Franks Casket - Knowledge

1279: 148: 1123: 1452:, so that each of the three inscriptions contains precisely seventy-two items.... The most obvious Christian association of the number seventy-two, for an Anglo-Saxon if not for us, is with the missionary disciples appointed by Christ in addition to the twelve apostles.... The number of these disciples is mentioned in scripture only in Luke 10, and there are two versions of this text; whereas the Protestant Bible says that Christ appointed a further seventy disciples, the Vulgate version known to the Anglo-Saxons specifies seventy-two. In commenting on that number, 1375: 1176: 2266: 483: 781: 1236: 625: 908: 216: 5355: 4060: 302: 562: 22: 77: 968: 765:-bowman is King Joas and the figure under the arch is Elisha. The prophet would then be wearing a hood, typical of Semitic populations, and holding a staff." Webster (2012b:46-8) notes that the two-headed beast both above and below the figure in the room behind the archer also appears beneath the feet of Christ as King David in an illustration from an 8th-century Northumbrian manuscript of 1398:. The inscriptions on the Franks Casket are alliterative verse, and so give particular emphasis to one or more runes on each side. According to Becker (1973, 2002), these tell a story corresponding to the illustrations, with each of the scenes emblematic of a certain period of the life and afterlife of a warrior-king: The front inscription alliterates on both the F-rune ᚠ 289:

chosen to counterpoint one another in the creation of an overarching set of Christian messages. What used to be seen as an eccentric, almost random, assemblage of pagan Germanic and Christian stories is now understood as a sophisticated programme perfectly in accord with the Church's concept of universal history". It may have been intended to hold a book, perhaps a

553:, the brothers who were said to have founded England, "the legend of a pair of outcast or traveller brothers who led a people and contributed to the formation of a kingdom was probably not unfamiliar in the 8th-century Anglo-Saxon milieu of the Franks Casket and could stand as a reference to destined rulership." 706:. As nominative singular, it would indicate that the archer is Achilles, while as dative singular it could mean either that the citadel belongs to Achilles, or that the arrow that is about to be shot is meant for Achilles. Schneider himself interprets the scene on the lid as representing the massacre of 788:

This, the Bargello panel, has produced the most divergent readings of both text and images, and no reading of either has achieved general acceptance. At left an animal figure sits on a small rounded mound, confronted by an armed and helmeted warrior. In the centre a standing animal, usually seen as

942:

While Clark admits that this is an "extremely obscure legend," she assumes that the scene must be based on a Germanic legend, and can find no other instance in the entire Norse mythology of a horse weeping over a dead body. She concludes that the small, legless person inside the central mound must

729:

90, "especially as it appears in its Old English translation, ... may be aligned with details in the picture on the lid of the casket: the soul shielded in verse 5 and safely sheltered in the ... sanctuary in verse 9, the spiritual battle for the soul throughout, the flying missiles in verse 6 and

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regards the casket as probably originating in a monastic context, where the maker "clearly possessed great learning and ingenuity, to construct an object which is so visually and intellectually complex. ... it is generally accepted that the scenes, drawn from contrasting traditions, were carefully

1166:

5:1-4, 22)." The corpse in the central burial mound would represent Belshazzar himself, who was murdered that night, and the woman mourning him may be the queen mother. The cryptic runes on this panel may be intended to invoke the mysterious writing that appeared on the palace wall during these

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after he “was driven away from people and given the mind of an animal; he lived with the wild asses and ate grass like cattle.” The figure facing him is then the “watchful one” who decreed Nebuchadnezzar's fate in a dream (4.13-31), and the quadruped in the centre represents one of the wild asses

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as a goddess or valkyrie. On the left, a warrior "has met his fate in guise of a frightening monster... As the outcome, the warrior rests in his grave shown in the middle section. There (left of the mound) we have a horse marked with two trefoils, the divine symbols.... Above the mound we see a

843:

However, a definitive translation of the lines has met with difficulty, partly because the runes are run together without separators between words, and partly because two letters are broken or missing. As an extra challenge for the reader, on the right panel only, the vowels are encrypted with a

333:, Niðhad's daughter, whom he then rapes when she is unconscious. Another female figure is shown in the centre; perhaps Wayland's helper, or Beaduhild again. To the right of the scene Wayland (or his brother) catches birds; he then makes wings from their feathers, with which he is able to escape. 1033: 1443:

Osborn (1991a, 1991b) concurs that the rune counts of 72 are intentional. However, "whereas sees this as indicating pagan magic, I see it as complementing such magic, as another example of the Franks Casket artist adapting his pagan materials to a Christian evangelical purpose in the mode of

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In the upper right quadrant, the Jewish population flee, casting glances backwards. The associated text, which is in Latin and partly uses Latin letters and partly runes, reads 'HICFUGIANTHIERUSALIM | ᚪᚠᛁᛏᚪᛏᚩᚱᛖᛋ' (in normalised Classical Latin: 'hic fugiant Hierusalim habitatores'): 'Here the

1227:), to avenge Balder's death. Howlett interprets the warrior at left as Boe, and “one infers that the mound is depicted twice and that the stallion mourning in the centre of the panel is identical with the figure seated at the left end, where he retains his horse’s head and hooves.” 1406:(gift), corresponding to the jewellery produced by the goldsmith Welund and the gifts of the three Magi. “In this box our warrior hoarded his treasure, golden rings and bands and bracelets, jewellery he had received from his lord, … which he passed to his own retainers… This is 958:

Although the Sigurd-Grani thesis remains the most widely accepted interpretation of the right panel, Arthur Napier remarked already in 1901, "I remain entirely unconvinced by the reasons puts forward, and believe that the true explanation of the picture has still to be found."

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cut to hobble him. Below the forge is the headless body of Niðhad's son, whom Wayland has killed, making a goblet from his skull; his head is probably the object held in the tongs in Wayland's hand. With his other hand Wayland offers the goblet, containing drugged beer, to

584:. The inscription is partly in Old English and partly in Latin, and part of the Latin portion is written in Latin letters (indicated below in upper case letters), with the remainder transcribed phonetically into runic letters. Two isolated words stand in the lower corners. 1431:

Becker also presents a numerological analysis of the inscriptions, finding 72 = 3 x 24 signs on the front and left panels, and a total of 288 or 12 x 24 signs on the entire casket. All these numbers are multiples of 24 = 3 x 8, the magical number of runes in the

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be Sigurd himself, with his legs gnawed off by the wolves mentioned in Guthrun's story. She interprets the three figures to the right as Guthrun being led away from his tomb by his slayers Gunnar and Hogne, and the female figure before Grani as the Norn-goddess

187:, a village in Haute Loire. It served as a sewing box until the silver hinges and fittings joining the panels were traded for a silver ring. Without the support of these the casket fell apart. The parts were shown to a Professor Mathieu from nearby 1018:

Bouman and d'Ardenne identify the strange creature on the left with the head of a horse, the clothing and posture of a man, and the wings of a spirit, as Horsa again, this time as a spirit seated on his own burial mound. Horsa (whose name means

628:

The lid of the casket is said by some to depict an otherwise lost legend of Egil; Egil fends off an army with bow and arrow while the female behind him may be his wife Olrun. Others interpret it as a scene from the Trojan War involving

951:, the realms of bliss for deserving mortals. The gateway to these glittering fields is guarded by a winged dragon who feeds on the imperishable flora that characterised the place, and the bodyless cock crows lustily as a kind of eerie 2355:

Webster (2012a:97); Ripon was suggested by Wood, who was able to connect Ripon with Brioude through the Frankish scholar Frithegod "active in both areas in the middle tenth century (Wood 1990, 4-5)" - Webster (1991) from BM collection

1265:

outside the gates of the court for seven years, offering to carry visitors up to the palace on her back, like a beast of burden.... Rhiannon's horse-imagery and her bounty have led scholars to equate her with the Celtic horse-goddess

263:" identifying some figures that are not detailed below and appear within the image field. The mounts in precious metal that were undoubtedly originally present are missing, and it is "likely" that it was originally painted in colour. 1023:

in Old English) would then be the "Hos" referred to in the panel's inscription as sitting on a "sorrow-mound." They note that there is a miniature horse in each corner of the panel, in keeping with its theme of two famous "horses."

1358:, which has allowed Christ to descend to Hell's kingdom and free the imprisoned souls. Therefore, Hell tortures Satan in retribution. Simmons separates the other scenes on the right side and interprets them as depictions of the 983:) at the centre of the right panel as representing Hengist, who, with his brother Horsa, first led the Old Saxons, Angles, and Jutes into Britain, and eventually became the first Anglo-Saxon king in England, according to both 652:, Weland's brother, and thinks that the 'carving tells a story about him of which we know nothing. We see that he defends himself with arrows. Behind him appears to sit a woman in a house; possibly this may be Egil's spouse 199:, who subsequently donated the panels in 1867 to the British Museum, where he was Keeper of the British and Medieval collections. The missing right end panel was later found in a drawer by the family in Auzon and sold to the 2315:, and a 7th-century date, have also been proposed . The British Museum website (see external links) says Northumbria and "first half of the 8th century AD", as does Webster (2012a:92), "early part of the eighth century". 1456:

associates it with the mission to the Gentiles (that is, "all nations"), because seventy-two is the number of nations among the Gentiles, a multiple of the twelve tribes of Israel represented by the twelve apostles."

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meets three women in a dank wood late at night, who provide him with a belt and girdle that will enable him to defeat Balder. Hother wounds Balder, who dies three days later and is buried in a mound.

336:

In a sharp contrast, the right-hand scene shows one of the most common Christian subjects depicted in the art of the period; however here "the birth of a hero also makes good sin and suffering". The

2311:(1866–1901) I-II:470-76, 921-23, III:200-04, IV:40-44, placed it in Northumbria and dated it to the 8th century. Although A. S. Napier (1901) concurs with an early 8th-century Northumbrian origin, 927:, being mourned by his horse Grani and wife Guthrun. Eleanor Clark (1930) added, "Indeed, no one seeing the figure of the horse bending over the tomb of a man could fail to recall the words of the 899:

Page writes, "What the scenes represent I do not know. Excited and imaginative scholars have put forward numbers of suggestions but none convinces." Several of these theories are outlined below.

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and in runes, they shift into Latin and the Roman alphabet; then back into runes while still writing Latin". Some are written upside down or back to front. It is named after a former owner, Sir

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in the left-hand scene, and the Adoration of the Magi on the right. Wayland (also spelled Weyland, Welund or Vølund) stands at the extreme left in the forge where he is held as a slave by King

616:

In the lower right quadrant, the slaves/hostages are led away, with the text, in the bottom right corner of the panel, reading 'ᚷᛁᛋᛚ' (if normalised to Late West Saxon: 'gīsl'): 'hostages'.

594:

In the upper left quadrant, the Romans, led by Titus in a helm with a sword, attack the central building. The associated text reads 'ᚻᛖᚱᚠᛖᚷᛏᚪᚦ | ᛭ᛏᛁᛏᚢᛋᛖᚾᛞᚷᛁᚢᚦᛖᚪᛋᚢ' (in Latin transliteration

355:

Around the panel runs the following alliterating inscription, which does not relate to the scenes but is a riddle on the material of the casket itself as whale bone, and specifically from a

1410:, a gift not only for the keep of this or that follower, but also to honour him in front of his comrade-in-arms in the hall.” The Romulus and Remus inscription alliterates on the R-rune ᚱ 2599:

Page (1999, 178-9). Page's translations are endorsed by Webster (1999). See Napier (1901), Krause (1959), d'Ardenne (1966), and Peeters (1996) for discussion of alternative readings.

5238: 637:

panels in silver making up the missing areas. The empty round area in the centre probably housed the metal boss for a handle. The lid shows a scene of an archer, labelled ᚫᚷᛁᛚᛁ or

684:). The British Museum webpage and Leslie Webster concur, the former stating that "The lid appears to depict an episode relating to the Germanic hero Egil and has the single label 1261:, who, according to Schwab, is represented by the swaddled infant in the central scene. As a penance, she was required, as depicted in the scene on the left, "to sit beside the 1420:(the Anglo-Saxon god of victory), documenting that the peak of a warrior-king's life is glory won by victory over his enemies. The right side alliterates first on the H-rune ᚻ 947:, who passes judgement on the dead. The warrior to the left would then be Sigurd again, now restored to his former prime for the afterlife, and "sent rejoicing on his way to 852:, and according to Page, "it is not clear which is which or even if the carver distinguished competently between the two." Reading one rune, transcribed by Page and others as 501:

lying on her back at the bottom of the scene. The same wolf, or another, stands above, and there are two men with spears approaching from each side. The inscription reads:

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This he translates, "The idol sits far off on the dire hill, suffers abasement in sorrow and heart-rage as the den of pain had ordained for it." Linguistically, the segment

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chalice and right of the mound a woman with a staff in hand. It is his Valkyrie, who has left her seat and come to him in the shape of a bird. Now she is his beautiful

1448:. The artist manipulates his runes very carefully, on the front of the casket supplementing their number with dots and on the right side reducing their number with 5399: 167:

has been specifically suggested. The post-medieval history of the casket before the mid-19th century was unknown until relatively recently, when investigations by

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This scene was first explained by Sophus Bugge, in Stephens (1866-1901, Vol. I, p. lxix), as cited by Napier (1901, p. 368). See also Henderson (1971, p. 157).

3164: 4227: 3083: 1440:. "In order to reach certain values the carver had to choose quite unusual word forms and ways of spelling which have kept generations of scholars busy." 259:

inches, and can be dated from the language of its inscriptions and other features to the first half of the 8th century AD. There are other inscriptions, "

2679:, referring to a brief mention in the Notes and News section of The Academy, A Weekly Review of Literature, Science and Art, August 2nd 1890, p.90, col.1. 5243: 844:

simple substitution cipher. Three of the vowels are represented consistently by three invented symbols. However, two additional symbols represent both

3535: 5054: 761:

13:17, in which the prophet Elisha directs King Joas to shoot an arrow out an open window to symbolise his struggle against the Syrians: "Hence, the

348:, usually shown as a dove, or an angel. The human figures, at least, form a composition very comparable to those in other depictions of the period. 1223:

to sorrow and humiliation. The stallion to the left of the mound is Balder’s father Woden.” In Saxo's story, Woden then begets a second son, Boe (

5156: 1278: 1094:

between the stallion's legs, which denote the realm of death and can be found in similar position on picture stones from Gotland, Sweden like the

714:, with Achilles as the archer and Andromache's mother held captive in the room behind him. Amy Vandersall (1975) confirms Schneider's reading of 1247:

Ute Schwab (2008), following Heiner Eichner (1991), interprets the left and central scenes on the right panel as relating to the Welsh legend of

4552: 3563: 352:

considered this contrast of scenes, from left to right, as intended to indicate the positive and benign effects of conversion to Christianity.

1414:(journey or ride), evoking both how far from home the twins had journeyed and the owner's call to arms. The Titus side stresses the T-rune ᛏ 1081:, the hero's benevolent, even loving companion, who revives him with a draught from that chalice and takes him to Valhalla. The horse may be 5233: 2324:

Vandersall summarises the previous scholarship as at 1972 in setting the casket into an art-historical, rather than linguistic context. Mrs

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Richard Abels, “What Has Weland to Do with Christ? The Franks Casket and the Acculturation of Christianity in Early Anglo-Saxon England.”

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Neuman de Vegvar, Carol L. "The Travelling Twins: Romulus and Remus in Anglo-Saxon England." Ch. 21 in Jane Hawkes and Susan Mills, eds.,

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D'Ardenne independently put forward Bouman's Hengist and Horsa reading, which she only discovered as her own article was going to press.

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a horse, faces a figure, holding a stick or sword, who stands over something defined by a curved line. On the right are three figures.

648:"followed up his explanation of the Weland picture on the front of the casket with the suggestion that the bowman on the top piece is 73:

and culture. Both identifying the images and interpreting the runic inscriptions has generated a considerable amount of scholarship.

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A monastic origin is generally accepted for the casket, which was perhaps made for presentation to an important secular figure, and

5295: 4764: 4425: 4375: 4096: 613:. The associated text, in the bottom left corner of the panel, reads 'ᛞᚩᛗ' (if normalised to Late West Saxon: 'dōm'): 'judgement'. 3443: 5318: 4779: 2581:

90 in the Vulgate bible and Old English translation referenced by Osborn corresponds to Psalm 91 in Protestant and Hebrew bibles.

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Napier (1901: 379 n.2). Napier (p. 364) reports that Dr. Söderberg of Lund had anticipated Wadstein's proposal already in the

1336:

The inscription refers specifically to the scene on the left end of the casket's right side. According to Simmons, the 'idol' (

988: 5328: 5259: 5209: 3194: 2874: 2544: 1465:

This is a glossary of the Old English words on the casket, excluding personal names. Definitions are selected from those in

2328:, former Keeper at the British Museum and the leading expert, has published a new short book on the casket (Webster 2012b). 813:

herhos(?) sitæþ on hærmberge ¶ agl? drigiþ ¶ swa hiri ertae gisgraf særden sorgæ ¶ and sefa tornæ

718:

as relating to Achilles, but would instead have the lid depict the Trojan attack on the Greek camp, with the Greek bowman

5419: 5414: 4739: 4395: 3058:

Schneider, Karl, "Zu den Inschriften und Bildern des Franks Casket und einer ae. Version des Mythos von Balders Tod." In

2915: 4947: 4335: 473:

The flood cast up the fish on the mountain-cliff. The terror-king became sad where he swam on the shingle. Whale's bone.

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as the archer and the person behind the archer (interpreted as a woman by most other authors) as Achilles in his tent.

1257:, a medieval collection of ancient Welsh stories, Rhiannon was falsely accused of murdering and eating her infant son 749:, by Roman Catholic forces in 554 A.D. According to Gabriele Cocco (2009), the lid most likely portrays the story of 5379: 4322: 3230: 3212: 3186: 2536: 2808:

Osborn (1991b: 260-1). Howlett (1997: 283) concurs with Becker and Osborn that "The carver counted his characters."

4932: 4647: 2548: 147: 1344:

in the form of an ass, being tortured by a personified Hell in helmet. The scene is a reference to the apocryphon

833:

She suffers distress as Ertae had imposed it upon her, a wretched den (?wood) of sorrows and of torments of mind.

5174: 4922: 3018:

Osborn, Marijane. "The Lid as Conclusion of the Syncretic Theme of the Franks Casket," in A. Bammesberger (ed.),

4119: 2824:, 4th rev. edn by Herbet D. Meritt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960); 1916 second edn available at 2455: 999:. The miniature person inside the burial mound he grieves over would then be Horsa, who died at the battle of 680:

inscription, dating to about the same period as the casket, also makes reference to the couple Egil and Olrun (

641:, single-handedly defending a fortress against a troop of attackers, who from their larger size may be giants. 605:

In the lower left quadrant, a seated judge announces the judgement of the defeated Jews, which as recounted in

131:

The inscriptions "display a deliberate linguistic and alphabetic virtuosity; though they are mostly written in

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Neuphilologische Mitteilungen: Bulletin de la Société Néophilologique/ Bulletin of the Modern Language Society

84:

The imagery is very diverse in its subject matter and derivations, and includes a single Christian image, the

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Other authors see a Biblical or Christian message in the lid: Marijane Osborn finds that several details in

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romwalusandreumwalus twœgen ¶ gibroðær ¶ afœddæhiæ wylifinromæcæstri : ¶ oþlæunneg

207:, where it was identified as part of the casket in 1890. The British Museum display includes a cast of it. 5424: 5404: 5248: 4962: 4517: 4446: 4430: 4129: 3954: 3939: 2139:

so as, consequently, just as, so far as, in such wise, in this or that way, thus, so that, provided that

730:

an angelic defender in verse 11." Leopold Peeters (1996:44) proposes that the lid depicts the defeat of

598:, and if normalised to Late West Saxon 'Hēr feohtaþ Tītus and Iūdēas'): 'Here Titus and the Jews fight'. 5394: 5323: 4292: 3969: 2271: 1211:), and the shrouded man within the central mound with Balder. “The woman to the right of the mound is 1137:

Leopold Peeters (1996) proposes that the right panel provides a pictorial illustration of the biblical

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d'Ardenne, Simonne R.T.O., "Does the right side of the Franks Casket represent the burial of Sigurd?"

5310: 4998: 1149: 979:

A.C. Bouman (1965) and Simonne d'Ardenne (1966) instead interpret the mournful stallion (Old English

660:, Egil is named as a brother of Weyland (Weland), who is shown on the front panel of the casket. The 196: 168: 136: 3469: 1207:

Howlett identifies the three figures at the right with the three wood maidens (who may be the three

1186:

David Howlett (1997) identifies the illustrations on the right panel with the story of the death of

1102:. Two other pictures of the Franks Casket show this symbol. On the front it marks the third of the 344:

bearing the traditional gifts. A goose-like bird by the feet of the leading magus may represent the

5384: 5216: 5188: 4597: 4365: 3914: 1282: 694:(quoted by Viëtor 1904) proposed instead that the lid represents a scene pertaining to the fall of 5167: 1428:(sun, light, life), and illustrates the hero's death and ultimate salvation, according to Becker. 316:

The front panel, which originally had a lock fitted, depicts elements from the Germanic legend of

5358: 5064: 5009: 4992: 4727: 4722: 4380: 4345: 4082: 3317:

J. Lang, "The Imagery of the Franks Casket: Another Approach," in J. Hawkes & S. Mills (ed.)

2817: 2728:

Schneider (1959) similarly identified the right panel with Saxo’s version of the death of Balder.

1466: 633:

The lid as it now survives is incomplete. Leslie Webster has suggested that there may have been

573: 3454: 2496:, also shows Romulus and Remus being suckled, with other animal ornament. (Wilson 1984, p. 86). 1122: 532:

Romulus and Remus, two brothers, a she-wolf nourished them in Rome, far from their native land.

5429: 5044: 4972: 4717: 4712: 4435: 3517: 3142: 2485: 1394:

Old English name, which gave the rune itself the connotations of the name, as described in the

1363: 1126: 1095: 1037: 581: 566: 542: 538: 57:. The casket is densely decorated with knife-cut narrative scenes in flat two-dimensional low- 5019: 4877: 4854: 4789: 4607: 4211: 4188: 3801: 3787: 3483:', Edition of the runic inscriptions, with high-resolution images of each side of the object. 3289: 2284: 1395: 995: 549:). She suggests that because of the similarity of the story of Romulus and Remus to that of 340:, identified by an inscription (ᛗᚫᚷᛁ, "magi"), led by the large star, approach the enthroned 310: 260: 85: 3294:

A suggested Interpretation of the Scene depicted on the Right-Hand Side of the Franks Casket

3110:

Vandersall, Amy L., "Homeric Myth in Early Medieval England: The Lid of the Franks Casket".

1724:

mass of water, flood, wave; flow (of tide as opposed to ebb), tide, flux, current, stream

5202: 5124: 5074: 4982: 4420: 4178: 3572: 1355: 1099: 470:

fisc · flodu · ahofonferg ¶ enberig ¶ warþga : sricgrornþærheongreutgiswom ¶ hronæsban

3077: 3005:, Sutton Publishing, Phoenix Mill Thrupp, Strand, Gloucestershire, 1999, pp. 256–267. 2568:

British Museum Collections Database webpage, accessed Jan. 26, 2013; Webster (2012), p. 92

2383:

Measurements from British Museum Collections Database webpage. For date see note to lead.

2346:

Parsons (1999, 98-100) has an important discussion on the runes used in the Franks Casket.

1350:, a popular medieval text translated into Anglo-Saxon. In one version of the story of the 8: 5409: 5195: 5094: 4872: 4744: 4672: 4592: 4537: 4237: 4217: 3835: 3815: 972: 588: 349: 282:

is a Byzantine interpretation of the style, in revived classical style, from about 1000.

2639:

Translation of H.A. Bellows, Oxford Univ. Press, 1926, as cited by Clark (1930, p. 339).

1374: 1175: 5285: 5146: 5141: 5034: 5024: 4817: 4769: 4707: 4692: 4632: 4622: 4567: 4527: 4512: 4452: 4330: 4193: 4183: 3909: 3440: 3426: 3393:, "The Iconographic Programme of the Franks Casket," in J. Hawkes & S. Mills (ed.) 668: 3528: 529:

Rōmwalus and Rēomwalus, twēgen gebrōðera: fēdde hīe wylf in Rōmeceastre, ēðle unnēah.

467:ᚠᛁᛋᚳ ᛫ ᚠᛚᚩᛞᚢ ᛫ ᚪᚻᚩᚠᚩᚾᚠᛖᚱᚷ ¶ ᛖᚾᛒᛖᚱᛁᚷ ¶ ᚹᚪᚱᚦᚷᚪ ᛬ ᛋᚱᛁᚳᚷᚱᚩᚱᚾᚦᚫᚱᚻᛖᚩᚾᚷᚱᛖᚢᛏᚷᛁᛋᚹᚩᛗ ¶ ᚻᚱᚩᚾᚫᛋᛒᚪᚾ 5130: 5119: 4952: 4844: 4794: 4602: 4582: 4572: 4497: 4385: 4340: 4302: 4205: 4199: 4124: 3964: 3929: 3882: 3683: 3642: 3612: 3541: 3400: 3390: 3383:

K. Spiess, "Das angelsächsische Runenkästchen (die Seite mit der Hos-Inschrift)," in

3304: 3226: 3218: 3208: 3200: 3190: 3182: 3170: 3152: 3148: 2885: 2870: 2540: 2532: 2451: 2325: 2279: 1437: 1359: 1351: 924: 754: 691: 550: 494: 487: 341: 317: 306: 285: 180: 125: 101: 62: 50: 4677: 3521: 3120: 1180: 5109: 4957: 4912: 4812: 4807: 4784: 4734: 4652: 4577: 4487: 4482: 4272: 3989: 3853: 3744: 3719: 3434:

Considering the institutional narratives and object narratives of the Franks Casket

3123:, "Allgemeinwissenschaftliches; Gelehrten-, Schrift-, Buch- und Bibliothekswesen." 2825: 2528: 1191: 662: 587:

At the centre of the panel is a depiction of a building, probably representing the

546: 188: 105: 1090:

Krause and Becker call attention to the significance of the two trefoil marks or

1056:

is read, "here sits the horse". However, Wilhelm Krause (1959) instead separates

1011:. Bouman suggests that the female mourner could then be Hengist's famous daughter 919:

Elis Wadstein (1900) proposed that the right panel depicts the Germanic legend of

5029: 5014: 4987: 4967: 4839: 4822: 4697: 4637: 4627: 4587: 4547: 4492: 4477: 4405: 4360: 4267: 3944: 3739: 3729: 3714: 3637: 3447: 3236: 3156: 3008:

Osborn, Marijane. "The Seventy-Two Gentiles and the Theme of the Franks Casket."

2981: 1479: 657: 521:ᚱᚩᛗᚹᚪᛚᚢᛋᚪᚾᛞᚱᛖᚢᛗᚹᚪᛚᚢᛋᛏᚹᛟᚷᛖᚾ ¶ ᚷᛁᛒᚱᚩᚦᚫᚱ ¶ ᚪᚠᛟᛞᛞᚫᚻᛁᚫᚹᚣᛚᛁᚠᛁᚾᚱᚩᛗᚫᚳᚫᛋᛏᚱᛁ ᛬ ¶ ᚩᚦᛚᚫᚢᚾᚾᛖᚷ 200: 152: 97: 70: 3141:(7). Uppsala, Almqvist & Wicksells Boktryckeri A. B. Available as undated 3048:

Peeters, Leopold, "The Franks Casket: A Judeo-Christian Interpretation.", 1996,

1289:

Austin Simmons (2010) parses the frame inscription into the following segments:

948: 5253: 5104: 5099: 5084: 5039: 4977: 4907: 4897: 4799: 4662: 4562: 4542: 4440: 4355: 4312: 4282: 4105: 3678: 3500: 3486: 3246:

Wood, Ian N., "Ripon, Francia and the Franks Casket in the Early Middle Ages",

2289: 1346: 1317:

assimilated to the following sibilant, while in the b-verse of the second line

1262: 1144: 1139: 677: 482: 356: 271: 220: 54: 26: 3494: 3476:(15 February 2008) (readings of the poems on the front and right-hand panels). 3433: 3341:

M. Osborn, "The Grammar of the Inscription on the Franks Casket, right Side,"

2867:

Franks Casket; Das Runenkästchen von Auzon. Magie in Bildern, Runen und Zahlen

5373: 5004: 4942: 4927: 4882: 4832: 4754: 4749: 4682: 4617: 4612: 4522: 4502: 4297: 4287: 4173: 4168: 4014: 3181:(Editors: Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes), Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, 2991: 2943: 2559:

Napier (1901, p. 366), quoting Bugge in Stephens (1866-1901, vol. I, p. lxx).

2075:

bodily pain, sickness; wound, sore, raw place; suffering, sorrow, affliction

1433: 1196: 912: 279: 275: 231:

The casket is 22.9 cm long, 19 cm wide and 10.9 cm high – 9 ×

109: 93: 4687: 3536:

Horsing Around? — Thorny Problem of the Franks Casket Reveals Another Riddle

3490: 780: 5300: 5280: 5136: 4827: 4702: 4667: 4657: 4532: 4507: 4400: 1484:

Headword form (nominative singular for substantives, infinitive for verbs)

1235: 1148:

with whom he lived. Some of the details Peeters cites are specific to the

1130: 1004: 645: 624: 267: 224: 179:(upper Loire region), France; it is possible that it was looted during the 89: 2853:

Franks Casket: Zu den Bildern und Inschriften des Runenkästchens von Auzon

5079: 4917: 4892: 4887: 4557: 4457: 4370: 4277: 4262: 4163: 3859: 3829: 3324: 1212: 766: 345: 293:, and intended to be presented to a "secular, probably royal, recipient" 215: 176: 132: 66: 42: 3749: 3622: 2697:

Becker (2000, unpaginated section "H-panel (Right Side) - The Picture").

1158:

According to Peeters, the three figures at the right may then represent

907: 541:(1999) observes that other depictions of Romulus and Remus are found in 5114: 5089: 4902: 4849: 4642: 4410: 3869: 3864: 3025: 1321:"before" is an independent word before a three-member verbal compound, 1253: 1216: 1159: 824:

agl drīgeþ swā hire Erta gescræf sār-denn sorge and sefan torne.

746: 707: 695: 337: 124:, and perhaps even an allusion to the legendary founding of England by 69:

origin, it is of unique importance for the insight it gives into early

3794: 3511: 3336:

Studien zum Runenkästchen von Auzon und zum Schiffsgrab von Sutton Hoo

1436:, the early continental runic alphabet preserved within the extended 1162:’s wife and concubines, "conducting blasphemous rites of irreverence ( 1064:(divinity). Alfred Becker (1973, 2002), following Krause, interprets 301: 4415: 4158: 4045: 3959: 3673: 3327:, "The Franks Casket and the Date of Widsith," in A.H. Orrick (ed.), 2617:

Thomas A. Bredehoft, 'Three New Cryptic Runes on the Franks Casket',

1449: 1391: 1201: 1008: 792: 738: 330: 325: 171:

revealed that the casket had belonged to the church of Saint-Julien,

116:

legend, an otherwise lost episode from the life of Weyland's brother

3734: 3597: 3538:, Dec. 23, 2017. Proposes an alternative reading of the right side. 3103:

Vandersall, Amy L., "The Date and Provenance of the Franks Casket,"

2484:

Another Anglo-Saxon bone plaque, existing only in a fragment at the

1048:

between the horse's legs, as on the right panel of the Franks Casket

698:, but did not elaborate. Karl Schneider (1959) identifies the word 321: 112:. It has also been suggested that there may be an episode from the 3999: 3919: 3307:, James Lang, C. Neuman de Vegvar on various aspects of the casket. 1248: 1111: 1091: 1083: 1032: 742: 735: 703: 606: 561: 204: 121: 104:), as well as a depiction of at least one legend indigenous to the 21: 4004: 3934: 3310:

W. Krogmann, "Die Verse vom Wal auf dem Runenkästchen von Auzon,"

3282:

Alfred Becker, "A Magic Spell "powered by" a Lunisolar Calendar,"

2448:

The Conversion of Europe: From Paganism to Christianity 371-1386AD

76: 4074: 3949: 3875: 3808: 3770: 3693: 3480: 3403:, "Stylistic Aspects of the Franks Casket," in R. Farrell (ed.), 3136:

Skrifter utgifna af K. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Upsala

2493: 2489: 1382:…" on the front of the Franks Casket alliterates on the F-rune ᚠ 1258: 1045: 1041: 731: 610: 290: 172: 160: 3904: 3587: 3241:

Anglo-Saxon Art: From The Seventh Century To The Norman Conquest

1224: 1069: 944: 702:

on the lid as an Anglo-Saxon form of the name of the Greek hero

5181: 3979: 3709: 3688: 3663: 3607: 2859: 2578: 2312: 1369: 1354:, a personified Hell blames Satan for having brought about the 1012: 920: 750: 726: 719: 649: 634: 493:

The left panel depicts the mythological twin founders of Rome,

117: 113: 58: 46: 3632: 3161:

The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture, AD 600-900

3994: 3984: 3924: 3754: 3668: 3617: 3602: 3592: 2904:

Clark, Eleanor Grace, "The Right Side of the Franks Casket,"

1341: 1267: 1220: 1208: 1187: 1107: 967: 711: 673: 653: 577: 192: 184: 164: 1612:

doom, judgment, ordeal, sentence; court, tribunal, assembly

864:, Thomas A. Bredehoft has suggested the alternative reading 4024: 4019: 3974: 3899: 3822: 3647: 3627: 3284:

Asterisk, A Quarterly Journal of Historical English Studies

3277:

Asterisk, A Quarterly Journal of Historical English Studies

3270:

Asterisk, A Quarterly Journal of Historical English Studies

3036:

Recasting the Runes: the Reform of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc

1453: 1103: 984: 3352:, Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 75 (1974), pp. 50–65. 2401:

Webster (1991); Webster (2012a:92); Webster (2012b:30-33).

1110:. It also appears on the lid, where according to Becker, 3724: 3508: 3436:, public lecture at the University of York, Feb. 3, 2015. 1416: 1143:, ch. 4 and 5: The wild creature at the left represents 3376:

P. W. Souers, "The Wayland Scene on the Franks Casket,"

3329:

Nordica et Anglica, Studies in Honor of Stefán Einarsson

3098:

The Old-Norse Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England

2307:

The first considerable publication, by George Stephens,

305:

Detail of front panel, depicting the Germanic legend of

3410:

A. Wolf, "Franks Casket in literarhistorischer Sicht,"

3067:

Franks Casket: fünf Studien zum Runenkästchen von Auzon

2374:

Webster (1991), from British Museum collection database

2309:

Old-Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England

3571: 2123:

sorrow, pain, grief, trouble, care, distress, anxiety

710:'s brothers by Achilles at Thebes in a story from the 3493:. BBC Four production first broadcast 10 Aug. 2010. 3371:

Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature

3364:

Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature

3357:

Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature

3093:, Aug. 2, 1899, p. 90. (As cited by Clark 1930) 2916:"The Bowman Who Takes the Lid off the Franks Casket." 2862:

website dated 2002, with English and German versions.

3243:, Thames and Hudson (US edn. Overlook Press), 1984. 3134:

Wadstein, Elis (1900), "The Clermont Runic Casket,"

2261: 1424:(hail storm or misfortune) and then on the S-rune ᛋ 1190:, as told by the late 12th-century Danish historian 1068:

as a sacred grove, the site where in pagan days the

3296:, Medieval Archaeology 14 (1970), pp. 148–152. 2419:

Webster (2012a:96-97). (both quoted, in that order)

2155:anger, indignation; grief, misery, suffering, pain 915:" from eastern Sweden depicts Sigurd's horse Grani. 227:

models the Franks Casket emulates. Late 4th century

3497:discusses the Franks Casket and the Welund legend. 3350:The Picture-Poem on the Front of the Franks Casket 3179:The Blackwell encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 3020:Old English Runes and their Continental Background 2931:Old English Runes and their Continental Background 210: 4308:Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa 2920:Studi anglo-norreni in onore di John S. McKinnell 2621:, 58.2 (2011), 181-83, doi:10.1093/notesj/gjr037. 1117: 1003:in 455 A.D. and was buried in a flint tumulus at 672:tells that he was the husband of the swan maiden 5371: 2826:http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31543/31543-0.txt 2001:on, upon, on to, up to, among; in, into, within 183:. It was then in the possession of a family in 5400:Medieval European objects in the British Museum 3369:P. W. Souers, "The Magi on the Franks Casket," 3338:; Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik 728 (2005) 2906:Publications of the Modern Language Association 2797:F-panel (Front) - Number and value of the runes 3362:P. W. Souers, "The Franks Casket: Left Side," 3355:P. W. Souers, "The Top of the Franks Casket," 2882:The King's Gift Box: The Runic Casket of Auzon 1628:experience, suffer, endure, sustain, tolerate 45:whale's bone (not "whalebone" in the sense of 4090: 3557: 2998:in honor of Dr. F.J. Furnivall, Oxford, 1901. 2964:, 1972, rev. 1977, Penguin, pp. 156–158. 1507:trouble, distress, oppression, misery, grief 1500:This word is a mystery, but often emended to 888:she endures agl as the Jute appointed to her, 3050:Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 2922:, ed. M. E. Ruggerini. CUED Editrice, 2009. 1370:Runological and numerological considerations 1219:, prophesying Balder’s death and condemning 990:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 545:art and coinage (for example the very early 3100:(4 volumes), London: J.R. Smith, 1866–1901. 1230: 565:The rear panel, depicting a scene from the 223:, one of the best survivals of the sort of 4243:Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III 4097: 4083: 3564: 3550: 3275:Alfred Becker, "The Virgin and the Vamp," 3268:Alfred Becker, "Franks Casket Revisited," 1273: 1027: 975:is said to be based on the banner of Horsa 938:The steed knew well his master was slain." 4938:Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions 3163:, London 1991, pp. 101–103 (text on 1660:feed, nourish, sustain, foster, bring up 1285:, 4th-century Roman Christian sarcophagus 935:The head of Grani was bowed to the grass, 874:agl drigiþ, swæ hiri Eutae gisgraf 4426:Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art 4376:Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription 3505:"The Franks Casket - with Tony Robinson" 1373: 1277: 1234: 1174: 1121: 1031: 966: 906: 779: 666:depicts Egil as a master archer and the 623: 560: 481: 300: 214: 195:, where they were bought in 1857 by Sir 146: 75: 20: 4780:Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa 3299:Jane Hawkes and Susan Mills (editors), 3069:, ed. by Hasso C. Heiland. Vol. 15 of 1889:temple, altar, sanctuary, idol; grove? 1170: 596:herfegtaþ | +titusendgiuþeasu 151:Original of right panel, on display in 53:from the early 8th century, now in the 25:The Franks Casket, as displayed in the 5372: 5334:Royal Commission on the British Museum 3847:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 2940:). Heidelberg, 1991, pp. 603–628. 1523:lift up, stir up, raise, exalt, erect 1329:is a rare form of the particle-prefix 856:but which is different from the usual 191:, who sold them to an antique shop in 5260:A History of the World in 100 Objects 4078: 3545: 3465:, preserving Alfred Becker's website. 3062:Heidelberg, Universitätsverlag, 1959. 3022:, Heidelberg 1991b, pp. 249–268. 2950:. Manchester University Press, 1959. 1390:Each Anglo-Saxon runic letter had an 1299:agl drigiþ swæ hiri er tae-gi-sgraf 1243:, translated by Charlotte Guest, 1877 1200:. According to Saxo, Balder's rival 962: 955:identifying the spot as Hel's wall." 139:, who gave it to the British Museum. 5239:Conservation and Scientific Research 3481:The Franks Casket: a Digital Edition 3455:The Franks Casket / The Auzon Casket 3387:, Klagenfurt 1932, pp. 160–168. 2988:5; Festschrift Havers (1959), 46–54. 902: 3312:Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift 3223:The Franks Casket: Objects in Focus 3079:The Cipherment of the Franks Casket 2978:. Dublin, Four Courts Press, 1997. 2894:Bouman, A.C., "The Franks Casket," 2795:Becker (2002), unpaginated section 2782:Becker (2002, unpaginated, section 2091:mind, spirit, understanding, heart 1475:Transliteration of runes on casket 1386:, which connotes wealth or treasure 879:sæuden sorgæ and sefa tornæ. 831:Here Hos sits on the sorrow-mound; 13: 4104: 3165:British Museum collection database 2505:Neuman de Vegvar (1999, pp. 265–6) 2009:(possibly occurring in the string 1969:in, into, upon, on, at, to, among 1876:(possibly occurring in the string 869:Her Hos sitæþ on hæum bergæ 822:Hēr Hōs siteþ on hearmbeorge: 602:inhabitants flee from Jerusalem'. 14: 5441: 5249:Portable Antiquities and Treasure 3514:series. Published Feb. 22, 2017. 3419: 3331:, The Hague 1968, pp. 10–18. 3071:Studia medievalia septentrionalia 2884:Witan Publishing, Troy, Al. 2023 1127:“Nebuchadnezzar” by William Blake 885:Here sits Hos on the high hill ; 784:The replica right panel in London 266:The chest is clearly modelled on 88:, along with images derived from 5354: 5353: 5296:Films shot at the British Museum 4933:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III 4648:Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano 4336:Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena 4059: 4058: 3459:British Library, UK Web Archive 3314:, N.F. 9 (1959), pp. 88–94. 3151:(1991), "The Franks Casket," in 3029:An Introduction to English Runes 2967:Hough, Carole and John Corbett, 2822:A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary 2264: 1239:Rhiannon riding in Arbeth, from 804:standardised to Late West Saxon 513:standardised to Late West Saxon 61:and with inscriptions mostly in 3529:Runic Text on the Franks Casket 3265:84, no. 3 (July 2009), 549–581. 3225:, British Museum Press, 2012b, 3060:Festschrift für Walther Fischer 2984:, "Erta, ein anglischer Gott", 2976:British Books in Biblical Style 2929:, in Alfred Bammesberger, ed., 2811: 2802: 2789: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2478: 2469: 2460: 2440: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2395: 1179:Hother and the wood maidens by 895:of sorrow and troubles of mind. 211:Description and interpretations 5210:The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies 4248:Colossal head of Amenhotep III 3407:, London 1982, pp. 20–31. 3373:, 19 (1937), pp. 249–254. 3366:, 18 (1936), pp. 199–209. 3359:, 17 (1935), pp. 163–179. 2957:. British Museum Press, 1993. 2466:Hough and Corbett (2013: 106). 2386: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2349: 2340: 2331: 2318: 2301: 1918:hē/hēo/þæt (personal pronoun) 1304:sær-den sorgæ and sefa-tornæ 1118:The Madness of Nebuchadnezzar? 775: 296: 65:. Generally thought to be of 1: 4760:Priene dedicatory inscription 3491:Treasures of the Anglo Saxons 3385:Josef Strzygowski-Festschrift 3343:Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 3254: 2834: 2784:The Casket – a Warrior’s Life 1721:flōd (masculine/neuter noun) 1641:ēðel (masculine/neuter noun) 1378:The inscription ᚠᛁᛋᚳ᛫ᚠᛚᚩᛞᚢ᛫ " 1313:represents the verbal prefix 1294:herh os-sitæþ on hærm-bergæ 556: 477: 120:, a Homeric legend involving 4948:Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir 4923:Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel 4391:Jade terrapin from Allahabad 4258:Gebelein predynastic mummies 4253:El-Amra clay model of cattle 3412:Frühmittelalterliche Studien 3380:18 (1943), pp. 104–111. 3345:73 (1972), pp. 663–671. 3107:11, 2 (1972), pp. 9–26. 3073:, Vienna: Fassbaender, 2008. 2525:Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn 2035:Rōmeceaster (feminine noun) 1689:firgenbeorg (feminine noun) 1087:, Woden's famous stallion." 7: 4963:Babylonian Map of the World 4518:Barber Cup and Crawford Cup 4447:The Great Wave off Kanagawa 4431:Seated Buddha from Gandhara 4351:Amitābha Buddha from Hancui 3414:3 (1969), pp. 227–243. 3250:, 26 (1990), pp. 1–19. 2927:Zu Franks Casket/Rune Auzon 2706:Peeters (1996: 29), citing 2257: 1865:hearmbeorg (feminine noun) 1644:country, native land, home 1460: 572:The rear panel depicts the 447:sricgrornþærheongreutgiswom 444:ᛋᚱᛁᚳᚷᚱᚩᚱᚾᚦᚫᚱᚻᛖᚩᚾᚷᚱᛖᚢᛏᚷᛁᛋᚹᚩᛗ 10: 5446: 5420:Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) 5415:She-wolf (Roman mythology) 4293:Rhind Mathematical Papyrus 3397:(1999), pp. 227 – 246 2365:Vandersall 1972:24 note 1. 2272:Anglo-Saxon England portal 1982:Iūdēas (masculine plural) 1402:(wealth) and the G-rune ᚷ 1150:Old English poem based on 486:The left panel, depicting 270:ivory caskets such as the 142: 5349: 5273: 5226: 5155: 5053: 4999:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 4863: 4775:Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera 4466: 4321: 4226: 4147: 4138: 4112: 4054: 4033: 3892: 3779: 3763: 3702: 3656: 3580: 3425:Archaeosoup Productions, 3321:(1999) pp. 247 – 255 3303:(1999); with articles by 3125:Deutsche Literaturzeitung 2848:(1966), pp. 235–242. 2187:not near, far, away from 2062:(occurring in the string 1737:gāsrīc? (masculine noun) 1583:(occurring in the string 801:transliteration of runes 795:reads the inscription as 771:Commentary on the Psalms. 510:transliteration of runes 197:Augustus Wollaston Franks 137:Augustus Wollaston Franks 5380:8th-century inscriptions 5306:Repatriation controversy 4983:Flood tablet (Gilgamesh) 4765:Priene edict inscription 4598:Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo 4366:Mogao Christian painting 3915:Early Germanic calendars 3446:25 February 2021 at the 3427:In Focus: Franks Casket 3395:Northumbria’s Golden Age 3319:Northumbria’s Golden Age 3301:Northumbria's Golden Age 3207:, British Museum Press, 3003:Northumbria's Golden Age 2666:Clark (1930, pp. 352–3). 2295: 1785:geswimman (strong verb) 1772:cave, cavern, hole, pit 1753:brōðor (masculine noun) 1231:The Penance of Rhiannon? 16:Anglo-Saxon carved chest 5291:Dingwall Beloe Lectures 4993:Library of Ashurbanipal 4381:Hephthalite silver bowl 4346:Ambika Statue from Dhar 3581:Gods and divine figures 3522:Anglo-Saxon Runic fonts 3468:Drout, Michael D. C., ' 3429:. Posted 25 Aug. 2012. 3279:, 12/4 (2003), 201-209. 2935:Altenglische Forschngen 2577:Osborn (1991b: 262-3). 2514:Page (1999, pp. 176–7). 2107:sit, sit down, recline 1934:hēo (personal pronoun) 1886:hearg (masculine noun) 1274:Satan and the Nativity? 1028:The Deity of the Grove? 507:transcription of runes 5244:Libraries and Archives 5045:Phoenician metal bowls 4973:Cylinders of Nabonidus 4436:Stamp seal (BM 119999) 3272:, 12/2 (2003), 83-128. 3143:University of Michigan 3112:Studies in Iconography 3089:Söderberg, Sigurd, in 2996:An English Miscellany, 2948:Runes: An Introduction 2737:Howlett (1997: 280-1). 2486:Castle Museum, Norwich 2450:London 1997 pp269-270 2216:wudu (masculine noun) 2200:weorðan (strong verb) 2088:sefa (masculine noun) 1950:hran (masculine noun) 1849:hē (personal pronoun) 1801:gīsl (masculine noun) 1769:gescræf (neuter noun) 1705:fisc (masculine noun) 1676:fight, combat, strive 1673:feohtan (strong verb) 1625:drēogan (strong verb) 1572:bita (masculine noun) 1520:āhebban (strong verb) 1387: 1286: 1244: 1183: 1134: 1049: 976: 916: 836:rushes / wood / biter 785: 630: 619: 582:First Jewish-Roman War 569: 567:First Jewish-Roman War 539:Carol Neuman de Vegvar 490: 313: 228: 156: 81: 30: 5020:Babylonian Chronicles 4878:Assyrian lion weights 4855:Xanten Horse-Phalerae 4790:Stony Stratford Hoard 4708:Papyri of Oxyrhynchus 4608:Dionysus Sardanapalus 4553:Bronze head of Hypnos 4189:Double-headed serpent 3802:Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem 3788:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2969:Beginning Old English 2953:Green, Miranda Jane, 2488:, which was found at 2285:Old English rune poem 2232:wylf (feminine noun) 2120:sorg (feminine noun) 2104:sittan (strong verb) 2051:risc (feminine noun) 1609:dōm (masculine noun) 1396:Old English rune poem 1377: 1281: 1238: 1178: 1125: 1072:were worshipped, and 1044:, Sweden depicts two 1035: 996:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 970: 910: 860:-rune, as a rune for 807:possible translation 783: 627: 564: 516:possible translation 497:, being suckled by a 485: 311:adoration of the Magi 304: 218: 150: 86:Adoration of the Magi 79: 24: 5390:Anglo-Saxon paganism 5203:The Disasters of War 5125:Sutton Hoo purse-lid 5075:Holy Thorn Reliquary 4421:Mathura lion capital 4179:Bronze Head from Ife 4034:Modern pagan revival 4010:Wetlands and islands 3860:Old English language 3573:Anglo-Saxon paganism 3286:, 15 (2006), 55 -73. 3177:, pp. 194–195, 2755:Green (1993, p. 30). 2746:Howlett (1997: 281). 2657:Clark (1930, p. 342) 2648:Clark (1930, p. 340) 2475:Page (1999, p. 175). 2219:wood, forest, grove 2019:ōs (masculine noun) 1817:grēot (neuter noun) 1446:interpretatio romana 1251:. According to the 1171:The Death of Balder? 1100:Stora Hammars stones 609:was to be sold into 29:; the front and lid 5286:British Museum Acts 5196:The Ancient of Days 5095:Mildenhall Treasure 4873:Ain Sakhri figurine 4804:Townley collection 4745:Petelia Gold Tablet 4673:Macmillan aryballos 4593:Chatuzange Treasure 4538:Boscoreale Treasure 4238:Battlefield Palette 4218:Yaxchilan Lintel 24 3893:Society and culture 3836:Finnesburg Fragment 3816:De temporum ratione 3334:Th. Müller-Braband, 3031:, Woodbridge, 1999. 2974:Howlett, David R., 2960:Henderson, George, 2944:Elliott, Ralph W.V. 2855:. Regensburg, 1973. 2719:Peeters (1996: 31). 2523:MacGregor, Arthur. 2392:Webster (2012a:92). 2184:unnēah (adjective) 2152:torn (neuter noun) 1593:denn (neuter noun) 1478:Form normalised to 1438:Anglo-Saxon futhorc 1347:Decensus ad Inferos 1325:. The first member 973:White horse of Kent 827:rixe / wudu / bita 817:risci ¶ wudu ¶ bita 589:Temple of Jerusalem 574:Taking of Jerusalem 5425:Chests (furniture) 5405:Runic inscriptions 5168:Dürer's Rhinoceros 5147:Lampsacus Treasure 5142:Vindolanda Tablets 5035:Antiochus cylinder 5025:Ur Box inscription 4770:San Sosti Axe-Head 4693:Minoan Bull-leaper 4633:Farnese Diadumenos 4623:Esquiline Treasure 4568:Campo Iemini Venus 4528:Beaurains Treasure 4513:Asclepius of Milos 4453:Vishnu Nicolo Seal 4396:Kakiemon elephants 4331:Admonitions Scroll 4184:Codex Kingsborough 4130:Round Reading Room 3145:Libraries reprint. 3096:Stephens, George, 3086:, dated Jan. 2010. 3084:Project Woruldhord 2971:. Palgrave, 2013. 2962:Early Medieval Art 2842:Études Germaniques 2818:John R. Clark Hall 2072:sār (neuter noun) 1833:grorn (adjective) 1820:grit, sand, earth 1657:fēdan (weak verb) 1575:biter, wild beast 1556:bān (neuter noun) 1540:and (conjunction) 1388: 1287: 1245: 1184: 1135: 1050: 977: 963:Hengist and Horsa? 917: 786: 631: 570: 491: 324:, who has had his 314: 309:and the Christian 229: 157: 82: 31: 5395:Anglo-Saxon runes 5367: 5366: 5269: 5268: 5131:Swimming Reindeer 5120:Sutton Hoo helmet 4953:Tablet of Shamash 4845:Vaison Diadumenos 4795:Strangford Apollo 4603:Demeter of Knidos 4583:Chaourse Treasure 4573:Carthage Treasure 4498:Arcisate Treasure 4386:Huixian Bronze Hu 4341:Amaravati Marbles 4303:Sphinx of Taharqo 4206:Kayung totem pole 4200:Throne of Weapons 4072: 4071: 3930:Germanic paganism 3684:Hengist and Horsa 3643:Wayland the Smith 3534:Wright, Andrew , 3474:Anglo-Saxon Aloud 3470:The Franks Casket 3441:The Franks Casket 3439:British Library, 3195:978-0-631-22492-1 3175:The Franks Casket 3015:(1991a): 281–288. 2992:Napier, Arthur S. 2925:Eichner, Heiner, 2914:Cocco, Gabriele, 2875:978-3-7329-0738-0 2630:Page (1999: 178). 2619:Notes and Queries 2590:Cocco (2009: 30). 2545:978-0-7099-3507-0 2280:Anglo-Saxon runes 2255: 2254: 2168:twēgen (numeral) 2038:the city of Rome 1998:on (preposition) 1966:in (preposition) 1352:Harrowing of Hell 1096:Tängelgårda stone 1038:Tängelgårda stone 903:Sigurd and Grani? 841: 840: 692:Josef Strzygowski 682:Áigil andi Áilrun 551:Hengist and Horsa 536: 535: 495:Romulus and Remus 488:Romulus and Remus 342:Madonna and Child 318:Wayland the Smith 307:Wayland the Smith 181:French Revolution 163:'s foundation at 126:Hengist and Horsa 110:Weyland the Smith 102:Romulus and Remus 80:Left side and top 63:Anglo-Saxon runes 5437: 5357: 5356: 5234:Coins and Medals 5110:Seax of Beagnoth 4958:Statue of Idrimi 4913:Ram in a Thicket 4785:Satala Aphrodite 4735:Paramythia Hoard 4578:Caubiac Treasure 4488:Apollo of Cyrene 4483:Aineta aryballos 4273:MacGregor plaque 4145: 4144: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4076: 4075: 4062: 4061: 3854:Nine Herbs Charm 3566: 3559: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3453:British Museum, 3248:Northern History 3237:Wilson, David M. 3076:Simmons, Austin 3045:), Uppsala 1999. 2982:Krause, Wolfgang 2911:(1930): 339–353. 2880:Becker, Alfred, 2865:Becker, Alfred, 2858:Becker, Alfred, 2851:Becker, Alfred, 2829: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2529:Ashmolean Museum 2521: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2322: 2316: 2305: 2274: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2022:a divinity, god 1596:den, lair, cave 1472: 1471: 1192:Saxo Grammaticus 923:, known also as 798: 797: 547:Undley bracteate 504: 503: 350:Richard Fletcher 258: 257: 253: 250: 244: 243: 239: 236: 189:Clermont-Ferrand 106:Germanic peoples 5445: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5385:Anglo-Saxon art 5370: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5345: 5265: 5222: 5158: 5151: 5056: 5049: 5030:Kurkh Monoliths 5015:Lachish reliefs 4988:Jar of Xerxes I 4968:Rassam cylinder 4859: 4840:Uerdingen Hoard 4698:Nereid Monument 4638:Guilford Puteal 4628:Euphorbos plate 4588:Chatsworth Head 4548:Braganza Brooch 4493:Archangel ivory 4478:Aegina Treasure 4469: 4462: 4406:Kanishka casket 4361:Buddhapad Hoard 4317: 4268:Hunters Palette 4229: 4222: 4194:Hoa Hakananai'a 4150: 4149:Africa, Oceania 4140: 4134: 4108: 4103: 4073: 4068: 4050: 4029: 3955:Metrical charms 3888: 3775: 3759: 3698: 3652: 3576: 3570: 3501:Ramirez, Janina 3487:Ramirez, Janina 3448:Wayback Machine 3422: 3417: 3290:M. Clunies Ross 3257: 3219:Webster, Leslie 3205:Anglo-Saxon Art 3201:Webster, Leslie 3171:Webster, Leslie 3149:Webster, Leslie 3131:, 13 Feb. 1904. 2869:. Berlin 2021, 2837: 2832: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2773:Simmons (2010). 2772: 2768: 2764:Simmons (2010). 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2616: 2612: 2608:Page (1999: 87) 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2410:Webster (2000). 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337:Webster (2000). 2336: 2332: 2323: 2319: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2260: 1740:savage person? 1480:Late West Saxon 1469:'s dictionary. 1463: 1372: 1276: 1233: 1173: 1120: 1030: 965: 929:Guthrunarkvitha 905: 778: 658:Norse mythology 622: 559: 480: 475: 465: 457: 449: 441: 433: 425: 417: 409: 401: 393: 385: 377: 369: 299: 255: 251: 248: 246: 241: 237: 234: 232: 213: 201:Bargello Museum 153:Bargello Museum 145: 98:Roman mythology 71:Anglo-Saxon art 17: 12: 11: 5: 5443: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5256: 5254:Rondanini Faun 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5217:Triumphal Arch 5213: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5189:Isabella Brant 5185: 5178: 5171: 5163: 5161: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5105:Royal Gold Cup 5102: 5100:Ringlemere Cup 5097: 5092: 5087: 5085:Lewis chessmen 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5040:Nimrud ivories 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4978:Cyrus Cylinder 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4908:Standard of Ur 4905: 4900: 4898:Blau Monuments 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4869: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4802: 4800:Tomb of Payava 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4678:Mâcon Treasure 4675: 4670: 4665: 4663:Lion of Knidos 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4563:Bursa Treasure 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4543:Boy with Thorn 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4441:Statue of Tara 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4356:Bimaran casket 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4313:Younger Memnon 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4283:Papyrus of Ani 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4125:King's Library 4122: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4106:British Museum 4102: 4101: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3720:Dwarf (Dweorh) 3717: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3657:Heroic figures 3654: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3569: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3532: 3527:West, Andrew, 3525: 3515: 3507:. Podcast in 3498: 3484: 3479:Foys, Martin, 3477: 3466: 3457: 3451: 3437: 3432:Boulton, Meg, 3430: 3421: 3420:External links 3418: 3416: 3415: 3408: 3398: 3388: 3381: 3374: 3367: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3297: 3287: 3280: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3234: 3216: 3198: 3168: 3146: 3132: 3118: 3108: 3101: 3094: 3091:London Academy 3087: 3074: 3063: 3056: 3046: 3032: 3023: 3016: 3006: 2999: 2989: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2941: 2923: 2912: 2902: 2901:(1965): 241–9. 2892: 2890:979-8354247431 2878: 2863: 2856: 2849: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2810: 2801: 2788: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2583: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2516: 2507: 2498: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2439: 2437:Webster (1991) 2430: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2326:Leslie Webster 2317: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2290:Ruthwell Cross 2287: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1836:sad, agitated 1834: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1504:(neuter noun) 1498: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1476: 1462: 1459: 1371: 1368: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1283:Nativity scene 1275: 1272: 1241:The Mabinogion 1232: 1229: 1181:Lorenz Frølich 1172: 1169: 1145:Nebuchadnezzar 1140:Book of Daniel 1119: 1116: 1029: 1026: 964: 961: 940: 939: 936: 904: 901: 897: 896: 889: 886: 882: 881: 876: 871: 839: 838: 829: 820: 809: 808: 805: 802: 777: 774: 678:Pforzen buckle 621: 618: 558: 555: 534: 533: 530: 527: 522: 518: 517: 514: 511: 508: 479: 476: 458: 450: 442: 434: 426: 418: 410: 402: 394: 386: 378: 370: 362: 361: 357:stranded whale 298: 295: 286:Leslie Webster 280:V&A Museum 272:Brescia Casket 221:Brescia Casket 212: 209: 169:W. H. J. Weale 144: 141: 55:British Museum 27:British Museum 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5442: 5431: 5430:Bone carvings 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5360: 5352: 5351: 5348: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5070:Franks Casket 5068: 5066: 5065:Boxwood altar 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5005:Oxus Treasure 5003: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4943:Burney Relief 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4928:White Obelisk 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4883:Balawat Gates 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4755:Portland Vase 4753: 4751: 4750:Piranesi Vase 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4740:Pericles bust 4738: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4683:Mainz Gladius 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4618:Elgin Marbles 4616: 4614: 4613:Elgin Amphora 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4523:Bassae Frieze 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4503:Armento Rider 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4298:Rosetta Stone 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4288:Prudhoe Lions 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4228:Ancient Egypt 4225: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4174:Briggs Enigma 4172: 4170: 4169:Benin Bronzes 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4065: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4015:Wilweorthunga 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3842: 3841:Franks Casket 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3575:and mythology 3574: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3547: 3544: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3512:Art Detective 3510: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3462:Franks Casket 3458: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3231:9780714128184 3228: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3213:9780714128092 3210: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187:0-631-22492-0 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3117:(1975): 2-37. 3116: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3065:Schwab, Ute, 3064: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3034:Parsons, D. 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2896:Neophilologus 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2860:Franks Casket 2857: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2805: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2709: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2678: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2580: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537:0-7099-3507-2 2534: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2446:Fletcher, R. 2443: 2434: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2362: 2352: 2343: 2334: 2327: 2321: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2300: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2262: 2251:there; where 2250: 2248:þǣr (adverb) 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2136:swā (adverb) 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1902:hēr (adverb) 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1434:elder futhark 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1280: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1242: 1237: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1197:Gesta Danorum 1193: 1189: 1182: 1177: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1153: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1115: 1114:is depicted. 1113: 1109: 1106:, who brings 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060:(temple) and 1059: 1055: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1025: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 997: 992: 991: 986: 982: 974: 969: 960: 956: 954: 950: 946: 937: 934: 933: 932: 930: 926: 922: 914: 909: 900: 894: 890: 887: 884: 883: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 866: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 837: 834: 830: 828: 825: 821: 819: 818: 814: 811: 810: 806: 803: 800: 799: 796: 794: 790: 782: 773: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 737: 733: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 670: 669:Völundarkviða 665: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 640: 636: 626: 617: 614: 612: 608: 603: 599: 597: 592: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 568: 563: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 531: 528: 526: 523: 520: 519: 515: 512: 509: 506: 505: 502: 500: 496: 489: 484: 474: 471: 468: 464: 461: 456: 453: 448: 445: 440: 437: 432: 429: 424: 421: 416: 413: 408: 405: 400: 397: 392: 389: 384: 381: 376: 373: 368: 365: 360: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 334: 332: 327: 323: 319: 312: 308: 303: 294: 292: 287: 283: 281: 277: 276:Veroli Casket 273: 269: 264: 262: 226: 222: 217: 208: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 154: 149: 140: 138: 134: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 94:Emperor Titus 91: 90:Roman history 87: 78: 74: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 41:) is a small 40: 36: 35:Franks Casket 28: 23: 19: 5301:Private Case 5281:Blythe House 5258: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5137:Hedwig glass 5129: 5069: 5010:Taylor Prism 4997: 4703:Oscan Tablet 4668:Lycurgus Cup 4658:Jennings Dog 4533:Blacas Cameo 4508:Arundel Head 4445: 4401:Kang Hou gui 4212:Tree of Life 4210: 4198: 4151:and Americas 3883:Wið færstice 3881: 3874: 3852: 3845: 3840: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3703:Other beings 3518:West, Andrew 3473: 3461: 3411: 3404: 3394: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3318: 3311: 3300: 3293: 3283: 3276: 3269: 3262: 3247: 3240: 3222: 3204: 3178: 3174: 3160: 3157:J. Backhouse 3138: 3135: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3090: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3019: 3012: 3009: 3002: 2995: 2985: 2975: 2968: 2961: 2955:Celtic Myths 2954: 2947: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2908: 2905: 2898: 2895: 2881: 2866: 2852: 2845: 2841: 2821: 2813: 2804: 2796: 2791: 2783: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2707: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2676: 2671: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2618: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2586: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2549:Google books 2524: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2447: 2442: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2370: 2361: 2351: 2342: 2333: 2320: 2308: 2303: 2240: 2224: 2208: 2192: 2176: 2160: 2144: 2128: 2112: 2096: 2080: 2063: 2059: 2043: 2032:Rōmeceastre 2027: 2010: 2006: 1990: 1974: 1958: 1942: 1926: 1910: 1894: 1877: 1873: 1862:hearmbeorge 1857: 1841: 1825: 1809: 1793: 1788:swim, float 1777: 1761: 1745: 1729: 1713: 1697: 1686:firgenberig 1681: 1665: 1649: 1633: 1617: 1601: 1584: 1580: 1564: 1548: 1532: 1528: 1512: 1501: 1492: 1464: 1445: 1442: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1389: 1383: 1379: 1345: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1323:tae-gi-sgraf 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1252: 1246: 1240: 1225:Bous or Váli 1206: 1195: 1185: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1138: 1136: 1089: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1054:herhos sitæþ 1053: 1051: 1020: 1017: 1000: 994: 989: 980: 978: 957: 952: 941: 928: 918: 913:Sigurd stone 898: 892: 878: 873: 868: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 842: 835: 832: 826: 823: 816: 815: 812: 793:Raymond Page 791: 787: 770: 762: 758: 724: 715: 699: 690: 685: 681: 667: 661: 646:Sophus Bugge 643: 638: 632: 615: 604: 600: 595: 593: 586: 571: 543:East Anglian 537: 524: 492: 472: 469: 466: 462: 459: 454: 451: 446: 443: 438: 435: 430: 427: 422: 419: 414: 411: 406: 403: 398: 395: 390: 387: 382: 379: 374: 371: 366: 363: 354: 335: 315: 284: 268:Late Antique 265: 230: 225:Late Antique 158: 130: 83: 67:Northumbrian 39:Auzon Casket 38: 34: 32: 18: 5080:Hoxne Hoard 4918:Lyres of Ur 4893:Uruk Trough 4888:Blacas ewer 4865:Middle East 4558:Burgon vase 4458:Wardak Vase 4371:David Vases 4278:Min Palette 4263:Hornedjitef 4164:Aubin Codex 4141:and objects 4139:Departments 4120:Great Court 3830:Ealuscerwen 3771:Middangeard 3735:Eoten/Thurs 3495:Part 3 of 4 3405:The Vikings 3348:M. Osborn, 2986:Die Sprache 1682:fergenberig 1559:bone, tusk 1356:Crucifixion 1263:horse-block 1001:Ægelesthrep 953:genius loci 776:Right panel 767:Cassiodorus 688:= 'Egil'." 663:Þiðrekssaga 346:Holy Spirit 297:Front panel 177:Haute Loire 133:Old English 43:Anglo-Saxon 5410:Containers 5374:Categories 5157:Prints and 5115:Sutton Hoo 5090:Lindow Man 5057:and Europe 5055:Prehistory 4903:Palmer Cup 4850:Warren Cup 4818:Discobolus 4688:Meroë Head 4643:Harpy Tomb 4411:Klang Bell 3870:Sutton Hoo 3865:Spong Hill 3401:L. Webster 3391:L. Webster 3305:L. Webster 3255:Literature 3153:L. Webster 3121:Viëtor, W. 3026:Page, R.I. 2835:References 2456:0002552035 2028:romæcæstri 1921:he/she/it 1750:gebrōðera 1734:gāsrīc(?) 1692:mountain? 1467:Clark Hall 1392:acrophonic 1380:Fisc Flodu 1254:Mabinogion 1217:Proserpina 1160:Belshazzar 949:Odainsaker 747:Septimania 739:Visigothic 708:Andromache 557:Rear panel 478:Left panel 399:ahofonferg 396:ᚪᚻᚩᚠᚩᚾᚠᛖᚱᚷ 338:Three Magi 326:hamstrings 155:, Florence 108:: that of 5319:Directors 4653:Isis Tomb 4416:Kulu Vase 4230:and Sudan 4159:Akan Drum 4046:Seax-Wica 4041:Heathenry 3960:Moot hill 3764:Locations 3674:Eormenric 3325:K. Malone 3221:(2012b), 3203:(2012a), 2356:database. 2235:she-wolf 1985:the Jews 1858:hærmberge 1746:gibroðæra 1450:bindrunes 1215:, Saxo’s 1009:Aylesford 925:Siegfried 741:ruler of 644:In 1866, 463:hronæsban 460:ᚻᚱᚩᚾᚫᛋᛒᚪᚾ 331:Beaduhild 5359:Category 5339:Trustees 5311:Secretum 5175:Epifania 5159:Drawings 4813:Caryatid 4808:Antinous 4470:and Rome 4113:Building 4064:Category 4000:Weregild 3920:Folkmoot 3750:Wælcyrge 3444:Archived 3378:Speculum 3263:Speculum 3173:(2000), 3055:: 17–52. 2531:, 1984, 2258:See also 1975:giuþeasu 1804:hostage 1766:gescræf 1756:brother 1670:feohtaþ 1487:Meaning 1461:Glossary 1408:feohgift 1362:and the 1360:Nativity 1249:Rhiannon 1167:events. 1112:Valhalla 1098:and the 1092:valknutr 1084:Sleipnir 1052:Usually 1046:valknuts 993:and the 931:(II,5): 743:Hispania 704:Achilles 656:.'" In 629:Achilles 607:Josephus 499:she-wolf 205:Florence 122:Achilles 37:(or the 5329:Keepers 5324:Friends 4823:Hadrian 3950:Maypole 3876:Widsith 3809:Beowulf 3795:Æcerbot 3780:Sources 3694:Waldere 3159:(eds), 3127:. Vol. 2677:Academy 2494:Norfolk 2490:Larling 2203:become 2181:unnēah 2165:twēgen 1979:Iūdēas 1947:hranes 1868:grave? 1782:geswam 1762:gisgraf 1622:drīgeþ 1497:āglǣc? 1364:Passion 1259:Pryderi 1194:in his 1042:Gotland 1013:Renwein 1005:Horsted 981:hengist 759:2 Kings 611:slavery 580:in the 415:enberig 412:ᛖᚾᛒᛖᚱᛁᚷ 291:psalter 278:in the 254:⁄ 240:⁄ 173:Brioude 161:Wilfrid 143:History 5315:Staff 5182:I Modi 4468:Greece 3980:Symbel 3940:Horses 3910:Burial 3905:Blōtan 3715:Dragon 3710:Cofgod 3689:Sceafa 3623:Saxnot 3613:Hretha 3608:Gefjon 3598:Ēostre 3229: 3211: 3193: 3185: 3040:Runron 2888: 2873: 2708:Daniel 2543: 2535: 2454: 2313:Mercia 2197:wearþ 2161:twœgen 2149:torne 2117:sorge 2101:siteþ 2085:sefan 2064:særden 2048:risce 2011:herhos 1953:whale 1943:hronæs 1883:hearg 1878:herhos 1830:grorn 1814:grēot 1778:giswom 1730:gasric 1666:fegtaþ 1654:fēdde 1618:drigiþ 1585:særden 1202:Hother 1188:Balder 1152:Daniel 1079:sigwif 921:Sigurd 893:sæuden 751:Elisha 734:, the 720:Teucer 676:. 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