402:
426:
414:
157:('Mirror of time in histories of the notables'), adds or modifies several of Qalanisi's details: Tughtegin's attack took place during the night, and his return to Damascus happened at a much later date, in February/March 1106. More such details come from al-Jawzi and another historian who used Qalanisi's chronicle as a source,
247:(c. 25 acres). Further possible Crusader-period findings were the large ashlars with chiselled margins found in traces of walls visible beneath the modern village, which could suggest that a large medieval building had once protected the spring located in the wadi below, possibly associated with the fortress.
323:
The triangular rocky spur measures about 110 metres (360 ft) from north to south, with its northern side about 90 metres (300 ft) wide. It is bordered by slopes to the east and west, with the level northern approach once protected by a just faintly discernible ditch, followed inward by a
350:
surveyed the area in the 1930s and identified the fortified spur known as Qasr
Bardawil with a Crusader castle mentioned in a Damascene chronicle, allegedly built by King Baldwin I. Deschamps argued that Qasr Bardawil was a Crusader castle, which dominated a village by the name of al-'Al Pringle
146:
of
Damascus, captured it, returning to Damascus with a huge amount of booty on December 24 of the same year. Qalanisi describes Toghtekin's motive as his fear that, once the allegedly impregnable castle was completed, it would be more difficult to "undo". He makes however no explicit mention of
178:
in Arabic chronicles. The legend with all its elements (construction year 1105, with Hugh of St. Omer, who did indeed build Toron, as the man put in charge) was copied from one author to the next, from medieval chroniclers to noted modern medievalists such as
817:, p. 117: "Identified by Deschamps and others as a castle built by Baldwin I in 1105 ... However, more recent survey suggests the occupation to be principally Middle Bronze Age II." (October 2021: page not accessible on Google Books.)
226:, built by the Crusaders in the region. The uncompleted castle of al-Al was first used in 1105 and Hugh was killed returning there after a successful raid in Damascene territory, after which Toghtekin, not wishing to have a
389:
In spite of the site's location and Arabic name, the survey results exclude it from being the
Crusader castle mentioned by Qalanisi. Therefore, Micaela Sinibaldi considers the castle to be, as of 2014, still unidentified.
927:
165:
230:
stronghold less than two days' march of
Damascus, attacked and easily conquered site, killing or taking captive the defenders. The Franks then abandoned the site as too difficult to defend, relocating to
243:
A 1969 survey of the village of al-'Al revealed pottery typical of the
Crusader period in the centre of the village, where ancient ruins of different ages were identified over an area of about 100
111:
is an accurate chronology of events. According to Sharon's 1997 theory, all medieval Muslim chronicles after al-Qalanisi are sourced on him and therefore do not prove the castle's existence.
989:
733:
168:(CIAP), states that there has been no such castle at all. He considers it to be a legend that must have begun with someone identifying the Arabic name of the site, Qasr Bardawil (
357:
is the way the
Frankish name of King Baldwin is rendered in Arabic. This fact and the site's location made it appear to be a good candidate for the castle mentioned by Qalanisi.
974:
401:
161:(1160-1233): the castle had a garrison of no less than 200 men, and Tughtegin destroyed the castle after assessing the position as too exposed to Frankish counter-attacks.
984:
1004:
721:
340:
274:
103:
Al-Qalanisi, a politician and historian from nearby
Damascus, is the only contemporary chronicler of the castle's existence and history.
425:
115:
698:
922:
999:
413:
869:
844:
805:
774:
646:
17:
979:
931:
114:
The identification with the ruins at the site of Qasr
Bardawil was abandoned after it being classified as a
204:
578:
369:. As a result, its identification with an alleged Crusader castle has been found to be unsubstantiated.
766:
686:
The
Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted and translated from the chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi
994:
675:
328:, of which only traces of the oval and rectangular chambers remain along with masses of collapsed
834:
302:) is an archaeological site on the Golan Heights containing the ruins of a fortified settlement.
70:
836:
A History of the
Crusades, Volume Two: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187
365:
A 1968 archaeological survey of the site concluded that its main habitation period dates to the
77:
66:
873:
824:
760:
684:
633:
502:
188:
378:
227:
8:
219:
715:
690:
663:
881:
883:
Settlement in Crusader Transjordan (1100–1189): a Historical and Archaeological Study
865:
840:
801:
770:
694:
642:
366:
345:
208:
150:
97:
74:
81:
954:
797:
Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer
232:
937:
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756:
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264:
180:
54:
46:
318:
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910:
791:
729:
370:
325:
289:
276:
212:
184:
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politician and historian Ibn al-Qalanisi (c. 1071–1160), who writes that the
104:
62:
31:
961:
by Maxime Goepp (in French), 15 May 2005, with good photos of Qasr Bardawil.
693:. Unabridged reprint of first edition, London: Luzac (1932). pp. 71–2.
158:
93:
192:
839:(1999 reprint of 1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95.
889:. Cardiff University (PhD in Archaeology thesis). pp. 17–18, 56–57
310:
306:
196:
58:
53:, "Qal'at al-'Al") was, according to contemporary Damascene chronicler
135:
918:
374:
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139:
734:"Three Coins of Alexander Jannaeus from El 'AI in the Golan Heights"
170:
635:
A Seigneury on the Eastern Border of the Kingdom of Jerusalem: The
314:
131:
85:
743:. 10 (1990-1). London: The Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society: 69
305:
It held a strategic position that could potentially control the
915:
Judea Samaria and the Golan – the archaeological survey of 1968
143:
89:
381:
fortifications, due to lack of medieval material at the site.
317:, and is located some 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) east of the
250:
244:
223:
201:
Judea, Samaria and the Golan: Archaeological Survey 1967-1968
990:
12th-century disestablishments in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
431:
Qasr Bardawil, Bronze Age site on the Golan Heights (2021)
174:
meaning castle), with the Crusader king Baldwin I, called
373:
lists the ruins at Qasr Bardawil under "Rejects" in his
351:
quotes "Deschaps and others" as supporting this theory.
195:, in 1968, and published in 1972, dated the site to the
107:, Qalanisi's first English translator, claims that the
27:
Crusader castle in the Golan Heights, not yet identified
975:
Castles and fortifications of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
944:
The survey which excluded Qasr Bardawil as an option.
741:
Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society
985:1100s establishments in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
966:
191:done by Israeli archaeologists right after the
909:
596:Pringle (1997), Qal'at Hunin (No. 164), p. 79.
238:
632:Devais, Cèdric (2010). James Schryver (ed.).
96:considers it to be a mere legend rooted in a
720:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
531:Pringle (1997), Qasr Bardawil (R14), p. 117.
80:. The location is described as "between the
862:Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae
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251:Rejected identification with Qasr Bardawil
126:The history of the castle is based on the
57:, a short-lived castle built in 1105 near
1005:Archaeological sites on the Golan Heights
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527:
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128:Continuation of the Chronicle of Damascus
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683:Gibb, H. A. R. (transl., ed.) (2002) .
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218:The castle was one of three, including
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864:(CIAP) Volume Two: B-C. BRILL, 1997,
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682:
955:Château de Baudouin (Qasr Bardawil)
923:The Archaeological Survey of Israel
557:Sinibaldi (2014), pp. 17-18, 56-57.
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407:1935 vertical aerial view of al-'Al
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205:The Archaeological Survey of Israel
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24:
903:
569:Devais (2010), p. 74 with note 16.
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147:Toghtekin demolishing the castle.
138:built the castle in 1105 and that
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155:Mirāt al-Zamān fī Tārīkh al-Ā‘yān
501:Gibb (2002), "Introduction", p.
424:
412:
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164:Moshe Sharon, in his monumental
130:, the main work of contemporary
624:
69:, the man put in charge of the
800:. Cambridge University Press.
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572:
495:
13:
1:
580:Hunin Fortress (Qal’at Hunin)
436:
384:
360:
7:
880:Sinibaldi, Micaela (2014).
617:Gibson & Urman (1990-1)
239:Crusader findings at al-'Al
100:, with no historical base.
10:
1021:
833:Runciman, Steven (1999) .
827:. Accessed 4 October 2021.
767:Cambridge University Press
641:. BRILL. pp. 71–92 .
393:
153:(c. 1185–1256), author of
121:
29:
1000:Medieval history of Syria
290:32.8197861°N 35.7423806°E
876:. Accessed 19 July 2019.
336:Attempted identification
256:Location and description
30:Not to be confused with
980:Principality of Galilee
942:, p. 286, No. 171.
474:Runciman (1999), p. 95.
821:Qal'at Hunin (No. 164)
769:. pp. 40, 52–53.
605:Kennedy (2001), p. 40.
587:, accessed 4 Oct 2021.
460:Gibb (2002), pp. 71-2.
295:32.8197861; 35.7423806
492:Sharon (1997), p. 34.
189:archaeological survey
959:Forteresses d'Orient
367:Middle Bronze Age II
815:Qasr Bardawil (R14)
286: /
109:Damascene Chronicle
691:Dover Publications
330:unmortared masonry
67:Hugh of Saint Omer
700:978-0-486-42519-1
151:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi
98:popular etymology
18:Fortress of al-Al
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193:Six-Day War
969:Categories
437:References
385:Conclusion
307:Roman road
269:قصر بردويل
197:Bronze Age
116:Bronze Age
92:historian
51:قلعة العال
919:Jerusalem
782:4 October
759:(2001) .
747:4 October
716:cite book
674:ignored (
664:cite book
375:gazetteer
361:Rejection
211:, editor
140:Toghtekin
132:Damascene
78:Baldwin I
794:(1997).
379:Crusader
355:Bardawil
315:Damascus
228:Frankish
222:and the
181:Runciman
176:Bardawil
394:Gallery
122:History
90:Israeli
71:Galilee
61:on the
41:, also
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265:Arabic
245:dunams
185:Prawer
144:atabeg
136:Franks
118:site.
59:al-‘Al
47:Arabic
43:ʿAlʿāl
938:Carta
934:]
887:(PDF)
872:, p.
823:, p.
737:(PDF)
348:]
309:from
209:Carta
82:Sawad
936:and
895:2020
866:ISBN
854:2020
841:ISBN
802:ISBN
784:2021
771:ISBN
749:2021
722:link
708:2020
695:ISBN
676:help
656:2021
643:ISBN
207:and
183:and
171:qasr
84:and
75:King
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