486 to 1525
13:
3847:Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen
2515:Against Henry, King of the English
2150:
941:, supported by the ex-Augustinian
581:, had never been committed to the
14:
3997:
3499:John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony
2858:Propaganda during the Reformation
2440:
2354:Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
2177:Bainton, Mentor edition, 164–165.
2168:Wilson, 192–202; Brecht, 2:34–38.
2129:. Leipzig: Breitkopf. p. 48.
1999:The Cambridge Companion to Luther
1975:Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer
1950:Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer
1912:. New York: Penguin, 1995, 44–45.
1031:, but he might have converted to
863:room where Luther translated the
338:in 1486; in 1502, he founded the
2705:Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam
2657:Weimar edition of Luther's works
2297:
2143:Historischer Nachlass und Briefe
2076:Luther, Martin. "Letter 82," in
1890:
1632:Elisabeth of Brunswick-Göttingen
1416:Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
1137:, with a grave tomb sculpted by
593:of Christ was the most valuable
355:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
212:
3458:Ernest, Archbishop of Magdeburg
2483:Sermon on Indulgences and Grace
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2018:, 26 November 1955, No. 11:801.
2004:
1966:
1941:
1826:Das Leben Friedrichs des Weisen
1238:Frederick II, Elector of Saxony
728:Luther Before the Diet of Worms
3463:Albert, Administrator of Mainz
2998:All Saints' Church, Wittenberg
2690:Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
2625:On the Councils and the Church
2531:The Adoration of the Sacrament
2146:. Friedrich Nauke. p. 89.
2097:Brecht, 2:27–29; Mullett, 133.
2067:London: Allen Lane, 2003, 132.
2057:Reformation Europe: 1517–1559,
1832:
1817:
1804:
1790:
1778:. Devillier Donegan Enterprise
1768:
1764:", Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary
1212:Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
813:, where Frederick III ordered
21:Frederick Wise, 1st Baron Wise
1:
3821:Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony
3612:Christian I of Saxe-Merseburg
2972:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
2507:On the Freedom of a Christian
2458:Resources about Martin Luther
2016:Concordia Theological Monthly
1743:
1722:– The first printings of the
1027:Frederick III was a lifelong
975:
559:itself against all opposers.
350:would teach some time later.
334:, he succeeded his father as
303:He is held in high regard by
3607:Augustus of Saxe-Weissenfels
3028:Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)
2738:Heidelberg Disputation, 1518
2698:A Mighty Fortress Is Our God
985:Luther secretly returned to
784:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
325:
245:, the seminal figure of the
7:
3852:Albert, Margrave of Meissen
3023:Martin Luther's Death House
3018:Martin Luther's Birth House
2881:Hans and Margarethe Luther
2794:Priesthood of all believers
2059:London: Fontana, 1963, 53;
1873:White, E. (June 14, 1883).
1680:
1480:Albert III, Duke of Bavaria
1178:
636:, which was located in the
613:Protection of Martin Luther
259:Albert III, Duke of Bavaria
249:. Frederick was the son of
74:26 August 1486 – 5 May 1525
10:
4002:
3966:16th-century German people
2982:Albrecht VII. von Mansfeld
2633:On the Jews and Their Lies
2555:On the Bondage of the Will
2291:
2258:Schroeder, Steven (2000).
1973:Hendrix, Scott H. (2015).
1948:Hendrix, Scott H. (2015).
1547:
1431:
1305:
1199:
778:would be heard before the
298:converting on his deathbed
18:
3941:Prince-electors of Saxony
3897:
3881:
3860:
3839:
3813:
3782:
3761:
3740:
3714:
3696:Charles, Duke of Courland
3678:
3662:
3641:
3625:
3594:
3568:
3537:
3491:
3445:
3424:
3403:
3388:
3225:
3162:
3137:
3051:
3033:St. Augustine's Monastery
2990:
2874:
2784:Theology of Martin Luther
2774:Augsburg Confession, 1530
2718:
2665:
2466:
2448:
2396:
2387:
2379:
2352:
1824:Borkowsky, Ernst (1929).
1617:
1609:
1581:
1559:
1555:
1519:
1497:
1489:
1461:
1439:
1435:
1397:
1375:
1367:
1339:
1317:
1313:
1296:Ernest, Elector of Saxony
1277:
1255:
1247:
1219:
1203:
1139:Peter Vischer the Younger
1058:, after he was tried for
1008:Peter Vischer the Younger
848:", Luther translated the
512:was an important day for
443:milk from the Virgin Mary
421:Frederick collected many
251:Ernest, Elector of Saxony
208:
184:
174:
169:Ernest, Elector of Saxony
164:
152:
146:Schlosskirche, Wittenberg
140:
122:
102:
98:
88:
78:
70:
63:
48:
33:
28:
3732:Maximilian, Crown Prince
2836:Eucharist in Lutheranism
2762:Decet Romanum Pontificem
2319:Cummings, Brian (2002).
2140:Spalatin, Georg (1851).
1702:
1146:prince-elector of Saxony
671:University of Wittenberg
634:University of Wittenberg
545:ninety-five propositions
340:University of Wittenberg
3956:Medieval child monarchs
3905:of Poland and Lithuania
3701:Albert, Duke of Teschen
3038:Veste Coburg (Fortress)
2587:On War Against the Turk
2264:. Rodopi. p. 104.
2033:Encyclopædia Britannica
1828:. Jena. pp. 56–57.
1454:Ernest, Duke of Bavaria
1332:Ernest, Duke of Austria
972:Lucas Cranach the Elder
567:doctrine of indulgences
549:doctrine of indulgences
393:Lucas Cranach the Elder
281:statutory law) and the
57:Lucas Cranach the Elder
3790:Frederick Augustus III
3340:Frederick Augustus III
3111:Martin Luther, Heretic
3003:Stadtkirche Wittenberg
2769:Marburg Colloquy, 1529
2226:23 August 2017 at the
2195:23 August 2017 at the
1812:Martin Luther: A Life.
1732:
1719:
1270:Catherine of Brunswick
1122:
1011:
982:
923:
872:
822:
735:
652:
624:, was ordained to the
595:treasure of the Church
510:festival of All-Saints
506:
474:
408:1519 imperial election
384:
247:Protestant Reformation
39:Landgrave of Thuringia
3831:Prince Ernst Heinrich
3748:Frederick Augustus II
3691:Prince Francis Xavier
3670:Frederick Augustus II
3617:Maurice of Saxe-Zeitz
3330:Frederick Augustus II
2917:Bartholomaeus Arnoldi
2912:Albert of Brandenburg
2789:Theology of the Cross
2675:First Lutheran hymnal
2603:Articles of Schwabach
2010:Bouman, Herbert J.A.
1155:, as former duke and
1104:
1043:communion is viewed.
1005:
969:
914:Luther disguised as "
913:
858:
807:
771:him in January 1521.
726:
714:Roman Catholic Church
646:
476:
472:
369:
3722:Frederick Augustus I
3654:Frederick Augustus I
3325:Frederick Augustus I
2846:Words of Institution
2743:Leipzig Debate, 1519
1798:"Frederick the Wise"
1776:"Frederick the Wise"
1736:" (my propositions).
1538:Elisabeth of Bavaria
1390:Cymburgis of Masovia
1097:Death and succession
890:rejected compulsory
748:St. Peter's Basilica
638:Electorate of Saxony
565:By these theses the
342:, where theologians
179:Elisabeth of Bavaria
113:Electorate of Saxony
3795:Prince Johann Georg
3686:Frederick Christian
3335:Frederick Christian
3176:Theologia Germanica
2942:Johann von Staupitz
2756:Diet of Worms, 1521
2641:Vom Schem Hamphoras
2061:Diarmaid MacCulloch
1800:. October 26, 2014.
1733:meine Propositiones
1512:Elisabetta Visconti
1358:Margaret of Austria
1087:Protestant doctrine
1079:Luther's cathecisms
480:feast of All-Saints
458:The elector's dream
435:Moses' burning bush
231:Friedrich der Weise
132:Castle Lochau near
3936:People from Torgau
3555:John Frederick III
3219:Electors of Saxony
2977:Frederick the Wise
2962:Philip Melanchthon
2888:Katharina von Bora
2682:Erfurt Enchiridion
2475:Ninety-five Theses
2367:17 January 1463
1882:Signs of the Times
1762:Frederick the Wise
1163:, having made the
1123:
1075:Ninety-five Theses
1012:
983:
924:
873:
823:
757:Ninety-five Theses
736:
667:Doctor of Theology
653:
617:Martin Luther, an
475:
437:, hay of the holy
404:Holy Roman Emperor
385:
348:Philip Melanchthon
317:Lutheran Church –
313:Calendar of Saints
270:Holy Roman Emperor
227:Frederick the Wise
3913:
3912:
3800:Prince Maximilian
3545:John Frederick II
3396:Elector of Saxony
3382:Princes of Saxony
3348:
3347:
3185:
3184:
3149:, Washington D.C.
2957:Andreas Karlstadt
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2841:Sacramental union
2714:
2713:
2618:Smalcald Articles
2409:
2408:
2397:Succeeded by
2390:Elector of Saxony
2342:978-0-19-818735-6
2271:978-90-420-1302-5
2159:Mullett, 135–136.
1984:978-0-300-16669-9
1959:978-0-300-16669-9
1908:Bainton, Roland.
1810:Martin E. Marty,
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1115:Saxony Electorate
1091:Roman Catholicism
939:Andreas Karlstadt
579:remit its penalty
501:Bohemian language
402:'s candidate for
220:
219:
117:Holy Roman Empire
65:Elector of Saxony
3993:
3908:
3873:Prince Alexander
3509:John Frederick I
3375:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3280:John Frederick I
3212:
3205:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3139:Luther Monuments
2952:Karl von Miltitz
2932:Johann Cochlaeus
2906:
2898:
2896:Magdalena Luther
2890:
2882:
2663:
2662:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2380:Preceded by
2375:
2368:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2326:
2315:
2301:
2300:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2255:
2249:
2248:Mullett, 141–43.
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2217:Schaff, Philip,
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2116:
2115:Marius, 163–164.
2113:
2107:
2106:Brecht, 2:18–21.
2104:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2025:
2019:
2008:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1945:
1939:
1934:Brecht, Martin.
1932:
1926:
1921:Brecht, Martin.
1919:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1870:
1855:
1854:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1786:– via PBS.
1785:
1783:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1737:
1735:
1713:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1157:heir presumptive
996:Christian values
980:
977:
957:Zwickau prophets
943:Gabriel Zwilling
828:
732:Anton von Werner
526:remission of sin
315:of the American
216:
129:
53:
26:
25:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3986:Lutheran saints
3976:Imperial vicars
3946:House of Wettin
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3899:
3893:
3882:19th generation
3877:
3861:18th generation
3856:
3840:17th generation
3835:
3814:16th generation
3809:
3783:15th generation
3778:
3762:14th generation
3757:
3741:13th generation
3736:
3715:12th generation
3710:
3679:11th generation
3674:
3663:10th generation
3658:
3637:
3633:John George III
3621:
3590:
3564:
3533:
3487:
3441:
3420:
3399:
3384:
3379:
3349:
3344:
3315:John George III
3221:
3216:
3186:
3181:
3158:
3153:Luther Monument
3147:Luther Monument
3133:
3047:
3043:Wartburg Castle
2986:
2937:Johann Reuchlin
2870:
2829:Marian theology
2720:
2710:
2661:
2611:Large Catechism
2595:Small Catechism
2462:
2444:
2439:
2405:
2393:
2385:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2359:House of Wettin
2355:
2343:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2228:Wayback Machine
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:; Brecht, 2:57.
2197:Wayback Machine
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2138:
2134:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2075:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1903:
1891:
1877:
1871:
1858:
1851:
1837:
1833:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1683:
1678:
1181:
1165:Lutheran church
1148:by his brother
1099:
1025:
978:
920:Wartburg Castle
908:
831:Wartburg Castle
826:
810:Wartburg Castle
795:Wartburg Castle
782:in 1521; after
744:Dominican friar
615:
597:, and that the
460:
375:at his thirties
328:
296:and supposedly
204:
159:House of Wettin
148:
131:
127:
107:
106:17 January 1463
59:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3999:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3911:
3910:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3868:Prince RĂĽdiger
3864:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3649:John George IV
3645:
3643:
3642:9th generation
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3626:8th generation
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3602:John George II
3598:
3596:
3595:7th generation
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3569:6th generation
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Johann Wilhelm
3547:
3541:
3539:
3538:5th generation
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3492:4th generation
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3446:3rd generation
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3425:2nd generation
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3404:1st generation
3401:
3400:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:John George IV
3317:
3312:
3310:John George II
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2866:(1537 edition)
2860:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2824:Law and Gospel
2821:
2815:
2810:
2807:Sola scriptura
2803:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2779:Luther's canon
2776:
2771:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2749:Exsurge Domine
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2571:Deutsche Messe
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2539:Formula missae
2535:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2316:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2270:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2210:
2201:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2149:
2132:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2078:Luther's Works
2069:
2049:
2037:
2020:
2003:
1990:
1983:
1965:
1958:
1940:
1927:
1914:
1901:
1856:
1849:
1831:
1816:
1803:
1789:
1767:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1691:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
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1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
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1616:
1614:
1611:
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1604:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
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1577:
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1560:
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1556:
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1534:
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1524:
1521:
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1508:
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1504:
1501:
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1405:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
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1392:
1386:
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1379:
1378:
1376:
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1372:
1369:
1368:
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1354:
1351:
1350:
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1344:
1341:
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1335:
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1321:
1320:
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1316:
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1312:
1310:
1307:
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1301:
1300:
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1289:
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1234:
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1221:
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1214:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1098:
1095:
1064:excommunicated
1029:Roman Catholic
1024:
1021:
907:
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788:Edict of Worms
769:excommunicated
614:
611:
571:power to grant
557:the university
459:
456:
433:, a twig from
398:Frederick was
381:Albrecht DĂĽrer
360:Reichsregiment
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319:Missouri Synod
309:church history
290:Roman Catholic
257:, daughter of
235:Prince-elector
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199:Unclear (1525)
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3079:Martin Luther
3076:
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3063:Martin Luther
3060:
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2667:List of hymns
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2442:Martin Luther
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2305:
2304:public domain
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2094:
2087:
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2079:
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2062:
2058:
2053:
2047:, p. 32.
2046:
2045:Cummings 2002
2041:
2034:
2030:
2029:Johann Tetzel
2024:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1936:Martin Luther
1931:
1924:
1923:Martin Luther
1918:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1897:public domain
1887:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1867:
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1850:0-399-15238-5
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1167:the official
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1154:
1153:
1152:the Steadfast
1147:
1142:
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1132:
1131:Castle Church
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1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1094:
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1088:
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1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1066:by the Pope.
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:pre-reformers
1053:
1049:
1048:Martin Luther
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1016:
1010:(1486 – 1517)
1009:
1004:
1000:
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993:
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968:
964:
962:
961:adult baptism
958:
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865:New Testament
862:
857:
853:
851:
850:New Testament
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:Frederick III
820:
819:Diet of Worms
816:
815:Martin Luther
812:
811:
806:
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800:
799:Diet of Worms
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
780:Diet of Worms
777:
776:Martin Luther
772:
770:
766:
761:
759:
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749:
745:
741:
740:Johann Tetzel
733:
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721:
719:
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710:
708:
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700:
699:justification
695:
694:righteousness
691:
686:
684:
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663:Peter Lombard
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587:superstitions
584:
580:
576:
575:pardon of sin
572:
568:
563:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:Martin Luther
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:castle church
519:
516:. The costly
515:
511:
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502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
471:
467:
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448:
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440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Castle Church
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419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
395:(1472–1553).
394:
390:
389:court painter
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
364:
362:
361:
356:
351:
349:
345:
344:Martin Luther
341:
337:
333:
323:
322:every 5 May.
321:
320:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
266:Martin Luther
262:
260:
256:
253:and his wife
252:
248:
244:
243:Martin Luther
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:Frederick III
215:
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66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
36:
32:
29:Frederick III
27:
22:
3900:
3576:Christian II
3452:
3411:Frederick II
3300:Christian II
3269:
3260:Frederick II
3240:Wenceslaus I
3174:
3127:Luther and I
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3013:Lutherstädte
2991:Luther sites
2976:
2947:Justus Jonas
2863:
2853:Antisemitism
2813:Two kingdoms
2805:
2798:
2761:
2748:
2688:
2680:
2649:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2526:(1522, 1534)
2523:Luther Bible
2521:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2453:Bibliography
2402:the Constant
2401:
2388:
2374:5 May 1525
2371:
2364:
2357:
2322:
2309:
2280:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2239:Marius, 169.
2235:
2219:
2213:
2204:
2188:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2142:
2135:
2126:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:, author of
2077:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2040:
2032:
2023:
2015:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1974:
1968:
1949:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1885:
1881:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1770:
1761:
1723:
1711:
1694:
1686:
1415:
1169:state church
1151:
1143:
1124:
1119:coat of arms
1110:
1068:
1045:
1026:
1017:
1013:
984:
954:
949:
947:
936:
925:
899:
887:
879:
877:
874:
843:
824:
809:
792:
790:for Saxony.
773:
762:
755:
752:
737:
727:
711:
687:
656:
654:
616:
599:grace of God
564:
561:
547:against the
507:
485:apostle Paul
477:
461:
420:
397:
386:
376:
370:
358:
352:
329:
318:
302:
287:
263:
230:
226:
222:
221:
197:
128:(1525-05-05)
55:Portrait by
34:
3931:1525 deaths
3926:1463 births
3560:Christian I
3524:John Ernest
3392:Frederick I
3295:Christian I
3255:Frederick I
3170:Luther rose
3129:(2017 film)
3121:(2003 film)
3113:(1983 film)
3105:(1974 film)
3097:(1964 film)
3089:(1961 play)
3081:(1953 film)
3073:(1928 film)
3065:(1923 film)
3055:and theatre
2927:Georg Rörer
2904:Paul Luther
2733:Lutheranism
2728:Reformation
1782:25 December
1697:(2003 film)
1161:Reformation
1083:German Mass
1071:Reformation
1033:Lutheranism
979: 1530
718:indulgences
649:Augustinian
619:Augustinian
464:Reformation
412:Golden Rose
305:Protestants
294:Reformation
283:rule of law
194:(1463-1525)
79:Predecessor
3920:Categories
3437:Albert III
3250:Albert III
3245:Rudolf III
3008:Lutherhaus
2967:Pope Leo X
2899:(daughter)
2721:and events
2650:Table Talk
2394:1486–1525
2086:Revelation
1744:References
1135:Wittenberg
1054:and other
1041:Protestant
987:Wittenberg
934:together.
896:absolution
892:confession
797:after the
765:Pope Leo X
626:priesthood
603:repentance
534:pilgrimage
530:confession
514:Wittenberg
489:Wittenberg
451:indulgence
400:Pope Leo X
126:5 May 1525
3903:krĂłlewicz
3727:Anthony I
3519:Severinus
3235:Rudolf II
2883:(parents)
2800:Sola fide
2648:Luther's
1175:in 1527.
1109:, minted
932:Holy Land
928:treasurer
918:Jörg" at
763:In 1520,
750:in Rome.
738:In 1516,
734:, 1877.
683:Thuringia
658:Sentences
577:, and to
497:John Huss
447:purgatory
416:Charles V
326:Biography
255:Elisabeth
229:(German:
209:Signature
89:Successor
3529:Augustus
3478:Henry IV
3398:in 1423.
3290:Augustus
3230:Rudolf I
2818:Beerwolf
2707:" (1543)
2700:" (1529)
2224:Archived
2193:Archived
1681:See also
1179:Ancestry
1127:Annaburg
1107:Groschen
1052:Jan Huss
1037:deathbed
861:Wartburg
835:Eisenach
630:theology
431:St. Anne
383:in 1496.
379:made by
330:Born in
279:imperial
185:Religion
134:Annaburg
3514:Maurice
3285:Maurice
3163:Related
3155:, Worms
2922:Erasmus
2306::
2292:Sources
1728:incipit
1726:use an
1035:on his
922:in 1521
841:Jörg".
707:Messiah
690:penance
632:at the
520:of the
425:in his
406:at the
336:elector
233:), was
3774:George
3769:Albert
3586:August
3473:George
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3265:Ernest
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3103:Luther
3095:Luther
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2891:(wife)
2875:People
2820:(1539)
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2751:, 1520
2719:Topics
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2677:(1524)
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1060:heresy
916:Junker
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846:Patmos
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679:Saxony
591:gospel
553:theses
518:relics
441:, and
439:manger
423:relics
332:Torgau
272:, the
239:Saxony
175:Mother
165:Father
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109:Torgau
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1878:(PDF)
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