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became the first man to reach the
Caribbean Sea from Lake Nicaragua. After circumnavigating the lake in a group of boats, Machuca and his team entered the San Juan River. From here, Machuca led a group of 200 men who advanced by land, taking the same course as the boats. Machuca named the rapids (the
433:
who was responsible for the selection of the site. Escobedo and AndĂşjar Cantos arrived at San Juan del Norte, then travelled upstream along the San Juan River and into Lake
Nicaragua. Upon their return to Granada, they set about planning the construction of definitive fortifications along the San
585:
The
Fortress of the Immaculate Conception is a historic landmark of Nicaragua, which currently houses a museum and library. Since 1995, it has been on a "tentative list" of important Nicaraguan cultural sites with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a
550:, was responsible for leading his men through dense jungle to attack the fortress from a hill in the rear. The British captured the fortress and occupied it for nine months, finally abandoning it in January 1781. The hill is named
543:(who served as Governor of Nicaragua from 1783 to 1787). The expeditionary force succeeded in capturing the fortress on April 29, 1780, despite the fact that it consisted of only 200 men. The 22-year-old Nelson, in command of
371:, a citizen of Granada, finally discovered the outlet of Lake Nicaragua in 1528 and named it the RĂo San Juan. Estete was unable to navigate past the rapids however, because the river was low at that time. In 1529,
954:
618:
412:. In response to this and other pirate attacks, the Spanish colonial authorities constructed the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception as a means to protect the citizens of Granada from future attacks.
519:
and commander-in-chief of
Jamaica, proposed a second expedition to Nicaragua. The goal was to sail up the San Juan River to Lake Nicaragua and capture the town of Granada, which would effectively cut
504:
garrison commander
Lieutenant Juan de Aguilar y Santa Cruz led the defenders to victory in a battle that lasted six days. The British finally lifted their siege and retreated on August 3, 1762.
490:. The attacking force consisted of two thousand men and more than fifty boats, while the soldiers at the fortress numbered only around a hundred. The garrison commander, Lieutenant Colonel Don
347:
and the first
European to arrive in present-day Nicaragua. After discovering the "freshwater sea" (Lake Nicaragua) on January 21, 1522, he speculated that it discharged into the Caribbean Sea.
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rapids which stopped Estete the year before) after himself, and named the port at the mouth of the river San Juan de las Perlas (later known as San Juan del Norte, and now known as
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859:"Defense, Economy, and Politics in Seventeenth-Century Nicaragua: Don Fernando Francisco de Escobedo and the Fortification of the San Juan River, 1672–1673"
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By the late 17th century, the success of the city of
Granada had made it a victim of pirate attacks, the first of which was in 1670 by the pirate
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explored Lake
Nicaragua. They succeeded in locating a waterway running eastwards towards the Caribbean Sea, but reported it to be not navigable.
987:
70:
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preliminary to nomination for consideration as a World
Heritage Site. The submission notes that the fortress is in a protected area, the
617:
Wendy Kramer; W. George Lovell; Christopher H. Lutz (1994). "La conquista española de
Centroamérica". In Julio César Pinto Soria (ed.).
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494:, had died unexpectedly on July 15, only 11 days earlier. Inspired by acts of heroism displayed by Herrera's 19-year-old daughter
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of the San Juan River. It was completed in 1675 as part of a series of fortifications along the San Juan River, to defend against
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679:
728:
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1086:(in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Archived from
355:) on the shore of Lake Nicaragua on December 8, 1524. Under orders from Hernández de Córdoba, an expedition that included
536:
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led a British attack against the fortress. At the time, the Spanish garrison consisted of 228 men under the command of
1033:
796:
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915:"Defensas estratĂ©gicas de la CapitanĂa General de Guatemala Castillos de la Inmaculada ConcepciĂłn y de San Carlos"
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An important historic landmark of Nicaragua, the fortress is on a list of sites as an initial stage in achieving
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994:(in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: Periodistas Independientes, S.A. (PINSA). 2010-07-15. Archived from
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was another Spanish conquistador who founded the city of Granada (the first Spanish colonial city in
995:
1275:
681:
Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the present
599:
340:
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312:). The settlement of El Castillo and its fortress continued to be strategically important to the
450:, was begun on March 10, 1673, and completed in 1675. Despite the construction of the fortress,
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962:(in Spanish) (1st ed.). Managua, Nicaragua: El PaĂs. pp. 255–256. Archived from
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442:) atop the ruins of the previous Fuerte de Santa Cruz, which dated from the time of King
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684:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 441.
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527:. During this expedition, which took place in 1780 and later became known as the
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832:. Vol. I. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 82, 106, 193
1061:(in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Archivo General de Centroamerica. 2009
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Nicaragua: its people, scenery, monuments, and the proposed interoceanic canal
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Nicaragua: its people, scenery, monuments, and the proposed interoceanic canal
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425:, visited the area from January – February 1673. Escobedo was accompanied by
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498:(which included killing the British commander of the expeditionary force),
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285:. The fortress is situated approximately 6 kilometers from the border with
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1120:. Vol. I. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 110–1
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Visual guide of the Nicaraguan population of El Castillo. (in Spanish)
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Location of the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception within Nicaragua
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Historia General de Centroamérica: El Régimen Colonial (1524–1750)
16:
Fortification in the village of El Castillo in southern Nicaragua.
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1172:
History of the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception (in Spanish)
626:(in Spanish). Vol. II (1st ed.). San José, Costa Rica:
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Juan River. They ultimately decided to build the fortress at the
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139:
1059:"Rafaela Herrera: File#201, Record#1651 (subscription required)"
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Historia de Nicaragua desde los tiempos prehistĂłricos hasta 1860
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
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791:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 78.
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Map from "A New Voyage Round the World", published in 1697 by
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77:
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José Dolores Gámez (1889). "Segunda mitad del siglo XVIII".
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Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York
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On the morning of July 26, 1762, a combined British and
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plundered the city and set it on fire on April 8, 1685.
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The Fortress of the Immaculate Conception (in Spanish)
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Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO)
304:(which can be reached by navigating upstream from the
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1081:"La Fortaleza de la Inmaculada ConcepciĂłn de MarĂa"
523:in half as well as provide potential access to the
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Fortaleza de la Limpia Pura e Inmaculada ConcepciĂłn
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1024:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p.
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486:to the fortress in what would later be called the
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789:Hernando De Soto: a savage quest in the Americas
446:. Construction of the fortress, initially named
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421:, who was also at that time Governor of
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218:Battle for the RĂo San Juan de Nicaragua
1143:"Fortress of the immaculate Conception"
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259:El Castillo de la Inmaculada ConcepciĂłn
29:El Castillo de la Inmaculada ConcepciĂłn
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1139:United Nations Educational, Scientific
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866:Jahrbuch fĂĽr Geschichte Lateinamerikas
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1145:. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre
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251:Fortress of the Immaculate Conception
84:Fortress of the Immaculate Conception
59:Fortress of the Immaculate Conception
22:Fortress of the Immaculate Conception
265:located on the southern bank of the
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928:(February): 149–94. Archived from
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363:(the first mayor of Granada) and
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1141:; Cultural Organization (2011).
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1328:Spanish colonial fortifications
913:Roberto Trigueros Bada (2011).
729:"The RĂo San Juan de Nicaragua"
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922:Revista de Temas NicaragĂĽenses
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419:Fernando Francisco de Escobedo
349:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba
314:Captaincy General of Guatemala
308:along the San Juan River into
1:
1318:Military history of Nicaragua
1020:Chronology of women's history
659:
588:Indio MaĂz Biological Reserve
438:, (known at that time as the
316:until the late 18th century.
7:
1079:Carlos Viscasillas (2009).
785:"The invasion of Nicaragua"
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492:José de Herrera y Sotomayor
241:José de Herrera y Sotomayor
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992:La Trinchera de la Noticia
509:American Revolutionary War
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223:San Juan Expedition (1780)
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678:David F. Marley (2008).
600:Piracy on Lake Nicaragua
507:After Spain entered the
427:MartĂn de AndĂşjar Cantos
192:MartĂn de AndĂşjar Cantos
1323:RĂo San Juan Department
1225:RĂo San Juan Department
988:"Efemerides Nacionales"
605:Piracy in the Caribbean
511:in 1779, Major General
365:Sebastián de Belalcázar
239:Lieutenant Colonel Don
42:RĂo San Juan Department
1289:
1016:Kirstin Olsen (1994).
857:Stephen Webre (2007).
582:
581:in southern Nicaragua.
405:
404:is marked with a star.
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1271:San Juan de Nicaragua
1112:Ephraim George Squier
1046:Rafaela Herrera 1762.
824:Ephraim George Squier
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465:Further information:
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378:San Juan de Nicaragua
577:from the village of
440:Raudal de Santa Cruz
229:Garrison information
529:San Juan Expedition
444:Philip III of Spain
341:Gil González Dávila
321:World Heritage Site
120:11.0192°N 84.3964°W
116: /
1313:Forts in Nicaragua
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1177:2020-02-16 at the
781:David Ewing Duncan
725:Robert Edwin Peary
630:. pp. 21–93.
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155:Controlled by
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691:978-1-59884-100-8
568:Raudal del Diablo
436:Raudal del Diablo
431:military engineer
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513:John Dalling
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281:in southern
271:RĂo San Juan
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214:Battles/wars
175:Site history
165:Open to
28:
1256:El Castillo
1251:El Almendro
579:El Castillo
533:John Polson
501:pro tempore
279:El Castillo
198:In use
123: /
99:Coordinates
38:El Castillo
1302:Categories
1266:San Carlos
1236:San Carlos
1149:2011-04-23
1124:2011-04-23
1097:2011-04-24
1065:2011-04-24
1041:2011-04-23
1002:2011-04-24
973:2011-04-25
939:2011-04-29
899:2011-05-01
872:: 93–110.
836:2011-04-23
804:2011-04-23
766:2011-04-23
697:2011-04-23
660:References
651:2011-04-25
531:, Colonel
410:Gallardino
327:(UNESCO).
287:Costa Rica
273:), in the
236:commanders
111:84°23′47″W
108:11°01′09″N
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886:1438-4752
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452:buccaneer
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