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operation. Several days later a larger host of soldiers were bloodily repulsed from
Amboise. On 17 March, Francis II made the duke of Guise the Lieutenant General of the kingdom, giving him final authority for all military matters. Realising the motley nature of the conspiracy, a mixture of fairly harmless heretics and hardened military men, an amnesty was declared on 17 March for those who laid down their arms and went home within 48 hours. Operations would continue as the court began to fan out troops into the countryside to mop up stragglers.
624:
572:
677:, a large stockpile of weapons was discovered in the city of Lyon by the authorities, after a brief firefight with a group of Protestants the weapons were seized, narrowly foiling a planned coup in the city by several days. The narrow foiling of this conspiracy only further enraged the king and his administration who suspected the involvement of Condé in this affair. This was confirmed when an agent of his carrying papers that implicated him was intercepted.
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396:, a very influential figure at the court of France. Once the marriage agreement was formally ratified, the five-year-old Mary was sent to France to be raised at court until the marriage. She was tall for her age and eloquent, and Francis was unusually short and stuttered. Henry II said, "from the very first day they met, my son and she got on as well together as if they had known each other for a long time".
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733:. This was significant as the ecclesiastical courts lacked the ability to provide death sentences, and while they could technically still refer cases to the Parlements for sentencing, this acted as a de facto abolition of the death penalty for heresy. For more 'seditious' offences, such as heretical preaching, pamphlet producing and services, the
744:. Conscious that they were liable to be arrested, Condé and Navarre were not among the leading nobility who attended. Lorraine intended to guide the assembly towards his proposed idea of a national religious council, to reunify the two faiths peacefully, this was however taken off course by Coligny, who presented a petition from the
670:
localities. Beyond the planned regional elements of
Amboise, many Protestants began seizing churches independently, and engaging in acts of unauthorised iconoclasm, as in Rouen and Provence. During the summer, this rebellious movement gained intensity; several cities in southern France were by now engulfed in revolt.
803:, who displayed some unwillingness to evacuate Piedmont, was asked to change his behaviour and accelerate the withdrawal. By the autumn of 1559, France had completely left Savoy, and Piedmont, except for the five locations agreed upon in the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis. If these were returned to the Duke of Savoy
652:
propagated by 'liars.' The Queen Mother assured him that no one doubted his innocence. However, on 18 April his chambers were raided while he was attending the kings levée. Unable to find proof however, he was allowed to leave court. Condé hurried south, uniting with his brother
Antoine in the south-west.
775:
The calling of the
Estates General presented an opportunity to bring Condé into line, and in October he was summoned to present himself at the Estates General. Upon arrival he and several associates were promptly arrested and put on trial. After filibustering the proceedings Condé would eventually be
669:
Whilst the rebellion outside the castle of
Amboise may have been crushed, the situation was deteriorating in the provinces. Troops raised for the conspiracy in Dauphine, Provence, and the Lyonnais were left without central direction, creating the nucleus of guerrilla armies that caused chaos in their
655:
For the military conspirators who had remained under arms there would be little mercy, many would be executed in the following days, and hanged from the battlements as a warning. To the shock of members of the court, this included men of 'good birth' such as the Baron de
Castlenau. Nevertheless, the
709:
This distinction between heresy and sedition, represented a new religious policy for the monarchy of France. While there was to be no allowance for heretical worship, it was hoped this would avoid needless bloodshed, and reunify the kingdom around the crown. This changing of the political winds was
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The king's reaction was fierce and determined: he mobilised his troops, sent the army to the rebellious areas to quell the sedition, and ordered governors to return to their positions. To isolate the renegade princes of the blood further the administration created two super-governorships giving one
635:
Opposition to the Guise administration which had been bubbling under the surface during
Francis II's reign, coalesced around two primary axes. Firstly there was religious opposition from Protestants such as La Roche Chandieu, secondly there was opposition from military men of the minor gentry, such
831:
Along with restitution of territories, the government of
Francis II had to negotiate, pay, or claim compensations for people whose properties were taken or destroyed during the war. It also had to reach an agreement with Spain about the prisoners of war held by both sides. Many noblemen were still
502:
The transition has been described as brutal, but while it no doubt caused the
Constable considerable frustration, there were no confrontations or reprisals. Montmorency remained tied to power. As soon as the day after the death of the king, he was present at the council meeting and was also at the
482:
The two eldest brothers of the House of Guise had already had major roles in the reign of Henry II. Francis, Duke of Guise, was one of the most famous military commanders in the royal army, and the
Cardinal of Lorraine had participated in the most important negotiations and matters of the kingdom.
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Francis II had a brief reign. He became king as an inexperienced teenager, at a time when the kingdom was struggling with religious troubles. Historians agree that Francis II was fragile, both physically and psychologically, and his frail health led to his early death. The question of whether his
647:
With this knowledge to hand, and suspecting the involvement of Condé, the Guise summoned much of the high nobility to Amboise, and began fortifying the castle in preparation. In March the court struck, arresting a band of the conspirators who had assembled to discuss the delivery of money for the
643:
As details of the conspiracy were finalised and arms raised for the day, rumours began to leak out to the court of what was happening. Finally on 12 February while the court was travelling to Amboise, the Duke's secretary arrived, bringing a lawyer who had got cold feet about the direction of the
651:
The court was left with a tricky situation as to how to deal with those captured alive. Interrogations began, attempting to prove a connection between Condé and the conspiracy. Condé denounced accusations thrown at him as the work of 'scum' and more pressingly for honour in aristocratic circles,
542:
in 1559, the crown had been left on the cusp of bankruptcy. The public deficit stood at 40 million livres, of which 19 million was owed immediately. The interest rates on these loans were not insignificant, as lenders had grown wary of the crown's inability to pay over the years and this lack of
608:
In religion, the Guises initially continued the repression of Protestantism started by King Henry II. From July 1559 to February 1560 they would pass four more persecutory edicts, including such provisions as the razing of any house which a Protestant meeting occurred in, and the prosecution of
597:
The political decisions of the government were also contested. To try and set about fixing the realm's finances, they embarked upon an aggressive campaign of cost cutting, scaling down the size of the army from its height in the wars, and deferring payments to the troops, who angrily protested
511:
to communicate to its members the measures taken by the king. In July 1560 he came back to court and to the council, although in a much less flamboyant manner than before. The Guises were now the new masters of the court. The king granted them numerous favours and privileges, one of the most
906:
Just as English troops were not particularly successful, the French troops found themselves in a better strategic position. But the French government's poor financial situation and internal turmoil in the French kingdom prevented any military reinforcements from being sent. When the
660:
was propagated, offering a retroactive amnesty for those convicted of heresy, on the condition they live as good Catholics. This began the distinction between the crimes of heresy and the crime of sedition, which had during the reign of Henri II been treated as a unified crime.
689:, thus divorcing their interests from those of their cousins. Heavily outnumbered Condé and Navarre decided making a stand and fighting would be pointless, and they departed their southern regional powerbase at the kings request to attend the forthcoming Estates General.
748:
church seeking the right to establish temples. The duke of Guise was infuriated by this proposal, suggesting if two religions were tolerated 'his sword would not remain sheathed for long.' The assembly drew up a reform package of tax ideas, and closed by convening the
722:. HĂ´pital was a humanist Catholic, little interested in the persecution that had defined the administration in the 1550s. In conjunction with Charles Cardinal of Lorraine, Catherine de Medici and Admiral Coligny, he began pushing this new religious policy further.
867:
With the marriage of Francis II and Mary Stuart, the future of Scotland was linked to that of France. A secret clause signed by the queen provided that Scotland would become part of France if the royal couple did not have children. The queen's mother,
926:
established Protestantism as the state religion. When Francis II and Mary Stuart were presented with the Treaty of Edinburgh, they were outraged and refused to sign it; they also challenged the legitimacy of the Scottish parliament's decision.
827:
showed some unwillingness to return four locations in the northeast of the kingdom as required by the treaty. Border disputes renewed tensions between the two nations, but after months of protests Francis II finally obtained these territories.
494:
of France. At the new king's suggestion, he left the court for his estates to get some rest. Diane de Poitiers, the mistress of the previous king, was asked not to appear at court. Her protégé Jean Bertrand had to surrender his title
729:. This edict denounced the spread of heresy in the kingdom, but also noted the failure of the policies on the 1550s. The edict proposed that going forth trial for heresy would be handled by the ecclesiastical courts instead of the
547:
death. Henri's religious policy had also proved ineffective, his persecutory edicts failing to stop the growth of Calvinism in France. Religious violence was increasing, with attacks in Paris, first in response to the loss at the
636:
as Castlenau; these groups came together under the leadership of the seigneur de la Renaudie to form a conspiracy to seize the king and arrest or kill the Cardinal de Lorraine and the Duke de Guise. The group planned to push for
479:, agreed to this delegation. On the first day of his reign, Francis II instructed his four ministers to take orders from his mother, but since she was still in mourning for her husband, she directed them to the House of Guise.
792:. At the expense of its influence in Europe, France continued to restore lands conquered over the previous 40 years. In this sense, Francis II's reign began the decline of French influence throughout Europe, to the benefit of
894:
was still offended that Francis II and Mary Stuart had put on their coat of arms those of England, thus proclaiming Mary's claims on the throne of England. In January 1560, the English fleet blockaded the port of
427:
A little over a year after his marriage, on 10 July 1559, Francis became king at age 15 upon the death of Henry II, who had been killed in a jousting accident. On 21 September 1559, Francis II was crowned king in
415:. As a result of the marriage, Francis became king consort in Scotland until his death. The marriage produced no children, and may never even have been consummated, possibly due to Francis's illnesses or
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against the Guises. This would not however be enough, so they were moved to raise forced loans from the provinces, such as 800,000 livres from Normandy, to cover shortfalls. They further suppressed
799:
When Henry II died, the restitution of these territories was well under way. Francis II, aware of the kingdom's weaknesses, reassured Spain of its intention to fulfill the treaty just signed. The
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Forced loans would continue into 1560, with 100,000 crowns being demanded of the Parlement and merchants of Paris in October 1560, shortly after the convoking of the estates had taken place.
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to lead them, and become a 'regent' for Francis II. When he proved uninterested in their plot, they moved to the more dubious claim of his brother Condé. He was more receptive to the plan.
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483:
After Francis II ascended the throne, the two brothers split the custody of the kingdom: Duke Francis became head of the army and Charles the head of finance, justice, and diplomacy.
400:
1083:
1037:. Some suspected Protestants of having poisoned the king, a view held by Catholics as the tensions between them and Protestants were on the rise, but this has not been proven.
334:
Francis was born 11 years after his parents' wedding. The long delay in producing an heir may have been due to his father's repudiation of his mother in favour of his mistress
740:
Conscious that the financial and religious problems of the crown had not yet gone away, and desiring to create a more definitive solution, the Guise oversaw the calling of an
1103:
911:
and Charles de La Rochefoucault, sieur of Randan, sent by the king to negotiate, arrived in Scotland, they were treated almost like prisoners. With Marie of Guise shut up in
326:
After dying of an ear infection, Francis was succeeded by two of his brothers in turn, both of whom were also unable to reduce tensions between Protestants and Catholics.
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From the beginning of their assumption of government, the Guises faced opposition from several factions. Their rise to dominance had come at the expense of
3191:
887:, Marie of Guise asked France for help. Francis II and Mary Stuart sent troops right away. By the end of 1559, France had regained control of Scotland.
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899:, which French troops had turned into a military base. They were supported by the arrival in April of 6000 soldiers and 3000 horsemen, which began the
793:
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The king's health deteriorated in November 1560. On 16 November he fainted. After only 17 months on the throne, Francis II died on 5 December 1560 in
784:
In foreign policy, Francis II continued peace efforts Henry II had begun with the signing of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis in April 1559, which ended
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Négociations, lettres et pièces diverses relatives au règne de François II, tirées du portefeuille de Sébastien de l'Aubespine, éveque de Limoges
5282:
2766:, Paris Louis, Paris, imprimerie royale, " Collection de documents inédits sur l'histoire de France ", 1841, pp. 67–68, 132–136, 243–257, 506.
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Cathedral in Paris. It was a union that could have given the future kings of France the throne of Scotland and also a claim to the throne of
3121:
A Treasure of Royal Scandals: The Shocking True Stories History's Wickedest, Weirdest, Most Wanton Kings, Queens, Tsars, Popes, and Emperors
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4707:
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919:, which ended French occupation of Scotland. Francis II and Mary Stuart had to withdraw French troops and stop displaying England's arms.
338:, but this repudiation was mitigated by Diane's insistence that Henry spend his nights with Catherine. Francis was at first raised at the
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1052:. Louis, Prince of Condé, who was jailed and awaiting execution, was freed after some negotiations with Catherine de Médici.
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conspiracy. The secretary revealed all the details to the Guise and Francis, including the name of the leader, La Renaudie.
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Nothing seemed to stand in the way of French control of Scotland apart from English support for the Scottish nobles. Queen
772:, but rejected the attendance of any Protestant, the demands of the French crown to scrap their proposed national council.
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to chancellor François Olivier, whom Diane had removed from this position a few years earlier. It was a palace revolution.
467:; but since he was young, inexperienced, and in fragile health, he delegated his power to his wife's uncles from the noble
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915:, the two men were forced to negotiate a peace that was disadvantageous to France. On 6 July 1560, they signed the
315:, staunch supporters of the Catholic cause. They were unable to help Catholics in Scotland against the progressing
82:
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and the surrounding forests were the new king's home. Francis II took the sun for his emblem and for his mottoes
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Season of Conspiracy: Calvin, the French Reformed Churches and Protestation Plotting in the Reign of Francis II
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380:, in the Châtillon agreement of 27 January 1548, when Francis was only four years old. Mary had been crowned
63:
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La Conjuration d'Amboise. L'aurore sanglante de la liberté de conscience, le règne et la mort de François II
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When Francis II died, France withdrew from Scotland, Brazil, Corsica, Tuscany, Savoy and most of Piedmont.
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Queen Jeanne and the Promised Land: Dynasty, Homeland, Religion and Violence in Sixteenth-Century France
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836:. Even after a reciprocal release compromise was signed, Spain was not eager to lose its prisoners.
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1048:, Regent of France. The Guises left the court, while Mary Stuart, Francis II's widow, returned to
436:. The crown was so heavy that nobles had to hold it in place for him. The court then moved to the
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prisoners and unable to pay their ransom. Common soldiers were consigned to use as rowers on the
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The Wars of Religion in France, 1559–1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Phillip II
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King Henry II, his father, arranged a remarkable betrothal for his son to the five year old
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The Wars of Religion in France, 1559–1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II
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The Wars of Religion in France, 1559–1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II
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court was conscious its religious policy had been a failure, and as early as 8 March, the
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Une révolution symbolique : l'iconoclasme huguenot et la reconstruction catholique
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The climax of the regional disorder came in the early autumn, where on 4 September in
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organised an uprising and made the regent and her French councils leave the capital,
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He ascended the throne of France at age 15 after the accidental death of his father,
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to whom this package would be presented. It was initially intended to host this at
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found guilty, and given an indeterminate sentence, likely imprisonment at Loches.
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3008:] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires.
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Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens
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819:, which Brissac was grumbling about releasing, was to be returned to the Spanish
388:
on 9 September 1543 at the age of nine months, following the death of her father
385:
304:
270:
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1017:, Loiret, from an ear condition. Multiple diseases have been suggested, such as
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373:. He learned dancing from Virgilio Bracesco and fencing from Hector of Mantua.
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Antoine de Bourbon et Jeanne d'Albret, suite de Le mariage de Jeanne d'Albret
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The rise of the House of Guise worked to the detriment of its old rival,
342:. He was baptised on 10 February 1544 at the Chapelle des Trinitaires in
571:
346:. His godparents were Francis I (who knighted him during the ceremony),
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Charles Ier de Cossé, comte de Brissac et maréchal de France, 1507–1563
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1044:, then ten years old, succeeded him. On 21 December, the council named
1034:
1022:
808:
730:
697:
311:, entrusted the reins of government to his wife Mary's uncles from the
296:, in 1559. His short reign was dominated by the first stirrings of the
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Sutherland, Nicola (1962). "Calvinism and the Conspiracy of Amboise".
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Sutherland, Nicola (1962). "Calvinism and the Conspiracy of Amboise".
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Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth Century Paris
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Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris
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Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France
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Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France
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369:, and his tutor was Pierre Danès, a Greek scholar originally from
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Royal arms of Mary, Queen of Scots, impaled with those of Francis
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463:
According to French law, Francis was an adult who did not need a
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Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
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Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
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Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
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Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
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Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
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Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
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Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
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Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
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Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
1995:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
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Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
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Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
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History of the Rise of the Huguenots in Two Volumes: Vol 1 of 2
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History of the Rise of the Huguenots in Two Volumes: Vol 1 of 2
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Coinage under Francis II, with the bust of his father Henri II
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896:
754:
631:. Engraving by Jacques Tortorel and Jean Perrissin, 1569–1570
429:
2273:
The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition. Yale University Press
3164:
Histoire et dictionnaire des guerres de religion, 1559–1598
1055:
On 23 December 1560, Francis II's body was interred in the
674:
3245:
The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence
2956:
2941:
2907:
365:
Francis's governor and governess were Jean d'Humières and
1735:
1733:
594:
who resented their total ascendency to varying degrees.
609:
landlords who knowingly harboured heretics as tenants.
516:, a title until then held by the son of the Constable,
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2503:
Society in Crisis: France during the Sixteenth Century
2266:
2264:
883:, in May 1559. Having taken refuge at the fortress of
329:
2976:
2974:
2843:
1730:
1700:
692:
503:
coronation. Later he supported the repression of the
1072:
marriage was consummated or not remains unanswered.
3062:
Lettres du cardinal Charles de Lorraine (1524–1574)
2922:
2377:. American Philosophical Society Press. p. 1.
2261:
2226:
2224:
533:
3118:
2971:
2110:Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century
1040:Francis II died childless, so his younger brother
4925:
4537:Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the
3235:Le traité de Cateau-Cambrésis (2 et 3 avril 1559)
475:, and Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine. His mother,
5314:
2221:
875:Because of French control over their country, a
710:furthered when in April the former Guise client
4675:Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in
3214:Les origines politiques des guerres de religion
3064:. Travaux Humanisme Renaissance. Geneva: Droz.
2478:The French Wars of Religion: Selected Documents
761:due to religious troubles at the former city.
362:in 1547, when his grandfather Francis I died.
277:; 19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560) was
4911:
4701:
4115:
3460:
3026:. Le sens commun. Paris: Éditions de Minuit.
1185:(2013), and by George Jaques in the TV drama
1033:, the royal surgeon, considered performing a
3216:. Vol. II. Geneva: Slatkine-Megariotis.
1179:(1971), by Sebastian Stragiotti-Axanciuc in
856:
764:Afraid the proposed council might be highly
725:In May 1560 a further edict was passed, the
448:(This is how faith should be respected) and
3264:Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France
3238:. Paris: Éditions Labitte & Émile-Paul.
969:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
664:
4918:
4904:
4708:
4694:
4122:
4108:
3467:
3453:
3190:
2702:
2587:
2270:
2147:
2132:
1967:
1942:
1846:
40:
2791:, tome second, La Haye, 1742 pp. 742–746.
989:Learn how and when to remove this message
768:, the Pope decided to reopen the general
3231:
3220:
3179:
3170:
3116:
3021:
2825:
2750:
2726:
2690:
2678:
2654:
2602:
2590:Princes, Politics and Religion 1547–1589
2530:. Oxford University Press. p. 124.
2440:. Oxford University Press. p. 125.
2402:. Oxford University Press. p. 124.
2372:
2360:
2335:
2315:. Oxford University Press. p. 122.
2235:. Oxford University Press. p. 118.
2212:
2192:. Oxford University Press. p. 117.
2167:. Oxford University Press. p. 114.
2087:. Oxford University Press. p. 111.
2067:
2047:. Oxford University Press. p. 104.
1997:. Oxford University Press. p. 117.
1897:. Oxford University Press. p. 103.
1804:
1763:
1000:
846:
696:
622:
570:
543:confidence would only be furthered with
454:
3277:. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. p. 43.
3261:
3161:
3097:
3078:
3059:
3040:
2997:
2965:
2950:
2916:
2837:
2800:
2775:
2738:
2714:
2617:
2607:. Chicago University Press. p. 70.
2525:
2435:
2397:
2310:
2230:
2217:. Chicago University Press. p. 36.
2187:
2162:
2082:
2072:. Chicago University Press. p. 61.
2042:
1992:
1972:. Oxford University Press. p. 54.
1947:. Oxford University Press. p. 51.
1922:. Oxford University Press. p. 92.
1917:
1892:
1852:
1840:
1816:
1787:
1739:
566:
411:through Mary's great-grandfather, King
14:
5338:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
5315:
4715:
3474:
3227:. Vol. 2. Paris: Adolphe Labitte.
3211:
3202:
3012:
2998:Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726).
2861:
2849:
2812:
2666:
2642:
2630:
2575:
2553:The French Wars of Religion, 1559–1598
2550:
2500:
2480:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 24–25.
2475:
2465:. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 412.
2423:
2300:. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 385.
2275:. Yale University Press. p. 105.
2255:
2107:
2017:
1864:
1828:
1800:
1569:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1327:
1217:
1213:
815:. Both were allies of Spain. Finally,
5201:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572)
5196:Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1570)
4995:Margaret, Queen of France and Navarre
4941:Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
4899:
4689:
4159:Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603
4103:
3448:
3270:
3242:
3196:Metz et Thionville sous Charles-Quint
2980:
2935:
2460:
2295:
2020:The French Wars of Religion 1559–1598
1888:
1886:
1867:The French Wars of Religion 1559–1598
1645:
1635:
1631:
1619:
1613:
1603:
1587:
1577:
1573:
1557:
1551:
1541:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1499:
1493:
1483:
1467:
1457:
1453:
1429:
1419:
1403:
1393:
1389:
1377:
1371:
1361:
1345:
1335:
1331:
1315:
1309:
1299:
1283:
1273:
1269:
1257:
1251:
1241:
1225:
1221:
627:The execution of the conspirators at
612:
289:, from 1558 until his death in 1560.
200:
5299:
4156:Royal consorts in England until 1603
4088:Debatable or disputed rulers are in
1149:Royal arms of Mary, Queen of Scots,
1133:Royal arms of Mary, Queen of Scots,
967:adding citations to reliable sources
934:
523:
3139:
1775:
1751:
872:, was already regent for Scotland.
842:
683:Charles, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon
330:Childhood and education (1544–1559)
24:
4626:Caroline of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
3180:Mariéjol, Jean-Hippolyte (1979) .
2862:Potter, Philip J. (8 March 2012).
2592:. Hambledon Press. pp. 63–64.
1883:
1858:
1496:Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
693:Romorantin and the Estates General
576:Francis of Lorraine, Duke of Guise
528:
25:
5394:
4621:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
4595:British royal consorts after the
3292:House of Valois, AngoulĂŞme branch
3271:Whale, Winifred Stephens (1914).
2505:. Metheun & Co. p. 126.
2112:. Metheun & Co. p. 125.
1203:Ancestors of Francis II of France
813:Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
779:
507:of 1560, notably by going to the
5383:French people of Italian descent
5378:Husbands of Mary, Queen of Scots
5298:
4810:
3387:24 April 1558 – 5 December 1560
1710:
1142:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1082:
939:
859:Bibliothèque Nationale de France
737:courts would have jurisdiction.
534:Kingdom on the death of Henri II
422:
340:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
256:
27:King of France from 1559 to 1560
4947:Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne
4636:Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
4616:Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
3340:10 July 1559 – 5 December 1560
2990:
2882:
2855:
2831:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2781:
2769:
2756:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2623:
2611:
2596:
2581:
2569:
2544:
2519:
2494:
2469:
2454:
2429:
2416:
2391:
2366:
2354:
2341:
2329:
2304:
2289:
2249:
2206:
2181:
2156:
2141:
2126:
2101:
2076:
2061:
2036:
2011:
1986:
1961:
1936:
1911:
1616:Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne
1009:, at the hĂ´tel Groslot (above).
512:significant being the title of
281:from 1559 to 1560. He was also
196:
123:24 April 1558 – 5 December 1560
3198:. Paris: Sandoz et Fischbaker.
3162:Jouanna, Arlette, ed. (1998).
2890:"CW orders 3 new sci-fi shows"
2349:Histoire générale de Languedoc
1834:
1822:
1810:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
877:congregation of Scottish lords
550:Battle of Saint-Quentin (1557)
392:. Mary was a granddaughter of
76:10 July 1559 – 5 December 1560
13:
1:
5171:Edict of Saint-Germain (1562)
5161:Siege of Florence (1529–1530)
5088:Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine
3426:31 March 1547 – 10 July 1559
3060:Cuisiat, Daniel, ed. (1998).
2894:Entertainment Weekly's EW.com
1723:
1158:
1029:exacerbated into an abscess.
497:Keeper of the Seals of France
434:Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine
47:
5368:Knights of the Golden Fleece
5333:16th-century kings of France
4656:Philip of Greece and Denmark
4611:George of Denmark and Norway
4574:George of Denmark and Norway
1968:Diefendorf, Barbara (1991).
1943:Diefendorf, Barbara (1991).
1066:
823:. On the Spanish side, King
757:before a location change to
7:
5191:Treaty of Longjumeau (1568)
4971:Claude, Duchess of Lorraine
3232:de Ruble, Alphonse (1889).
3221:de Ruble, Alphonse (1882).
3125:. New York: Penguin Books.
2588:Sutherland, Nicola (1984).
2271:Sutherland, Nicola (1980).
1696:
1590:John III, Count of Auvergne
1470:Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici
1374:Claude, Duchess of Brittany
1228:Charles, Count of AngoulĂŞme
1194:
853:Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
452:(Light for the righteous).
10:
5399:
5140:Admiral Gaspard de Coligny
4631:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
3262:Wellman, Kathleen (2013).
3247:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
3243:Tomas, Natalie R. (2003).
3171:Marchand, Charles (1889).
3117:Farquhar, Michael (2001).
3022:Christin, Olivier (1991).
1563:
1447:
1321:
1215:
1061:Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon
687:Louis, Duke of Montpensier
616:
5373:People from Fontainebleau
5358:House of Valois-AngoulĂŞme
5296:
5270:
5219:
5166:Colloquy of Poissy (1561)
5153:
5078:Cardinal Silvio Passerini
5058:
5015:
4965:Elisabeth, Queen of Spain
4933:
4819:
4808:
4723:
4673:
4606:
4590:
4586:
4559:Henrietta Maria of France
4549:
4532:
4528:
4150:
4146:
4086:
4067:
4041:
4003:
3977:
3931:
3906:
3827:
3738:
3634:
3510:
3480:
3428:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3389:
3380:
3359:
3352:
3342:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3285:
3147:. London: Fourth Estate.
2787:Jacques-Auguste de Thou,
2555:. Routledge. p. 27.
2373:Benedict, Philip (2020).
2022:. Routledge. p. 22.
1869:. Routledge. p. 22.
1633:
1625:
1597:
1575:
1571:
1535:
1513:
1505:
1477:
1455:
1451:
1413:
1406:Anne, Duchess of Brittany
1391:
1383:
1355:
1333:
1329:
1293:
1271:
1263:
1235:
1219:
857:
716:Lord Chancellor of France
540:peace of Cateau Cambresis
252:
242:
232:
222:
210:
178:
163:
145:
132:
128:
118:
111:
101:
91:
81:
71:
57:
39:
34:
5211:Edict of Beaulieu (1576)
5186:Surprise of Meaux (1567)
5176:Massacre of Vassy (1562)
5110:Louis I, Prince of Condé
4401:Ethelreda of Northumbria
3383:King consort of Scotland
3266:. Yale University Press.
3212:Romier, Lucien (1974) .
3100:Élisabeth I d'Angleterre
3098:Duchein, Michel (1985).
3079:Duchein, Michel (1998).
2603:Thompson, James (1909).
2526:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
2436:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
2398:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
2311:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
2231:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
2213:Thompson, James (1909).
2188:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
2163:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
2083:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
2068:Thompson, James (1909).
2043:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
1993:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
1918:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
1893:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
1173:, by Richard Denning in
1163:Francis is portrayed by
1121:Royal arms of Francis II
930:
855:(painted around 1558). (
851:The king and his spouse
665:Amboise in the provinces
401:Francis and Mary married
354:. He became governor of
139:Château de Fontainebleau
113:King consort of Scotland
5247:Palace of Fontainebleau
5232:Basilica of Saint-Denis
5227:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
5206:French Wars of Religion
5181:Edict of Amboise (1563)
5050:French Catholic Leagues
3501:List of French monarchs
3274:The La Trémoille family
3203:Romier, Lucien (1923).
2645:, pp. 424–429, 437
2551:Knecht, Robert (2010).
2018:Knecht, Robert (2010).
1865:Knecht, Robert (2010).
1089:Royal arms of Francis,
1075:
922:A few weeks later, the
788:between France and the
518:François de Montmorency
298:French Wars of Religion
5353:French Roman Catholics
5135:Henry I, Duke of Guise
5105:Francis, Duke of Guise
5001:Francis, Duke of Anjou
4977:Louis, Duke of Orléans
4416:Ermengarde de Beaumont
4168:Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
4007:(1814–1815; 1815–1830)
3496:List of Frankish kings
3491:Simplified family tree
3041:Cloulas, Ivan (1985).
3013:Bryson, David (1999).
2501:Salmon, J.H.M (1975).
2476:Potter, David (1997).
2108:Salmon, J.H.M (1979).
1790:, pp. 52–53, 1067
1010:
924:Parliament of Scotland
892:Elizabeth I of England
864:
706:
705:, mother of Francis II
632:
583:
514:Grand Master of France
473:Francis, Duke of Guise
460:
274:
5237:Château de Chenonceau
5130:Jeanne III of Navarre
5125:Claude, Duke of Guise
4564:Catherine of Braganza
4391:Ingibiorg Finnsdottir
4266:Isabella of AngoulĂŞme
4261:Berengaria of Navarre
4173:Æthelflæd of Damerham
3287:Francis II of France
3175:. Paris: E. Champion.
2461:Baird, Henry (1880).
2296:Baird, Henry (1880).
1004:
850:
811:would be returned to
718:replacing the ailing
700:
626:
578:. Pencil portrait by
574:
458:
417:undescended testicles
394:Claude, Duke of Guise
352:Marguerite de Navarre
350:, and his great-aunt
18:François II of France
5348:Dauphins of Viennois
5304:Catherine de' Medici
5093:Mary, Queen of Scots
4983:Charles IX of France
4959:Francis II of France
4927:Catherine de' Medici
4651:Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
4641:Alexandra of Denmark
4496:Francis II of France
4298:Philippa of Hainault
4249:Eleanor of Aquitaine
4243:Geoffrey Plantagenet
3486:Detailed family tree
3297:Cadet branch of the
3183:Catherine de MĂ©dicis
3081:Histoire de l'Écosse
2789:Histoire universelle
1803:, pp. 1, 3 and
1554:Catherine de' Medici
1432:Francis II of France
1182:Mary, Queen of Scots
1176:Mary, Queen of Scots
1057:Basilica of St Denis
1046:Catherine de' Medici
963:improve this section
742:Assembly of Notables
703:Catherine de' Medici
567:Guise administration
552:and then around the
477:Catherine de' Medici
432:by his wife's uncle
413:Henry VII of England
378:Mary, Queen of Scots
367:Françoise d'Humières
317:Scottish Reformation
309:Catherine de' Medici
307:was 14, his mother,
287:Mary, Queen of Scots
237:Catherine de' Medici
185:Mary, Queen of Scots
171:Basilica of St Denis
5252:Notre-Dame de Paris
5115:Michel de l'HĂ´pital
4989:Henry III of France
4539:Union of the Crowns
4486:Madeleine of Valois
4476:Margaret of Denmark
4431:Margaret of England
4411:Maud of Northumbria
4406:Sybilla of Normandy
4343:Catherine of Aragon
4328:Elizabeth Woodville
4318:Catherine of Valois
4278:Eleanor of Provence
4237:Matilda of Boulogne
4227:Matilda of Scotland
4222:Matilda of Flanders
3922:Henry VI of England
3192:Rahlenbeck, Charles
2968:, pp. 126–128.
2953:, pp. 210–211.
2919:, pp. 131–132.
1348:Louis XII of France
1254:Francis I of France
1005:Francis II died in
917:Treaty of Edinburgh
801:Maréchal de Brissac
727:Edict of Romorantin
712:Michel de l'HĂ´pital
588:Anne de Montmorency
488:Anne de Montmorency
319:, however, and the
303:Although the royal
5343:Dauphins of France
5271:Patron of the arts
5220:Places in her life
5120:Antoine of Navarre
5099:Philip II of Spain
5066:Clarice de' Medici
5059:People in her life
5018:Groups in her life
4953:Henry II of France
4717:Dauphins of France
4597:Acts of Union 1707
4441:Elizabeth de Burgh
4396:Margaret of Wessex
4308:Isabella of Valois
4293:Isabella of France
4288:Margaret of France
4283:Eleanor of Castile
4272:Blanche of Castile
4255:Margaret of France
4232:Adeliza of Louvain
4193:Sigrid the Haughty
4069:House of Bonaparte
3979:House of Bonaparte
3909:House of Lancaster
3475:Monarchs of France
3433:Title next held by
3394:Title next held by
3364:Title last held by
3145:My Heart is My Own
2803:, pp. 576–581
2741:, pp. 579–581
2729:, pp. 203–204
2705:, pp. 343–345
2693:, pp. 215–223
2669:, pp. 436–437
2620:, pp. 572–573
2578:, pp. 256–261
2426:, pp. 233–234
2258:, pp. 121–122
1312:Henry II of France
1011:
865:
805:Emmanuel Philibert
707:
638:Antoine of Navarre
633:
619:Amboise conspiracy
613:Amboise conspiracy
584:
505:Amboise conspiracy
461:
399:On 24 April 1558,
285:as the husband of
227:Henry II of France
5310:
5309:
5283:Building projects
5242:Château d'Amboise
5145:Diane de Poitiers
5095:(daughter-in-law)
4893:
4892:
4683:
4682:
4669:
4668:
4582:
4581:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4461:Anabella Drummond
4451:Margaret Drummond
4446:Joan of the Tower
4338:Elizabeth of York
4323:Margaret of Anjou
4097:
4096:
4058:Louis Philippe II
3981:(1804–1814; 1815)
3443:
3442:
3422:Dauphin of France
3378:
3375:as queen consort
3343:Succeeded by
3166:. Robert Laffont.
3102:. Paris: Fayard.
3083:. Paris: Fayard.
3045:. Paris: Fayard.
2703:Rahlenbeck (1881)
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1648:Jeanne of Bourbon
1188:The Serpent Queen
999:
998:
991:
909:Bishop of Valence
901:siege of the city
685:and the other to
524:Reign (1559–1560)
382:Queen of Scotland
360:Dauphin of France
336:Diane de Poitiers
264:
263:
87:21 September 1559
16:(Redirected from
5390:
5302:
5301:
5262:Château of Blois
5257:Palais du Louvre
5072:Pope Clement VII
5035:House of Bourbon
4920:
4913:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4849:Le Petit Dauphin
4841:Le Grand Dauphin
4821:House of Bourbon
4814:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4687:
4686:
4588:
4587:
4530:
4529:
4471:Mary of Guelders
4456:Euphemia de Ross
4436:Yolande de Dreux
4374:Guildford Dudley
4363:Catherine Howard
4207:Emma of Normandy
4153:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4101:
4100:
4052:Louis Philippe I
4043:House of Orléans
4005:House of Bourbon
3933:House of Bourbon
3469:
3462:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3412:Preceded by
3372:
3354:Scottish royalty
3326:Preceded by
3316:
3309:
3300:Capetian dynasty
3283:
3282:
3278:
3267:
3258:
3239:
3228:
3217:
3208:
3207:. Paris: Perrin.
3199:
3187:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3136:
3124:
3113:
3094:
3075:
3056:
3037:
3018:
3009:
2984:
2978:
2969:
2963:
2954:
2948:
2939:
2933:
2920:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2816:
2815:, pp. 93–95
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2657:, pp. 34–52
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2433:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2351:, vol. LIV, 1889
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1807:, pp. 94–95
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1528:Alfonsina Orsini
1209:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1146:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1086:
994:
987:
983:
980:
974:
943:
935:
913:Edinburgh Castle
862:
861:
843:Loss of Scotland
770:council of Trent
720:François Olivier
658:Edict of Amboise
592:House of Bourbon
442:Château de Blois
283:King of Scotland
260:
217:Valois-AngoulĂŞme
204:
202:
198:
167:23 December 1560
152:
124:
77:
52:
49:
44:
32:
31:
21:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5292:
5288:Court Festivals
5266:
5215:
5149:
5068:(paternal aunt)
5054:
5030:House of Valois
5025:House of Medici
5017:
5011:
4929:
4924:
4894:
4889:
4815:
4806:
4781:Charles Orlando
4725:House of Valois
4719:
4714:
4684:
4679:
4665:
4602:
4578:
4554:Anne of Denmark
4545:
4520:
4515:
4511:Anne of Denmark
4421:Joan of England
4379:
4313:Joan of Navarre
4303:Anne of Bohemia
4217:Edith of Mercia
4212:Edith of Wessex
4188:Ælfgifu of York
4142:
4137: and
4128:
4098:
4093:
4082:
4063:
4037:
3999:
3973:
3927:
3902:
3829:House of Valois
3823:
3734:
3695:Charles the Fat
3654:Pepin the Short
3639:
3630:
3506:
3505:
3476:
3473:
3434:
3425:
3417:
3395:
3386:
3371:
3365:
3348:
3339:
3331:
3315:5 December 1560
3310:
3308:19 January 1544
3304:
3303:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3255:
3155:
3133:
3110:
3091:
3072:
3053:
3034:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2923:
2915:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2826:de Ruble (1889)
2823:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2757:
2751:de Ruble (1882)
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2727:de Ruble (1882)
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2691:de Ruble (1882)
2689:
2685:
2679:Marchand (1889)
2677:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2655:de Ruble (1889)
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2601:
2597:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2474:
2470:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2371:
2367:
2361:de Ruble (1882)
2359:
2355:
2346:
2342:
2336:Christin (1991)
2334:
2330:
2323:
2309:
2305:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2229:
2222:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2161:
2157:
2146:
2142:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2081:
2077:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1805:Mariéjol (1979)
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1764:Farquhar (2001)
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1699:
1694:
1286:Louise of Savoy
1197:
1167:in the CW show
1161:
1154:
1147:
1138:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1110:
1107:
1098:
1087:
1078:
1069:
995:
984:
978:
975:
960:
944:
933:
845:
790:Habsburg empire
786:40 years of war
782:
751:Estates General
695:
667:
621:
615:
580:François Clouet
569:
556:of the heretic
536:
531:
529:Domestic policy
526:
446:Spectanda fides
425:
386:Stirling Castle
332:
323:was dissolved.
305:age of majority
206:
194:
190:
187:
174:
168:
155:HĂ´tel Groslot,
154:
150:
149:5 December 1560
137:
136:19 January 1544
122:
75:
67:
53:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5396:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5308:
5307:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5069:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5040:House of Guise
5037:
5032:
5027:
5021:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4923:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4900:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4569:Mary of Modena
4566:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4481:Margaret Tudor
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4426:Marie de Coucy
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4370:
4368:Catherine Parr
4365:
4360:
4358:Anne of Cleves
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4251:
4246:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4144:
4143:
4141:royal consorts
4127:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4104:
4095:
4094:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3917:
3915:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3740:House of Capet
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Childebert III
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:French royalty
3402:
3401:
3393:
3388:
3379:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3336:King of France
3332:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3321:Regnal titles
3318:
3317:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3268:
3259:
3253:
3240:
3229:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3188:
3177:
3168:
3159:
3153:
3137:
3131:
3114:
3108:
3095:
3089:
3076:
3070:
3057:
3051:
3038:
3032:
3019:
3010:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2970:
2966:Anselme (1726)
2955:
2951:Anselme (1726)
2940:
2921:
2917:Anselme (1726)
2906:
2881:
2874:
2854:
2852:, p. 109.
2842:
2838:Duchein (1998)
2830:
2817:
2805:
2801:Duchein (1985)
2793:
2780:
2776:Duchein (1998)
2768:
2755:
2743:
2739:Cloulas (1985)
2731:
2719:
2715:Cloulas (1985)
2707:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2622:
2618:Cloulas (1985)
2610:
2595:
2580:
2568:
2561:
2543:
2536:
2518:
2511:
2493:
2486:
2468:
2453:
2446:
2428:
2415:
2408:
2390:
2383:
2365:
2353:
2340:
2328:
2321:
2303:
2288:
2281:
2260:
2248:
2241:
2220:
2205:
2198:
2180:
2173:
2155:
2152:. 47 160: 127.
2140:
2137:. 47 160: 119.
2125:
2118:
2100:
2093:
2075:
2060:
2053:
2035:
2028:
2010:
2003:
1985:
1978:
1960:
1953:
1935:
1928:
1910:
1903:
1882:
1875:
1857:
1853:Jouanna (1998)
1845:
1841:Cuisiat (1998)
1833:
1831:, pp. 2–3
1821:
1817:Cuisiat (1998)
1809:
1792:
1788:Jouanna (1998)
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1742:, p. 200.
1728:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
997:
996:
947:
945:
938:
932:
929:
870:Marie of Guise
844:
841:
821:Duchy of Milan
781:
780:Foreign policy
778:
694:
691:
666:
663:
617:Main article:
614:
611:
568:
565:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
469:House of Guise
424:
421:
331:
328:
313:House of Guise
279:King of France
262:
261:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
214:
208:
207:
192:
188:
183:
182:
180:
176:
175:
169:
165:
161:
160:
153:(aged 16)
147:
143:
142:
134:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
61:
59:King of France
55:
54:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5395:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5363:Kings consort
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5305:
5295:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4921:
4916:
4914:
4909:
4907:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4678:
4672:
4662:
4661:Camilla Shand
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:James Hepburn
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:Mary of Guise
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Joan Beaufort
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3626:Childeric III
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Theuderic III
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:Childebert II
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3368:Mary of Guise
3362:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3293:
3284:
3276:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3254:0-7546-0777-1
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:. Tallandier.
3185:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3154:9781841157528
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3132:0-7394-2025-9
3128:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3111:
3109:9782213639659
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3090:9782213602288
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3071:9782600002639
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3052:9782213013329
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3033:9782707313911
3029:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2938:, p. 43.
2937:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2877:
2875:9780786491032
2871:
2868:. McFarland.
2867:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2828:, p. 149
2827:
2821:
2814:
2813:Romier (1923)
2809:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2784:
2778:, p. 207
2777:
2772:
2765:
2759:
2753:, p. 214
2752:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2717:, p. 579
2716:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2681:, p. 457
2680:
2675:
2668:
2667:Romier (1974)
2663:
2656:
2651:
2644:
2643:Romier (1974)
2639:
2633:, p. 345
2632:
2631:Romier (1974)
2626:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2576:Romier (1923)
2572:
2564:
2562:9781408228197
2558:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2537:9780199596799
2533:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2447:9780199596799
2443:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2424:Romier (1923)
2419:
2411:
2409:9780199596799
2405:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2384:9781606180853
2380:
2376:
2369:
2363:, p. 244
2362:
2357:
2350:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2324:
2322:9780199596799
2318:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2256:Romier (1923)
2252:
2244:
2242:9780199596799
2238:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2199:9780199596799
2195:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2174:9780199596799
2170:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2094:9780199596799
2090:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2054:9780199596799
2050:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2029:9781408228197
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2004:9780199596799
2000:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1929:9780199596799
1925:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1904:9780199596799
1900:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1876:9781408228197
1872:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1829:Romier (1923)
1825:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1801:Romier (1923)
1796:
1789:
1784:
1778:, p. 102
1777:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1718:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1152:
1151:Queen dowager
1145:
1140:
1136:
1135:Queen consort
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:Ambroise Paré
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1003:
993:
990:
982:
972:
968:
964:
958:
957:
953:
948:This section
946:
942:
937:
936:
928:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
904:
902:
898:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
860:
854:
849:
840:
837:
835:
834:royal galleys
829:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
777:
773:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
704:
699:
690:
688:
684:
678:
676:
671:
662:
659:
653:
649:
645:
641:
639:
630:
625:
620:
610:
606:
603:
601:
595:
593:
589:
581:
577:
573:
564:
562:
561:Anne du Bourg
559:
558:parlementaire
555:
551:
546:
541:
521:
519:
515:
510:
506:
500:
498:
493:
489:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
457:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
423:Becoming king
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:Pope Paul III
345:
344:Fontainebleau
341:
337:
327:
324:
322:
321:Auld Alliance
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
259:
255:
251:
248:
245:
241:
238:
235:
231:
228:
225:
221:
218:
215:
213:
209:
186:
181:
177:
172:
166:
162:
158:
148:
144:
140:
135:
131:
127:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
74:
70:
65:
60:
56:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5101:(son-in-law)
4958:
4875:Louis Joseph
4848:
4840:
4801:
4776:Charles VIII
4676:
4646:Mary of Teck
4594:
4536:
4501:Henry Stuart
4495:
4372:
4353:Jane Seymour
4333:Anne Neville
4270:
4253:
4241:
4089:
4078:Napoleon III
4056:
4030:
4023:
3992:
3966:
3920:
3912:
3907:
3887:
3868:Charles VIII
3636:Carolingians
3621:Theuderic IV
3611:Chilperic II
3606:Dagobert III
3586:Childeric II
3581:Chlothar III
3526:Childebert I
3512:Merovingians
3435:
3429:
3420:
3398:Henry Stuart
3396:
3390:
3381:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3360:
3334:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3273:
3263:
3244:
3234:
3223:
3213:
3204:
3195:
3182:
3172:
3163:
3144:
3120:
3099:
3080:
3061:
3042:
3023:
3014:
3005:
3000:
2991:Bibliography
2983:, p. 7.
2981:Tomas (2003)
2936:Whale (1914)
2897:. Retrieved
2893:
2884:
2864:
2857:
2845:
2840:, p. 80
2833:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2625:
2613:
2604:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2571:
2552:
2546:
2527:
2521:
2502:
2496:
2477:
2471:
2462:
2456:
2437:
2431:
2418:
2399:
2393:
2374:
2368:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2338:, p. 68
2331:
2312:
2306:
2297:
2291:
2272:
2251:
2232:
2214:
2208:
2189:
2183:
2164:
2158:
2149:
2143:
2134:
2128:
2109:
2103:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2044:
2038:
2019:
2013:
1994:
1988:
1969:
1963:
1944:
1938:
1919:
1913:
1894:
1866:
1860:
1855:, p. 53
1848:
1836:
1824:
1819:, p. 14
1812:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1766:, p. 81
1759:
1754:, p. 47
1747:
1740:Wellman 2013
1431:
1186:
1180:
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291:
266:
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151:(1560-12-05)
29:
5328:1560 deaths
5323:1544 births
5083:Jean Fernel
5007:Descendants
4763:Charles VII
4348:Anne Boleyn
4197:Świętosława
4071:(1852–1870)
4045:(1830–1848)
4014:Louis XVIII
3994:Napoleon II
3935:(1589–1792)
3913:(1422–1453)
3858:Charles VII
3831:(1328–1589)
3705:Charles III
3690:Carloman II
3666:(Charles I)
3664:Charlemagne
3616:Chlothar IV
3571:Sigebert II
3561:Chlothar II
3546:Chilperic I
3536:Charibert I
2899:12 December
2850:Bryson 1999
1843:, p. 2
1035:trepanation
1019:mastoiditis
275:François II
247:Catholicism
92:Predecessor
51: 1558
5317:Categories
5016:Dynasties/
4997:(daughter)
4973:(daughter)
4967:(daughter)
4880:Louis XVII
4829:Louis XIII
4802:Francis II
4738:Charles VI
3988:Napoleon I
3968:Louis XVII
3947:Louis XIII
3893:Charles IX
3888:Francis II
3853:Charles VI
3819:Charles IV
3794:Philip III
3784:Louis VIII
3749:Hugh Capet
3742:(987–1328)
3675:Charles II
3659:Carloman I
3641:Robertians
3566:Dagobert I
3551:Sigebert I
3531:Chlothar I
3346:Charles IX
2512:0416730507
2487:0333647998
2282:0300023286
2119:0416730507
1979:0195070135
1954:0195070135
1776:Guy (2004)
1752:Guy (2004)
1724:References
1165:Toby Regbo
1159:Portrayals
1023:meningitis
809:Montferrat
545:Henry II's
405:Notre Dame
267:Francis II
106:Charles IX
83:Coronation
46:Portrait,
35:Francis II
5045:Huguenots
4955:(husband)
4885:Louis XIX
4870:Louis XVI
4834:Louis XIV
4733:Charles V
4541:from 1603
4183:Ælfthryth
4025:Louis XIX
4019:Charles X
3962:Louis XVI
3952:Louis XIV
3898:Henry III
3878:Francis I
3873:Louis XII
3848:Charles V
3838:Philip VI
3799:Philip IV
3779:Philip II
3774:Louis VII
3754:Robert II
3685:Louis III
3647:(751–987)
3596:Clovis IV
3576:Clovis II
3514:(509–751)
3141:Guy, John
2824:See also
2629:See also
1717:Biography
1153:of France
1137:of France
1067:Posterity
979:July 2020
950:does not
881:Edinburgh
825:Philip II
735:Présidaux
731:Parlement
538:With the
509:Parlement
492:Constable
356:Languedoc
253:Signature
102:Successor
5074:(cousin)
4949:(mother)
4943:(father)
4860:Louis XV
4797:Henry II
4792:François
4788:François
4772:François
4768:Louis XI
4202:Ealdgyth
4135:Scottish
3957:Louis XV
3942:Henry IV
3883:Henry II
3863:Louis XI
3814:Philip V
3789:Louis IX
3769:Louis VI
3764:Philip I
3720:Louis IV
3710:Robert I
3680:Louis II
3645:Bosonids
3521:Clovis I
3329:Henry II
3194:(1881).
3143:(2004).
3043:Henri II
3017:. Brill.
1697:See also
1195:Ancestry
1097:of Scots
1050:Scotland
766:Gallican
590:and the
294:Henry II
243:Religion
173:, France
159:, France
141:, France
96:Henry II
4847:Louis,
4839:Louis,
4785:Charles
4748:Charles
4743:Charles
4677:italics
4178:Ælfgifu
4139:British
4133:,
4131:English
4090:italics
4032:Henry V
3843:John II
3804:Louis X
3759:Henry I
3730:Louis V
3725:Lothair
3715:Rudolph
3670:Louis I
3541:Guntram
2150:History
2135:History
1091:Dauphin
1059:by the
1042:Charles
1015:Orléans
1007:Orléans
971:removed
956:sources
817:Valenza
759:Orléans
714:became
629:Amboise
409:England
390:James V
205:
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189:
157:Orléans
64:more...
5154:Events
4934:Family
4386:Gruoch
3809:John I
3430:Vacant
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1027:otitis
885:Dunbar
746:Norman
465:regent
371:Naples
271:French
233:Mother
223:Father
199:
179:Spouse
164:Burial
119:Tenure
5003:(son)
4991:(son)
4985:(son)
4979:(son)
4961:(son)
4865:Louis
4855:Louis
4753:Louis
3437:Louis
3415:Henry
3313:Died:
3306:Born:
3004:[
2762:Also
1170:Reign
1025:, or
931:Death
897:Leith
794:Spain
755:Meaux
554:trial
430:Reims
212:House
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195:(
191:
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5278:Arts
4758:John
3643:and
3249:ISBN
3149:ISBN
3127:ISBN
3104:ISBN
3085:ISBN
3066:ISBN
3047:ISBN
3028:ISBN
2901:2016
2870:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2532:ISBN
2507:ISBN
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2442:ISBN
2422:See
2404:ISBN
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2114:ISBN
2089:ISBN
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2024:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1799:See
1646:15.
1588:14.
1526:13.
1468:12.
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1346:10.
1093:and
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954:any
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146:Died
133:Born
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