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314:. The New PLA made a number of demands, including monetary compensation for the impacts of the mine, a 50 per cent share of mine revenue to the landholders, and a transfer of ownership to Bougainville. The PNG Government set up an independent inquiry which dismissed the claims about the environmental impact but was critical of other parts of the mine's operation. In response, Ona established the
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and Joseph Kabui, with a multi-national Peace
Monitoring Group commencing operations on the island. Though Ona and the BRA controlled 90% of the island, his break with Kabui meant that the BRA representatives were not involved in the talks. Ona believed that the New Zealand-brokered peace talks were
336:
In
January 1990, Bougainville Copper announced that they were suspending operations at the mine. The PNG Government announced that they would withdraw troops and for international observers to verify the disarmament of the BRA. The police fled fearing for their lives in the absence of the army, and
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at the mine, but he became increasingly critical of its operations' adverse effect on the environment and what he claimed was the low level of royalties paid the landowners. Most of the profits left
Bougainville Island, but its society was disrupted by thousands of workers from Papua New Guinea, as
446:
On 17 May 2004, Ona declared himself "King of
Bougainville" or Mekamui. He was crowned "King Francis Dominic Dateransy Domanaa, head of state of the Royal Kingdom of Me'ekamui". "Me'ekamui", meaning "holy" or "Holy Land", is an old tribal name for Bougainville. During elections for the Autonomous
400:
We have already had other forms of autonomy. The provincial government system in 1975 we were promised. Bougainvillians were promised that after 5 years or after a few years, the provincial government will be replaced by the independent nation of
Bougainville. So with this in mind, with this past
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in 1974, where he met his cousin's sister-in-law
Elizabeth. The following year, Elizabeth came to Bougainville. Ona took her to Guava and they married, despite his parents' initial objections to his wife being a "redskin", from the mainland. They would have five children before 1988. Ona briefly
430:
The
Bougainville conflict is estimated to have cost between 10,000 and 15,000 lives, mainly due to disease and starvation among the civilian residents. A tribal reconciliation process started in 2000 appears to have been successful. The PNG government promised in 2001 to hold a referendum on
318:(BRA), which conducted numerous acts of sabotage against the mine including the destruction of the mine's power supply. The mine was closed by Bougainville Copper in May 1989. Ona rejected an initial compromise deal by Bougainville Copper and the PNG government.
229:'s secession from Papua New Guinea. Despite peace agreements in 1998, Ona refused to disarm or recognize the interim government. He insisted that Bougainville, a nation he called Me'ekamui, was already separate, based on an unrecognized
368:, Wingti's successor tried to broker a deal, but neither Ona and the BRA nor Kabui would sign a deal. Frustrated, Chan ordered a full-scale invasion in 1996 but neither Australia nor New Zealand would support it. Chan hired
299:
well as
Australians. From the mid-1980s, Ona and others challenged the leadership of the Panguna Landowners Association (PLA), claiming that they were not representing the interests of all the traditional landowners.
233:
issued by the rebels in 1990. He declared himself the president, then the king, of Me'ekamui. Ona died in 2005 within the rebel-controlled "no-go zone", leading the remaining rebels to splinter into various factions.
447:
government in 2005, which he opposed, Ona came out of his safe haven into the public eye for the first time in 16 years. He declared that
Bougainville was already independent and capable of running its own affairs.
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driver instead. BCL records indicate that, because he was performing poorly, Ona's supervisor "counselled" him to transfer. They add that Ona "reluctantly" accepted the downgraded company housing of his new role.
982:
short video clip, an excerpt from the two-part documentary
Paradise Imperfect made in 2000. Using footage from the Award Winning Feature Documentary Bougainville "Our Island, Our Fight" by Wayne Coles-Janess.
348:
and declared independence for the island. The island descended into anarchy, as several armed factions and clans struggled for power; the PNG Government supported these militias. The BRA leaders fell out with
218:, which he felt was causing environmental devastation and was not fairly compensating the traditional landowners, himself included. His followers' motives varied. The war killed thousands of Bougainvilleans.
407:.... 90% of Bougainvillians are supporting me. And I want to summon Prime Minister of PNG and PNG government, if 90% is not supporting me, let them carry out a referendum and we'll see.
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under the control of the PNG Police Commissioner. The number of complaints increased about human rights abuses by PNG forces, which initially strengthened support for the BRA.
311:
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Coles-Janess, Wayne (1997). Bougainville "Sandline". © ipso-facto Productions, screened on ABC. Coles-Janess, Wayne (1994). Bougainville
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system, which sought to use the untapped natural resources of Bougainville to finance reconstruction. Ona remained isolated in the
325:, a former soldier in the army, led military operations. The Papua New Guinea Government sent in the police and then the army under
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Ona was never captured and refused to participate in the peace process. His forces still controlled over a quarter of the island.
658:
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Roderic Alley, "Ethnosecession in Papua New Guinea: The Bougainville Case," in Rajat Ganguly and Ian MacDuff, ed.s,
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to establish a funding source for Bougainville that would allow true sovereignty. This system was developed as the
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281:(BCL), who operated the Panguna mine, in November 1976. After a decade in the position, Ona applied to work as a
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mercenaries, but the military threatened to arrest them on their arrival. Chan resigned to forestall a coup.
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40:
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In response to a blockade imposed by the PNG Government later in 1990, Ona said he was the head of the
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returned to his studies in 1976, before his mother's death in October brought him home permanently.
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214:. The war began when Ona "went bush" and began organising acts of industrial sabotage against the
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Ethnic Conflict and Secessionism in South Asia and Southeast Asia: Causes, Dynamics, Solutions
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in Papua New Guinea. In his village, Guava, on the area which would be leased for the future
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512:) states that he was 52 at the time of his death and that he died on Sunday 24 July 2005.
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unwarranted outside interference with Bougainville governance, and did not participate.
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to quell the uprising, but they were unable to do so. The island was placed under a
993:© ipso-facto Productions, screened on ABC. Coles-Janess, Wayne (1997). Bougainville
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Ona became the acknowledged leader of the BRA after the death of Serero in 1989;
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360:'s term, the PNG Government renewed military efforts, and their troops captured
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was held in 2019, and voters voted overwhelmingly (98.31%) for independence.
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721:"Bougainville referendum: PNG region votes overwhelmingly for independence"
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made an acclaimed documentary film about the Bougainville Civil War.
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The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed & Grievance
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353:, the Premier of Bougainville, who had previously been a supporter.
364:, the provincial capital, in 1993 and recaptured the Panguna mine.
206:(15 February 1953 – 24 July 2005) was the Supreme Commander of the
857:
Black Islanders: A Personal Perspective of Bougainville, 1937–1991
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A ceasefire was arranged later in 1997 between new Prime Minister
607:"Meet the 'Iron Lady' behind Bougainville's revolutionary leader"
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Ona was given a state funeral in the provincial capital of Buka.
451:
424:
150:
952:. (contains a timeline of the Bougainville secession movement)
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ABC Foreign Correspondent- World in Focus – Lead Story (1997)
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By early 1988, Ona and his associates, including his cousin
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Hunter Hammer and Heaven, Journeys to Three Worlds Gone Mad
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Bougainville "Our Island, Our Fight" by Wayne Coles-Janess
902:. 2003. New Delhi, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
262:
588:
586:
534:"Secessionist Papua New Guinea Leader Dies (obituary)"
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Exclusive interview with Francis Ona. Interviewed by
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history, we don't trust Papua New Guinea any more....
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The BRA, which Ona founded in 1989, escalated into a
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583:
556:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 July 2005.
546:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 July 2005.
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region, which BRA controlled for the next 16 years.
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Ona was subsequently ignored in the creation of the
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When he interviewed Ona, the leader declared :
431:independence within the next ten to fifteen years.
1050:Heads of state of states with limited recognition
648:http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/stories/s400627.htm
1001:
921:Karen Ballentine and Jake Sherman, ed.s, 2003.
1035:Infectious disease deaths in Papua New Guinea
574:"Ona's death paves way for mining to resume"
242:Francis Ona was born on 15 February 1953 on
997:© ipso-facto Productions, screened on ABC.
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
576:. The Sydney Morning Herald. 26 July 2005.
524:"Bougainville – The Man Who Would Be King"
388:During this period, Australian film maker
153:. Please do not remove this message until
944:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
940:Brij V Lal and Kate Fortune, ed.s, 1999.
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641:
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259:Papua New Guinea University of Technology
191:Learn how and when to remove this message
173:Learn how and when to remove this message
112:Learn how and when to remove this message
957:Cambridge History of the Pacific Islands
149:Relevant discussion may be found on the
75:This article includes a list of general
1002:
854:
841:28 July 2005; accessed 11 January 2007
777:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
701:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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554:"Bougainville mourns rebel leader Ona"
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231:unilateral declaration of independence
1055:Bougainvillean independence activists
526:. Foreign Correspondent. 17 May 2005.
942:The Pacific Islands: an Encyclopedia
544:"Bougainville rebel leader Ona dies"
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659:Bougainville – Our Island Our Fight
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413:Autonomous Bougainville Government
81:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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536:. Associated Press. 24 July 2005.
36:This article has multiple issues.
566:. ABC Local Radio. 25 July 2005.
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415:. At this time Ona agreed with
294:Ona was at one time employed by
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1040:People from Bougainville Island
959:. Cambridge University Press.
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346:Bougainville Interim Government
337:there was an attempted coup in
316:Bougainville Revolutionary Army
208:Bougainville Revolutionary Army
44:or discuss these issues on the
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605:Casper, Calvin (17 May 2021).
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265:. He had practical studies in
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564:"Francis Ona dies of malaria"
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450:Ona died on 24 July 2005 of
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861:University of Hawaiʻi Press
855:Oliver, Douglas L. (1991).
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210:(BRA) during the 1988–1998
155:conditions to do so are met
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1025:Bougainvillean politicians
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800:23 September 2015 at the
505:This ABC Radio Australia
312:Me'ekamui Pontuku Onoring
16:Bougainvillean politician
1060:Bougainvillean activists
1045:Self-proclaimed monarchy
927:Lynne Rienner Publishers
804:(National, 23 May 2004)]
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955:Malama Meleisea. 2004.
472:History of Bougainville
96:more precise citations.
376:Bougainville ceasefire
370:Sandline International
356:During Prime Minister
273:Ona got employed as a
995:"Inside Bougainville"
884:Robert Young Pelton,
212:Bougainville conflict
1030:Deaths from malaria
835:Obit: "Francis Ona"
818:6 July 2011 at the
611:PNG Bulletin Online
296:Bougainville Copper
290:Secessionist leader
279:Bougainville Copper
253:Ona was trained in
244:Bougainville Island
142:of this article is
975:Wayne Coles-Janess
727:. 11 December 2019
390:Wayne Coles Janess
331:State of Emergency
223:guerrilla movement
991:"Broken Promises"
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731:11 December
631:Oliver 1991
616:1 September
593:Oliver 1991
204:Francis Ona
94:introducing
1004:Categories
763:19 January
687:18 January
517:References
486:Sam Kauona
421:U-Vistract
382:Bill Skate
323:Sam Kauona
283:haul truck
238:Early life
140:neutrality
77:references
41:improve it
151:talk page
47:talk page
816:Archived
798:Archived
773:cite web
697:cite web
509:report (
466:See also
442:Kingship
144:disputed
458:Honours
452:malaria
425:Panguna
257:at the
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79:, but
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362:Arawa
961:ISBN
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865:ISBN
779:link
765:2011
733:2019
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618:2024
137:The
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310:'s
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263:Lae
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