683:, immediately north of 54°40', but which was abandoned by 1870 as being of little real strategic or commercial value, as it was Fort Wrangel which controlled the main access inland and was therefore more viable as a customs port for the region, and Britain had shown no signs of military support for the claims that British Columbia had been making for its rights to the leased portion of the Panhandle, which had in any case been overtaken by American fishing, cannery and mining operations in the immediate aftermath of the Purchase.
1747:
667:
259:, while receptive to a Russian outpost, were also supportive a British station being established in the area. The second article of the Russo-British Treaty of 1825 specified that employees of either company couldn't land at their respective stations without prior consent. To prevent the HBC traders from accessing the Stikine river, Wrangel conceived of creating a trade post at the river's mouth. In the autumn of 1833, a party of
759:"This paper was originally presented at a 2–4 June 1989 conference dealing with the Yukon/Alaska/BC border and the issues surrounding this border held in Whitehorse, YT, Canada. The conference was jointly sponsored by the Yukon Historical & Museums Association (YHMA), Yukon College, The University of Victoria's Public History Group, and the Alaska Historical Society. The proceedings were published by the YHMA."
291:. The employees were to begin attempts at establishing trade and a fort in the Stikine hinterland. On 20 June 1834 the HBC employees under Ogden reached Redoubt Saint Dionysius. Tolmie described the trading post as having a barricade 6 feet tall, a half completed house for the RAC officer and "a few cedarbark huts..." Discussions between the Russians and British was hampered as none of British could speak the
986:
982:
620:
was launched and hordes of men sought out the
Stikine, with Fort Stikine aka Shakesville become an important port-of-call for steamboats now bound for the river's many gold-bearing bars. In response to the influx of miners, most of them (but not all) American, Governor Douglas decreed the creation of
641:
Although exploration and some mining continued, the rush was well over by 1867, when the United States purchased Alaska from the
Russian Empire. Despite the profitability of American trade and a wider range of goods, Choquette was faced with the decision of retaining the Hudson's Bay Company license
637:
Experienced from goldfields elsewhere, Choquette knew more money was to be made in provision of goods and supplies to the miner than in the workings themselves, and obtained rights to sell Hudson's Bay
Company wares both at his upriver post and at a revived trading post at Shakesville. Choquette was
311:
In the Year of 1834, the 18th of June. On the brig of the
Columbia Company of Mr. Ogan at Stakeen—I prohibit to trade with the inhabitants of the Stakeen which have their settlements here and accordingly refer to the Convention.—To the Colonies of the Russian American Company, no permission is given
428:
Much to the chagrin and horror of the company staff in charge of the post, the logistics of the fur trade resulted in an unexpected effect - an escalation of the slave trade by the Haida and
Tlingits. This had an accompanying rise among the Haida and Tlingits for further warfare and raiding against
591:
when he met some of Shakes' people and persuaded them to bring him with them to the
Stikine and what was left of Fort Stikine, which had by then become known as Shakesville (though still also referred to as Fort Stikine despite the absence of a formal post or a Chief Trader). Choquette was to earn
711:
of 1871. Once again thousands of miners poured into and through Fort
Wrangel, and the US authorities attempted to exert control over British-registered shipping heading for the Stikine. A compromise was reached, and the confrontation derailed and prevented from escalating into warfare over the
340:
When news of the confrontation reached Fort
Vancouver, McLoughlin was outraged and quickly sent word to the company headquarters in London. The HBC spent several years pressuring the British government to secure indemnities from the RAC on Russia for damages relating to the seizure and actions
699:
fourteen times. Smith died some 13 hours later. The US army made an ultimatum demanding Sccutd-doo's surrender, and following bombardment of the
Stikine Indian village, the villagers handed Scutd-doo over to the military in the fort, where he was court-martialed and publicly hanged before the
694:
named Lowan bit off Mrs. Jaboc Muller's third right finger, and was killed in an ensuing fight by soldiers who mortally wounded an additional
Stikine Indian. The following morning, Scutd-doo, who was the father of the deceased, entered the fort and shot the post trader's partner
168:(Treaty of St. Petersburg) establishing that boundary, and also establishing a land boundary northwards following the summit of the mountains, ten marine leagues from the coast, British rights to the Interior were guaranteed by Russia, along with the right of navigation of the
674:
With Choquette's departure, and the British flag with him, which had flown over his store at Shakesville, American troops took over the old fortification of Fort Stikine, renaming it Fort Wrangel. It was the second US Army post established in Alaska, the first being
153:, also forbidding foreign vessels from approaching within 100 Italian miles of any Russian settlement. Other powers protested and the line was withdrawn to "the line of the Emperor Paul", 55 degrees north, with parallel treaties with the United States and
712:
region. After the Cassiar rush was over, Fort Wrangel remained as one of the main US military installations in the region, and was again to play a strategic as well as a commercial role in relation to the Stikine's use as one of the lesser routes to the
505:
The process of increased slave raids by Tlingit and Haida was seen as a large problem by HBC management and grounds for closing the post. An additional issue seen was the viability of the local fur bearing populations, which was in question.
478:
for trial. While still at Novo-Arkhangelsk Simpson was surprised to encounter Heroux at liberty on the streets. Unlike British colonial law, the accused were free until convicted under Russian law. They were ultimately not prosecuted by
474:, these laws did not apply in this case. George Simpson arrived five days after the murder and held a short investigation. He found the murder "justifiable homicide", and took Heroux and the others to the Russian American capital of
983:
The 1869 Bombardment of Ḵaachx̱an.áakʼw from Fort Wrangell: U.S. Army Response to Tlingit Law, Wrangell, Alaska (Washington DC: American Battlefield Preservation Program; Juneau, AK: Sealaska Heritage Institute, 2015). Part
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to prevent American feared American annexation of the region, just as he had created the Colony of British Columbia in similar circumstances and had witnessed the loss of the Oregon Country to American settlers previously.
409:, led to the relocation of the principal village of that tribe to the location of the fort, and agreements with Shakes regarding control of trade in relation to other Tlingit groups and the inland Athapaskan peoples (the
282:
Ogden went up the Stikine on reconnaissance in 1833, finding the river too shallow for the HBC's sailing vessels. An additional exploration was ordered by in 1834 McLoughlin, with Ogden and several HBC staff, including
658:). In time, Choquette would be given charge of a customs post and Hudson's Bay outlet, though opted eventually to remain at his preferred location, which he named Ice Mountain (his name for the Great Glacier).
642:
and the freedom from American taxation that came with it by moving to just within British territory, which is to say, ten marine leagues upriver (approximately 30 km). Choosing a site opposite the
700:
garrison and assembled natives on 29 December, stating before he was hanged that he had acted in revenge against the occupants of the fort for the killing of Lowan and not against Smith in particular.
638:
to maintain this post in an uneasy relationship with the Hudson's Bay Company, as well as his store upriver, which relocated at various times depending on fluctuations in the activity of the rush.
341:
contrary to the treaty of 1825, Baron von Wrangel was forced out of office in disgrace because of the great cost in both money and prestige to the Empire. A treaty signed in 1839, known as the
604:
In the spring of 1861, Choquette set out on a canoe trip up the Stikine with his wife and ten warriors of the Stikines to prospect for gold, discovering it at what has been known as
345:, established the privilege for the HBC to build and maintain posts at the mouths of the Taku and Stikine as well as established a lease of the mainland and adjoining islands - the
326:
dispatched from New Archangel, Ogden and his men were driven off and Hudson's Bay Company stores, intended for trade and the establishment of the upriver post, were seized.
77:) in 1834, the site was transferred to the British-owned Hudson's Bay Company as part of a lease signed in the region in 1838, and renamed Fort Stikine when turned into a
1906:
531:
was seen as able to maintain a more profitable trade in the region compared to maintaining four permanent stations. Fort Simpson was located first near the mouth of the
1861:
486:
and released by the spring of 1844 for lack of evidence. John Jr.'s death was said to be one of the factors embittering his father against Simpson and the HBC.
1891:
651:
510:
held a tour of HBC locations across North America in 1841. After he reviewed regional operations, Simpson ordered Fort Stikine and the adjacent posts of
268:
1916:
247:
219:
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the respect of Shakes and also the hand of his daughter Georgiana (or Georgie) as his wife, with the marriage consecrated according to the elaborate
455:
among the staff. Several staff members killed him on 21 April 1842 in what was alleged by them to have been in self-defense at his drunken rage.
1003:
Report of the commander of the department of Alaska upon the late bombardment of the Indian village at Wrangel, in that Territory, to Congress
1457:
405:("Stikine Tribe") under Chief Shakes, near whose ceremonial clan house the fort had been erected, concerning control of the fur trade of the
322:
583:, had already explored in the area of the Nass and other rivers between there and the Stikine. Equipped with an acquired proficiency in the
497:
2015). In it, Komar uses both forensic science and historical research to create a narrative of both Fort Stikine and the Canadian North.
1911:
1896:
1881:
703:
Fort Wrangel again became a source of tension between American and British authorities in the region when more gold was discovered near
1414:
729:
605:
390:
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south to 54 degrees 40 minutes north. In return for this lease, the HBC would supply so many furs per annum to the RAC and supply the
1119:
312:
to trade. I neither allow to enter the river Stakeen in consequence of the instructions received from Chief Director Baron Wrangel.
1886:
1129:
1014:
791:
612:(the gold-rush settlement at Telegraph Creek was, in fact, known as Buck's Bar until the construction era of the unfinished
1866:
970:
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each other and tribes to the south. These were done to provide goods for the purchase of furs to re-sell to the HBC post.
157:(in 1824 and 1825 respectively) adjusting that southwards slightly to 54 degrees 40 minutes north so as to include all of
1535:
555:
In the company's absence, Chief Shakes took control of the post and of the Stikine River trade. Discovery of gold in the
362:
1565:
519:
507:
1050:
133:, the Russian Empire asserted ownership of the Pacific coast and adjoining lands of North America as far south as the
1901:
1876:
1450:
874:
1580:
588:
358:
1137:
1092:, Kelowna, B.C.: The Centre for Social, Spatial and Economic Justice: The University of British Columbia, Okanagan
480:
1790:
536:
158:
81:
post in 1839. The post was closed and decommissioned by 1843 but the name remained for the large village of the
1038:
1026:
397:, but usually known as Fort Taku, or just Taku, under various spellings. Confrontations with the local group of
1200:
1090:
Lives Lived West of the Divide: A Biographical Dictionary of Fur Traders Working West of the Rockies, 1793-1858
456:
185:
275:
a fort named the Redoubt Saint Dionysius or the Redoubt San Dionisio, usually thought to have been located on
1831:
1785:
1190:
1145:
1112:
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employees who witnessed the killing were to testify otherwise. They alleged that the rebel staff, led by one
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1443:
696:
165:
1691:
1641:
215:, delayed the plan to establish a station until 1833. Visiting the mouth of the Nass in the summer 1831,
181:
1097:
226:. HBC began to consider the location critical to establish a coastal supply chain to send provisions to
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1404:
1165:
613:
386:
1651:
1636:
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1353:
1210:
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in the later 1850s, led to wider encroachments and exploration by whites far beyond the locus of the
413:, primarily) with whom the Stikines had long-standing agreements. Still, other tribes including the
1621:
1409:
1105:
382:
242:
616:). When word of Choquette's discovery reached the other goldfields and the colonial capitals, the
452:
1671:
1595:
1480:
1368:
1323:
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colonies, was sent north by McLoughlin to establish "Fort Stickeen" and what was formally called
78:
66:
1505:
1836:
1755:
1746:
1656:
1318:
1261:
1205:
1150:
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971:
The Aleut Internments of World War II: Islanders Removed from Their Homes by the United States
864:
238:
176:, which were (and largely still are) the only access to those regions of what is now northern
1646:
1626:
1585:
1399:
1333:
1170:
956:
892:
670:
Village of Wrangel Alaska (Tlingit: Ḵaachx̱aana.áakʼw) in 1868 - in present-day Front Street.
483:
284:
279:, to ensure control of the local fur trade, critical to the economic basis of New Archangel.
252:
142:
1666:
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448:
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8:
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1373:
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494:
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Author Debra Komar wrote an investigative history into the death of McLoughlin Jr. named
189:
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134:
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settlements with equipment, agricultural and pastoral products. Creating the subsidiary
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During the ensuing confrontation and what would become a naval standoff, with the ships
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1826:
1810:
1717:
1616:
1419:
1328:
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909:"The Dryad Affair: Corporate Warfare and Anglo-Russian Rivalry for the Alaskan Lisière"
907:
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467:
98:
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1727:
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The Dryad Affair: Corporate Warfare and Anglo-Russian Rivalry for the Alaskan Lisière
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216:
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625:, covering the lands inland from Russian American between the line of the Nass and
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Unsuited to the appointment, the younger McLoughlin was unpopular with some of the
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39:
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646:, Choquette opened another store near the confluence of what became known as the
609:
511:
471:
406:
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110:
94:
17:
255:. Arriving back at New Archangel on 28, Etholén reported the alarming news that
113:
when the fort was founded. The site today is now part of the city of Wrangell.
1800:
1712:
1575:
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1363:
1343:
993:, National Park Service, American Battlefield Protection Program, Zachary Jones
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173:
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31:
866:
Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793-1843
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515:
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350:
227:
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ed. A. R. Robb. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1999, p. 560.
826:
Boyd, Robert T. 'Another Look at the "Fever and Ague" of Western Oregon.
746:
704:
666:
532:
418:
193:
169:
869:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia (UBC) Press. p. 140.
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were critical for manufacturing the produce required by the Russians.
1525:
523:
466:
The usual laws governing the Company and its staff were those of the
422:
27:
1530:
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appointed to Fort Stikine was the son of Chief Factor McLoughlin,
1732:
410:
212:
896:
The Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, Physician and Fur Trader.
361:
to meet these provisions, HBC stations such as Forts Vancouver,
271:, was dispatched south. RAC employees began constructing on the
576:
535:. It was later moved to a more strategic location near today's
750:, J.W. Shelest, Conference Paper for "Borderlands", June 1989
385:, later to be Chief Factor himself and also Governor of both
122:
1041:, Lorrin L. Morrison, Carroll Spear Morrison, 1965, page 310
815:
The Hudson's Bay Company as an Imperial Factor, 1821 - 1869.
922:
920:
918:
898:
Vancouver, B.C.: Mitchell Press Limited. 1963, pp. 283-285.
463:, had conspired with the local Tlingits to seize the post.
203:
was to send the force of approximately 50 employees under
932:
470:. However, because the murder had happened on ostensibly
16:
For the steamship destroyed in an explosion in 1944, see
915:
817:
Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1857, pp. 142-143.
786:. University of Washington Press. pp. 1118–1122.
307:. Zarembo gave Odgen a note in Russian that stated:
141:(modern Sitka) founded shortly thereafter. In 1821,
425:traded at the post, with complicated consequences.
97:of 1867, the fortification became occupied by the
1853:
851:International Environmental Law Reports, Vol. 1.
432:
376:
1907:Hudson's Bay Company forts in the United States
1862:Closed installations of the United States Army
188:, on 28 October 1829 sent instructions to the
1451:
1113:
720:, which was resolved by arbitration in 1903.
85:which had grown around it, becoming known as
59:
1892:Buildings and structures in Wrangell, Alaska
837:
835:
807:
805:
803:
1465:
828:Ethnohistory 22, No. 2 (1975), pp. 135-154.
716:from 1897 and the mounting tensions of the
222:mistakenly that it was the entrance to the
116:
1458:
1444:
1120:
1106:
730:History of the west coast of North America
233:
149:which extended the Russian claim south to
1917:1834 establishments in the Russian Empire
1029:, Hubert Howe Bancroft, 1886, pages 614-6
911:, J. W. Shelest, ExploreNorth.com website
832:
800:
888:
886:
665:
295:and none of the Russians were fluent in
207:. However the outbreak of an illness at
571:of 1858-1861. One intrepid adventurer,
481:Governor of Russian Colonies in America
329:
192:for a company detachment to occupy the
1854:
1359:Redoubt Saint Dionysius (Fort Stikine)
1087:
938:
926:
862:
779:
180:. The HBC governing committee, led by
1439:
1101:
883:
522:was to be maintained, which with the
1130:Russian colonization of the Americas
690:occurred on 25 December 1869 when a
599:
287:, returning to the area on the brig
38:, at the site of the present-day of
245:(RAC) were sent to the Nass on the
13:
1912:Russian-American culture in Alaska
1897:Russian forts in the United States
740:
14:
1928:
1364:Redoubt Saint Michael (Old Sitka)
1005:, Secretary of War, 21 March 1870
863:Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997).
251:on 3 April 1833 by Chief Manager
1745:
359:Puget Sound Agricultural Company
241:and a party of employees of the
1088:Watson, Bruce McIntyre (2010),
1080:
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
976:
964:
944:
661:
550:
1882:Canada–United States relations
901:
856:
844:
841:Galbraith (1957), pp. 145-147.
820:
773:
1:
973:, Russell W. Estlack, page 53
766:
433:Death of John McLoughlin, Jr.
381:The following year, in 1839,
377:Establishment of Fort Stikine
1027:History of Alaska: 1730-1885
166:Russo-British Treaty of 1825
7:
1867:History of British Columbia
780:Haycox, Stephen W. (2002).
723:
491:The Bastard of Fort Stikine
263:under the commander of the
109:, who had been Governor of
89:in reference to its ruling
42:. Originally built as the
10:
1933:
1887:Hudson's Bay Company forts
1682:Pierre-Chrysologue Pambrun
783:Alaska: An American Colony
614:Collins Overland Telegraph
573:Alexander "Buck" Choquette
500:
436:
333:
161:within Russian territory.
15:
1819:
1763:
1754:
1743:
1700:
1637:Alexander Roderick McLeod
1604:
1498:
1489:
1476:
1392:
1311:
1275:
1219:
1136:
608:since, just southwest of
559:in 1850, and then in the
60:
55:
1902:Colonial forts in Alaska
1877:Russian-American Company
1483:in the Pacific Northwest
1410:Russian-American Company
1319:Fort Elizabeth (Hawai'i)
707:in 1870, leading to the
579:and who had been in the
243:Russian American Company
117:Russian American Company
93:by the 1860s. With the
75:Redut Svyatogo Dionisiya
1672:William Alexander Mouat
1596:Willamette Trading Post
1415:St. Michael's Cathedral
989:19 October 2017 at the
718:Alaska Boundary Dispute
569:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush
557:Queen Charlotte Islands
539:, off the mouth of the
234:Redoubt Saint Dionysius
196:with a new trade post.
135:55th degree of latitude
48:Redoubt Saint Dionysius
1756:New Caledonia District
1334:Fort Ross (California)
1262:Demid Ilyich Kulikalov
1151:Ludwig von Hagemeister
1066:56.47083°N 132.37667°W
893:Tolmie, William Fraser
671:
314:
159:Prince of Wales Island
61:Редут Святого Дионисия
1647:William Henry McNeill
1627:William Fraser Tolmie
1521:Fort George (Astoria)
1349:New Archangel (Sitka)
1171:Ferdinand von Wrangel
957:BC Geographical Names
669:
581:California goldfields
484:Ferdinand von Wrangel
309:
285:William Fraser Tolmie
1667:John McLoughlin, Jr.
1071:56.47083; -132.37667
688:Wrangell Bombardment
449:John McLoughlin, Jr.
439:John McLoughlin, Jr.
330:Hudson's Bay Company
79:Hudson's Bay Company
44:Redoubt San Dionisio
1491:Columbia Department
1469:Columbia Department
1062: /
1039:Journal of the West
941:, pp. 132–134.
929:, pp. 474–475.
652:Stikine Hot Springs
596:of Tlingit custom.
587:, Choquette was at
518:to be closed. Only
495:Goose Lane Editions
190:Columbia Department
34:in what is now the
1827:Peter Warren Dease
1781:Fort Durham (Taku)
1718:Michel Laframboise
1617:Roderick Finlayson
1329:Fort Nikolaevskaia
1298:Innocent of Alaska
1293:Juvenaly of Alaska
1196:Aleksander Rudakov
812:Galbraith, John S.
735:Maritime Fur Trade
672:
575:, originally from
186:Sir George Simpson
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1741:
1740:
1728:Ovide de Montigny
1677:Peter Skene Ogden
1433:
1432:
1267:Lavrenty Zagoskin
1257:Evstratii Delarov
1252:Grigory Shelikhov
1201:Stepan Voyevodsky
1191:Nikolay Rosenberg
1146:Alexander Baranov
1128:Russian America:
952:"Choquette River"
793:978-0-295-98249-6
760:
709:Cassiar Gold Rush
623:Stikine Territory
618:Stikine Gold Rush
600:Stikine Gold Rush
343:RAC-HBC Agreement
336:RAC-HBC Agreement
269:Dionysius Zarembo
205:Peter Skene Ogden
143:Emperor Alexander
107:Baron von Wrangel
105:, a reference to
69:
1924:
1832:William Connolly
1764:Company Stations
1761:
1760:
1749:
1687:Francois Payette
1499:Company Stations
1496:
1495:
1470:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1379:Three Saints Bay
1288:Herman of Alaska
1237:Gerasim Izmailov
1186:Mikhail Tebenkov
1166:Pyotr Chistyakov
1122:
1115:
1108:
1099:
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1018:
1017:, Jamie S Bryson
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561:Thompson Country
508:Governor Simpson
476:Novo-Arkhangelsk
468:Colony of Canada
391:British Columbia
387:Vancouver Island
355:Russian American
293:Russian language
220:Aemilius Simpson
178:British Columbia
151:51 degrees north
139:Novo-Arkhangelsk
101:and was renamed
65:
63:
62:
57:
40:Wrangell, Alaska
36:Alaska Panhandle
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1815:
1771:Fort Alexandria
1750:
1737:
1708:Pierre Belleque
1696:
1662:John McLoughlin
1600:
1551:Fort Nez Percés
1546:Fort McLoughlin
1485:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1434:
1429:
1425:Battle of Sitka
1420:Awa'uq Massacre
1405:Orthodox Church
1388:
1369:Russian Mission
1307:
1303:Iakov Netsvetov
1283:Ioasaph Bolotov
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1247:Nikolai Rezanov
1232:Mikhail Gvozdev
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1211:Dmitri Maksutov
1206:Johan Furuhjelm
1176:Ivan Kupreyanov
1161:Matvey Muravyev
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741:Further reading
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610:Telegraph Creek
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512:Fort McLoughlin
503:
457:Hawaiian Kanaka
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407:Stikine Country
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201:John McLoughlin
119:
111:Russian America
95:Alaska Purchase
21:
18:SS Fort Stikine
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692:Stikine Indian
681:Tongass Island
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585:Chinook Jargon
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549:
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437:Main article:
434:
431:
403:Shtakeen Kwaan
378:
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334:Main article:
331:
328:
277:Zarembo Island
273:Stikine Strait
261:promyshlenniki
257:Stikine people
235:
232:
209:Fort Vancouver
182:Sir John Pelly
174:Stikine Rivers
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83:Stikine people
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631:62nd parallel
629:north to the
628:
627:Finlay Rivers
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619:
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589:Fort Victoria
586:
582:
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566:
565:Fraser Canyon
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545:Lax Kw'alaams
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537:Prince Rupert
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461:Urbain Heroux
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383:James Douglas
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253:Baron Wrangel
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239:Arvid Etholén
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155:Great Britain
152:
148:
147:another ukase
144:
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131:Ukase of 1799
129:known as the
128:
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33:
32:fortification
29:
25:
19:
1806:Fort Stikine
1805:
1652:Thomas McKay
1632:Thomas McKay
1612:James Birnie
1586:Fort William
1566:Fort Simpson
1536:Fort Langley
1516:Cowlitz Farm
1511:Fort Colvile
1478:
1358:
1276:Missionaries
1227:Vitus Bering
1089:
1081:Bibliography
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998:
978:
966:
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747:
702:
685:
677:Fort Tongass
673:
662:Fort Wrangel
640:
636:
603:
554:
551:Later period
527:
520:Fort Simpson
504:
490:
488:
472:Russian soil
465:
445:Chief Trader
442:
427:
402:
380:
346:
339:
321:
317:
315:
310:
288:
281:
264:
246:
237:
224:Babine River
198:Chief Factor
163:
120:
103:Fort Wrangel
102:
91:Chief Shakes
86:
74:
70:
47:
43:
24:Fort Stikine
23:
22:
1837:John Stuart
1796:Fort McLeod
1791:Fort George
1786:Fort Fraser
1776:Fort Babine
1657:John McLeod
1571:Fort Umpqua
1561:Fort Rupert
1374:St. Michael
1312:Settlements
1242:Ivan Kuskov
1069: /
1057:132°22′36″W
939:Mackie 1997
927:Watson 2010
594:ceremonials
516:Fort Durham
443:The second
395:Fort Durham
351:Cross Sound
228:Fort Babine
125:of Emperor
87:Shakesville
1856:Categories
1811:Fort Yukon
1506:Fort Boise
1354:New Russia
1054:56°28′15″N
767:References
705:Dease Lake
697:Leon Smith
654:(see also
217:Lieutenant
194:Nass River
164:Under the
1872:Fur trade
1526:Fort Hall
1479:Historic
1138:Governors
650:near the
543:(today's
524:steamship
423:Tsimshian
367:Nisqually
318:Chichagof
265:Chichagof
248:Chichagof
211:, likely
30:post and
28:fur trade
1820:Officers
1701:Laborers
1605:Officers
1384:Unalaska
987:Archived
724:See also
714:Klondike
606:Buck Bar
123:a decree
1733:Naukane
1339:Kasilof
501:Closure
419:Nisga'a
411:Tahltan
399:Tlingit
371:Cowlitz
363:Langley
347:lisière
301:English
213:malaria
145:issued
137:, with
99:US Army
52:Russian
1344:Kodiak
1220:People
873:
790:
577:Quebec
541:Skeena
528:Beaver
401:, the
305:French
127:Paul I
26:was a
1393:Other
453:Metis
415:Haida
349:from
303:, or
297:Latin
289:Dryad
1466:The
871:ISBN
788:ISBN
686:The
621:the
563:and
533:Nass
514:and
421:and
389:and
369:and
323:Orel
320:and
184:and
172:and
170:Taku
71:Fort
56:Форт
679:on
547:).
121:By
73:or
58:or
46:or
1858::
954:.
917:^
885:^
834:^
802:^
417:,
365:,
299:,
230:.
64:,
54::
1459:e
1452:t
1445:v
1121:e
1114:t
1107:v
984:1
960:.
879:.
796:.
493:(
67:r
50:(
20:.
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