Earth - Knowledge

5331: 4682: 51: 22852: 22706: 20266: 5135: 3654: 4140: 3008: 2395: 1818: 5393: 3999: 4106:. The annual change in the Earth–Sun distance causes an increase of about 6.8% in solar energy reaching Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Because the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the Southern Hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere. 2651: 1987: 4732:. The amount of solar energy that reaches Earth's surface decreases with increasing latitude. At higher latitudes, the sunlight reaches the surface at lower angles, and it must pass through thicker columns of the atmosphere. As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator. Earth's surface can be subdivided into specific latitudinal belts of approximately homogeneous climate. Ranging from the equator to the polar regions, these are the tropical (or equatorial), 5442: 2521: 4664: 5428: 22924: 4751:, the oceanic and atmospheric circulation, and topology. Places close to oceans typically have colder summers and warmer winters, due to the fact that oceans can store large amounts of heat. The wind transports the cold or the heat of the ocean to the land. Atmospheric circulation also plays an important role: San Francisco and Washington DC are both coastal cities at about the same latitude. San Francisco's climate is significantly more moderate as the prevailing wind direction is from sea to land. Finally, temperatures 22936: 3765: 3245: 4824: 23066: 5265: 2679: 21067: 18601: 18452: 18253: 22888: 20641: 20629: 18613: 22964: 23032: 4514: 4369: 22840: 23049: 23015: 2471:(150 million km; 93 million mi), about 250 times its present radius. Earth's fate is less clear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU (250 million km; 160 million mi) from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius, otherwise, with tidal effects, it may enter the Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized. 17569: 22998: 22864: 5020: 3524: 4931: 4252: 22900: 22682: 20242: 22981: 18625: 22694: 20254: 22912: 3868: 2263: 3968:, of Earth is about 1.5 million km (930,000 mi) in radius. This is the maximum distance at which Earth's gravitational influence is stronger than that of the more distant Sun and planets. Objects must orbit Earth within this radius, or they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun. Earth, along with the Solar System, is situated in the 22876: 4179:, states that it formed from the collision of a Mars-size protoplanet called Theia with the early Earth. This hypothesis explains the Moon's relative lack of iron and volatile elements and the fact that its composition is nearly identical to that of Earth's crust. Computer simulations suggest that two blob-like remnants of this prototype could be inside the Earth. 3713:. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere; solar wind pressure compresses the day-side of the magnetosphere, to about 10 Earth radii, and extends the night-side magnetosphere into a long tail. Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which waves propagate through the solar wind, a supersonic 2444:. A lack of vegetation would result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making current animal life impossible. Due to the increased luminosity, Earth's mean temperature may reach 100 °C (212 °F) in 1.5 billion years, and all ocean water will evaporate and be lost to space, which may trigger a 3914:. With an apparent movement of the Sun in Earth's sky at a rate of about 1°/day eastward, which is one apparent Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours. Due to this motion, on average it takes 24 hours—a solar day—for Earth to complete a full rotation about its axis so that the Sun returns to the 4392:

Earth's hydrosphere is the sum of Earth's water and its distribution. Most of Earth's hydrosphere consists of Earth's global ocean. Earth's hydrosphere also consists of water in the atmosphere and on land, including clouds, inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters. The mass of the oceans is

1401:

recognizes the lowercase form as the more common, with the capitalized form an acceptable variant. Another convention capitalizes "Earth" when appearing as a name, such as a description of the "Earth's atmosphere", but employs the lowercase when it is preceded by "the", such as "the atmosphere of the

4471:

of Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of seawater (3.5% salt). Most of this salt was released from volcanic activity or extracted from cool igneous rocks. The oceans are also a reservoir of dissolved atmospheric gases, which are essential for the survival of many aquatic life

3415:

than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year, although both somewhat higher and much lower rates have also been proposed. The radius of the inner core is about one-fifth of that of Earth. The density increases with depth. Among the Solar System's planetary-sized objects, Earth is

21123: 18683: 5303:

and fresh water, and the oceanic ecosystem depends on dissolved nutrients washed down from the land. In 2019, 39 million km (15 million sq mi) of Earth's land surface consisted of forest and woodlands, 12 million km (4.6 million sq mi) was shrub and

3921:

The orbital speed of Earth averages about 29.78 km/s (107,200 km/h; 66,600 mph), which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth's diameter, about 12,742 km (7,918 mi), in seven minutes, and the distance from Earth to the Moon, 384,400 km (238,900 mi), in

4697:

Earth's atmosphere has no definite boundary, gradually becoming thinner and fading into outer space. Three-quarters of the atmosphere's mass is contained within the first 11 km (6.8 mi) of the surface; this lowest layer is called the troposphere. Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and

3150:

under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges. The combination of these processes recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle. Due to this recycling, most of the ocean floor is

2050:

after Earth's formation. There are two main models of how this initial small volume of continental crust evolved to reach its current abundance: (1) a relatively steady growth up to the present day, which is supported by the radiometric dating of continental crust globally and (2) an initial rapid

10668:

And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia. The International Olympic Committee's official flag, containing the single continent of America (North and South America being connected as the Isthmus of

4911:

state to its current oxidizing one. Photosynthesis provided a source of free oxygen, but the loss of reducing agents such as hydrogen is thought to have been a necessary precondition for the widespread accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere. Hence the ability of hydrogen to escape from the

4767:

is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods. Precipitation patterns vary widely, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. Atmospheric circulation, topographic features, and

6254: 4912:

atmosphere may have influenced the nature of life that developed on Earth. In the current, oxygen-rich atmosphere most hydrogen is converted into water before it has an opportunity to escape. Instead, most of the hydrogen loss comes from the destruction of methane in the upper atmosphere.

2608:. Such a geoid shape is gained if the ocean is idealized, covering Earth completely and without any perturbations such as tides and winds. The result is a smooth but gravitational irregular geoid surface, providing a mean sea level (MSL) as a reference level for topographic measurements. 4401:

or about 1/4400 of Earth's total mass. The oceans cover an area of 361.8 million km (139.7 million sq mi) with a mean depth of 3,682 m (12,080 ft), resulting in an estimated volume of 1.332 billion km (320 million cu mi).

5280:, are only replenished over geological timescales. Large deposits of fossil fuels are obtained from Earth's crust, consisting of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. These deposits are used by humans both for energy production and as feedstock for chemical production. Mineral 5304:

grassland, 40 million km (15 million sq mi) were used for animal feed production and grazing, and 11 million km (4.2 million sq mi) were cultivated as croplands. Of the 12–14% of ice-free land that is used for croplands, 2

4639:

are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.

3222:

advancing at a rate of 75 mm/a (3.0 in/year) and the Pacific Plate moving 52–69 mm/a (2.0–2.7 in/year). At the other extreme, the slowest-moving plate is the South American Plate, progressing at a typical rate of 10.6 mm/a (0.42 in/year).

5373:

are thought to have passed the safe threshold. As of 2018, no country meets the basic needs of its population without transgressing planetary boundaries. It is thought possible to provide all basic physical needs globally within sustainable levels of resource use.

3669:

process that converts the kinetic energy of thermally and compositionally driven convection into electrical and magnetic field energy. The field extends outwards from the core, through the mantle, and up to Earth's surface, where it is, approximately, a

4879:

thins out into the magnetosphere, where the geomagnetic fields interact with the solar wind. Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The

4619:, permitting life on land. Other atmospheric functions important to life include transporting water vapor, providing useful gases, causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface, and moderating temperature. This last phenomenon is the 6242: 2906:

is 10.7% of the land surface, with 1.3% being permanent cropland. Earth has an estimated 16.7 million km (6.4 million sq mi) of cropland and 33.5 million km (12.9 million sq mi) of pastureland.

1107:. This process maintains the current average surface temperature of 14.76 °C (58.57 °F), at which water is liquid under normal atmospheric pressure. Differences in the amount of captured energy between geographic regions (as with the 3697:

at epoch 2000, decreasing nearly 6% per century (although it still remains stronger than its long time average). The convection movements in the core are chaotic; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment. This causes

4190:: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the 2815:

Earth's land covers 29.2%, or 149 million km (58 million sq mi) of Earth's surface. The land surface includes many islands around the globe, but most of the land surface is taken by the four continental

13504: 13078: 3562:). Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher. At approximately 2692:

Earth's surface is the boundary between the atmosphere, and the solid Earth and oceans. Defined in this way, it has an area of about 510 million km (197 million sq mi). Earth can be divided into two

4758:

Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere. When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm, humid air, this water condenses and falls to the surface as

6004: 5192:, with 68% of the world's land mass being in the Northern Hemisphere. Furthermore, since the 19th century humans have increasingly converged into urban areas with the majority living in urban areas by the 21st century. 5172:

has since the 19th century grown exponentially to seven billion in the early 2010s, and is projected to peak at around ten billion in the second half of the 21st century. Most of the growth is expected to take place in

10721: 5207:. The human population virtually completely remains on Earth's surface, fully depending on Earth and the environment it sustains. Since the second half of the 20th century, some hundreds of humans have temporarily 9884: 4221:

applied by the Sun and planets to Earth's equatorial bulge, the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable, exhibiting large changes over millions of years, as is the case for Mars, though this is disputed.

9121: 5925: 5046:), occurs over most of Earth's surface and has a large impact on life in those areas. From 1980 to 2000, these events caused an average of 11,800 human deaths per year. Many places are subject to earthquakes, 3497:, the core is primarily composed of the denser elements: iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements. The most common rock constituents of the crust are 8365: 4233:) of these two bodies match because, although the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon's, it is also 400 times more distant. This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth. 7760:(2011). "Late Heavy Bombardment". In Gargaud, Muriel; Amils, Prof Ricardo; Quintanilla, José Cernicharo; Cleaves II, Henderson James (Jim); Irvine, William M.; Pinti, Prof Daniele L.; Viso, Michel (eds.). 3399:, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and 660 km (250 and 410 mi) below the surface, spanning a 5479:, emphasizing its beauty, uniqueness and apparent fragility. In particular, this caused a realization of the scope of effects from human activity on Earth's environment. Enabled by science, particularly 3634:

is approximately 9.8 m/s (32 ft/s). Local differences in topography, geology, and deeper tectonic structure cause local and broad regional differences in Earth's gravitational field, known as

17559: 16045: 17360: 4405:

If all of Earth's crustal surface were at the same elevation as a smooth sphere, the depth of the resulting world ocean would be 2.7 to 2.8 km (1.68 to 1.74 mi). About 97.5% of the water is

3721:

are contained within the magnetosphere; the plasmasphere is defined by low-energy particles that essentially follow magnetic field lines as Earth rotates. The ring current is defined by medium-energy

6464: 16856: 4907:

more readily, and it leaks into outer space at a greater rate than other gases. The leakage of hydrogen into space contributes to the shifting of Earth's atmosphere and surface from an initially

3845:

Apart from meteors within the atmosphere and low-orbiting satellites, the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in Earth's sky is to the west at a rate of 15°/h = 15'/min. For bodies near the

4891:

Thermal energy causes some of the molecules at the outer edge of the atmosphere to increase their velocity to the point where they can escape from Earth's gravity. This causes a slow but steady

17254: 4198:, the Moon recedes from Earth at the rate of approximately 38 mm/a (1.5 in/year). Over millions of years, these tiny modifications—and the lengthening of Earth's day by about 23 3941:. Viewed from a vantage point above the Sun and Earth's north poles, Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun. The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's 4010:. Due to Earth's axial tilt, the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year. This causes the seasonal change in climate, with summer in the 13305: 5214:

Earth has been subject to extensive human settlement, and humans have developed diverse societies and cultures. Most of Earth's land has been territorially claimed since the 19th century by

2658:

image of Earth, with its different types of surface discernible: Earth's surface dominating Ocean (blue), Africa with lush (green) to dry (brown) land and Earth's polar ice in the form of

2358:

species gained the ability to stand upright. This facilitated tool use and encouraged communication that provided the nutrition and stimulation needed for a larger brain, which led to the

17284: 3388:. The thickness of the crust varies from about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) under the oceans to 30–50 km (19–31 mi) for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the 17557: 13494: 14680: 13070: 4064:

is about 22 or 23 September. In the Southern Hemisphere, the situation is reversed, with the summer and winter solstices exchanged and the spring and autumnal equinox dates swapped.

10536: 5346:

and climate. It is estimated that global temperatures in the year 2020 were 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) warmer than the preindustrial baseline. This increase in temperature, known as

4568:

varies with latitude, ranging between 8 km (5 mi) at the poles to 17 km (11 mi) at the equator, with some variation resulting from weather and seasonal factors.

8517: 3849:, this is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or the Moon every two minutes; from Earth's surface, the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same. 16825: 5469:, developed in the mid-20th century, compared Earth's environments and life as a single self-regulating organism leading to broad stabilization of the conditions of habitability. 4217:

evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon. Some theorists think that without this stabilization against the

4079:. Both of these motions are caused by the varying attraction of the Sun and the Moon on Earth's equatorial bulge. The poles also migrate a few meters across Earth's surface. This 16144: 15549: 14115: 5541:

were discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that a reliable mechanism for determining Earth's age was established, proving the planet to be billions of years old.

13868: 16208: 10713: 12978: 12301: 4950:

for life. Earth's life developed in Earth's early bodies of water some hundred million years after Earth formed. Earth's life has been shaping and inhabiting many particular

22609: 22183: 20169: 19743: 8743: 16446: 15731: 8621:"The potential of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) for testing the synchronicity of abrupt climate change during the Last Glacial Interval (60,000–11,700 years ago)" 5680:

is almost exactly 40,000 km because the meter was calibrated on this measurement—more specifically, 1/10-millionth of the distance between the poles and the equator.

2736:. Indeed, in Earth's early history the ocean may have covered Earth completely. The world ocean is commonly divided into the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, 22579: 20139: 16654: 5581: 12854: 5537:

to estimate the age of Earth to be between 20 million and 400 million years in 1864, sparking a vigorous debate on the subject; it was only when radioactivity and

3949:), and the Earth-Moon plane is tilted up to ±5.1 degrees against the Earth–Sun plane. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between 17558: 10833: 9876: 6121: 3811: 17407: 9093: 22380: 19940: 16784: 5334:

Change in average surface air temperature and drivers for that change. Human activity has caused increased temperatures, with natural forces adding some variability.

4487:. Solar System planets with considerable atmospheres do partly host atmospheric water vapor, but they lack surface conditions for stable surface water. Despite some 15990: 15929: 4048:

By astronomical convention, the four seasons can be determined by the solstices—the points in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun—and the

2942:, sediments and metamorphic rocks. Nearly 75% of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form about 5% of the mass of the crust. 13133:"A 'Big Whack' Formed the Moon and Left Traces Deep in Earth, a Study Suggests - Two enormous blobs deep inside Earth could be remnants of the birth of the moon" 103: 16414: 16076: 15798: 14023: 13597: 2724:

Most of Earth's surface is ocean water: 70.8% or 361 million km (139 million sq mi). This vast pool of salty water is often called the

17212: 16953: 12920: 6434: 17643: 16724: 16028: 8968: 13109: 8914:

Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks".

3674:. The poles of the dipole are located close to Earth's geographic poles. At the equator of the magnetic field, the magnetic-field strength at the surface is 16848: 12411: 10859: 6445: 14596: 13765: 9547: 8857:"Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia" 23101: 16343: 8678: 6751: 10965: 10885: 10323: 17177: 16102: 15244: 14792: 13335: 13048: 11600: 10193: 6015:

Aphelion is 103.4% of the distance to perihelion. Due to the inverse square law, the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9% of the energy at aphelion.

5742:, some areas of Earth such as large mountain ranges and oceanic trenches would feel like tiny imperfections, whereas much of the planet, including the 5338:

Human activities have impacted Earth's environments. Through activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, humans have been increasing the amount of

5292:, erosion, and plate tectonics. These metals and other elements are extracted by mining, a process which often brings environmental and health damage. 4496: 17246: 13012: 11743: 13829: 9795: 8648: 4029:

During the summer, the day lasts longer, and the Sun climbs higher in the sky. In winter, the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter. Above the

1431:

occasionally is used in scientific writing and especially in science fiction to distinguish humanity's inhabited planet from others, while in poetry

16954:"What Did Plato Think the Earth Looked Like? – For millenniums, humans have tried to imagine the world in space. Fifty years ago, we finally saw it" 14145: 9184: 8097: 7695:

Meier, M. M. M.; Reufer, A.; Wieler, R. (4 August 2014). "On the origin and composition of Theia: Constraints from new models of the Giant Impact".

4175:. The natural satellites of other planets are also referred to as "moons", after Earth's. The most widely accepted theory of the Moon's origin, the 4071:; a slight, irregular motion with a main period of 18.6 years. The orientation (rather than the angle) of Earth's axis also changes over time, 22616: 20176: 13297: 12220: 11033: 10090: 4795:), which are further divided into more specific subtypes. The Köppen system rates regions based on observed temperature and precipitation. Surface 4335:

makes close approaches to the Earth–Moon system roughly every twenty years. During these approaches, it can orbit Earth for brief periods of time.

2141:, colloquially called the "last ice age", covered large parts of the continents, to the middle latitudes, in ice and ended about 11,700 years ago. 16379: 6042: 5942: 3929:

every 27.32 days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the

11001: 2448:, within an estimated 1.6 to 3 billion years. Even if the Sun were stable, a fraction of the water in the modern oceans will descend to the 1201:

Earth at 384,400 km (1.28 light seconds) and is roughly a quarter as wide as Earth. The Moon's gravity helps stabilize Earth's axis, causes

17276: 16723:

of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press (In Press). SPM-7.

15967: 13274: 11107: 10996: 6303: 5475:, particularly during the Apollo program, have been credited with altering the way that people viewed the planet that they lived on, called the 4698:

the surface below, causing expansion of the air. This lower-density air then rises and is replaced by cooler, higher-density air. The result is

12172: 11721: 7807: 6589: 12760: 11825: 10939: 8822: 4957:

Therefore, life has impacted Earth, significantly altering Earth's atmosphere and surface over long periods of time, causing changes like the

4763:. Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes. This 4102:

around 4 July. These dates shift over time due to precession and changes to the orbit, the latter of which follows cyclical patterns known as

22168: 20417: 19728: 15139:"World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)" 12821: 11296: 10384: 14690: 13142: 12711: 11486: 10690: 17178:"Apollo 8's Earthrise: The Shot Seen Round the World – Half a century ago today, a photograph from the moon helped humans rediscover Earth" 15647: 14959: 14856: 12685: 6177: 5472: 15867:; Skuce, Andrew G.; Green, Sarah A.; Nuccitelli, Dana; Jacobs, Peter; Richardson, Mark; Winkler, Bärbel; Painting, Rob; Rice, Ken (2016). 15519: 10751: 10544: 10159: 7479: 4483:

The abundance of water, particularly liquid water, on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes it from other planets in the

3737:, charged particles can be deflected from the outer magnetosphere and especially the magnetotail, directed along field lines into Earth's 22313: 19873: 18223: 14542: 12142: 11879: 10655: 10583: 9085: 8505: 6729: 6687: 6219: 1860: 1221: 16815: 15090: 13992: 12943: 10354: 10292: 10054: 8300: 6956: 6924: 5862: 4164:, with a diameter about one-quarter of Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, although 4075:

around in a complete circle over each 25,800-year cycle; this precession is the reason for the difference between a sidereal year and a

17213:"We Are All Riders on the Same Planet – Seen from space 50 years ago, Earth appeared as a gift to preserve and cherish. What happened?" 15445: 14441: 13732: 13365: 7604: 5829:

Aoki, S.; Kinoshita, H.; Guinot, B.; Kaplan, G. H.; McCarthy, D. D.; Seidelmann, P. K. (1982). "The new definition of universal time".

4978: 1374: 21134: 18694: 16762: 16136: 15541: 14107: 11192: 10113: 9945: 8593: 6080:

Simon, J.L.; et al. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets".

5494:

Scientific investigation has resulted in several culturally transformative shifts in people's view of the planet. Initial belief in a

4464:

in the Arctic covers an area about as big as the United States, although it is quickly retreating as a consequence of climate change.

22079: 19639: 13852: 3706:

at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years. The most recent reversal occurred approximately 700,000 years ago.

3435: 2335: 16192: 15585: 13471: 18289: 14826: 14627: 12970: 10455: 10253: 9629: 8754: 6885: 6528: 5208: 2585:(8,848 metres or 29,029 feet above local sea level) lengthens it by only 0.14%. Since Earth's surface is farthest out from Earth's 14751: 12658: 11165: 6796: 3612:. The final major mode of heat loss is through conduction through the lithosphere, the majority of which occurs under the oceans. 18488: 14339: 11930:; Hurter, Suzanne J.; Johnson, Jeffrey R. (August 1993). "Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set". 11509: 11134: 7803: 6354: 6125: 4884:, defined as 100 km (62 mi) above Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and 2137:

regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 21,000, 41,000 and 100,000 years. The

16927: 14316: 14285: 13945: 13535: 9435: 6371: 22234: 21879: 21864: 21844: 21156: 21103: 19794: 19439: 19424: 19404: 18716: 18663: 18432: 16436: 16308: 14404: 14374: 12467: 9907: 9390:

Daver, G.; Guy, F.; Mackaye, H. T.; Likius, A.; Boisserie, J.-R.; Moussa, A.; Pallas, L.; Vignaud, P.; Clarisse, N. D. (2022).

4681: 1910:, collided with Earth. It hit Earth with a glancing blow and some of its mass merged with Earth. Between approximately 4.1 and 17: 21152: 21137: 18712: 18697: 16643: 15673: 11219: 3494: 2879:, snow, ice, artificial structures or vegetation. Most of Earth's land hosts vegetation, but considerable amounts of land are 1299: 22178: 21911: 21874: 21869: 21146: 20613: 20603: 19738: 19471: 19434: 19429: 18706: 17519: 17494: 17469: 17393: 17354: 17324: 17058: 17030: 16996: 16691: 16539: 16302: 16272: 16175: 15832: 15792: 15765: 15717: 15121: 15069: 15044: 15019: 14994: 14942: 14660: 14576: 14237: 14201: 14176: 13862: 12846: 12795: 12634: 12609: 12442: 12386: 12203: 11862: 11699: 11540: 11066: 10649: 10577: 10286: 9672: 9240: 9215: 8199: 7957: 7777: 7408: 7071: 7042: 7010: 6918: 6723: 6681: 6458: 6402: 6287: 6213: 5661: 4796: 3429: 2961:

depth of 4 km, and is as varied as the terrain above sea level. Earth's surface is continually being shaped by internal

16987:

Liungman, Carl G. (2004). "Group 29: Multi-axes symmetric, both soft and straight-lined, closed signs with crossing lines".

14084: 14054: 11080: 10825: 10223: 9976: 6490: 6024:

As of 4 January 2018, the United States Strategic Command tracked a total of 18,835 artificial objects, mostly debris. See:

4965:, which are inhabited by comparatively similar plants and animals. The different biomes developed at distinct elevations or 2346:

triggered the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but largely spared small animals such as insects,

23116: 22604: 22541: 22195: 21916: 21854: 21849: 21145: 20164: 20101: 19755: 19476: 19414: 19409: 18705: 18228: 13787: 6585: 6576: 4808: 3894:. Earth's average orbital distance is about 150 million km (93 million mi), which is the basis for the 3417: 2540: 1155: 76: 21143: 21140: 21136: 21132: 18703: 18700: 18696: 18692: 16792: 16234: 14254: 13211: 9117:"SIMS analyses of the oldest known assemblage of microfossils document their taxon-correlated carbon isotope compositions" 4456:

form over land in polar regions. The flow of glaciers erodes the surface, changing it dramatically, with the formation of

23106: 22952: 22758: 21859: 20487: 20318: 19419: 14725: 9845: 9089: 7524: 3965: 21150: 21142: 18710: 18702: 15998: 15937: 11453: 10614: 7325: 4477: 21139: 18699: 15298: 8513: 7984: 7829: 7757: 7423: 2515: 21157: 21153: 18717: 18713: 16068: 12351: 1385:, particularly when referenced along with other heavenly bodies. More recently, the name is sometimes simply given as 22007: 21980: 21148: 20410: 19567: 19540: 18708: 17223: 16964: 16402: 15782: 15267: 14015: 13986: 13587: 12563: 12537: 7556:"Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: A Case for New Returned Lunar Samples" 6346: 5767: 3725:

that drift relative to the geomagnetic field, but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field, and the

881: 12912: 3554:. At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 2271: 22395: 21158: 20678: 19955: 18718: 16711: 16505: 8327:"Early formation and long-term stability of continents resulting from decompression melting in a convecting mantle" 5712:

datasets, extreme values for coverage of lakes and streams are 0.6% and 1.0% of Earth's surface. The ice sheets of

4875:. Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the 3729:

are formed by high-energy particles whose motion is essentially random, but contained in the magnetosphere. During

2082:

of hundreds of millions of years, tectonic forces have caused areas of continental crust to group together to form

17344: 13101: 8986: 7505:"Ag Isotopic Evolution of the Mantle During Accretion: New Constraints from Pd and Ag Metal–Silicate Partitioning" 5365:

was introduced to quantify humanity's impact on Earth. Of the nine identified boundaries, five have been crossed:

4772: 4688: 4006:

The axial tilt of Earth is approximately 23.439281° with the axis of its orbit plane, always pointing towards the

4002:

Earth's axial tilt causing different angles of seasonal illumination at different orbital positions around the Sun

18629: 18513: 18455: 17958: 17676: 16617: 5321: 3518: 2593:

in Ecuador (6,384.4 km or 3,967.1 mi) is its farthest point out. Parallel to the rigid land topography

2371: 2298:, with the Moon still orbiting Earth half as far as it is today, appearing 2.8 times larger and producing strong 1249: 339: 21923: 19483: 15357: 15332: 12403: 11423: 10855: 9693:"The end of life on Earth is not the end of the world: converging to an estimate of life span of the biosphere?" 8806: 8781: 5181: 5066:, and other calamities and disasters. Human impact is felt in many areas due to pollution of the air and water, 4225:

Viewed from Earth, the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun. The

22574: 21990: 21824: 20134: 19550: 19384: 18379: 17787: 17438: 13755: 9555: 6432: 5351: 5235: 5107: 3385: 3163:, although zircons have been found preserved as clasts within Eoarchean sedimentary rocks that give ages up to 2167: 1922:

caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth.

1402:

earth". It almost always appears in lowercase in colloquial expressions such as "what on earth are you doing?"

1330:, dry land, the human world, the surface of the world (including the sea), and the globe itself. As with Roman 843: 179: 16333: 14600: 8719: 6759: 5827:

The ultimate source of these figures, uses the term "seconds of UT1" instead of "seconds of mean solar time".—

5184:

varies greatly around the world with the majority living in south to eastern Asia and 90% inhabiting only the

4580: 3871:

Exaggerated illustration of Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun, marking that the orbital extreme points (

22099: 21995: 19659: 19555: 17637: 17188: 16106: 13825: 10973: 10881: 10315: 9664:

The Life and Death of Planet Earth: How the New Science of Astrobiology Charts the Ultimate Fate of Our World

9115:

Schopf, J. William; Kitajima, Kouki; Spicuzza, Michael J.; Kudryavtsev, Anatolly B.; Valley, John W. (2017).

8978: 7938:

Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate

7798: 7358:(September 2010). "The age of the Solar System redefined by the oldest Pb–Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion". 5571: 4492: 3699: 2367: 2185:) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective 35: 22512: 20072: 15236: 14788: 13038: 12877: 11572: 4067:

The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time. Its axial tilt does undergo

4041:, and this night extends for several months at the poles themselves. These same latitudes also experience a 1895:, with the primordial Earth being estimated as likely taking anywhere from 70 to 100 million years to form. 1623:

There are a number of adjectives for the planet Earth. The word "earthly" is derived from "Earth". From the

23121: 22599: 22154: 22134: 22029: 20403: 20159: 19714: 19694: 19589: 18282: 16720: 16260: 13327: 13001: 12328: 11927: 10181: 4115: 2419: 22517: 21155: 20077: 18715: 15299:"Presentation of the Karman separation line, used as the boundary separating Aeronautics and Astronautics" 14137: 13817: 9457:

Wilkinson, B. H.; McElroy, B. J. (2007). "The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation".

9368: 8620: 2166:

led to the first self-replicating molecules about four billion years ago. A half billion years later, the

2055:, forming the bulk of the continental crust that now exists, which is supported by isotopic evidence from 22674: 22200: 22129: 22094: 21133: 21127: 20769: 20763: 20234: 19760: 19689: 19654: 18693: 18687: 18481: 18298: 18129: 18051: 16370: 12493: 9654: 9176: 8069: 6441: 5411: 4351: 4149: 3232: 2322:, when multicellular life forms significantly increased in complexity. Following the Cambrian explosion, 1959:. Sufficient water to fill the oceans may have been on Earth since it formed. In this model, atmospheric 1931: 1797: 1479:, while in other Romance languages the word gave rise to names with slightly altered spellings, like the 991: 22114: 19674: 11029: 10080: 8326: 5016:

from water, soils and the atmosphere. These nutrients are constantly recycled between different species.

3115:. These plates are rigid segments that move relative to each other at one of three boundaries types: at 2581:(10,925 metres or 35,843 feet below local sea level), only shortens Earth's average radius by 0.17% and 1103:), creates the conditions for both liquid surface water and water vapor to persist via the capturing of 22830: 22589: 22390: 22273: 22256: 22222: 21154: 21096: 20149: 19950: 19833: 19816: 19782: 18714: 18656: 18056: 16365: 15820: 13854:

Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes]

13132: 12274: 6818: 6027: 5705: 5586: 5155: 4804: 4094:

Earth's annual orbit is elliptical rather than circular, and its closest approach to the Sun is called

3903: 3631: 3392:

are collectively known as the lithosphere, which is divided into independently moving tectonic plates.

7975:"Oldest measurement of Earth's magnetic field reveals battle between Sun and Earth for our atmosphere" 6906: 4472:

forms. Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large

22432: 22407: 22217: 20587: 19992: 19967: 19777: 18508: 18061: 17593: 17574: 16441: 15903: 14468:"Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Clouds Observed by MODIS Onboard the Terra and Aqua Satellites" 13238: 11691: 11685: 11103: 11006: 9877:"I've always wondered: why are the stars, planets and moons round, when comets and asteroids aren't?" 7298: 7264: 7230: 7196: 7162: 7128: 7094: 6554: 6311: 5650:

is the eccentricity. The difference between Earth's perihelion and aphelion is 5 million kilometers.—

5432: 5103: 4784: 4139: 3648: 3600:, a form of convection consisting of upwellings of higher-temperature rock. These plumes can produce 3462: 2445: 2248: 2154: 2067:

in sedimentary rocks. The two models and the data that support them can be reconciled by large-scale

1976: 1232:

within it. Life spread globally and has been altering Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to the

21151: 18711: 15959: 15405: 12168: 11717: 8473: 8287: 7793: 5195:

Beyond Earth's surface humans have lived on a temporary basis, with only a few special-purpose deep

4213:

The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate.

3143:, the solid but less-viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates. 22723: 22328: 20452: 20283: 19888: 18399: 18394: 17863: 17777: 15703: 14466:

King, Michael D.; Platnick, Steven; Menzel, W. Paul; Ackerman, Steven A.; Hubanks, Paul A. (2013).

12764: 11880:"Cooling of the Earth in the Archaean: Consequences of pressure-release melting in a hotter mantle" 11774: 10908: 8826: 8545: 8393:"Rates of generation and destruction of the continental crust: implications for continental growth" 6881: 6792: 5387: 5343: 5223: 5134: 5024: 4722: 4476:. Shifts in the oceanic temperature distribution can cause significant weather shifts, such as the 4275: 3726: 2950: 2860:. The elevation of the land surface varies from a low point of −418 m (−1,371 ft) at the 2594: 2501: 2389: 1948: 1892: 1151: 1033: 1022: 696: 652: 11288: 10376: 1875:, and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun. A nebula contains gas, ice grains, and 22412: 22239: 21886: 21790: 21703: 21403: 21253: 21144: 21135: 20955: 19972: 19799: 19446: 19350: 19263: 18963: 18813: 18704: 18695: 18605: 18389: 18384: 18275: 17306: 14848: 12812: 12734: 11476: 10682: 9949: 8388: 7936:

Guinan, E. F.; Ribas, I. (2002). Benjamin Montesinos, Alvaro Gimenez and Edward F. Guinan (ed.).

7336: 7303: 7269: 7235: 7201: 7167: 7133: 7099: 7063: 6994: 6173: 5243: 4699: 4287: 4176: 3608:. More of the heat in Earth is lost through plate tectonics, by mantle upwelling associated with 3403:

that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid

3400: 3112: 3011: 2923: 2536: 2196:) in the upper atmosphere. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the 2028:

in composition, formed by the partial melting of this mafic crust. The presence of grains of the

1964: 1899: 1143: 1112: 678: 406: 275: 249: 159: 140: 17247:"ESPI Evening Event "Seeing Our Planet Whole: A Cultural and Ethical View of Earth Observation"" 15608: 14963: 10151: 5330: 4961:. Earth's life has also over time greatly diversified, allowing the biosphere to have different 4627:

emitted from the surface, thereby raising the average temperature. Water vapor, carbon dioxide,

3630:

that is imparted to objects due to the distribution of mass within Earth. Near Earth's surface,

22417: 22355: 22303: 22293: 22278: 22229: 22089: 22019: 21441: 21129: 20563: 19977: 19915: 19863: 19853: 19838: 19789: 19649: 19579: 19001: 18689: 18474: 15511: 15472: 15400: 15328: 14934: 14928: 12681: 12095: 10743: 10219: 9579:"Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere" 8861: 8468: 8282: 7875:"Earth's water may have been inherited from material similar to enstatite chondrite meteorites" 7443: 5273: 4990: 4947: 4596: 4385: 4246: 3827: 3788:). Because Earth's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to 3769: 3686: 3279: 2789: 2363: 2279: 1919: 1817: 1544: 1319: 1187: 975: 31: 22338: 21149: 21141: 21138: 19898: 18709: 18701: 18698: 17022: 17016: 14534: 12024:(1981). "Oceans and Continents: Similarities and Differences in the Mechanisms of Heat Loss". 11910: 10714:"Seeing Forests for the Trees and the Carbon: Mapping the World's Forests in Three Dimensions" 10637: 10567: 6713: 6671: 6203: 3368:

Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their

23091: 22856: 22783: 22710: 22584: 22437: 22400: 22288: 22283: 21089: 20512: 20343: 20270: 20144: 19997: 19960: 19848: 19843: 18649: 18617: 18531: 18437: 18361: 18356: 17830: 17316: 16256: 15086: 14650: 13968: 12947: 12885: 11244:; Williams, Ian S. (1999). "Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada". 10276: 10047: 8259: 7311: 7277: 7243: 7209: 7175: 7141: 7107: 6946: 6908: 6335: 5295:

Earth's biosphere produces many useful biological products for humans, including food, wood,

4958: 4052:, when Earth's rotational axis is aligned with its orbital axis. In the Northern Hemisphere, 3559: 3505:

is composed of various oxides of eleven elements, principally oxides containing silicon (the

3408: 3357: 3344: 3191: 3078: 2252: 2209: 1233: 1045: 781: 370: 22452: 20012: 17222: 17187: 16963: 15449: 15383:(2001). "Biogenic Methane, Hydrogen Escape, and the Irreversible Oxidation of Early Earth". 14432: 13684: 13457: 13393:"Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit" 13369: 11898: 8753: 7849: 7612: 6093: 5842: 4591:

the primarily nitrogen–oxygen atmosphere of today. This change enabled the proliferation of

4291: 4091:. Earth's rotational velocity also varies in a phenomenon known as length-of-day variation. 22345: 22298: 21955: 21413: 21378: 21373: 21267: 21218: 21191: 21147: 21126: 20671: 20579: 19905: 19858: 19515: 18973: 18938: 18933: 18827: 18778: 18751: 18707: 18686: 18420: 17991: 17943: 17724: 17589: 17137: 17086: 16895: 16750: 16481: 15880: 15869:"Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming" 15484: 15392: 15344: 15199: 15150: 14895: 14479: 13706: 13646: 13453: 13404: 13250: 13179: 13043: 12726: 12509: 12232: 12110: 12068: 12033: 11978: 11939: 11894: 11793: 11638: 11584: 11520: 11372: 11331: 11253: 11188: 10923: 10782: 10419: 10346: 10125: 10011: 10000:"The five deeps: The location and depth of the deepest place in each of the world's oceans" 9814: 9753: 9704: 9593: 9518: 9466: 9403: 9344: 9272: 9130: 9029: 8925: 8870: 8793: 8695: 8632: 8597: 8460: 8404: 8341: 8274: 8224: 8146: 8081: 7945: 7886: 7845: 7714: 7653: 7567: 7516: 7455: 7367: 7002: 6834: 6623: 6382: 6089: 5838: 5776: 5422: 5396: 5362: 4541: 4429:(covering only 2.8% of Earth's land) and other small forms of fresh water deposits such as 4264: 4256: 4084: 3998: 3915: 3703: 3318: 3305: 3195: 3175: 3104: 3089: 3045: 2982: 2919: 2694: 2197: 2002: 1370: 1362: 1178:

is tilted with respect to the perpendicular to its orbital plane around the Sun, producing

1136: 864: 510: 199: 21130: 21128: 18690: 18688: 17435:

The Nine Planets, A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System: one star, eight planets, and more

12059:

Watts, A. B.; Daly, S. F. (May 1981). "Long wavelength gravity and topography anomalies".

11320:"Geologically current motion of 56 plates relative to the no-net-rotation reference frame" 5720:

are counted as land, even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level.

5441: 4087:. In addition to an annual component to this motion, there is a 14-month cycle called the 4026:

faces the Sun. In each instance, winter occurs simultaneously in the opposite hemisphere.

3127:, two plates slide past one another laterally. Along these plate boundaries, earthquakes, 2650: 8: 22987: 22904: 22797: 22686: 22524: 22497: 22447: 22251: 21715: 21408: 21260: 20882: 20817: 20526: 20357: 20246: 20084: 20057: 20007: 19811: 19275: 18968: 18820: 18526: 18343: 18327: 18134: 18091: 17925: 17868: 17719: 17711: 17669: 15864: 15699: 15571: 14685: 13592: 13441: 11481: 10085: 9335: 8973: 8686: 8126: 5404: 5185: 4986: 4788: 4576: 4508: 4322: 4161: 4103: 4023: 4019: 4011: 3862: 3759: 3214:

in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The Australian Plate fused with the Indian Plate between

3116: 2706: 2702: 2667: 2558: 2532: 2491: 2331: 2138: 2079: 2078:, a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from Earth's interior. Over 1986: 1936: 1826: 1476: 1257: 1171: 1064: 971: 288: 21611: 21490: 19171: 19050: 17141: 17090: 16899: 16485: 15893: 15884: 15868: 15496: 15488: 15396: 15348: 15203: 15154: 14899: 14818: 14623: 14483: 13710: 13650: 13408: 13254: 13183: 12730: 12513: 12236: 12114: 12080: 12072: 12037: 11982: 11943: 11797: 11642: 11596: 11588: 11524: 11376: 11335: 11257: 10927: 10786: 10423: 10245: 10015: 9818: 9757: 9708: 9597: 9578: 9522: 9470: 9407: 9348: 9276: 9134: 9033: 8929: 8874: 8797: 8699: 8636: 8464: 8408: 8345: 8278: 8228: 8150: 8130: 8085: 7949: 7942:

ASP Conference Proceedings: The Evolving Sun and its Influence on Planetary Environments

7890: 7718: 7657: 7571: 7520: 7459: 7371: 6870: 6838: 6627: 6524: 6433:

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Working Group (2004).

6386: 5780: 5465:

in many religions involve the creation of Earth by a supernatural deity or deities. The

5427: 4863:

The upper atmosphere, the atmosphere above the troposphere, is usually divided into the

998:. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of 22916: 22777: 22647: 22594: 22472: 22442: 22350: 22163: 21300: 21131: 20608: 20506: 20337: 20207: 20154: 20032: 20002: 19910: 19723: 18860: 18691: 18576: 18003: 17601: 17217: 17182: 17155: 16958: 16919: 16710:(2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.). 16583: 16497: 15960:"Introduction to Human Evolution | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program" 15639: 15426: 14784: 14759: 14515: 14217: 13891: 13724: 13696: 13664: 13636: 13527: 13422: 13203: 13137: 12712:"The Earth as an Object of Astrophysical Interest in the Search for Extrasolar Planets" 12654: 12522: 12497: 12266: 12134: 12002: 11966: 11850: 11817: 11269: 11157: 11130: 10806: 10518: 10463: 9941: 9832: 9804: 9771: 9658: 9616: 9482: 9308: 9295: 9260: 9153: 9116: 9060: 9017: 8949: 8891: 8856: 8748: 8569: 8540: 8486: 8425: 8392: 8172: 8042: 8007: 7918: 7858: 7833: 7738: 7704: 7677: 7471: 7224: 6781: 6649: 5538: 5488: 5196: 5174: 4935: 4892: 4768:

temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region.

4714: 4588: 4564:

around two-thirds of Earth's surface, more so over oceans than land. The height of the

4195: 4157: 3891: 3890:

Earth orbits the Sun, making Earth the third-closest planet to the Sun and part of the

3789: 3742: 3155:

old. The oldest oceanic crust is located in the Western Pacific and is estimated to be

3120: 2833: 2718: 2714: 2547: 2524:

Earth's western hemisphere showing topography relative to Earth's center instead of to

2437: 2343: 2319: 2278:, which are early oxygen-producing forms of life from billions of years ago. After the 2229: 1880: 1872: 1225: 1206: 21584: 21547: 19144: 19107: 16493: 14343: 13937: 13002:"Croll Revisited: Why is the Northern Hemisphere Warmer than the Southern Hemisphere?" 11751: 11661: 11626: 11546: 11395: 11360: 9356: 8707: 8353: 7644:(2001). "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation". 6453:. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie. p. 12. 6117: 5697:, exact values for land and ocean coverage are not meaningful. Based on data from the 3493:(1.4%), with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to 2898:

is the outermost layer of Earth's land surface and is composed of soil and subject to

22637: 22207: 22149: 21940: 21829: 21755: 21696: 21425: 20640: 20628: 20426: 20197: 19767: 19709: 19500: 19389: 19315: 19256: 18985: 18612: 18425: 18317: 18233: 18215: 18119: 18086: 17515: 17490: 17465: 17399: 17389: 17350: 17320: 17159: 17102: 17098: 17054: 17026: 16992: 16923: 16911: 16879: 16687: 16587: 16575: 16535: 16298: 16268: 16200: 16171: 16037: 15908: 15828: 15788: 15761: 15723: 15713: 15631: 15418: 15380: 15217: 15168: 15117: 15065: 15040: 15015: 14990: 14938: 14656: 14572: 14519: 14507: 14396: 14312: 14289: 14233: 14197: 14172: 13982: 13858: 13728: 13659: 13624: 13558: 13266: 13207: 13195: 13165: 12791: 12630: 12605: 12448: 12438: 12382: 12270: 12258: 12199: 12126: 11994: 11906: 11858: 11809: 11695: 11666: 11536: 11400: 11273: 11072: 11062: 10810: 10798: 10645: 10573: 10522: 10510: 10502: 10437: 10282: 10029: 9827: 9790: 9722: 9668: 9621: 9570: 9486: 9427: 9419: 9391: 9360: 9326: 9300: 9256: 9236: 9211: 9158: 9065: 9047: 8941: 8916: 8896: 8711: 8574: 8490: 8430: 8240: 8195: 8164: 8093: 8047: 8029: 7953: 7922: 7910: 7902: 7773: 7742: 7730: 7669: 7585: 7475: 7404: 7292: 7067: 7038: 7006: 6914: 6852: 6719: 6677: 6653: 6641: 6454: 6408: 6398: 6283: 6277: 6209: 5788: 5657: 5606: 5566: 5480: 5392: 5366: 5358:, increased risk of drought and wildfires, and migration of species to colder areas. 5309: 5200: 5114:, increased risk of drought and wildfires, and migration of species to colder areas. 4982: 4620: 4592: 4488: 4242: 4134: 4061: 3895: 3846: 3601: 3570: 3377: 2931: 2769: 2753: 2749: 2659: 2617: 2570: 2543: 2468: 2456: 2432: 2287: 2240: 2225: 2163: 2068: 2021: 1979:

was established, which helped prevent the atmosphere from being stripped away by the

1468: 1343: 1291: 1190: 1108: 443: 387: 130: 91: 21667: 19227: 16883: 16289: 15430: 14366: 14224:. Marine science series (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 35. 13668: 13426: 13262: 12471: 12138: 11821: 10432: 10407: 10024: 9999: 9915: 9836: 9775: 9312: 8953: 8644: 8482: 8176: 5299:, oxygen, and the recycling of organic waste. The land-based ecosystem depends upon 2520: 1244:

in Africa and have spread across every continent on Earth. Humans depend on Earth's

1174:

around its own axis in slightly less than a day (in about 23 hours and 56 minutes).

22892: 22880: 22698: 22502: 22492: 22385: 22360: 21770: 21740: 21591: 21465: 21305: 21170: 20870: 20759: 20729: 20632: 20258: 20062: 20052: 19945: 19920: 19330: 19300: 19151: 19025: 18865: 18730: 18312: 18146: 18013: 17998: 17875: 17855: 17797: 17701: 17696: 17349:. Indianapolis, IN and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. p. 53. 17312: 17145: 17094: 16949: 16903: 16567: 16489: 15898: 15888: 15677: 15643: 15623: 15492: 15410: 15352: 15207: 15158: 14903: 14814: 14497: 14487: 14225: 13974: 13917: 13907: 13714: 13654: 13550: 13461: 13412: 13258: 13234: 13187: 13170: 12517: 12248: 12240: 12118: 12076: 12041: 12006: 11986: 11947: 11902: 11801: 11656: 11646: 11592: 11528: 11390: 11380: 11339: 11261: 11215: 10931: 10790: 10494: 10427: 10019: 9822: 9761: 9712: 9611: 9601: 9526: 9474: 9411: 9352: 9290: 9280: 9148: 9138: 9055: 9037: 9009: 8982: 8933: 8886: 8878: 8801: 8703: 8640: 8564: 8554: 8478: 8420: 8412: 8357: 8349: 8292: 8232: 8154: 8122: 8089: 8037: 8019: 7894: 7853: 7765: 7722: 7681: 7661: 7641: 7575: 7463: 7375: 7355: 7258: 6998: 6842: 6631: 6390: 5784: 5576: 5551: 5515: 5484: 5383: 5305: 5255: 5169: 5166:

had been the last continent to see a first and until today limited human presence.

5087: 5035: 5005: 4881: 4776: 4729: 4534: 4318: 4314: 4072: 4034: 4015: 3938: 3858: 3718: 3621: 3506: 3502: 3412: 3292: 3100: 2915: 2777: 2686: 2566: 2449: 2327: 2283: 2205: 2175: 2036: 2013: 2009: 1968: 1793: 1748: 1712: 1665: 1636: 1597: 1571: 1507: 1480: 1437: 1411: 1366: 1167: 1104: 1057: 995: 757: 640: 314: 123: 22923: 20382: 14046: 8236: 7769: 7467: 7190: 7122: 4848: 4663: 23111: 22569: 22467: 22375: 22266: 22244: 22041: 21985: 21975: 21765: 21745: 21720: 21708: 21662: 21650: 21554: 21537: 21497: 21475: 21470: 21070: 20945: 20900: 20794: 20789: 20779: 20664: 20129: 20027: 19935: 19826: 19804: 19601: 19545: 19535: 19325: 19305: 19280: 19268: 19222: 19210: 19114: 19097: 19057: 19035: 19030: 18571: 18404: 18351: 18141: 18124: 18081: 18071: 17963: 17340: 17277:"Two early images of Earth that bolstered the environmental movement – CBC Radio" 17150: 17125: 16527: 15753: 15376: 14564: 14459: 14076: 13554: 13466: 11990: 11056: 10215: 10147: 9973:"Converting GPS Height into NAVD88 Elevation with the GEOID96 Geoid Height Model" 9972: 9662: 9086:"Oldest fossils ever found show life on Earth began before 3.5 billion years ago" 7726: 7439: 7396: 7088: 6550: 6498: 6350: 5709: 5503: 5476: 5466: 5458: 5446: 5436: 5215: 5189: 5139: 5123: 5079: 4925: 4904: 4725:

that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.

4616: 4457: 4449: 4283: 4279: 4268: 4088: 4057: 4053: 4007: 3636: 3609: 3203: 3187: 3124: 3067: 3002: 2957:

of Earth's land surface. The submarine terrain of the ocean floor has an average

2785: 2781: 2562: 2505: 2383: 2359: 2314:, much of Earth might have been covered in ice. This hypothesis has been termed " 2244: 2158: 2134: 2075: 1868: 1565: 1487: 1398: 1347: 1331: 1147: 1037: 1006: 829: 664: 625: 56: 22935: 16029:"World population in 2100 could be 2 billion below UN forecasts, study suggests" 13795: 11519:. AGU Reference Shelf. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. 7156: 6381:. AGU Reference Shelf. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. 4954:

on Earth and has eventually expanded globally forming an overarching biosphere.

4938:

vegetation on land (low in brown; heavy in dark green) and phytoplankton at the

3764: 3665:

The main part of Earth's magnetic field is generated in the core, the site of a

521: 23096: 22928: 22868: 22844: 22553: 22333: 22323: 22261: 22124: 22051: 22012: 21933: 21906: 21760: 21630: 21601: 21579: 21569: 21559: 21512: 20113: 19893: 19883: 19821: 19684: 19611: 19572: 19493: 19466: 19320: 19190: 19161: 19139: 19129: 19119: 19072: 18256: 18174: 18164: 18028: 18023: 17782: 17772: 17662: 17173: 17074: 17046: 16601: 16375: 16230: 16128: 15860: 14262: 13620: 13191: 12021: 11365:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

11241: 10773:

Obu, J. (2021). "How Much of the Earth's Surface is Underlain by Permafrost?".

10493:(6534). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1088–1089. 9853: 9415: 9265:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

9261:"Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in earth history" 8670: 6951: 6907:

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2008).

6593: 5694: 5534: 5526: 5499: 5454: 5370: 5355: 5347: 5339: 5325: 5296: 5239: 5231: 5111: 5099: 5091: 4900: 4748: 4624: 4473: 3977: 3934: 3730: 3569:, twice the present-day heat would have been produced, increasing the rates of 3179: 3136: 3056: 2962: 2899: 2868:. The mean height of land above sea level is about 797 m (2,615 ft). 2773: 2737: 2663: 2586: 2578: 2539:, with an average diameter of 12,742 kilometres (7,918 mi), making it the 2525: 2315: 2307: 2174:

allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms. The resultant

2171: 2083: 1960: 1907: 1898:

Estimates of the age of the Moon range from 4.5 Ga to significantly younger. A

1884: 1556: 1550: 1361:

Historically, "Earth" has been written in lowercase. Beginning with the use of

1295: 1277: 1269: 1132: 1124: 1120: 1096: 1092: 917: 215: 113: 50: 17625: 17619: 16907: 16098: 15163: 15138: 14908: 14883: 14713: 14492: 14467: 12122: 9717: 9692: 8451:(2011). "Secular Trends in the Geologic Record and the Supercontinent Cycle". 8296: 8135:"Heterogeneous Hadean hafnium: evidence of continental crust at 4.4 to 4.5 ga" 7580: 7555: 7504: 4702:

that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy.

4673:'s band of clouds over the Eastern Pacific and the Americas as seen from space 3842:. Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms. 23085: 22652: 22632: 22212: 21945: 21928: 21749: 21672: 21635: 21606: 21596: 21564: 21542: 21522: 21485: 21458: 21453: 21448: 20754: 20212: 20192: 19772: 19505: 19488: 19309: 19232: 19195: 19166: 19156: 19124: 19102: 19082: 19045: 19018: 19013: 19008: 18497: 18332: 18184: 18114: 18066: 18033: 17905: 17895: 17885: 17845: 17840: 17403: 17121: 17106: 16915: 16555: 16204: 16041: 15912: 15852: 15727: 15372: 15324: 15221: 15172: 14924: 14511: 14434:

Meteorology: An Educator's Resource for Inquiry-Based Learning for Grades 5–9

13531: 13270: 12452: 12262: 11445: 11076: 10802: 10606: 10506: 10441: 10033: 9726: 9423: 9051: 9018:"Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon" 8945: 8777: 8448: 8033: 7999: 7906: 7734: 7589: 7547: 7419: 6856: 6645: 6367: 5747: 5739: 5677: 5561: 5519: 5462: 5227: 5204: 5075: 5028: 4994: 4939: 4823: 4792: 4760: 4718: 4632: 4522: 4441: 4426: 4346:, the oldest satellite currently in orbit, and over 16,000 pieces of tracked 4187: 4165: 4076: 4030: 3993: 3954: 3950: 3930: 3911: 3831: 3710: 3666: 3565: 3555: 3532: 3396: 3331: 3244: 3199: 3183: 3171: 3140: 3034: 3023: 2934:

crust. Beneath the ocean-floor sediments, the oceanic crust is predominantly

2927: 2876: 2865: 2809: 2793: 2761: 2757: 2741: 2582: 2509: 2256: 2217: 2130: 2029: 1339: 1253: 1241: 1210: 1159: 1128: 1116: 1049: 987: 872: 261: 16571: 15414: 15302: 14502: 13912: 13895: 13719: 13685:"Asteroid (469219) 2016 HO3, the smallest and closest Earth quasi-satellite" 12045: 11651: 10498: 9766: 9741: 9606: 9285: 9143: 9042: 8559: 8159: 8134: 8024: 7974: 7898: 7340: 5999:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {1}{3\cdot 332,946}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}=0.01} 5098:. Human activities release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere which cause 4548:

of about 8.5 km (5.3 mi). A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084%

3596:. A portion of the core's thermal energy is transported toward the crust by 2410:

Earth's expected long-term future is tied to that of the Sun. Over the next

2374:

and the nature and quantity of other life forms that continues to this day.

22940: 22730: 22716: 22507: 22462: 22119: 22002: 21896: 21836: 21819: 21645: 21623: 21574: 21532: 21517: 21502: 21368: 21327: 21292: 21112: 20978: 20964: 20644: 20459: 20445: 20290: 20276: 20067: 20022: 19679: 19562: 19456: 19396: 19379: 19205: 19183: 19134: 19092: 19077: 19062: 18928: 18887: 18852: 18672: 18581: 18566: 18339: 18322: 18238: 18189: 18179: 18169: 18109: 17890: 17744: 17734: 16579: 16023: 15635: 15576: 15422: 13583: 13442:"A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth" 13357: 13199: 12355: 12130: 11998: 11857:(2 ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 137. 11813: 11805: 11670: 11404: 11385: 10907:

Hooke, Roger LeB.; Martín-Duque, José F.; Pedraza, Javier (December 2012).

10514: 9625: 9431: 9304: 9162: 9069: 8900: 8852: 8715: 8578: 8434: 8416: 8244: 8168: 8051: 7914: 7673: 7551: 7026: 6709: 6667: 6199: 5760: 5743: 5369:, climate change, chemical pollution, destruction of wild habitats and the 4966: 4872: 4864: 4852: 4836: 4741: 4545: 4530: 4484: 4422: 4406: 4373: 4347: 4295: 4260: 4226: 4214: 4169: 4130: 4080: 4042: 3899: 3681: 3627: 3605: 3597: 3574: 3543: 3389: 3211: 2821: 2551: 2497: 2275: 2236: 1915: 1902:

is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a

1888: 1864: 1834: 1822: 1390: 1286: 1217: 1163: 983: 17383: 15707: 15275: 14478:(7). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 3826–3852. 14229: 12575: 12541: 12253: 11265: 9364: 8882: 8782:"On the Origin and Rise of Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere" 7874: 7444:"The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved" 6525:"Surface area of our planet covered by oceans and continents.(Table 8o-1)" 5264: 5158:

and with the advent of agriculture in the 10th millennium BC increasingly

4827:

Earth's night-side upper atmosphere appearing from the bottom as bands of

3653: 3007: 2938:, while the continental crust may include lower density materials such as 1095:

and, together with other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly

87: 22771: 22765: 22548: 22536: 22531: 22482: 22457: 22427: 22422: 22370: 22365: 22190: 22104: 22063: 22024: 21901: 21732: 21655: 21618: 21507: 20937: 20812: 20571: 20555: 20500: 20494: 20331: 20325: 20108: 20096: 20091: 20042: 20017: 19987: 19982: 19930: 19925: 19750: 19664: 19623: 19584: 19461: 19292: 19215: 19178: 19067: 18586: 18561: 17986: 17792: 17729: 17577:

was created from a revision of this article dated 22 April 2021

16334:"What are the consequences of the overexploitation of natural resources?" 15856: 15212: 15187: 14879: 14676: 13417: 13392: 12244: 11773:

Alfè, D.; Gillan, M. J.; Vočadlo, L.; Brodholt, J.; Price, G. D. (2002).

11344: 11319: 10794: 9574: 8848: 8739: 8541:"Causes of ice age intensification across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition" 7637: 7034: 6343: 5856: 5556: 5530: 5285: 5277: 5211:, a tiny fraction of whom have reached another celestial body, the Moon. 5071: 4885: 4832: 4764: 4706: 4613: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4544:

at Earth's sea level averages 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi), with a

4518: 4434: 4410: 4381: 4377: 4363: 4230: 4210:) there were 400±7 days in a year, with each day lasting 21.9±0.4 hours. 4199: 4191: 4038: 3961: 3795: 3551: 3547: 3219: 3207: 3108: 2966: 2958: 2911: 2903: 2733: 2729: 2678: 2655: 2645: 2186: 2150: 2122: 1994: 1952: 1876: 1808: 1394: 1281: 1256:, threatening the livelihood of humans and many other forms of life, and 1229: 1084: 1072: 1029: 990:. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 979: 904: 794: 773: 763: 16501: 16469: 12297: 8215:

Hurley, P. M.; Rand, J. R. (June 1969). "Pre-drift continental nuclei".

4595:

and, indirectly, the formation of the ozone layer due to the subsequent

3531:

from Earth's interior to the surface of Earth's crust, mostly along the

3167:, indicating that at least some continental crust existed at that time. 22790: 22737: 22477: 22056: 21640: 21029: 20910: 20595: 20519: 20466: 20350: 20297: 20037: 19616: 19200: 18551: 18546: 18076: 18043: 18018: 17820: 17739: 17126:"Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the gaia hypothesis" 16849:"Chemical pollution has passed safe limit for humanity, say scientists" 16816:"We've crossed four of nine planetary boundaries. What does this mean?" 16679: 16410: 16069:"MAP OF THE DAY: Pretty Much Everyone Lives In The Northern Hemisphere" 14962:. UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Archived from 13361: 10935: 8674: 6847: 6822: 6612:"Contributions to the Earth's obliquity rate, precession, and nutation" 5713: 5698: 5511: 5507: 5495: 5163: 5083: 5009: 4868: 4843:(pink area) extends to the orange and faintly green line of the lowest 4840: 4812: 4800: 4752: 4733: 4710: 4453: 4430: 4398: 4343: 4326: 4183: 4098:. In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around 3 January, and its 4095: 3973: 3942: 3926: 3803: 3738: 3658: 3440: 3404: 3147: 2974: 2954: 2946: 2895: 2884: 2872: 2864:, to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m (29,029 ft) at the top of 2829: 2801: 2671: 2641: 2629: 2621: 2590: 2574: 2480: 2394: 2212:

by the ozone layer, life colonized Earth's surface. Among the earliest

1980: 1944: 1088: 1053: 1014: 731: 461: 22970: 17487:

An Equation for Every Occasion: Fifty-Two Formulas and Why They Matter

16609: 13298:"Tidally locked exoplanets may be more common than previously thought" 11951: 11419: 3945:

some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth–Sun plane (the

2569:; its diameter is 43 kilometres (27 mi) longer there than at its 1314: 1067:, which sustains Earth's surface conditions and protects it from most 22751: 22744: 22173: 22139: 21970: 21891: 21814: 21809: 21780: 21527: 21480: 21349: 21332: 20988: 20950: 20905: 20895: 20835: 20656: 20480: 20473: 20311: 20304: 19733: 19699: 19530: 19451: 19374: 19369: 19340: 19087: 19040: 18909: 18892: 18556: 18267: 18008: 17953: 17938: 17910: 17880: 17807: 17749: 16605: 16338: 16132: 13922: 13760: 13166:"Moon-forming impactor as a source of Earth's basal mantle anomalies" 9478: 9013: 8937: 8361: 7665: 5717: 5690: 5610: 5289: 5272:

Earth has resources that have been exploited by humans. Those termed

5159: 5067: 5047: 5039: 4951: 4921: 4876: 4828: 4737: 4572: 4517:

A view of Earth with different layers of its atmosphere visible: the

4495:, with possibly even more volume than Earth's ocean, all of them are 4339: 4310: 4203: 3981: 3969: 3907: 3876: 3714: 3578: 3528: 3490: 3474: 3457: 3128: 2970: 2880: 2837: 2805: 2745: 2710: 2460: 2403: 2291: 2221: 2201: 2064: 2046: 2033: 1940: 1848: 1351: 1245: 1068: 1018: 999: 832: 61: 23072: 21775: 20395: 19335: 17610: 17430: 15756:; Fleming, Lora; Solo-Gabriele, Helena; Gerwick, William H. (2011). 12790:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 291–292. 11969:(1989). "Flood Basalts and Hot-Spot Tracks: Plume Heads and Tails". 7379: 5518:

until the 16th century, when scientists first concluded that it was

4721:

are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the

4513: 4448:, bodies of ice that flow under the influence of their own gravity. 4368: 2208:

became increasingly specialized. Aided by the absorption of harmful

23038: 22887: 22839: 22804: 22642: 22109: 21965: 21950: 21691: 21398: 21246: 21039: 20983: 20915: 20850: 20736: 20724: 20696: 20533: 20364: 20202: 19669: 19525: 19510: 19251: 18958: 18806: 17308:

Earthly Things: Immanence, New Materialisms, and Planetary Thinking

16820: 15627: 13978: 13701: 13499: 11744:"The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought" 9531: 9506: 8121: 7979: 7834:"Source regions and time scales for the delivery of water to Earth" 6636: 6611: 5284:

bodies have also been formed within the crust through a process of

5259: 5226:

exist today, with only parts of Antarctica and a few small regions

5063: 5059: 5013: 4974: 4970: 4896: 4556:, and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules. 4549: 4468: 4338:

As of September 2021, there are 4,550 operational, human-made

4300: 4099: 4068: 3946: 3937:, the motion of Earth, the Moon, and their axial rotations are all 3884: 3872: 3734: 3722: 3450: 3373: 3369: 2861: 2857: 2825: 2817: 2765: 2698: 2418:

by 40%. Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the

2247:

found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. The

2232: 2095: 1871:

by gravitational collapse, which begins to spin and flatten into a

1076: 1002: 947: 890: 328: 23055: 23021: 15188:"Record low surface air temperature at Vostok station, Antarctica" 13683:

Marcos, C. de la Fuente; Marcos, R. de la Fuente (8 August 2016).

13641: 11532: 9809: 7709: 6394: 5920:{\displaystyle R_{H}=a\left({\frac {m}{3M}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}} 5019: 4930: 3776:

Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun—its mean solar day—is

3523: 2350:, lizards and birds. Mammalian life has diversified over the past 23004: 22046: 22034: 21960: 21359: 21337: 21212: 21197: 21034: 21022: 20960: 20890: 20865: 20825: 20804: 20774: 19606: 19594: 19520: 18919: 18897: 18772: 18757: 18541: 18536: 18101: 17978: 17948: 17764: 17754: 16877: 16534:(second ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–294. 14681:"Where, exactly, is the edge of space? It depends on who you ask" 14569:

Causes and Environmental Implications of Increased UV-B Radiation

12971:"Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate" 12889: 10736: 10569:

The New World History: A Field Guide for Teachers and Researchers

10369: 9392:"Postcranial evidence of late Miocene hominin bipedalism in Chad" 9114: 6823:"Estimation of the absolute surface air temperature of the Earth" 5614: 5418: 5300: 5147: 5095: 5055: 5051: 5043: 4844: 4653: 4649: 4628: 4526: 4461: 4445: 4418: 4414: 4342:

orbiting Earth. There are also inoperative satellites, including

4251: 4083:

has multiple, cyclical components, which collectively are termed

4049: 3933:, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. Viewed from the 3880: 3741:, where atmospheric atoms can be excited and ionized, causing an 3539: 3486: 3470: 3381: 3132: 2986: 2978: 2939: 2853: 2841: 2797: 2682: 2601: 2295: 2267: 2114: 2103: 2091: 2056: 2052: 1998: 1041: 941: 935: 613: 498: 424: 133: 18466: 15827:. MIT Press. pp. 52, 66, 69, 137, 142, 185, 202, 355, 366. 15752: 13525: 13239:"Tides, tidalites, and secular changes in the Earth–Moon system" 12324: 11718:"Radioactive potassium may be major heat source in Earth's core" 10485:

Voosen, Paul (9 March 2021). "Ancient Earth was a water world".

5765:

Chorowicz, Jean (October 2005). "The East African rift system".

2902:

processes. Soil is crucial for land to be arable. Earth's total

2836:. These landmasses are further broken down and grouped into the 2094:, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form 1252:. Humanity's current impact on Earth's climate and biosphere is 1170:, taking a year (about 365.25 days) to complete one revolution. 22487: 21684: 21679: 21393: 21388: 21354: 21342: 21287: 21239: 21232: 21207: 21202: 21081: 21017: 21010: 20719: 20714: 20688: 20047: 19244: 19239: 18953: 18948: 18914: 18902: 18847: 18799: 18792: 18767: 18762: 18641: 17968: 17835: 17815: 17629: 15116:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 159. 14440:. NASA/Langley Research Center. p. 6. NP-2006-08-97-LaRC. 9691:

Mello, Fernando de Sousa; Friaça, Amâncio César Santos (2020).

9330: 8386: 7330: 6990: 5219: 4998: 4856: 4218: 4182:

The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes

3671: 3482: 3478: 3466: 2935: 2888: 2845: 2740:, and Arctic Ocean, from largest to smallest. The ocean covers 2347: 2213: 2060: 2025: 1812: 1179: 1080: 1025: 963: 929: 897: 748: 573: 477: 17644:

Interactive 3D visualization of the Sun, Earth and Moon system

17388:(1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 26–31. 16137:"What share of people will live in urban areas in the future?" 15064:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 46. 15039:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 34. 15014:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 32. 14989:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 49. 14431:

Exline, Joseph D.; Levine, Arlene S.; Levine, Joel S. (2006).

12657:. NASA. See the apparent diameters on the Sun and Moon pages. 11289:"Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center" 8969:"Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth" 7509:

Differentiation: Building the Internal Architecture of Planets

6744: 5008:

can assemble and interact, and sufficient energy to sustain a

4987:

forests, particularly in equatorial, warm and humid conditions

4440:

In Earth's coldest regions, snow survives over the summer and

3509:), aluminium, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sodium. 2844:

of the land surface varies greatly and consists of mountains,

1763: 1727: 1645: 1516: 1420: 22946: 21804: 21383: 21310: 21225: 21175: 21047: 21005: 20998: 20993: 20830: 20784: 20704: 19364: 18943: 18870: 18785: 18735: 18156: 17933: 17915: 17648: 9169: 7872: 7828: 5525:

It was only during the 19th century that geologists realized

5450: 5129: 4962: 4908: 4755:

causing mountainous areas to be colder than low-lying areas.

4636: 4553: 4172: 3573:

and plate tectonics, and allowing the production of uncommon

3498: 3218:. The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates, with the 2849: 2633: 2605: 2039:

suggests that at least some felsic crust existed as early as

2017: 1956: 1624: 1537: 1472: 1310: 1237: 1198: 1183: 1010: 911: 358: 246: 83: 17211:

Boulton, Matthew Myer; Heithaus, Joseph (24 December 2018).

16291:

Politics and Process at the United Nations: The Global Dance

16168:

Russia's Cosmonauts: Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center

14367:"Tour of Water in the Solar System – U.S. Geological Survey" 14108:"How Much Water is There on Earth? – U.S. Geological Survey" 14016:"Chart: Globally, 70% of Freshwater is Used for Agriculture" 13439: 11030:"Terrestrial Impact Cratering and Its Environmental Effects" 8506:"When and how did the ice age end? Could another one start?" 5702: 4037:

there is no daylight at all for part of the year, causing a

3879:) are not the same as the four seasonal extreme points, the 3384:

solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the

3139:

formation can occur. The tectonic plates ride on top of the

2467:. Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly 1 2318:", and it is of particular interest because it preceded the 1951:

into the oceans, augmented by water and ice from asteroids,

21436: 21320: 21185: 20925: 20860: 20855: 20845: 20840: 20709: 18996: 18880: 18745: 18205: 17825: 17605: 16758: 16707: 16639: 15358:

10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1118:TAOHIT>2.0.CO;2

14877: 14721: 10537:"NOAA Ocean Explorer: GalAPAGoS: Where Ridge Meets Hotspot" 10189: 10081:"Back-of-the-Envelope Calculations: Scale of the Himalayas" 8807:

10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0225:OTOARO>2.0.CO;2

6246: 5617:

of the secular variation, ignoring all periodic variations.

5582:

Table of physical properties of planets in the Solar System

5400: 4780: 4670: 4560:

content varies between 0.01% and 4% but averages about 1%.

4144: 4126: 3976:

from its center. It is about 20 light-years above the

3867: 3717:

precedes the day-side magnetosphere within the solar wind.

2990: 2625: 2414:, solar luminosity will increase by 10%, and over the next 2299: 2071:, particularly during the early stages of Earth's history. 1903: 1769: 1766: 1754: 1718: 1695: 1692: 1680: 1671: 1648: 1612: 1606: 1586: 1580: 1532: 1522: 1452: 1446: 1423: 1393:, though "earth" and forms with "the earth" remain common. 1369:

as "the globe" was expressed as "the earth". By the era of

1355: 1335: 1327: 1202: 1194: 1162:, it is the largest and most massive. Earth is about eight 923: 592: 393: 95: 16989:

Symbols – Encyclopedia of Western Signs and Ideograms

16878:

O'Neill, Daniel W.; Fanning, Andrew L.; Lamb, William F.;

16265:

The Discretely Plumper Second QI Book of General Ignorance

15924: 15922: 14465: 12298:"Cluster reveals the reformation of the Earth's bow shock" 9946:"Exploring the Ocean Basins with Satellite Altimeter Data" 9505:

Sackmann, I.-J.; Boothroyd, A. I.; Kraemer, K. E. (1993).

8913: 8005: 6122:

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

4747:

Further factors that affect a location's climates are its

3812:

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

3709:

The extent of Earth's magnetic field in space defines the

3411:. Earth's inner core may be rotating at a slightly higher 3159:

old. By comparison, the oldest dated continental crust is

2577:

variations. Though the largest local variations, like the

2262: 1829:

from which Earth and other Solar System bodies were formed

1513: 21165: 18725: 15581: 15333:"The Aeronomy of Hydrogen in the Atmosphere of the Earth" 15268:"Stratosphere and Weather; Discovery of the Stratosphere" 14882:; Pilewskie, Peter; Snow, Martin; Lindholm, Doug (2016). 12629:(4th ed.). Saunders College Publishing. p. 56. 12604:. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. p. 48. 12496:; Hackman, Christine; Nelson, Robert A. (November 2008). 12218: 11772: 8847: 7545: 6875: 6786: 6250: 6026:

Anz-Meador, Phillip; Shoots, Debi, eds. (February 2018).

5828: 5729:

Source for minimum, mean, and maximum surface temperature

5281: 5004:

Earth provides liquid water—an environment where complex

4705:

The primary atmospheric circulation bands consist of the

4623:: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture 4388:

regions, its hydrosphere forms larger areas of ice cover.

3819: 2883:(10%, not including the equally large area of land under 2637: 2429:

concentration to levels lethally low for current plants (

2399: 2398:

Conjectured illustration of the scorched Earth after the

2355: 1963:

kept the oceans from freezing when the newly forming Sun

1603: 1577: 1091:

that cover most of the planet. The water vapor acts as a

967: 300: 17654: 17460:

Monroe, James; Wicander, Reed; Hazlett, Richard (2007).

15850: 15846: 15844: 15301:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Archived from 13966: 13788:"2006 RH120 ( = 6R10DB9) (A second moon for the Earth?)" 13232: 12219:

Ganushkina, N. Yu; Liemohn, M. W.; Dubyagin, S. (2018).

11964: 11213: 10906: 10826:"What Percentage of the Earth's Land Surface is Desert?" 10399: 10268: 9568: 9504: 8324: 1213:

has made the Moon always face Earth with the same side.

16193:"Space: how far have we gone – and where are we going?" 16121: 15919: 15136: 12710:

Vázquez, M.; Rodríguez, P. Montañés; Palle, E. (2006).

12370: 11877: 11287:

Meschede, Martin; Barckhausen, Udo (20 November 2000).

10566:

Dunn, Ross E.; Mitchell, Laura J.; Ward, Kerry (2016).

9007: 8594:"Paleoclimatology – The Study of Ancient Climates" 8117: 8115: 5763:, which is being formed out of the African Plate. See: 4060:

is near 21 June, spring equinox is around 20 March and

3783: 3376:) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct 16105:. University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo. Archived from 15475:(1976). "Hydrogen loss from the terrestrial planets". 13756:"First Asteroid Companion of Earth Discovered at Last" 13350: 12946:. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Archived from 11517:

Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants

10705: 10278:

Rising Sea Levels: An Introduction to Cause and Impact

8538: 7944:. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 6913:. New York: United Nations (published 2010). Table 1. 6379:

Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants

5421:

have developed many views of the planet. The standard

4444:. This accumulated snow and ice eventually forms into 4413:. Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in 4290:. There are at least five quasi-satellites, including 4236: 2604:

employs an idealized Earth producing a shape called a

2600:

To measure the local variation of Earth's topography,

2452:, due to reduced steam venting from mid-ocean ridges. 2204:. True multicellular organisms formed as cells within 2086:

that have subsequently broken apart. At approximately

1463:

has been used to denote personification of the Earth.

1111:

receiving more sunlight than the polar regions) drive

22828: 17459: 15841: 15712:(First ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand & Company. 13536:"Equilibrium rotational stability and figure of Mars" 12709: 12492: 12019: 11058:

Earth's Evolving Systems: The History of Planet Earth

9740:

Bounama, Christine; Franck, S.; Von Bloh, W. (2001).

9739: 9389: 8823:"Astrobiologists Find Evidence of Early Life on Land" 8325:

De Smet, J.; Van Den Berg, A.P.; Vlaar, N.J. (2000).

8006:

Trainer, Melissa G.; et al. (28 November 2006).

7632: 7630: 7222: 5945: 5939:

is the mass of the Sun. So the radius in AU is about

5865: 5689:

Due to natural fluctuations, ambiguities surrounding

5613:. The quantities given are the values at the instant 5487:

globally, acknowledging the impact of humans and the

4255:

A computer-generated image mapping the prevalence of

4186:

on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its

2330:

and many minor ones. Apart from the proposed current

2051:

growth in the volume of continental crust during the

1772: 1730: 1683: 1651: 1455: 17489:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 117–118. 16548: 15787:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 3. 14069: 12705: 12703: 12198:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 57. 11958: 11926: 11573:"Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Earth's Inner Core" 11501: 11475:

Micalizio, Caryl-Sue; Evers, Jeannie (20 May 2015).

10681:

Center, National Geophysical Data (19 August 2020).

9788: 8744:"Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted" 8183: 8112: 7546:

Tartèse, Romain; Anand, Mahesh; Gattacceca, Jérôme;

5377: 4855:(invisible). Continuing with green and red bands of 4709:

in the equatorial region below 30° latitude and the

2251:

on Earth is contained in 3.45 billion-year-old

1906:-sized object with about 10% of Earth's mass, named 1760: 1751: 1724: 1715: 1698: 1689: 1686: 1677: 1668: 1642: 1449: 1443: 1417: 20387: 15991:"Various '7 billionth' babies celebrated worldwide" 13612: 12758: 12354:. NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center. Archived from 11766: 11627:"Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury" 11286: 10712:Carlowicz, Michael; Simmon, Robert (15 July 2019). 10683:"Hypsographic Curve of Earth's Surface from ETOPO1" 10281:. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 20. 9782: 7605:"Controversial Moon Origin Theory Rewrites History" 7502: 7290: 6592:Special Publication 330. p. 52. Archived from 6360: 6167: 6165: 6163: 5190:

hemispherical predominance of the world's land mass

2981:driven by ice, water, wind and temperature; and by 2589:at its equatorial bulge, the summit of the volcano 1757: 1721: 1674: 1639: 1600: 1574: 1510: 1440: 1414: 1354:("Earth"), a giantess often given as the mother of 1248:and natural resources for their survival, but have 1216:Earth, like most other bodies in the Solar System, 30:"Planet Earth" redirects here. For other uses, see 16027: 15572:"Interdependency between animal and plant species" 15371: 14922: 14916: 14712:Erickson, Kristen; Doyle, Heather (28 June 2019). 14624:"Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition)" 14472:IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 14430: 12602:Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac 12377:Baumjohann, Wolfgang; Treumann, Rudolf A. (1997). 12376: 11677: 11620: 11618: 11122: 11095: 8596:. Page Paleontology Science Center. Archived from 8539:Chalk, Thomas B.; et al. (12 December 2007). 7627: 7347: 7291: 7257: 7223: 7189: 7155: 7121: 7087: 6718:(4th ed.). New York: AIP Press. p. 244. 6518: 6516: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 5998: 5919: 2756:to a lesser extent. The oceanic crust forms large 1036:combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving 17385:Flat earth : the history of an infamous idea 16884:"A good life for all within planetary boundaries" 16678: 16403:"How Are Fossil Fuels Extracted From the Ground?" 15078: 14526: 13689:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 13629:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12700: 11317: 10559: 9796:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 9667:. New York: Times Books, Henry Holt and Company. 9647: 9548:"Freeze, Fry or Dry: How Long Has the Earth Got?" 7694: 7256: 6372:"Geoid, Topography and Distribution of Landforms" 5249: 4946:Earth is the only known place that has ever been 3146:As the tectonic plates migrate, oceanic crust is 23083: 17346:Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History 17119: 17010: 17008: 16437:"Electricity generation – what are the options?" 16159: 15365: 14365:Center, Astrogeology Science (14 October 2021). 13102:"Curious Kids: Why is the moon called the moon?" 12673: 12160: 11849: 11709: 11311: 10644:. Vol. 1. Facts on File, Inc. p. 215. 10565: 9456: 8380: 8190:Rogers, John James William; Santosh, M. (2004). 7764:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 909–912. 7755: 7448:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 7188: 7120: 6863: 6025: 5506:, which was attributed to both the philosophers 5001:are relatively barren of plant and animal life. 21125: 18685: 17514:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 13–18. 17422: 17210: 17077:(1972). "Gaia as seen through the atmosphere". 16713:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis 16255: 16103:"Distribution of landmasses of the Paleo-Earth" 16018: 16016: 15698: 15609:"On the Generality of the Latitudinal Gradient" 15600: 15143:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 14888:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 14615: 14130: 13938:"Third rock from the Sun – restless Earth" 13625:"A long-lived horseshoe companion to the Earth" 12935: 12593: 12564:"Rapid Service/Prediction of Earth Orientation" 12540:. Time Service Department, USNO. Archived from 11878:Vlaar, N; Vankeken, P.; Vandenberg, A. (1994). 11786:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 11631:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11615: 11240: 11180: 11002:California State Polytechnic University, Pomona 10711: 9998:Stewart, Heather A.; Jamieson, Alan J. (2019). 9997: 9964: 9846:"Hope dims that Earth will survive Sun's death" 9791:"Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited" 9586:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9233:Epigenetic Mechanisms of the Cambrian Explosion 9208:Climate Change and the Course of Global History 8776: 8734: 8732: 8208: 8012:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7966: 7554:; Snape, Joshua F.; Weiss, Benjamin P. (2019). 7086: 6774: 6513: 6140: 4499:under a kilometers thick frozen surface layer. 3657:A schematic view of Earth's magnetosphere with 3430:Abundance of the chemical elements § Earth 2144: 1859:the primordial Earth had formed. The bodies in 17616:Earth – Videos – International Space Station: 16942: 16651:IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land 15709:Ecology environmental science and conservation 15297:de Córdoba, S. Sanz Fernández (21 June 2004). 14951: 14807: 14779: 14777: 14590: 14588: 14563: 14557: 14426: 14424: 14422: 13883: 13233:Coughenour, Christopher L.; Archer, Allen W.; 12579:(.DAT file (displays as plaintext in browser)) 12221:"Current Systems in the Earth's Magnetosphere" 11690:(2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 11474: 11411: 11352: 11318:Argus, D.F.; Gordon, R.G.; DeMets, C. (2011). 10775:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 10607:"Geography Facts about the World's Continents" 9789:Schröder, K.-P.; Connon Smith, Robert (2008). 8814: 7596: 7550:; Mortimer, James I.; Pernet-Fisher, John F.; 7154: 6712:; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Arthur N. Cox (ed.). 6670:; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Arthur N. Cox (ed.). 6202:; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Arthur N. Cox (ed.). 5268:Earth's land use for human agriculture in 2019 4835:in orange with silhouettes of clouds, and the 4350:. Earth's largest artificial satellite is the 4202:/yr—add up to significant changes. During the 3250:Illustration of Earth's cutaway, not to scale 1250:increasingly impacted the planet's environment 1052:capable of deflecting most of the destructive 21286: 21097: 20672: 20411: 18846: 18657: 18482: 18283: 17670: 17005: 16980: 15989:Gomez, Jim; Sullivan, Tim (31 October 2011). 15988: 15477:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 15470: 15317: 14823:Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research 14745: 14743: 14711: 14642: 14532: 13889: 13850: 13618: 13157: 13124: 12869: 12752: 12625:Zeilik, Michael; Gregory, Stephen A. (1998). 12624: 12486: 12061:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 11207: 11149: 10957: 10598: 10448: 10114:"Did Edmund Hillary Climb the Wrong Mountain" 9939: 9686: 9684: 9562: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9459:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 9450: 9074:Early edition, published online before print. 8669: 8189: 7353: 6435:"General Definitions and Numerical Standards" 6018: 6009: 5753: 5315: 4535:altitude of 100 km, at the edge of space 4525:blue sky at the horizon, and a line of green 2796:is covered by seasonally variable amounts of 2090:, one of the earliest known supercontinents, 2008:As the molten outer layer of Earth cooled it 1040:, which interact to produce mountain ranges, 17311:. Fordham University Press. 3 October 2023. 16600: 16127: 16013: 15859:; Anderegg, William R. L.; Verheggen, Bart; 15290: 15259: 15192:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 15112:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018). 15060:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018). 15035:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018). 15010:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018). 14985:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018). 14626:. University of British Columbia, Okanagan. 14358: 14288:. NASA Astrobiology Magazine. Archived from 14277: 14210: 14099: 13682: 13356: 12786:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018). 11843: 11683: 11624: 11361:"Structural geology of the Earth's interior" 11214:Mueller, R. D.; et al. (7 March 2007). 11128: 11101: 10766: 9653: 9249: 8729: 8441: 8067: 7636: 7503:Righter, K.; Schonbachler, M. (7 May 2018). 6827:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 6817: 6603: 6527:. University of British Columbia, Okanagan. 5849: 5683: 4437:in the atmosphere, biological binding, etc. 3834:(when the Sun is at 90° on the equator), is 3380:solid crust, which is underlain by a highly 3243: 3210:off the west coast of South America and the 2595:the Ocean exhibits a more dynamic topography 2406:phase, about 5–7 billion years from now 2354:, and several million years ago, an African 2220:fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old 16807: 15825:The Human Impact on the Natural Environment 15510:Rutledge, Kim; et al. (24 June 2011). 15464: 15437: 15237:"Upper atmosphere Definition und Bedeutung" 14853:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive 14774: 14585: 14419: 14331: 14304: 14246: 13433: 13164:Yuan, Qian; et al. (1 November 2023). 13039:"What's so special about our Moon, anyway?" 12944:"Earth Rotation and Equatorial Coordinates" 12648: 12646: 12618: 12395: 12166: 11920: 11564: 11129:Kious, W. J.; Tilling, R. I. (5 May 1999). 10635: 10572:. Univ of California Press. pp. 232–. 10338: 10274: 10238: 9935: 9933: 9868: 9733: 9690: 8770: 8133:; Holden, P.; Mojzsis, S. (December 2005). 8008:"Organic haze on Titan and the early Earth" 7935: 7822: 6976: 6974: 4859:stretching over several hundred kilometers. 4521:with its clouds casting shadows, a band of 3906:. Earth orbits the Sun every 365.2564 mean 2474: 2074:New continental crust forms as a result of 1609: 1583: 1560:) is rare, though the alternative spelling 1519: 1175: 1127:, and a range of weather phenomena such as 23102:Astronomical objects known since antiquity 21104: 21090: 20679: 20665: 20418: 20404: 18664: 18650: 18489: 18475: 18290: 18276: 17677: 17663: 17509: 17021:. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. pp. 16846: 16813: 16594: 16165: 15606: 15323: 15296: 14740: 14106:School, Water Science (13 November 2019). 13495:"Earth's moon may not be critical to life" 13328:"Lunar Phases and Eclipses | Earth's Moon" 13163: 12599: 12468:"Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere" 12459: 12426: 12187: 12013: 11871: 11684:Brown, Geoff C.; Mussett, Alan E. (1981). 11186: 11158:"The Structure of the Terrestrial Planets" 10900: 10817: 10478: 9681: 9493: 9210:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. 8966: 8663: 8251: 8214: 8194:. Oxford University Press US. p. 48. 7386: 5522:, one of the planets of the Solar System. 5489:interconnectedness of Earth's environments 4985:reaches a peak in shallow waters and with 4713:in the mid-latitudes between 30° and 60°. 3099:Earth's mechanically rigid outer layer of 2985:including the growth and decomposition of 49: 17464:. Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp. 263–265. 17149: 16991:. New York: Ionfox AB. pp. 281–282. 16719:. Contribution of Working Group I to the 15904:1983/34949783-dac1-4ce7-ad95-5dc0798930a6 15902: 15892: 15780: 15404: 15356: 15211: 15162: 15137:El Fadli, Khalid I.; et al. (2013). 15111: 15059: 15034: 15009: 14984: 14907: 14813: 14652:Climate Change and International Politics 14533:Geerts, B.; Linacre, E. (November 1997). 14501: 14491: 13921: 13911: 13851:Welch, Rosanne; Lamphier, Peg A. (2019). 13718: 13700: 13658: 13640: 13465: 13416: 12785: 12627:Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics 12530: 12521: 12432: 12349: 12322: 12252: 12167:Fitzpatrick, Richard (16 February 2006). 12093: 12058: 11706:Note: After Ronov and Yaroshevsky (1969). 11660: 11650: 11417: 11394: 11384: 11343: 11293:Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program 11280: 11246:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 11234: 10972:. Oregon State University. Archived from 10909:"Land transformation by humans: A review" 10431: 10105: 10048:"Is a Pool Ball Smoother than the Earth?" 10023: 9826: 9808: 9765: 9716: 9615: 9605: 9539: 9530: 9319: 9294: 9284: 9152: 9142: 9059: 9041: 8890: 8805: 8568: 8558: 8472: 8424: 8286: 8257: 8158: 8041: 8023: 7857: 7708: 7579: 7438: 7403:. California: Stanford University Press. 7395: 6910:Sources and effects of ionizing radiation 6846: 6635: 6543: 6488: 6331: 6329: 6243:"Horizons Batch Call for 2023 Perihelion" 5764: 5651: 5230:. Most of these states together form the 4847:, at about one hundred kilometers at the 4045:, where the sun remains visible all day. 3987: 2274:after Earth's formation, featuring round 1309:was used to translate the many senses of 22617:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 20177:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 17585:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 17568: 17073: 17045: 16986: 16467: 15509: 14884:"A Solar Irradiance Climate Data Record" 14621: 13534:; Richards, Mark A. (22 November 2007). 13390: 13036: 12904: 12875: 12719:Lecture Notes and Essays in Astrophysics 12679: 12652: 12643: 12193: 11507: 11438: 11162:Online Astronomy eText Table of Contents 11155: 10307: 10146: 9970: 9930: 9084:Tyrell, Kelly April (18 December 2017). 8619:Turner, Chris S.M.; et al. (2010). 8318: 6971: 6752:"Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures" 6708: 6666: 6660: 6609: 6569: 6522: 6482: 6426: 6366: 6198: 6171: 6075: 6073: 5391: 5329: 5263: 5133: 5018: 4934:An animation of the changing density of 4929: 4822: 4512: 4452:form in mountainous areas, whereas vast 4367: 4250: 4138: 3997: 3866: 3826:Earth's rotation period relative to the 3802:Earth's rotation period relative to the 3763: 3652: 3522: 3461:). It is composed mostly of iron (32.1% 3006: 2677: 2649: 2519: 2393: 2261: 2168:last common ancestor of all current life 1985: 1821:A 2012 artistic impression of the early 1816: 1375:capitalization of nouns began to prevail 1305:. In its earliest attestation, the word 22813:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 21841:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets 20542:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 20373:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 19401:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets 17484: 17381: 17172: 17014: 16748: 16400: 16366:"13. Exploitation of Natural Resources" 16267:. Faber & Faber. pp. 116–117. 15676:. NASA, Lockheed Martin. Archived from 15665: 15448:. Ohio State University. Archived from 15084: 14791:. University of California, San Diego. 14216: 14191: 14166: 14044: 14013: 13530:; Matsuyama, Isamu; Perron, J. Taylor; 12913:"Animation of precession of moon orbit" 12878:"The Lengths of the Seasons (on Earth)" 12759:Astrophysicist team (1 December 2005). 12680:Williams, David R. (1 September 2004). 12653:Williams, David R. (10 February 2006). 12498:"The Physical Basis of the Leap Second" 12401: 12323:Gallagher, Dennis L. (14 August 2015). 12087: 11715: 10988: 10781:(5). American Geophysical Union (AGU). 10629: 10604: 9255: 9008:Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; 8447: 8260:"The persistent myth of crustal growth" 8063: 8061: 7929: 7804:Universities Space Research Association 6702: 6355:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency 6304:"Selected Astronomical Constants, 2011" 6275: 6269: 6192: 5605:All astronomical quantities vary, both 3423: 1594:rather than the more classical English 1467:is also the name of the planet in some 108:Earthly, terrestrial, terran, tellurian 14: 23084: 20686: 18297: 17428: 17317:10.5422/fordham/9781531503055.001.0001 17251:ESPI – European Space Policy Institute 16948: 16847:Carrington, Damien (18 January 2022). 16785:"The State of the Global Climate 2020" 16684:Take Shelter: At Home Around the World 16558:(2003). "Resources of the Sea Floor". 16526: 16401:Huebsch, Russell (29 September 2017). 16190: 16097: 16022: 15819: 15653:from the original on 22 September 2017 15443: 15234: 15185: 14783: 14758:. NASA/World Book, Inc. Archived from 14364: 14337: 14319:from the original on 16 September 2008 14252: 14105: 13492: 13295: 12999: 12941: 12295: 12148:from the original on 27 September 2019 11831:from the original on 30 September 2009 11358: 11054: 11021: 10693:from the original on 15 September 2017 10680: 10484: 10405: 9874: 9843: 9205: 9083: 8820: 8738: 8618: 8391:; Delavault, H.; Cawood, P.A. (2018). 7602: 7417: 6578:The international system of units (SI) 6326: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 5738:If Earth were shrunk to the size of a 4643: 3615: 3436:Abundance of elements in Earth's crust 3123:, two plates are pulled apart; and at 2573:. Earth's shape furthermore has local 2326:, there have been at least five major 1549: 21085: 20660: 20604:History of the center of the Universe 20425: 20399: 20386: 18645: 18470: 18271: 17658: 17462:Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth 17363:from the original on 14 December 2023 16814:DiGirolamo, Mike (8 September 2021). 16660:from the original on 17 February 2020 16532:Earth: Evolution of a Habitable World 16287: 16048:from the original on 4 September 2020 15671: 15552:from the original on 17 November 2023 15265: 15247:from the original on 21 February 2023 14749: 14675: 14594: 14310: 14087:from the original on 28 February 2023 13995:from the original on 29 November 2020 13822:Nuclear Weapons & Global Security 13747: 13582: 13130: 13099: 13018:from the original on 7 September 2021 12923:from the original on 31 December 2010 12465: 12327:. NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center. 11570: 11418:Robertson, Eugene C. (26 July 2001). 11104:"SFT and the Earth's Tectonic Plates" 11102:Brown, W. K.; Wohletz, K. H. (2005). 11083:from the original on 21 February 2023 10754:from the original on 27 November 2023 10724:from the original on 31 December 2022 10658:from the original on 21 February 2023 10586:from the original on 21 February 2023 10344: 10295:from the original on 21 February 2023 10111: 10078: 10060:from the original on 4 September 2014 9697:International Journal of Astrobiology 9545: 9371:from the original on 25 February 2007 9325: 9230: 9187:from the original on 7 September 2015 8821:Burton, Kathleen (29 November 2002). 7972: 7873:Piani, Laurette; et al. (2020). 7794:"Earth's Early Atmosphere and Oceans" 7482:from the original on 11 November 2007 7426:from the original on 23 December 2005 7025: 6732:from the original on 21 February 2023 6690:from the original on 21 February 2023 6523:Pidwirny, Michael (2 February 2006). 6489:Humerfelt, Sigurd (26 October 2010). 6276:Various (2000). David R. Lide (ed.). 6222:from the original on 21 February 2023 6115: 6079: 6070: 5821: 5529:was at least many millions of years. 5514:. Earth was generally believed to be 5012:. Plants and other organisms take up 4728:Earth receives 1361 W/m of 4491:showing signs of large reservoirs of 4380:, which dominate Earth's surface and 4056:currently occurs around 21 December; 3772:of Earth's rotation showing axis tilt 3748: 3226: 2800:that often connects with polar land, 2106:, which also began to break apart at 1568:, in which case its pronunciation is 1555: 1087:is widely present in the atmosphere, 340:Longitude of ascending node 22953: 18624: 18229:Geology of solar terrestrial planets 17512:Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth 17339: 17287:from the original on 27 January 2022 17257:from the original on 27 January 2022 16930:from the original on 1 February 2022 16828:from the original on 27 January 2022 16749:Lindsey, Rebecca (14 January 2009). 16706: 16638: 16554: 16508:from the original on 6 November 2020 16314:from the original on 17 October 2020 16147:from the original on 29 October 2020 16079:from the original on 19 January 2018 16066: 15970:from the original on 8 November 2023 15444:Abedon, Stephen T. (31 March 1997). 14923:Sadava, David E.; Heller, H. Craig; 14819:"The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation" 14728:from the original on 4 December 2021 14648: 14397:"Are there oceans on other planets?" 14377:from the original on 19 January 2022 14222:Practical handbook of marine science 14026:from the original on 6 December 2020 13948:from the original on 6 November 2015 13832:from the original on 25 January 2016 13810: 13753: 13735:from the original on 31 October 2020 13600:from the original on 15 October 2020 13507:from the original on 30 October 2020 13338:from the original on 16 October 2020 13277:from the original on 28 October 2012 13214:from the original on 2 November 2023 13145:from the original on 1 November 2023 13112:from the original on 8 November 2020 13081:from the original on 14 October 2020 13051:from the original on 6 November 2020 12981:from the original on 30 October 2020 12968: 12857:from the original on 22 October 2020 12810: 12381:. World Scientific. pp. 8, 31. 12350:Gallagher, Dennis L. (27 May 2015). 11716:Sanders, Robert (10 December 2003). 11456:from the original on 28 October 2020 11324:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 10823: 10605:Dempsey, Caitlin (15 October 2013). 10256:from the original on 9 December 2006 10226:from the original on 17 October 2020 10162:from the original on 30 January 2013 10093:from the original on 23 October 2020 8967:Borenstein, Seth (19 October 2015). 8267:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 8068:McDonough, W.F.; Sun, S.-s. (1995). 8058: 7527:from the original on 6 November 2020 7312:participating institution membership 7278:participating institution membership 7244:participating institution membership 7210:participating institution membership 7176:participating institution membership 7142:participating institution membership 7108:participating institution membership 7060:The New Oxford Dictionary of English 7003:10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001 6959:from the original on 26 January 2023 6878:Weather and Climate Extremes Archive 6789:Weather and Climate Extremes Archive 6586:United States Department of Commerce 6531:from the original on 9 December 2006 6240: 6176:. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. 6172:Williams, David R. (16 March 2017). 6128:from the original on 29 October 2012 5670: 5620: 5599: 5403:astronaut, observing Earth from the 4206:period, for example, (approximately 4109: 2926:. Earth's crust may be divided into 1224:. During the first billion years of 1075:. It has a composition of primarily 978:. This is enabled by Earth being an 17441:from the original on 23 August 2000 16765:from the original on 2 October 2019 16751:"Climate and Earth's Energy Budget" 16730:from the original on 13 August 2021 16686:. Orca Book Publishers. p. 6. 16211:from the original on 6 October 2020 16191:Holmes, Oliver (19 November 2018). 15801:from the original on 10 August 2023 15497:10.1146/annurev.ea.04.050176.001405 15337:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 14933:(8th ed.). MacMillan. p. 14655:. Kalpaz Publications. p. 40. 14630:from the original on 15 August 2011 13871:from the original on 10 August 2023 13768:from the original on 26 August 2013 13308:from the original on 9 October 2020 12910: 12761:"Earth's location in the Milky Way" 12331:from the original on 28 August 2016 12081:10.1146/annurev.ea.09.050181.002215 11887:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 11724:from the original on 26 August 2013 11597:10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054658 11426:from the original on 28 August 2011 11195:from the original on 31 August 2011 11187:Duennebier, Fred (12 August 1999). 11137:from the original on 10 August 2011 10945:from the original on 9 January 2018 10862:from the original on 2 October 2015 10836:from the original on 3 January 2023 10772: 10617:from the original on 26 August 2022 10387:from the original on 19 August 2022 10357:from the original on 27 August 2022 10326:from the original on 26 August 2022 10186:Ocean Surface Topography from Space 9979:from the original on 20 August 2011 9905: 9746:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 9438:from the original on 27 August 2022 8851:; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; 8786:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 8585: 8503: 7838:Meteoritics & Planetary Science 7603:Reilly, Michael (22 October 2009). 6470:from the original on 12 August 2016 6296: 6100: 5308:were irrigated in 2015. Humans use 4818: 4799:around 55 °C (131 °F) in 4237:Asteroids and artificial satellites 3198:. Other notable plates include the 2918:, which together with parts of the 2820:, which are (in descending order): 2728:, and makes Earth with its dynamic 2235:found in 3.7 billion-year-old 1861:the Solar System formed and evolved 1389:, by analogy with the names of the 1154:of about 40,000 km. It is the 1009:. Most of Earth's land is somewhat 24: 21121: 18681: 17555: 17410:from the original on 31 March 2021 16859:from the original on 12 April 2022 16620:from the original on 11 April 2019 16166:Shayler, David; Vis, Bert (2005). 15997:. Associated Press. Archived from 15734:from the original on 31 March 2021 15186:Turner, John; et al. (2009). 14829:from the original on 27 March 2013 14795:from the original on 16 March 2013 14756:World Book Online Reference Center 14545:from the original on 27 April 2020 14283: 14057:from the original on 22 April 2015 13366:"Secular acceleration of the Moon" 13131:Chang, Kenneth (1 November 2023). 12827:from the original on 6 August 2023 12574:(15). 9 April 2015. Archived from 12304:from the original on 31 March 2021 12196:Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields 12175:from the original on 27 April 2020 12094:Olson, Peter; Amit, Hagay (2006). 11625:Morgan, J. W.; Anders, E. (1980). 11299:from the original on 8 August 2011 11222:from the original on 5 August 2011 11168:from the original on 22 March 2008 11106:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. 11032:. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. 10997:"Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks" 10994: 10313: 9975:. National Geodetic Survey, NOAA. 9844:Palmer, Jason (22 February 2008). 9546:Britt, Robert (25 February 2000). 9507:"Our Sun. III. Present and Future" 9096:from the original on 31 March 2021 8651:from the original on 31 March 2021 8514:American Museum of Natural History 8368:from the original on 31 March 2021 8306:from the original on 8 August 2017 7987:from the original on 27 April 2011 7859:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x 7418:Newman, William L. (9 July 2007). 6799:from the original on 23 March 2019 5162:Earth's land. In the 20th century 5117: 5108:melting of glaciers and ice sheets 3925:The Moon and Earth orbit a common 2996: 2516:List of highest mountains on Earth 2286:had cooled, its water-rich barren 2121:, and then intensified during the 2069:recycling of the continental crust 1925: 1787: 1156:densest planet in the Solar System 25: 23133: 20614:Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex 18496: 17532: 17018:Thematic Guide to World Mythology 16791:. 14 January 2021. Archived from 16789:World Meteorological Organization 16494:10.1038/scientificamerican0591-84 16449:from the original on 27 June 2019 16417:from the original on 27 June 2019 16382:from the original on 27 June 2019 16346:from the original on 27 June 2019 16237:from the original on 1 March 2023 15936:. 14 January 2019. Archived from 15760:. Elsevier Science. p. 212. 15588:from the original on 27 June 2019 15235:Morton, Oliver (26 August 2022). 15093:from the original on 2 April 2013 14957: 14539:Resources in Atmospheric Sciences 14407:from the original on 19 June 2017 14045:Perlman, Howard (17 March 2014). 13967:European Investment Bank (2019). 13754:Choi, Charles Q. (27 July 2011). 13493:Cooper, Keith (27 January 2015). 13000:Kang, Sarah M.; Seager, Richard. 12919:. University of Hawaii at Manoa. 12820:. The Aurora Research Institute. 12688:from the original on 13 June 2020 12661:from the original on 4 March 2016 12435:Origins of Magnetospheric Physics 12020:Sclater, John G; Parsons, Barry; 11110:from the original on 2 April 2016 11061:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 11027: 10963: 10888:from the original on 13 July 2015 10314:Ro, Christine (3 February 2020). 10246:"8(o) Introduction to the Oceans" 10196:from the original on 29 July 2021 10053:. Billiards Digest. 1 June 2013. 9887:from the original on 3 March 2023 9357:10.1038/scientificamerican1094-84 8708:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90 8591: 8520:from the original on 27 June 2019 6927:from the original on 16 July 2019 6279:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 6048:from the original on 2 April 2019 5768:Journal of African Earth Sciences 5656:. CSIRO Publishing. p. 144. 5425:of Earth are a quartered circle, 5378:Cultural and historical viewpoint 5238:, which extends human governance 5112:global rise in average sea levels 4893:loss of the atmosphere into space 3966:sphere of gravitational influence 3898:(AU) and is equal to roughly 8.3 3642: 3584:The mean heat loss from Earth is 2485: 1947:. Water vapor from these sources 1833:The oldest material found in the 1218:formed 4.5 billion years ago 721:Equatorial rotation velocity 23064: 23047: 23030: 23013: 22996: 22979: 22962: 22934: 22922: 22910: 22898: 22886: 22874: 22862: 22850: 22838: 22704: 22692: 22680: 21111: 21066: 21065: 20639: 20627: 20264: 20252: 20240: 18671: 18623: 18611: 18600: 18599: 18451: 18450: 18395:D’’ discontinuity (lower mantle) 18390:660 discontinuity (upper mantle) 18385:410 discontinuity (upper mantle) 18252: 18251: 17567: 17503: 17478: 17453: 17375: 17333: 17299: 17269: 17239: 17204: 17166: 17113: 17067: 17039: 16871: 16840: 16777: 16742: 16700: 16672: 16632: 16520: 16461: 16429: 16394: 16358: 16326: 16281: 16249: 16231:"Member States | United Nations" 16223: 16184: 16091: 16060: 15982: 15952: 15813: 15774: 15746: 15692: 15564: 15534: 15522:from the original on 28 May 2022 15503: 15228: 15179: 15130: 15105: 15053: 15028: 15003: 14978: 14871: 14841: 14705: 14669: 14447:from the original on 28 May 2018 14389: 14338:Sample, Sharron (21 June 2005). 14196:. Boston: Cengage. p. 329. 14185: 14171:. Boston: Cengage. p. 330. 14160: 14148:from the original on 26 May 2022 14118:from the original on 9 June 2022 14038: 14014:Khokhar, Tariq (22 March 2017). 14007: 13960: 13930: 13844: 13780: 13676: 13660:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18595.x 13576: 13519: 13486: 13474:from the original on 17 May 2018 13440:Laskar, J.; et al. (2004). 13384: 13320: 13296:Kelley, Peter (17 August 2017). 13289: 13226: 13093: 13063: 13030: 12993: 12962: 12942:Fisher, Rick (5 February 1996). 12839: 12804: 12779: 12556: 12433:Van Allen, James Alfred (2004). 12414:from the original on 3 July 2016 12410:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 12352:"How the Plasmasphere is Formed" 12343: 12316: 12289: 12212: 12052: 11965:Richards, M. A.; Duncan, R. A.; 11736: 11510:"Crustal Structure of the Earth" 11489:from the original on 29 May 2022 11468: 11048: 11036:from the original on 13 May 2011 10874: 10848: 10674: 10529: 10275:Janin, H.; Mandia, S.A. (2012). 10208: 10174: 9828:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x 9635:from the original on 4 July 2009 9331:"The Evolution of Life on Earth" 9235:. Elsevier Science. p. 56. 7810:from the original on 8 July 2019 7031:Dictionary of Northern Mythology 6715:Allen's Astrophysical Quantities 6673:Allen's Astrophysical Quantities 6257:from the original on 3 July 2022 6205:Allen's Astrophysical Quantities 5808: 5795: 5789:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.019 5473:Images of Earth taken from space 5440: 5426: 5156:humans have since been migrating 4973:and on land also with different 4915: 4680: 4662: 4156:The Moon is a relatively large, 4143:Earth and the Moon as seen from 3799:longer than the mean solar day. 3512: 2249:earliest direct evidence of life 2016:, which is thought to have been 1747: 1711: 1664: 1635: 1596: 1570: 1506: 1436: 1410: 1207:gradually slows Earth's rotation 22580:Gravitationally rounded objects 20388:Other articles related to Earth 20140:Gravitationally rounded objects 17959:Human impact on the environment 17622:on YouTube – Earth (time-lapse) 14859:from the original on 8 May 2013 14311:Scott, Michon (24 April 2006). 14253:Mullen, Leslie (11 June 2002). 13588:"The Solar Eclipse Coincidence" 13263:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.09.002 13100:Brown, Toby (2 December 2019). 13037:Klemetti, Erik (17 June 2019). 12969:Buis, Alan (27 February 2020). 12600:Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (1992). 12466:Stern, David P. (8 July 2005). 12194:Campbell, Wallace Hall (2003). 12026:Journal of Geophysical Research 11779:simulation of the Earth's core" 11750:. 25 April 2013. Archived from 11748:The European Synchrotron (ESRF) 11603:from the original on 7 May 2020 11216:"Age of the Ocean Floor Poster" 10882:"World Bank permanent cropland" 10642:Encyclopedia of World Geography 10433:10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.11.017 10140: 10072: 10040: 10025:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102896 9991: 9899: 9569:Li, King-Fai; Pahlevan, Kaveh; 9383: 9224: 9199: 9108: 9090:University of Wisconsin–Madison 9077: 9001: 8960: 8907: 8841: 8645:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.08.017 8612: 8532: 8497: 8483:10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.05.003 8100:from the original on 6 May 2023 7866: 7786: 7749: 7688: 7539: 7496: 7422:. Publications Services, USGS. 7318: 7284: 7250: 7216: 7182: 7148: 7114: 7080: 7051: 7019: 6939: 6900: 6888:from the original on 1 May 2018 6811: 6551:"Planetary Physical Parameters" 6180:from the original on 8 May 2013 5732: 5723: 5322:Human impact on the environment 4942:(low in purple; high in yellow) 3418:object with the highest density 3395:Beneath the lithosphere is the 3170:The seven major plates are the 3119:, two plates come together; at 2951:topography of the ocean surface 2528:, as in common topographic maps 1028:retain more water than Earth's 17900: 17788:Climate variability and change 17015:Stookey, Lorena Laura (2004). 16682:; Tate-Stratton, Dani (2014). 16297:. Lynne Reiner. pp. 1–4. 15873:Environmental Research Letters 14571:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 14535:"The height of the tropopause" 14194:Earth Science: An Introduction 14169:Earth Science: An Introduction 12851:Australian Antarctic Programme 12404:"Ionosphere and magnetosphere" 12296:Masson, Arnaud (11 May 2007). 9875:Horner, Jonti (16 July 2021). 8631:(27–28). Elsevier: 3677–3682. 8192:Continents and Supercontinents 8070:"The composition of the Earth" 7033:. Translated by Hall, Angela. 6758:. 18 July 2013. Archived from 6234: 5693:, and mapping conventions for 5485:action on environmental issues 5483:, humans have started to take 5250:Natural resources and land use 5246:, and therefore all of Earth. 5236:intergovernmental organization 4811:−89 °C (−128 °F) in 4775:system has five broad groups ( 4689:Köppen climate classifications 4575:has significantly altered its 4357: 4018:is facing the Sun, and in the 3581:that are rarely formed today. 2266:An artist's impression of the 1997:, featuring its tinted orange 1471:, languages that evolved from 1258:causing widespread extinctions 1131:, allowing components such as 13: 1: 18224:Evolution of the Solar System 17604:– Solar System Exploration – 17429:Arnett, Bill (16 July 2006). 16468:Brimhall, George (May 1991). 15894:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002 15542:"NASA Astrobiology Institute" 14401:NOAA's National Ocean Service 13896:"The Volume of Earth's Ocean" 13826:Union of Concerned Scientists 13332:NASA Solar System Exploration 11515:. In Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.). 11131:"Understanding plate motions" 10345:Smith, Yvette (7 June 2021). 10152:"The 'Highest' Spot on Earth" 9971:Milbert, D. G.; Smith, D. A. 9850:NewScientist.com news service 9181:Lunar and Planetary Institute 8979:Mindspark Interactive Network 8354:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00055-X 8237:10.1126/science.164.3885.1229 7799:Lunar and Planetary Institute 7770:10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_869 7468:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 6377:. In Ahrens, Thomas J (ed.). 6063: 6035:Orbital Debris Quarterly News 5935:is an astronomical unit, and 5572:List of Solar System extremes 5082:), loss of wildlife, species 4773:Köppen climate classification 4502: 4493:extraterrestrial liquid water 4162:planet-like natural satellite 3972:and orbits about 28,000 1867:partitions a volume out of a 1564:has become common due to the 1046:Earth has a liquid outer core 36:Planet Earth (disambiguation) 17964:Evolutionary history of life 17151:10.3402/tellusa.v26i1-2.9731 17099:10.1016/0004-6981(72)90076-5 17053:. Basic Books. p. 255. 16480:(5). Nature America: 84–91. 14930:Life, the Science of Biology 14789:"The Earth's Climate System" 14567:; Hester, Ronald E. (2002). 13555:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.017 12917:Survey of Astronomy AST110-6 12876:Bromberg, Irv (1 May 2008). 12523:10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/1906 12437:. University of Iowa Press. 12402:McElroy, Michael B. (2012). 11991:10.1126/science.246.4926.103 11907:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90028-0 11853:; Schubert, G. (2002). "4". 11577:Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci 11295:. Texas A&M University. 10824:Cain, Fraser (1 June 2010). 10406:Lunine, Jonathan I. (2017). 9022:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 8679:"Uprooting the tree of life" 8397:Philosophical Transactions A 8094:10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4 7762:Encyclopedia of Astrobiology 7727:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.003 6871:"World: Highest Temperature" 6282:(81st ed.). CRC Press. 5654:Probing the New Solar System 5342:in the atmosphere, altering 5288:, resulting from actions of 5188:of Earth, partly due to the 4839:in white and blue. Next the 4478:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 4116:Satellite system (astronomy) 3904:Earth's distance to the Moon 3626:The gravity of Earth is the 3588:, for a global heat loss of 3519:Earth's internal heat budget 2198:development of complex cells 2145:Origin of life and evolution 2030:mineral zircon of Hadean age 1993:, an artist's impression of 1802: 1263: 1228:, the ocean formed and then 7: 23117:Planets of the Solar System 22675:Outline of the Solar System 22438:Interplanetary medium/space 20235:Outline of the Solar System 19998:Interplanetary medium/space 17510:Burchfield, Joe D. (1990). 17382:Garwood, Christine (2008). 16371:European Environment Agency 16288:Smith, Courtney B. (2006). 16067:Lutz, Ashley (4 May 2012). 15607:Hillebrand, Helmut (2004). 12096:"Changes in earth's dipole" 11446:"The Crust and Lithosphere" 11420:"The Interior of the Earth" 11156:Seligman, Courtney (2008). 10748:National Geographic Society 10381:National Geographic Society 9948:. NOAA/NGDC. Archived from 9906:Lea, Robert (6 July 2021). 9742:"The fate of Earth's ocean" 6782:"World: Lowest Temperature" 6610:Williams, James G. (1994). 5646:is the semi-major axis and 5544: 5498:was gradually displaced in 5453:. In many cultures it is a 5412:International Space Station 5182:density of human population 4797:air temperature can rise to 4352:International Space Station 4150:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 3753: 3233:Internal structure of Earth 2738:Antarctic or Southern Ocean 2664:Antarctic or Southern Ocean 2113:The most recent pattern of 1932:Geological history of Earth 1863:with the Sun. In theory, a 1798:Timeline of natural history 1530:) of the Greek poetic name 1290:. It has cognates in every 1105:energy from the Sun's light 371:Argument of perihelion 10: 23138: 23107:Global natural environment 22391:Extraterrestrial materials 19951:Extraterrestrial materials 18380:Mohorovičić (crust–mantle) 17051:The Vanishing Face of Gaia 16644:"Summary for Policymakers" 15089:. University of Illinois. 14622:Pidwirny, Michael (2006). 14315:. NASA Earth Observatory. 14259:NASA Astrobiology Magazine 13792:Great Shefford Observatory 13467:10.1051/0004-6361:20041335 13446:Astronomy and Astrophysics 13192:10.1038/s41586-023-06589-1 12811:Burn, Chris (March 1996). 12379:Basic Space Plasma Physics 12325:"The Earth's Plasmasphere" 11508:Tanimoto, Toshiro (1995). 10408:"Ocean worlds exploration" 10182:"Ocean Surface Topography" 10124:(5): 16–21. Archived from 9416:10.1038/s41586-022-04901-z 8780:; Marshall, L. C. (1965). 8625:Quaternary Science Reviews 6491:"How WGS 84 defines Earth" 6082:Astronomy and Astrophysics 5831:Astronomy and Astrophysics 5587:Timeline of the far future 5516:the center of the universe 5381: 5319: 5316:Humans and the environment 5253: 5142:at night on a map of Earth 5140:artificial light emissions 5127: 5121: 4919: 4851:and the lower edge of the 4647: 4597:conversion of atmospheric 4506: 4361: 4240: 4168:is larger relative to the 4124: 4113: 3991: 3856: 3792:, each day varies between 3757: 3661:flowing from left to right 3646: 3632:gravitational acceleration 3619: 3516: 3433: 3427: 3230: 3000: 2615: 2611: 2513: 2495: 2489: 2478: 2442:100–900 million years 2387: 2381: 2370:, led to humans having an 2364:development of agriculture 2148: 2020:in composition. The first 1939:and oceans were formed by 1929: 1806: 1791: 1538: 1298:has been reconstructed as 29: 22711:Earth sciences portal 22670: 22625: 22562: 22433:Interplanetary dust cloud 22312: 22148: 22078: 21789: 21731: 21424: 21277: 21119: 21061: 20974: 20933: 20924: 20881: 20803: 20745: 20695: 20622: 20548: 20433: 20393: 20271:Earth sciences portal 20230: 20185: 20122: 19993:Interplanetary dust cloud 19872: 19708: 19638: 19349: 19291: 18984: 18837: 18679: 18595: 18522: 18504: 18446: 18413: 18372: 18305: 18247: 18214: 18198: 18155: 18100: 18042: 17977: 17924: 17854: 17806: 17763: 17710: 17692: 17684: 17485:Henshaw, John M. (2014). 16908:10.1038/s41893-018-0021-4 16442:World Nuclear Association 15781:Alexander, David (1993). 15164:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1 14909:10.1175/bams-d-14-00265.1 14750:Moran, Joseph M. (2005). 14541:. University of Wyoming. 14493:10.1109/tgrs.2012.2227333 14340:"Sea Surface Temperature" 14313:"Earth's Big heat Bucket" 14255:"Salt of the Early Earth" 14051:USGS Water-Science School 13857:. ABC-CLIO. p. 126. 12300:. European Space Agency. 12123:10.1007/s00114-006-0138-6 11450:London Geological Society 10636:R.W. McColl, ed. (2005). 10250:www.physicalgeography.net 10112:Senne, Joseph H. (2000). 9718:10.1017/S1473550419000120 9231:Cabej, Nelson R. (2019). 8297:10.1080/08120099108727995 8258:Armstrong, R. L. (1991). 7581:10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x 7299:Oxford English Dictionary 7265:Oxford English Dictionary 7231:Oxford English Dictionary 7197:Oxford English Dictionary 7163:Oxford English Dictionary 7129:Oxford English Dictionary 7095:Oxford English Dictionary 6987:Oxford English Dictionary 6947:"What Is Climate Change?" 6756:American Chemical Society 6676:. Springer. p. 296. 6555:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6241:Park, Ryan (9 May 2022). 6208:. Springer. p. 294. 5457:that is also the primary 5433:four corners of the world 5414:on 11 September 2010 5350:, has contributed to the 5218:(countries) separated by 5150:in Eastern Africa 300,000 5146:Originating from earlier 5034:Extreme weather, such as 4979:Earth's species diversity 4612:. The ozone layer blocks 4552:, 20.946% oxygen, 0.934% 4372:A view of Earth with its 4321:around the Sun. The tiny 4315:Lagrange triangular point 3838:of mean solar time (UT1) 3727:Van Allen radiation belts 3538:The major heat-producing 3386:Mohorovičić discontinuity 3242: 3238:Geologic layers of Earth 2910:The land surface and the 2533:Earth has a rounded shape 2446:runaway greenhouse effect 2377: 2255:rocks showing fossils of 2155:Earliest known life forms 1220:from gas and dust in the 880: 861: 856: 841: 827: 788: 772: 747: 729: 719: 694: 676: 662: 650: 623: 610: 591: 572: 519: 484: 460: 441: 422: 404: 399: 386: 368: 356: 337: 287: 273: 258: 216:Orbital period (sidereal) 213: 198: 177: 158: 139: 129: 122: 112: 102: 74: 69: 48: 27:Third planet from the Sun 22724:Local Interstellar Cloud 21442:other near-Earth objects 20453:Local Interstellar Cloud 20284:Local Interstellar Cloud 19002:other near-Earth objects 18433:Gutenberg (upper mantle) 18414:Regional discontinuities 18234:Location in the Universe 18165:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 17864:List of sovereign states 15930:"Global Warming Effects" 15672:Staff (September 2003). 15085:Various (21 July 1997). 14595:Staff (8 October 2003). 13818:"UCS Satellite Database" 13619:Christou, Apostolos A.; 12502:The Astronomical Journal 11191:. University of Hawaii. 10856:"World Bank arable land" 10418:. Elsevier BV: 123–130. 10347:"Earth Is a Water World" 10316:"Is It Ocean Or Oceans?" 9206:Brooke, John L. (2014). 8546:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7062:(1st ed.). Oxford: 6882:Arizona State University 6793:Arizona State University 6616:The Astronomical Journal 6444:; Petit, Gérard (eds.). 6308:The Astronomical Almanac 5652:Wilkinson, John (2009). 5593: 5388:Earth in science fiction 5234:, the leading worldwide 4969:, planetary temperature 4723:thermohaline circulation 4409:; the remaining 2.5% is 3852: 3495:gravitational separation 2475:Physical characteristics 2390:Global catastrophic risk 2170:arose. The evolution of 1851:(billion years) ago. By 1338:, Earth may have been a 1284:noun most often spelled 1176:Earth's axis of rotation 844:Absolute magnitude 778:255 K (−18 °C) 697:Sidereal rotation period 653:Moment of inertia factor 400:Physical characteristics 22687:Solar System portal 22413:Giant-impact hypothesis 22020:Trans-Neptunian objects 20247:Solar System portal 19973:Giant-impact hypothesis 19580:Trans-Neptunian objects 17628:on YouTube – Earth and 17079:Atmospheric Environment 16721:Sixth Assessment Report 16572:10.1126/science.1080679 15758:Oceans and Human Health 15415:10.1126/science.1061976 14649:Gaan, Narottam (2008). 13973:. Publications Office. 13913:10.5670/oceanog.2010.51 13458:2004A&A...428..261L 13391:Williams, G.E. (2000). 12655:"Planetary Fact Sheets" 12408:Encyclopædia Britannica 12046:10.1029/JB086iB12p11535 11899:1994E&PSL.121....1V 11652:10.1073/pnas.77.12.6973 11055:Martin, Ronald (2011). 10499:10.1126/science.abh4289 9767:10.5194/hess-5-569-2001 9607:10.1073/pnas.0809436106 9286:10.1073/pnas.1613094113 9144:10.1073/pnas.1718063115 9043:10.1073/pnas.1517557112 8560:10.1073/pnas.1702143114 8160:10.1126/science.1117926 8025:10.1073/pnas.0608561103 7899:10.1126/science.aba1948 7850:2000M&PS...35.1309M 7337:Oxford University Press 7304:Oxford University Press 7270:Oxford University Press 7236:Oxford University Press 7202:Oxford University Press 7168:Oxford University Press 7134:Oxford University Press 7100:Oxford University Press 7064:Oxford University Press 6995:Oxford University Press 6447:IERS Conventions (2003) 6116:Staff (13 March 2021). 6094:1994A&A...282..663S 5843:1982A&A...105..359A 5814:Locally varies between 5801:Locally varies between 5312:to construct shelters. 5274:non-renewable resources 4700:atmospheric circulation 4581:Oxygenic photosynthesis 4421:. The remaining 30% is 4278:population consists of 4177:giant-impact hypothesis 4120: 3994:Axial tilt § Earth 2784:, and a globe-spanning 2561:it has the shape of an 2537:hydrostatic equilibrium 1236:two billion years ago. 679:Synodic rotation period 359:Time of perihelion 124:Orbital characteristics 22575:Possible dwarf planets 22418:Gravitational collapse 22356:Circumstellar envelope 21161: 20565:To the Moon and Beyond 20135:Possible dwarf planets 19978:Gravitational collapse 19916:Circumstellar envelope 18721: 18438:Lehmann (upper mantle) 18373:Global discontinuities 17651:(University of Sydney) 17563: 17539:Listen to this article 15863:; Carlton, J. Stuart; 15706:; Gupta, S.R. (2013). 15674:"Astrobiology Roadmap" 15087:"The Hydrologic Cycle" 14599:. NASA. Archived from 14342:. NASA. Archived from 14192:Hendrix, Mark (2019). 14167:Hendrix, Mark (2019). 14138:"Freshwater Resources" 13890:Charette, Matthew A.; 13368:. NASA. Archived from 12911:Lin, Haosheng (2006). 12763:. NASA. Archived from 12470:. NASA. Archived from 11806:10.1098/rsta.2002.0992 11687:The Inaccessible Earth 11386:10.1073/pnas.76.9.4192 11359:Jordan, T. H. (1979). 11189:"Pacific Plate Motion" 10718:NASA Earth Observatory 10541:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov 10220:National Ocean Service 8825:. NASA. Archived from 8417:10.1098/rsta.2017.0403 7973:Staff (4 March 2010). 7832:; et al. (2000). 7758:Morbidelli, Alessandro 6821:; Harpham, C. (2013). 6000: 5931:is the mass of Earth, 5921: 5750:, would feel smoother. 5415: 5335: 5269: 5143: 5070:, loss of vegetation ( 5054:, volcanic eruptions, 5031: 4943: 4860: 4785:humid middle latitudes 4537: 4389: 4271: 4247:Claimed moons of Earth 4153: 4003: 3988:Axial tilt and seasons 3887: 3773: 3702:of the main field and 3687:magnetic dipole moment 3662: 3649:Earth's magnetic field 3558:(52 million 3535: 3248: 3096: 2689: 2675: 2567:bulging at its Equator 2529: 2420:inorganic carbon cycle 2416:3.5 billion years 2412:1.1 billion years 2407: 2303: 2280:Late Heavy Bombardment 2005: 1977:Earth's magnetic field 1920:Late Heavy Bombardment 1830: 1166:away from the Sun and 982:, the only one in the 714:(23h 56 m 4.100s) 32:Earth (disambiguation) 18:Formation of the Earth 22784:Laniakea Supercluster 22401:Sample-return mission 21160: 20583:(1968 and 1977 films) 20513:Laniakea Supercluster 20344:Laniakea Supercluster 19961:Sample-return mission 18720: 18532:Environmental science 17944:Biogeochemical cycles 17869:dependent territories 17562: 16888:Nature Sustainability 16880:Steinberger, Julia K. 16470:"The Genesis of Ores" 15546:astrobiology.nasa.gov 15381:McKay, Christopher P. 14230:10.1201/9781420038484 13720:10.1093/mnras/stw1972 13397:Reviews of Geophysics 13243:Earth-Science Reviews 12886:University of Toronto 12225:Reviews of Geophysics 11932:Reviews of Geophysics 11571:Deuss, Arwen (2014). 11266:10.1007/s004100050465 10966:"Layers of the Earth" 10118:Professional Surveyor 10004:Earth-Science Reviews 9571:Kirschvink, Joseph L. 9511:Astrophysical Journal 9177:"Earth-Moon Dynamics" 8883:10.1089/ast.2013.1030 8453:Earth-Science Reviews 7560:Space Science Reviews 7333:UK English Dictionary 6349:11 March 2020 at the 6336:World Geodetic System 6028:"Satellite Box Score" 6001: 5922: 5708:26 March 2015 at the 5445:. Earth is sometimes 5395: 5344:Earth's energy budget 5333: 5267: 5138:A composite image of 5137: 5022: 4959:Great Oxidation Event 4933: 4826: 4516: 4497:large bodies of water 4460:and other landforms. 4371: 4257:artificial satellites 4254: 4142: 4114:Further information: 4001: 3870: 3767: 3656: 3526: 3428:Further information: 3247: 3117:convergent boundaries 3079:Indo-Australian Plate 3010: 2742:Earth's oceanic crust 2713:into the continental 2681: 2653: 2616:Further information: 2523: 2502:Earth's circumference 2496:Further information: 2479:Further information: 2397: 2265: 2216:evidence for life is 2210:ultraviolet radiation 1989: 1820: 1807:Further information: 1738:, and from the Latin 1234:Great Oxidation Event 1119:, producing a global 882:Composition by volume 782:blackbody temperature 22699:Astronomy portal 22600:Solar System objects 22346:Circumplanetary disk 20946:Evolutionary history 20259:Astronomy portal 20160:Solar System objects 19906:Circumplanetary disk 18400:Core–mantle boundary 17992:Computer cartography 17725:Prebiotic atmosphere 17602:Earth – Profile 17594:More spoken articles 17176:(21 December 2018). 16952:(24 December 2018). 15865:Lewandowsky, Stephan 15213:10.1029/2009JD012104 14679:(20 December 2018). 14597:"Earth's Atmosphere" 14083:. 28 February 2016. 13828:. 1 September 2021. 13418:10.1029/1999RG900016 13235:Lacovara, Kenneth J. 13077:. 19 December 2019. 12245:10.1002/2017RG000590 11720:. UC Berkeley News. 11345:10.1029/2011GC003751 10795:10.1029/2021jf006123 10216:"What is the geoid?" 10079:Tewksbury, Barbara. 7401:The Age of the Earth 6710:Allen, Clabon Walter 6668:Allen, Clabon Walter 6200:Allen, Clabon Walter 5943: 5863: 5423:astronomical symbols 5397:Tracy Caldwell Dyson 5363:planetary boundaries 5203:presences and a few 5062:, floods, droughts, 4999:extremely arid areas 4753:decrease with height 4542:atmospheric pressure 4276:co-orbital asteroids 4085:quasiperiodic motion 3935:celestial north pole 3818:of mean solar time ( 3780:of mean solar time ( 3424:Chemical composition 3125:transform boundaries 3121:divergent boundaries 3090:South American Plate 3046:North American Plate 3012:Earth's major plates 2983:biological processes 2965:processes including 2834:Australia (landmass) 2662:(grey) covering the 2465:5 billion years 2422:, possibly reducing 1493:. The Latinate form 1371:Early Modern English 1363:Early Middle English 1065:a dynamic atmosphere 1032:, lakes, rivers and 23122:Terrestrial planets 22798:Observable universe 22595:Solar System models 22525:Protoplanetary disk 22448:Interstellar medium 22408:Frost/Ice/Snow line 20883:Natural environment 20527:Observable universe 20358:Observable universe 20155:Solar System models 20085:Protoplanetary disk 20008:Interstellar medium 19968:Frost/Ice/Snow line 18527:Atmospheric science 18405:Inner-core boundary 18328:Lithospheric mantle 18135:Geologic time scale 17856:Culture and society 17720:Atmosphere of Earth 17142:1974Tell...26....2L 17091:1972AtmEn...6..579L 16900:2018NatSu...1...88O 16795:on 29 November 2023 16528:Lunine, Jonathan I. 16486:1991SciAm.264e..84B 16474:Scientific American 15964:humanorigins.si.edu 15934:National Geographic 15885:2016ERL....11d8002C 15616:American Naturalist 15516:National Geographic 15489:1976AREPS...4..265H 15452:on 29 November 2012 15397:2001Sci...293..839C 15349:1974JAtS...31.1118L 15204:2009JGRD..11424102T 15155:2013BAMS...94..199E 14900:2016BAMS...97.1265C 14878:Coddington, Odele; 14785:Berger, Wolfgang H. 14762:on 13 December 2010 14686:National Geographic 14484:2013ITGRS..51.3826K 14286:"Oceanic Processes" 14218:Kennish, Michael J. 14047:"The World's Water" 13892:Smith, Walter H. F. 13711:2016MNRAS.462.3441D 13651:2011MNRAS.414.2965C 13593:Scientific American 13528:Mitrovica, Jerry X. 13409:2000RvGeo..38...37W 13364:(7 February 2007). 13255:2009ESRv...97...59C 13184:2023Natur.623...95Y 13009:Columbia University 12892:on 18 December 2008 12731:2006LNEA....2...49V 12514:2008AJ....136.1906M 12494:McCarthy, Dennis D. 12474:on 14 February 2013 12358:on 15 November 2016 12237:2018RvGeo..56..309G 12169:"MHD dynamo theory" 12115:2006NW.....93..519O 12103:Naturwissenschaften 12073:1981AREPS...9..415W 12038:1981JGR....8611535S 11983:1989Sci...246..103R 11944:1993RvGeo..31..267P 11798:2002RSPTA.360.1227A 11792:(1795): 1227–1244. 11643:1980PNAS...77.6973M 11589:2014AREPS..42..103D 11525:1995geph.conf.....A 11482:National Geographic 11377:1979PNAS...76.4192J 11336:2011GGG....1211001A 11258:1999CoMP..134....3B 10976:on 11 February 2013 10928:2012GSAT...12l...4H 10787:2021JGRF..12606123O 10547:on 15 November 2023 10424:2017AcAau.131..123L 10086:Carleton University 10016:2019ESRv..19702896S 9942:Smith, Walter H. F. 9908:"How big is Earth?" 9819:2008MNRAS.386..155S 9758:2001HESS....5..569B 9709:2020IJAsB..19...25D 9598:2009PNAS..106.9576L 9523:1993ApJ...418..457S 9471:2007GSAB..119..140W 9408:2022Natur.609...94D 9349:1994SciAm.271d..84G 9336:Scientific American 9277:2016PNAS..113E6325S 9271:(42): E6325–E6334. 9135:2018PNAS..115...53S 9034:2015PNAS..11214518B 9016:(19 October 2015). 8930:2014NatGe...7...25O 8875:2013AsBio..13.1103N 8855:(8 November 2013). 8798:1965JAtS...22..225B 8700:2000SciAm.282b..90D 8687:Scientific American 8637:2010QSRv...29.3677T 8553:(50): 13114–13119. 8465:2011ESRv..108...16B 8409:2018RSPTA.37670403D 8346:2000Tectp.322...19D 8279:1991AuJES..38..613A 8229:1969Sci...164.1229H 8223:(3885): 1229–1242. 8151:2005Sci...310.1947H 8145:(5756): 1947–1950. 8086:1995ChGeo.120..223M 8018:(48): 18035–18042. 7950:2002ASPC..269...85G 7891:2020Sci...369.1110P 7885:(6507): 1110–1113. 7719:2014Icar..242..316M 7658:2001Natur.412..708C 7572:2019SSRv..215...54T 7521:2018LPICo2084.4034R 7460:2001GSLSP.190..205D 7440:Dalrymple, G. Brent 7397:Dalrymple, G. Brent 7372:2010NatGe...3..637B 7302:(Online ed.). 7268:(Online ed.). 7234:(Online ed.). 7200:(Online ed.). 7166:(Online ed.). 7132:(Online ed.). 7098:(Online ed.). 6839:2013JGRD..118.3213J 6628:1994AJ....108..711W 6599:on 5 February 2009. 6442:McCarthy, Dennis D. 6387:1995geph.conf.....A 5781:2005JAfES..43..379C 5431:, representing the 5367:Biosphere integrity 5352:melting of glaciers 5228:remaining unclaimed 5209:stayed beyond Earth 5186:Northern Hemisphere 4749:proximity to oceans 4644:Weather and climate 4509:Atmosphere of Earth 4323:near-Earth asteroid 4313:around the leading 4104:Milankovitch cycles 4024:Tropic of Capricorn 4020:Southern Hemisphere 4014:occurring when the 4012:Northern Hemisphere 3836:86,164.0905 seconds 3816:86,164.0989 seconds 3616:Gravitational field 3407:lies above a solid 3239: 2949:comprises both the 2924:Earth's lithosphere 2788:system. At Earth's 2770:submarine volcanoes 2760:with features like 2709:hemispheres; or by 2668:Antarctic ice sheet 2492:Figure of the Earth 2440:) in approximately 2360:evolution of humans 2332:Holocene extinction 2312:1000 to 539 Ma 2139:Last Glacial Period 1881:primordial nuclides 1827:protoplanetary disk 1706:, and (via French) 1475:, like Italian and 1340:personified goddess 1044:, and earthquakes. 972:astronomical object 689:(24h 00 m 00s) 45: 22778:Virgo Supercluster 22759:Milky Way subgroup 22590:Natural satellites 22473:Nebular hypothesis 22453:Interstellar space 22443:Interstellar cloud 22351:Circumstellar disc 21941:Near-Earth objects 21825:names and meanings 21162: 20609:Order of magnitude 20591:(1996 documentary) 20507:Virgo Supercluster 20488:Milky Way subgroup 20338:Virgo Supercluster 20319:Milky Way subgroup 20150:Natural satellites 20033:Nebular hypothesis 20013:Interstellar space 20003:Interstellar cloud 19911:Circumstellar disc 19501:Near-Earth objects 19385:names and meanings 18722: 18577:Physical geography 18299:Structure of Earth 18130:Geological history 18004:Geodetic astronomy 17564: 17253:. 7 October 2021. 17218:The New York Times 17183:The New York Times 17075:Lovelock, James E. 17047:Lovelock, James E. 16959:The New York Times 16233:. United Nations. 16001:on 31 October 2011 15940:on 18 January 2017 15446:"History of Earth" 15305:on 15 January 2010 15241:Collins Wörterbuch 14849:"Earth Fact Sheet" 14144:. 18 August 2022. 14077:"Where Are Lakes?" 13798:on 6 February 2015 13673:See table 2, p. 5. 13564:on 1 December 2020 13138:The New York Times 11552:on 16 October 2006 11242:Bowring, Samuel A. 10936:10.1130/GSAT151A.1 9028:(47): 14518–4521. 8829:on 11 October 2011 8749:The New York Times 8742:(3 October 2013). 8671:Doolittle, W. Ford 7756:Claeys, Philippe; 7420:"Age of the Earth" 6848:10.1002/jgrd.50359 6762:on 27 January 2023 6414:on 16 October 2006 6174:"Earth Fact Sheet" 6118:"Useful Constants" 5996: 5917: 5539:radioactive dating 5416: 5336: 5310:building materials 5270: 5175:sub-Saharan Africa 5144: 5102:. This is driving 5032: 4944: 4895:. Because unfixed 4861: 4809:can fall as low as 4771:The commonly used 4715:Ocean heat content 4538: 4393:approximately 1.35 4390: 4292:469219 Kamoʻoalewa 4272: 4154: 4004: 3892:inner Solar System 3888: 3790:tidal deceleration 3774: 3770:time lapse imagery 3749:Orbit and rotation 3663: 3536: 3501:. Over 99% of the 3249: 3237: 3227:Internal structure 3111:, is divided into 3097: 2826:America (landmass) 2690: 2676: 2548:terrestrial object 2530: 2408: 2372:influence on Earth 2344:an asteroid impact 2320:Cambrian explosion 2304: 2164:Chemical reactions 2006: 1969:current luminosity 1937:Earth's atmosphere 1900:leading hypothesis 1873:circumstellar disk 1831: 1334:/Tellūs and Greek 1326:: the ground, its 1222:early Solar System 986:sustaining liquid 43: 22826: 22825: 22820: 22819: 22665: 22664: 22661: 22660: 22638:Lagrangian points 22610:by discovery date 22208:Human spaceflight 22179:historical models 22072: 22071: 21697:S/2015 (136472) 1 21079: 21078: 21057: 21056: 20730:chemical elements 20654: 20653: 20427:Location of Earth 20380: 20379: 20225: 20224: 20221: 20220: 20198:Lagrangian points 20170:by discovery date 19768:Human spaceflight 19739:historical models 19632: 19631: 19257:S/2015 (136472) 1 18639: 18638: 18464: 18463: 18426:continental crust 18265: 18264: 18216:Planetary science 18199:Natural satellite 18120:Extremes on Earth 18087:Signal processing 17640:, interactive map 17611:Earth Observatory 17560: 17521:978-0-226-08043-7 17496:978-1-4214-1491-1 17471:978-0-495-01148-4 17395:978-0-312-38208-7 17356:978-0-87220-575-8 17326:978-1-5315-0413-7 17283:. 16 April 2020. 17227:on 1 January 2022 17192:on 1 January 2022 17060:978-0-465-01549-8 17032:978-0-313-31505-3 16998:978-91-972705-0-2 16968:on 1 January 2022 16755:Earth Observatory 16693:978-1-4598-0742-6 16614:Our World in Data 16566:(5607): 673–674. 16541:978-0-521-61519-8 16378:. 20 April 2016. 16304:978-1-58826-323-0 16274:978-0-571-29072-7 16177:978-0-387-21894-6 16141:Our World in Data 16109:on 6 January 2019 15834:978-0-262-57138-8 15794:978-1-317-93881-1 15784:Natural Disasters 15767:978-0-08-087782-2 15719:978-93-83746-00-2 15391:(5531): 839–843. 15373:Catling, David C. 15123:978-1-284-12656-3 15071:978-1-284-12656-3 15046:978-1-284-12656-3 15021:978-1-284-12656-3 14996:978-1-284-12656-3 14944:978-0-7167-7671-0 14925:Orians, Gordon H. 14815:Rahmstorf, Stefan 14662:978-81-7835-641-9 14578:978-0-85404-265-4 14239:978-0-8493-2391-1 14203:978-0-357-11656-2 14178:978-0-357-11656-2 13864:978-1-61069-094-2 13623:(31 March 2011). 12950:on 18 August 2011 12797:978-1-284-12656-3 12740:on 17 August 2011 12682:"Moon Fact Sheet" 12636:978-0-03-006228-5 12611:978-0-935702-68-2 12444:978-0-87745-921-7 12388:978-1-86094-079-8 12205:978-0-521-82206-0 11977:(4926): 103–107. 11967:Courtillot, V. E. 11952:10.1029/93RG01249 11928:Pollack, Henry N. 11916:on 19 March 2012. 11864:978-0-521-66624-4 11701:978-0-04-550028-4 11637:(12): 6973–6977. 11542:978-0-87590-851-9 11164:. cseligman.com. 11068:978-0-7637-8001-2 10750:. 6 August 2006. 10651:978-0-8160-7229-3 10579:978-0-520-28989-5 10466:on 27 August 2022 10412:Acta Astronautica 10288:978-0-7864-5956-8 9940:Sandwell, D. T.; 9918:on 9 January 2024 9674:978-0-8050-6781-1 9592:(24): 9576–9579. 9327:Gould, Stephen J. 9242:978-0-12-814312-4 9217:978-0-521-87164-8 9010:Harrison, T. Mark 8989:on 18 August 2016 8917:Nature Geoscience 8869:(12): 1103–1124. 8758:on 3 October 2013 8677:(February 2000). 8201:978-0-19-516589-0 8127:Blichert-Toft, J. 7959:978-1-58381-109-2 7779:978-3-642-11271-3 7652:(6848): 708–712. 7615:on 9 January 2010 7548:Joy, Katherine H. 7410:978-0-8047-1569-0 7360:Nature Geoscience 7356:Wadhwa, Meenakshi 7354:Bouvier, Audrey; 7343:on 31 March 2021. 7310:(Subscription or 7276:(Subscription or 7242:(Subscription or 7208:(Subscription or 7174:(Subscription or 7140:(Subscription or 7106:(Subscription or 7073:978-0-19-861263-6 7044:978-0-85991-513-7 7012:978-0-19-957112-3 6920:978-92-1-142274-0 6725:978-0-387-98746-0 6683:978-0-387-98746-0 6584:(2008 ed.). 6460:978-3-89888-884-4 6404:978-0-87590-851-9 6314:on 26 August 2013 6289:978-0-8493-0481-1 6215:978-0-387-98746-0 5987: 5973: 5914: 5900: 5803:5 and 200 km 5663:978-0-643-09949-4 5567:Extremes on Earth 5502:by the idea of a 5481:Earth observation 5356:rising sea levels 5306:percentage points 5220:political borders 5180:Distribution and 5036:tropical cyclones 5006:organic molecules 4989:. While freezing 4903:, it can achieve 4831:illuminating the 4621:greenhouse effect 4593:aerobic organisms 4282:: objects with a 4243:Near-Earth object 4196:tidal interaction 4135:Orbit of the Moon 4110:Earth–Moon system 3922:about 3.5 hours. 3896:astronomical unit 3847:celestial equator 3719:Charged particles 3700:secular variation 3637:gravity anomalies 3571:mantle convection 3542:within Earth are 3507:silicate minerals 3443:is approximately 3366: 3365: 3216:50 and 55 Ma 3133:mountain-building 3129:volcanic activity 2778:submarine canyons 2754:continental crust 2732:a water world or 2670:(white) covering 2660:Antarctic sea ice 2618:Planetary surface 2438:C4 photosynthesis 2243:, and remains of 2241:Western Greenland 2226:Western Australia 2037:sedimentary rocks 2024:, which was more 2022:continental crust 1941:volcanic activity 1469:Romance languages 1381:was also written 1344:Germanic paganism 1292:Germanic language 1242:300,000 years ago 1191:natural satellite 1109:equatorial region 1073:UV-light at entry 1048:that generates a 1034:atmospheric water 957: 956: 823: 822: 268:29.7827 km/s 77:Alternative names 16:(Redirected from 23129: 23077: 23076:from Wikiversity 23069: 23068: 23067: 23060: 23052: 23051: 23050: 23043: 23035: 23034: 23033: 23026: 23018: 23017: 23016: 23009: 23001: 23000: 22999: 22992: 22984: 22983: 22982: 22975: 22967: 22966: 22965: 22955: 22939: 22938: 22927: 22926: 22915: 22914: 22913: 22903: 22902: 22901: 22891: 22890: 22879: 22878: 22877: 22867: 22866: 22865: 22855: 22854: 22853: 22843: 22842: 22834: 22814: 22812: 22803: 22796: 22789: 22782: 22776: 22770: 22764: 22757: 22750: 22743: 22736: 22729: 22722: 22709: 22708: 22707: 22697: 22696: 22695: 22685: 22684: 22683: 22386:Exozodiacal dust 22076: 22075: 22042:Detached objects 21284: 21283: 21280: 21279: 21124: 21106: 21099: 21092: 21083: 21082: 21069: 21068: 20941: 20931: 20930: 20871:tropical cyclone 20821: 20681: 20674: 20667: 20658: 20657: 20643: 20633:Astronomy portal 20631: 20543: 20541: 20532: 20525: 20518: 20511: 20505: 20499: 20493: 20486: 20479: 20472: 20465: 20458: 20451: 20444: 20420: 20413: 20406: 20397: 20396: 20384: 20383: 20374: 20372: 20363: 20356: 20349: 20342: 20336: 20330: 20324: 20317: 20310: 20303: 20296: 20289: 20282: 20269: 20268: 20267: 20257: 20256: 20255: 20245: 20244: 20243: 19946:Exozodiacal dust 19636: 19635: 19602:Detached objects 18844: 18843: 18840: 18839: 18684: 18666: 18659: 18652: 18643: 18642: 18627: 18626: 18615: 18603: 18602: 18491: 18484: 18477: 18468: 18467: 18454: 18453: 18292: 18285: 18278: 18269: 18268: 18255: 18254: 18147:History of Earth 17798:Paleoclimatology 17679: 17672: 17665: 17656: 17655: 17584: 17582: 17571: 17570: 17561: 17551: 17549: 17545: 17540: 17526: 17525: 17507: 17501: 17500: 17482: 17476: 17475: 17457: 17451: 17450: 17448: 17446: 17426: 17420: 17419: 17417: 17415: 17379: 17373: 17372: 17370: 17368: 17341:Kahn, Charles H. 17337: 17331: 17330: 17303: 17297: 17296: 17294: 17292: 17273: 17267: 17266: 17264: 17262: 17243: 17237: 17236: 17234: 17232: 17226: 17221:. Archived from 17208: 17202: 17201: 17199: 17197: 17191: 17186:. Archived from 17170: 17164: 17163: 17153: 17120:Lovelock, J.E.; 17117: 17111: 17110: 17071: 17065: 17064: 17043: 17037: 17036: 17012: 17003: 17002: 16984: 16978: 16977: 16975: 16973: 16967: 16962:. Archived from 16946: 16940: 16939: 16937: 16935: 16875: 16869: 16868: 16866: 16864: 16844: 16838: 16837: 16835: 16833: 16811: 16805: 16804: 16802: 16800: 16781: 16775: 16774: 16772: 16770: 16746: 16740: 16739: 16737: 16735: 16729: 16718: 16704: 16698: 16697: 16676: 16670: 16669: 16667: 16665: 16659: 16648: 16636: 16630: 16629: 16627: 16625: 16598: 16592: 16591: 16552: 16546: 16545: 16524: 16518: 16517: 16515: 16513: 16465: 16459: 16458: 16456: 16454: 16433: 16427: 16426: 16424: 16422: 16398: 16392: 16391: 16389: 16387: 16362: 16356: 16355: 16353: 16351: 16330: 16324: 16323: 16321: 16319: 16313: 16296: 16285: 16279: 16278: 16261:Mitchinson, John 16253: 16247: 16246: 16244: 16242: 16227: 16221: 16220: 16218: 16216: 16188: 16182: 16181: 16163: 16157: 16156: 16154: 16152: 16125: 16119: 16118: 16116: 16114: 16095: 16089: 16088: 16086: 16084: 16073:Business Insider 16064: 16058: 16057: 16055: 16053: 16031: 16026:(15 July 2020). 16020: 16011: 16010: 16008: 16006: 15986: 15980: 15979: 15977: 15975: 15966:. 11 July 2022. 15956: 15950: 15949: 15947: 15945: 15926: 15917: 15916: 15906: 15896: 15848: 15839: 15838: 15817: 15811: 15810: 15808: 15806: 15778: 15772: 15771: 15750: 15744: 15743: 15741: 15739: 15696: 15690: 15689: 15687: 15685: 15680:on 12 March 2012 15669: 15663: 15662: 15660: 15658: 15652: 15613: 15604: 15598: 15597: 15595: 15593: 15568: 15562: 15561: 15559: 15557: 15538: 15532: 15531: 15529: 15527: 15507: 15501: 15500: 15468: 15462: 15461: 15459: 15457: 15441: 15435: 15434: 15408: 15377:Zahnle, Kevin J. 15369: 15363: 15362: 15360: 15343:(4): 1118–1136. 15321: 15315: 15314: 15312: 15310: 15294: 15288: 15287: 15285: 15283: 15274:. Archived from 15263: 15257: 15256: 15254: 15252: 15232: 15226: 15225: 15215: 15183: 15177: 15176: 15166: 15134: 15128: 15127: 15109: 15103: 15102: 15100: 15098: 15082: 15076: 15075: 15057: 15051: 15050: 15032: 15026: 15025: 15007: 15001: 15000: 14982: 14976: 14975: 14973: 14971: 14966:on 8 August 2010 14955: 14949: 14948: 14920: 14914: 14913: 14911: 14894:(7): 1265–1282. 14875: 14869: 14868: 14866: 14864: 14845: 14839: 14838: 14836: 14834: 14811: 14805: 14804: 14802: 14800: 14781: 14772: 14771: 14769: 14767: 14747: 14738: 14737: 14735: 14733: 14709: 14703: 14702: 14700: 14698: 14689:. Archived from 14673: 14667: 14666: 14646: 14640: 14639: 14637: 14635: 14619: 14613: 14612: 14610: 14608: 14603:on 27 April 2020 14592: 14583: 14582: 14565:Harrison, Roy M. 14561: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14550: 14530: 14524: 14523: 14505: 14503:2060/20120010368 14495: 14463: 14457: 14456: 14454: 14452: 14446: 14439: 14428: 14417: 14416: 14414: 14412: 14393: 14387: 14386: 14384: 14382: 14362: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14351: 14346:on 27 April 2013 14335: 14329: 14328: 14326: 14324: 14308: 14302: 14301: 14299: 14297: 14292:on 15 April 2009 14281: 14275: 14274: 14272: 14270: 14261:. Archived from 14250: 14244: 14243: 14214: 14208: 14207: 14189: 14183: 14182: 14164: 14158: 14157: 14155: 14153: 14134: 14128: 14127: 14125: 14123: 14103: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14092: 14073: 14067: 14066: 14064: 14062: 14042: 14036: 14035: 14033: 14031: 14020:World Bank Blogs 14011: 14005: 14004: 14002: 14000: 13964: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13953: 13934: 13928: 13927: 13925: 13915: 13887: 13881: 13880: 13878: 13876: 13848: 13842: 13841: 13839: 13837: 13814: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13803: 13794:. Archived from 13784: 13778: 13777: 13775: 13773: 13751: 13745: 13744: 13742: 13740: 13722: 13704: 13695:(4): 3441–3456. 13680: 13674: 13672: 13662: 13644: 13635:(4): 2965–2969. 13616: 13610: 13609: 13607: 13605: 13580: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13569: 13563: 13557:. Archived from 13540: 13523: 13517: 13516: 13514: 13512: 13490: 13484: 13483: 13481: 13479: 13469: 13437: 13431: 13430: 13420: 13388: 13382: 13381: 13379: 13377: 13354: 13348: 13347: 13345: 13343: 13324: 13318: 13317: 13315: 13313: 13293: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13282: 13230: 13224: 13223: 13221: 13219: 13161: 13155: 13154: 13152: 13150: 13128: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13117: 13106:The Conversation 13097: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13086: 13067: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13056: 13034: 13028: 13027: 13025: 13023: 13017: 13006: 12997: 12991: 12990: 12988: 12986: 12966: 12960: 12959: 12957: 12955: 12939: 12933: 12932: 12930: 12928: 12908: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12897: 12888:. Archived from 12873: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12862: 12853:. 24 June 2020. 12847:"Sunlight Hours" 12843: 12837: 12836: 12834: 12832: 12826: 12819: 12808: 12802: 12801: 12783: 12777: 12776: 12774: 12772: 12756: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12745: 12739: 12733:. Archived from 12716: 12707: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12693: 12677: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12666: 12650: 12641: 12640: 12622: 12616: 12615: 12597: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12586: 12581:on 14 March 2015 12580: 12560: 12554: 12553: 12551: 12549: 12544:on 12 March 2015 12534: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12508:(5): 1906–1908. 12490: 12484: 12483: 12481: 12479: 12463: 12457: 12456: 12430: 12424: 12423: 12421: 12419: 12399: 12393: 12392: 12374: 12368: 12367: 12365: 12363: 12347: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12336: 12320: 12314: 12313: 12311: 12309: 12293: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12282: 12277:on 31 March 2021 12273:. Archived from 12256: 12216: 12210: 12209: 12191: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12180: 12164: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12153: 12147: 12100: 12091: 12085: 12084: 12056: 12050: 12049: 12017: 12011: 12010: 11962: 11956: 11955: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11909:. Archived from 11884: 11875: 11869: 11868: 11847: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11830: 11783: 11770: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11759: 11740: 11734: 11733: 11731: 11729: 11713: 11707: 11705: 11681: 11675: 11674: 11664: 11654: 11622: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11608: 11568: 11562: 11561: 11559: 11557: 11551: 11545:. Archived from 11514: 11505: 11499: 11498: 11496: 11494: 11472: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11442: 11436: 11435: 11433: 11431: 11415: 11409: 11408: 11398: 11388: 11371:(9): 4192–4200. 11356: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11315: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11284: 11278: 11277: 11238: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11211: 11205: 11204: 11202: 11200: 11184: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11173: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11126: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11115: 11099: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11088: 11052: 11046: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11028:Kring, David A. 11025: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 11005:. Archived from 10992: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10961: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10944: 10913: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10878: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10852: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10740: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10709: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10678: 10672: 10671: 10665: 10663: 10633: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10602: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10563: 10557: 10556: 10554: 10552: 10543:. Archived from 10533: 10527: 10526: 10482: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10462:. Archived from 10452: 10446: 10445: 10435: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10373: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10362: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10311: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10272: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10212: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10178: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10150:(7 April 2007). 10148:Krulwich, Robert 10144: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10109: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10059: 10052: 10044: 10038: 10037: 10027: 9995: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9937: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9914:. Archived from 9903: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9881:The Conversation 9872: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9856:on 15 April 2012 9852:. Archived from 9840: 9830: 9812: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9769: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9720: 9688: 9679: 9678: 9659:Brownlee, Donald 9651: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9634: 9619: 9609: 9583: 9566: 9560: 9559: 9554:. Archived from 9543: 9537: 9536: 9534: 9502: 9491: 9490: 9479:10.1130/B25899.1 9465:(1–2): 140–156. 9454: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9402:(7925): 94–100. 9387: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9376: 9329:(October 1994). 9323: 9317: 9316: 9298: 9288: 9253: 9247: 9246: 9228: 9222: 9221: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9173: 9167: 9166: 9156: 9146: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9081: 9075: 9073: 9063: 9045: 9005: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8985:. Archived from 8983:Associated Press 8964: 8958: 8957: 8938:10.1038/ngeo2025 8911: 8905: 8904: 8894: 8853:Hazen, Robert M. 8845: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8763: 8757: 8752:. Archived from 8736: 8727: 8726: 8725:on 15 July 2011. 8724: 8718:. Archived from 8683: 8667: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8572: 8562: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8501: 8495: 8494: 8476: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8428: 8389:Hawksworth, C.J. 8384: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8331: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8305: 8290: 8264: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8162: 8119: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8080:(3–4): 223–253. 8074:Chemical Geology 8065: 8056: 8055: 8045: 8027: 8003: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7844:(6): 1309–1320. 7826: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7753: 7747: 7746: 7712: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7666:10.1038/35089010 7634: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7611:. Archived from 7600: 7594: 7593: 7583: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7500: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7414: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7339:. Archived from 7322: 7316: 7315: 7307: 7295: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7273: 7261: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7239: 7227: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7205: 7193: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7171: 7159: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7137: 7125: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7103: 7091: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7023: 7017: 7016: 6978: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6850: 6833:(8): 3213–3217. 6815: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6639: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6583: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6520: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6501:on 24 April 2011 6497:. Archived from 6486: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6469: 6452: 6439: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6413: 6407:. Archived from 6376: 6364: 6358: 6344:Available online 6333: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6310:. Archived from 6300: 6294: 6293: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6169: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6113: 6098: 6097: 6077: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6047: 6032: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5989: 5988: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5952: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5899: 5888: 5875: 5874: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5816:5 and 70 km 5812: 5806: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5775:(1–3): 379–410. 5757: 5751: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5721: 5703:Global Landcover 5687: 5681: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5634:); perihelion = 5624: 5618: 5603: 5577:Outline of Earth 5552:Celestial sphere 5444: 5430: 5384:Earth in culture 5340:greenhouse gases 5256:Natural resource 5216:sovereign states 5170:Human population 5153: 5088:soil degradation 4819:Upper atmosphere 4730:solar irradiance 4684: 4666: 4610: 4603: 4586: 4458:U-shaped valleys 4442:changes into ice 4396: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4280:quasi-satellites 4263:around Earth in 4209: 4062:autumnal equinox 4035:Antarctic Circle 4016:Tropic of Cancer 3939:counterclockwise 3863:Earth's location 3841: 3837: 3825: 3817: 3798: 3787: 3779: 3760:Earth's rotation 3696: 3694: 3684: 3679: 3622:Gravity of Earth 3610:mid-ocean ridges 3595: 3593: 3587: 3568: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3413:angular velocity 3271: 3259: 3240: 3236: 3217: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3092: 3087: 3081: 3076: 3070: 3065: 3059: 3054: 3048: 3043: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3021: 2945:Earth's surface 2914:form the top of 2782:oceanic plateaus 2774:oceanic trenches 2559:Earth's rotation 2466: 2443: 2435: 2428: 2417: 2413: 2402:has entered the 2353: 2341: 2328:mass extinctions 2325: 2313: 2195: 2184: 2176:molecular oxygen 2128: 2120: 2109: 2101: 2089: 2049: 2042: 2012:the first solid 2003:early atmosphere 1974: 1961:greenhouse gases 1916:asteroid impacts 1913: 1883:). According to 1858: 1856: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1794:History of Earth 1779: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1559: 1557:[ɡâj.ja] 1553: 1551:[ɡâi̯.a] 1548: 1541: 1540: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1505: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1058:cosmic radiation 875: 837:0.274 μSv/h 790: 789: 743: 741: 725:0.4651 km/s 712: 710: 707: 687: 672: 671:11.186 km/s 637: 635: 606: 604: 601: 587: 585: 582: 565: 563: 560: 552: 550: 547: 539: 537: 534: 509: 507: 497: 495: 475: 474: 471: 456: 454: 437: 435: 418: 416: 382: 380: 352:– J2000 ecliptic 351: 349: 326: 324: 315:invariable plane 312: 310: 298: 283: 269: 244: 243: 240: 237: 229: 228: 225: 209: 208: 194: 192: 189: 173: 171: 168: 154: 152: 149: 53: 46: 42: 21: 23137: 23136: 23132: 23131: 23130: 23128: 23127: 23126: 23082: 23081: 23080: 23070: 23065: 23063: 23053: 23048: 23046: 23042:from Wikisource 23036: 23031: 23029: 23019: 23014: 23012: 23002: 22997: 22995: 22985: 22980: 22978: 22974:from Wiktionary 22968: 22963: 22961: 22958: 22954:sister projects 22951:at Knowledge's 22945: 22933: 22921: 22911: 22909: 22899: 22897: 22885: 22875: 22873: 22863: 22861: 22851: 22849: 22837: 22829: 22827: 22822: 22821: 22816: 22810: 22808: 22807: 22801: 22794: 22787: 22780: 22774: 22768: 22762: 22755: 22748: 22741: 22734: 22727: 22720: 22705: 22703: 22693: 22691: 22681: 22679: 22666: 22657: 22621: 22558: 22542:vs. Hill sphere 22468:Molecular cloud 22396:Sample curation 22376:Detached object 22315: 22308: 22152: 22144: 22081: 22068: 22013:Neptune trojans 21796: 21794: 21792: 21785: 21727: 21420: 21291: 21273: 21159: 21122: 21115: 21110: 21080: 21075: 21053: 20970: 20939: 20920: 20877: 20819: 20799: 20790:Gaia hypothesis 20780:Plate tectonics 20741: 20691: 20685: 20655: 20650: 20618: 20544: 20539: 20537: 20536: 20530: 20523: 20516: 20509: 20503: 20497: 20491: 20484: 20477: 20470: 20463: 20456: 20449: 20442: 20429: 20424: 20389: 20381: 20376: 20370: 20368: 20367: 20361: 20354: 20347: 20340: 20334: 20328: 20322: 20315: 20308: 20301: 20294: 20287: 20280: 20265: 20263: 20253: 20251: 20241: 20239: 20226: 20217: 20181: 20118: 20102:vs. Hill sphere 20028:Molecular cloud 19956:Sample curation 19936:Detached object 19875: 19868: 19712: 19704: 19641: 19628: 19573:Neptune trojans 19356: 19354: 19352: 19345: 19287: 18980: 18851: 18833: 18719: 18682: 18675: 18670: 18640: 18635: 18591: 18572:Paleogeoscience 18518: 18500: 18495: 18465: 18460: 18442: 18409: 18368: 18301: 18296: 18266: 18261: 18243: 18210: 18194: 18151: 18142:Geologic record 18096: 18082:Plate tectonics 18072:Mineral physics 18052:Earth structure 18038: 17973: 17920: 17850: 17802: 17759: 17706: 17688: 17683: 17638:Google Earth 3D 17598: 17597: 17586: 17580: 17578: 17575:This audio file 17572: 17565: 17556: 17553: 17547: 17543: 17542: 17538: 17535: 17530: 17529: 17522: 17508: 17504: 17497: 17483: 17479: 17472: 17458: 17454: 17444: 17442: 17427: 17423: 17413: 17411: 17396: 17380: 17376: 17366: 17364: 17357: 17338: 17334: 17327: 17305: 17304: 17300: 17290: 17288: 17275: 17274: 17270: 17260: 17258: 17245: 17244: 17240: 17230: 17228: 17209: 17205: 17195: 17193: 17174:Overbye, Dennis 17171: 17167: 17118: 17114: 17072: 17068: 17061: 17044: 17040: 17033: 17013: 17006: 16999: 16985: 16981: 16971: 16969: 16947: 16943: 16933: 16931: 16876: 16872: 16862: 16860: 16845: 16841: 16831: 16829: 16812: 16808: 16798: 16796: 16783: 16782: 16778: 16768: 16766: 16747: 16743: 16733: 16731: 16727: 16716: 16705: 16701: 16694: 16677: 16673: 16663: 16661: 16657: 16646: 16637: 16633: 16623: 16621: 16599: 16595: 16553: 16549: 16542: 16525: 16521: 16511: 16509: 16466: 16462: 16452: 16450: 16435: 16434: 16430: 16420: 16418: 16399: 16395: 16385: 16383: 16364: 16363: 16359: 16349: 16347: 16332: 16331: 16327: 16317: 16315: 16311: 16305: 16294: 16286: 16282: 16275: 16254: 16250: 16240: 16238: 16229: 16228: 16224: 16214: 16212: 16189: 16185: 16178: 16164: 16160: 16150: 16148: 16126: 16122: 16112: 16110: 16101:(6 July 2011). 16096: 16092: 16082: 16080: 16065: 16061: 16051: 16049: 16021: 16014: 16004: 16002: 15987: 15983: 15973: 15971: 15958: 15957: 15953: 15943: 15941: 15928: 15927: 15920: 15857:Doran, Peter T. 15849: 15842: 15835: 15818: 15814: 15804: 15802: 15795: 15779: 15775: 15768: 15751: 15747: 15737: 15735: 15720: 15697: 15693: 15683: 15681: 15670: 15666: 15656: 15654: 15650: 15611: 15605: 15601: 15591: 15589: 15570: 15569: 15565: 15555: 15553: 15540: 15539: 15535: 15525: 15523: 15508: 15504: 15471:Hunten, D. M.; 15469: 15465: 15455: 15453: 15442: 15438: 15406:10.1.1.562.2763 15370: 15366: 15322: 15318: 15308: 15306: 15295: 15291: 15281: 15279: 15278:on 13 July 2007 15264: 15260: 15250: 15248: 15233: 15229: 15198:(D24): D24102. 15184: 15180: 15135: 15131: 15124: 15110: 15106: 15096: 15094: 15083: 15079: 15072: 15058: 15054: 15047: 15033: 15029: 15022: 15008: 15004: 14997: 14983: 14979: 14969: 14967: 14960:"Climate Zones" 14956: 14952: 14945: 14921: 14917: 14880:Lean, Judith L. 14876: 14872: 14862: 14860: 14855:. 5 June 2023. 14847: 14846: 14842: 14832: 14830: 14812: 14808: 14798: 14796: 14782: 14775: 14765: 14763: 14748: 14741: 14731: 14729: 14710: 14706: 14696: 14694: 14693:on 4 March 2021 14674: 14670: 14663: 14647: 14643: 14633: 14631: 14620: 14616: 14606: 14604: 14593: 14586: 14579: 14562: 14558: 14548: 14546: 14531: 14527: 14464: 14460: 14450: 14448: 14444: 14437: 14429: 14420: 14410: 14408: 14403:. 1 June 2013. 14395: 14394: 14390: 14380: 14378: 14363: 14359: 14349: 14347: 14336: 14332: 14322: 14320: 14309: 14305: 14295: 14293: 14284:Morris, Ron M. 14282: 14278: 14268: 14266: 14265:on 30 June 2007 14251: 14247: 14240: 14215: 14211: 14204: 14190: 14186: 14179: 14165: 14161: 14151: 14149: 14136: 14135: 14131: 14121: 14119: 14104: 14100: 14090: 14088: 14075: 14074: 14070: 14060: 14058: 14043: 14039: 14029: 14027: 14012: 14008: 13998: 13996: 13989: 13965: 13961: 13951: 13949: 13936: 13935: 13931: 13888: 13884: 13874: 13872: 13865: 13849: 13845: 13835: 13833: 13816: 13815: 13811: 13801: 13799: 13786: 13785: 13781: 13771: 13769: 13752: 13748: 13738: 13736: 13681: 13677: 13621:Asher, David J. 13617: 13613: 13603: 13601: 13586:(18 May 2012). 13584:Sharf, Caleb A. 13581: 13577: 13567: 13565: 13561: 13538: 13526:Dadarich, Amy; 13524: 13520: 13510: 13508: 13491: 13487: 13477: 13475: 13438: 13434: 13389: 13385: 13375: 13373: 13372:on 2 March 2008 13355: 13351: 13341: 13339: 13326: 13325: 13321: 13311: 13309: 13294: 13290: 13280: 13278: 13231: 13227: 13217: 13215: 13178:(7985): 95–99. 13162: 13158: 13148: 13146: 13129: 13125: 13115: 13113: 13098: 13094: 13084: 13082: 13069: 13068: 13064: 13054: 13052: 13035: 13031: 13021: 13019: 13015: 13004: 12998: 12994: 12984: 12982: 12967: 12963: 12953: 12951: 12940: 12936: 12926: 12924: 12909: 12905: 12895: 12893: 12874: 12870: 12860: 12858: 12845: 12844: 12840: 12830: 12828: 12824: 12817: 12814:The Polar Night 12809: 12805: 12798: 12784: 12780: 12770: 12768: 12757: 12753: 12743: 12741: 12737: 12714: 12708: 12701: 12691: 12689: 12678: 12674: 12664: 12662: 12651: 12644: 12637: 12623: 12619: 12612: 12598: 12594: 12584: 12582: 12578: 12568:IERS Bulletin-A 12562: 12561: 12557: 12547: 12545: 12536: 12535: 12531: 12491: 12487: 12477: 12475: 12464: 12460: 12445: 12431: 12427: 12417: 12415: 12400: 12396: 12389: 12375: 12371: 12361: 12359: 12348: 12344: 12334: 12332: 12321: 12317: 12307: 12305: 12294: 12290: 12280: 12278: 12217: 12213: 12206: 12192: 12188: 12178: 12176: 12165: 12161: 12151: 12149: 12145: 12109:(11): 519–542. 12098: 12092: 12088: 12057: 12053: 12022:Jaupart, Claude 12018: 12014: 11963: 11959: 11925: 11921: 11913: 11882: 11876: 11872: 11865: 11851:Turcotte, D. L. 11848: 11844: 11834: 11832: 11828: 11781: 11771: 11767: 11757: 11755: 11754:on 28 June 2013 11742: 11741: 11737: 11727: 11725: 11714: 11710: 11702: 11682: 11678: 11623: 11616: 11606: 11604: 11569: 11565: 11555: 11553: 11549: 11543: 11512: 11506: 11502: 11492: 11490: 11473: 11469: 11459: 11457: 11444: 11443: 11439: 11429: 11427: 11416: 11412: 11357: 11353: 11316: 11312: 11302: 11300: 11285: 11281: 11239: 11235: 11225: 11223: 11212: 11208: 11198: 11196: 11185: 11181: 11171: 11169: 11154: 11150: 11140: 11138: 11127: 11123: 11113: 11111: 11100: 11096: 11086: 11084: 11069: 11053: 11049: 11039: 11037: 11026: 11022: 11012: 11010: 10995:Jessey, David. 10993: 10989: 10979: 10977: 10962: 10958: 10948: 10946: 10942: 10911: 10905: 10901: 10891: 10889: 10880: 10879: 10875: 10865: 10863: 10854: 10853: 10849: 10839: 10837: 10822: 10818: 10771: 10767: 10757: 10755: 10742: 10741: 10737: 10727: 10725: 10710: 10706: 10696: 10694: 10679: 10675: 10661: 10659: 10652: 10634: 10630: 10620: 10618: 10611:Geography Realm 10603: 10599: 10589: 10587: 10580: 10564: 10560: 10550: 10548: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10483: 10479: 10469: 10467: 10454: 10453: 10449: 10404: 10400: 10390: 10388: 10383:. 20 May 2022. 10375: 10374: 10370: 10360: 10358: 10343: 10339: 10329: 10327: 10312: 10308: 10298: 10296: 10289: 10273: 10269: 10259: 10257: 10244: 10243: 10239: 10229: 10227: 10214: 10213: 10209: 10199: 10197: 10180: 10179: 10175: 10165: 10163: 10145: 10141: 10131: 10129: 10128:on 17 July 2015 10110: 10106: 10096: 10094: 10077: 10073: 10063: 10061: 10057: 10050: 10046: 10045: 10041: 9996: 9992: 9982: 9980: 9969: 9965: 9955: 9953: 9952:on 15 July 2014 9944:(7 July 2006). 9938: 9931: 9921: 9919: 9904: 9900: 9890: 9888: 9873: 9869: 9859: 9857: 9841: 9787: 9783: 9738: 9734: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9652: 9648: 9638: 9636: 9632: 9581: 9567: 9563: 9558:on 5 June 2009. 9544: 9540: 9503: 9494: 9455: 9451: 9441: 9439: 9388: 9384: 9374: 9372: 9324: 9320: 9254: 9250: 9243: 9229: 9225: 9218: 9204: 9200: 9190: 9188: 9175: 9174: 9170: 9113: 9109: 9099: 9097: 9082: 9078: 9006: 9002: 8992: 8990: 8977:. Yonkers, NY: 8965: 8961: 8912: 8908: 8846: 8842: 8832: 8830: 8819: 8815: 8775: 8771: 8761: 8759: 8737: 8730: 8722: 8681: 8668: 8664: 8654: 8652: 8617: 8613: 8603: 8601: 8600:on 4 March 2007 8590: 8586: 8537: 8533: 8523: 8521: 8502: 8498: 8474:10.1.1.715.6618 8446: 8442: 8385: 8381: 8371: 8369: 8329: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8288:10.1.1.527.9577 8262: 8256: 8252: 8213: 8209: 8202: 8188: 8184: 8123:Harrison, T. M. 8120: 8113: 8103: 8101: 8066: 8059: 8004: 8000: 7990: 7988: 7971: 7967: 7960: 7934: 7930: 7871: 7867: 7827: 7823: 7813: 7811: 7792: 7791: 7787: 7780: 7754: 7750: 7693: 7689: 7635: 7628: 7618: 7616: 7601: 7597: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7501: 7497: 7485: 7483: 7429: 7427: 7411: 7391: 7387: 7380:10.1038/ngeo941 7352: 7348: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7309: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7255: 7251: 7241: 7221: 7217: 7207: 7187: 7183: 7173: 7153: 7149: 7139: 7119: 7115: 7105: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7045: 7037:. p. 179. 7024: 7020: 7013: 6980: 6979: 6972: 6962: 6960: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6930: 6928: 6921: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6816: 6812: 6802: 6800: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6763: 6750: 6749: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6726: 6707: 6703: 6693: 6691: 6684: 6665: 6661: 6608: 6604: 6596: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6521: 6514: 6504: 6502: 6487: 6483: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6450: 6437: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6374: 6365: 6361: 6351:Wayback Machine 6334: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6274: 6270: 6260: 6258: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6223: 6216: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6181: 6170: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6114: 6101: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6030: 6023: 6019: 6014: 6010: 5979: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5906: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5870: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5855:For Earth, the 5854: 5850: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5758: 5754: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5710:Wayback Machine 5695:vertical datums 5688: 5684: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5625: 5621: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5591: 5547: 5520:a moving object 5504:spherical Earth 5477:overview effect 5467:Gaia hypothesis 5459:fertility deity 5437:globus cruciger 5390: 5382:Main articles: 5380: 5361:The concept of 5328: 5320:Main articles: 5318: 5297:pharmaceuticals 5262: 5254:Main articles: 5252: 5224:205 such states 5151: 5132: 5126: 5124:Human geography 5120: 5118:Human geography 5080:desertification 4928: 4926:History of life 4920:Main articles: 4918: 4905:escape velocity 4821: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4685: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4656: 4648:Main articles: 4646: 4617:solar radiation 4609: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4584: 4511: 4505: 4450:Alpine glaciers 4394: 4366: 4360: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4296:trojan asteroid 4284:horseshoe orbit 4269:low Earth orbit 4249: 4241:Main articles: 4239: 4215:Paleontological 4207: 4194:. Due to their 4137: 4125:Main articles: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4089:Chandler wobble 4058:summer solstice 4054:winter solstice 4008:Celestial Poles 3996: 3990: 3865: 3857:Main articles: 3855: 3839: 3835: 3830:or moving mean 3823: 3815: 3793: 3781: 3777: 3762: 3756: 3751: 3731:magnetic storms 3704:field reversals 3692: 3690: 3677: 3675: 3651: 3645: 3624: 3618: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3563: 3521: 3515: 3455: 3446: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3401:transition zone 3269: 3268: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3235: 3229: 3215: 3204:Caribbean Plate 3192:Indo-Australian 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3113:tectonic plates 3095: 3085: 3084: 3074: 3073: 3068:Antarctic Plate 3063: 3062: 3052: 3051: 3041: 3040: 3030: 3029: 3019: 3018: 3005: 3003:Plate tectonics 2999: 2997:Tectonic plates 2786:mid-ocean ridge 2701:into the polar 2648: 2614: 2544:planetary sized 2518: 2512: 2506:Earth curvature 2494: 2488: 2483: 2477: 2464: 2441: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2392: 2386: 2384:Future of Earth 2380: 2351: 2339: 2323: 2311: 2245:biotic material 2237:metasedimentary 2194: 2190: 2183: 2179: 2161: 2159:History of life 2149:Main articles: 2147: 2135:middle-latitude 2126: 2118: 2107: 2102:, then finally 2100:600–540 Ma 2099: 2087: 2084:supercontinents 2076:plate tectonics 2044: 2040: 1991:Pale orange dot 1972: 1934: 1928: 1926:After formation 1911: 1869:molecular cloud 1854: 1852: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1815: 1805: 1800: 1792:Main articles: 1790: 1788:Natural history 1750: 1746: 1714: 1710: 1667: 1663: 1638: 1634: 1599: 1595: 1573: 1569: 1566:Gaia hypothesis 1543: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1439: 1435: 1413: 1409: 1399:Oxford spelling 1348:Norse mythology 1276:developed, via 1266: 1226:Earth's history 1152:a circumference 1125:climate regions 1123:with different 1102: 1038:tectonic plates 1013:and covered by 1007:land hemisphere 1005:within Earth's 952: 870: 867: 849: 830:equivalent dose 779: 768: 739: 737: 734: 722: 715: 713: 708: 705: 703: 699: 690: 688: 685: 681: 670: 667: 665:Escape velocity 655: 644: 638: 633: 631: 628: 626:Surface gravity 619:5.513 g/cm 616: 602: 599: 597: 583: 580: 578: 568: 561: 558: 556: 548: 545: 543: 535: 532: 530: 524: 515: 505: 503: 493: 491: 472: 469: 467: 452: 450: 447: 433: 431: 428: 414: 412: 409: 378: 376: 373: 361: 347: 345: 342: 333: 322: 320: 308: 306: 296: 281: 278: 267: 264: 252: 241: 238: 235: 233: 231: 226: 223: 221: 218: 206: 204: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180:Semi-major axis 169: 166: 164: 150: 147: 145: 82:The world, the 79: 65: 64:, December 1972 57:The Blue Marble 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 23135: 23125: 23124: 23119: 23114: 23109: 23104: 23099: 23094: 23079: 23078: 23061: 23059:from Wikibooks 23044: 23027: 23025:from Wikiquote 23010: 22993: 22976: 22947: 22944: 22943: 22931: 22919: 22907: 22895: 22883: 22871: 22859: 22857:Earth sciences 22847: 22824: 22823: 22818: 22817: 22714: 22713: 22701: 22689: 22677: 22671: 22668: 22667: 22663: 22662: 22659: 22658: 22656: 22655: 22650: 22645: 22640: 22635: 22629: 22627: 22623: 22622: 22620: 22619: 22614: 22613: 22612: 22607: 22597: 22592: 22587: 22582: 22577: 22572: 22566: 22564: 22560: 22559: 22557: 22556: 22554:Scattered disc 22551: 22546: 22545: 22544: 22534: 22529: 22528: 22527: 22522: 22521: 22520: 22510: 22505: 22500: 22495: 22485: 22480: 22475: 22470: 22465: 22460: 22455: 22450: 22445: 22440: 22435: 22430: 22425: 22420: 22415: 22410: 22405: 22404: 22403: 22398: 22388: 22383: 22378: 22373: 22368: 22363: 22358: 22353: 22348: 22343: 22342: 22341: 22339:Excretion disk 22334:Accretion disk 22331: 22326: 22324:Star formation 22320: 22318: 22310: 22309: 22307: 22306: 22301: 22296: 22291: 22286: 22281: 22276: 22271: 22270: 22269: 22259: 22254: 22249: 22248: 22247: 22237: 22232: 22227: 22226: 22225: 22220: 22215: 22213:space stations 22205: 22204: 22203: 22198: 22188: 22187: 22186: 22181: 22176: 22166: 22160: 22158: 22146: 22145: 22143: 22142: 22137: 22132: 22127: 22122: 22117: 22112: 22107: 22102: 22097: 22092: 22086: 22084: 22073: 22070: 22069: 22067: 22066: 22061: 22060: 22059: 22054: 22052:Scattered disc 22049: 22044: 22039: 22038: 22037: 22032: 22017: 22016: 22015: 22010: 22000: 21999: 21998: 21993: 21988: 21983: 21978: 21973: 21968: 21963: 21958: 21948: 21943: 21938: 21937: 21936: 21931: 21926: 21921: 21920: 21919: 21914: 21904: 21899: 21894: 21884: 21883: 21882: 21877: 21872: 21867: 21862: 21857: 21852: 21847: 21839: 21834: 21833: 21832: 21827: 21817: 21812: 21807: 21801: 21799: 21787: 21786: 21784: 21783: 21778: 21773: 21768: 21763: 21758: 21753: 21743: 21737: 21735: 21729: 21728: 21726: 21725: 21724: 21723: 21713: 21712: 21711: 21701: 21700: 21699: 21689: 21688: 21687: 21677: 21676: 21675: 21670: 21660: 21659: 21658: 21653: 21648: 21643: 21638: 21628: 21627: 21626: 21616: 21615: 21614: 21609: 21604: 21599: 21589: 21588: 21587: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21552: 21551: 21550: 21545: 21540: 21535: 21530: 21525: 21520: 21515: 21510: 21505: 21495: 21494: 21493: 21488: 21483: 21478: 21473: 21463: 21462: 21461: 21456: 21446: 21445: 21444: 21439: 21430: 21428: 21422: 21421: 21419: 21418: 21417: 21416: 21411: 21406: 21401: 21396: 21391: 21386: 21381: 21376: 21366: 21365: 21364: 21363: 21362: 21357: 21347: 21346: 21345: 21340: 21325: 21324: 21323: 21318: 21313: 21308: 21297: 21295: 21278: 21275: 21274: 21272: 21271: 21264: 21257: 21250: 21243: 21236: 21229: 21222: 21215: 21210: 21205: 21200: 21195: 21188: 21183: 21178: 21173: 21168: 21120: 21117: 21116: 21109: 21108: 21101: 21094: 21086: 21077: 21076: 21074: 21073: 21062: 21059: 21058: 21055: 21054: 21052: 21051: 21044: 21043: 21042: 21037: 21027: 21026: 21025: 21020: 21015: 21014: 21013: 21003: 21002: 21001: 20986: 20981: 20975: 20972: 20971: 20969: 20968: 20958: 20953: 20948: 20943: 20934: 20928: 20922: 20921: 20919: 20918: 20913: 20908: 20903: 20898: 20893: 20887: 20885: 20879: 20878: 20876: 20875: 20874: 20873: 20868: 20858: 20853: 20848: 20843: 20838: 20833: 20828: 20823: 20815: 20809: 20807: 20801: 20800: 20798: 20797: 20792: 20787: 20782: 20777: 20772: 20767: 20757: 20751: 20749: 20743: 20742: 20740: 20739: 20734: 20733: 20732: 20727: 20717: 20712: 20707: 20701: 20699: 20693: 20692: 20684: 20683: 20676: 20669: 20661: 20652: 20651: 20649: 20648: 20636: 20623: 20620: 20619: 20617: 20616: 20611: 20606: 20601: 20593: 20585: 20577: 20569: 20561: 20552: 20550: 20546: 20545: 20437: 20435: 20431: 20430: 20423: 20422: 20415: 20408: 20400: 20394: 20391: 20390: 20378: 20377: 20274: 20273: 20261: 20249: 20237: 20231: 20228: 20227: 20223: 20222: 20219: 20218: 20216: 20215: 20210: 20205: 20200: 20195: 20189: 20187: 20183: 20182: 20180: 20179: 20174: 20173: 20172: 20167: 20157: 20152: 20147: 20142: 20137: 20132: 20126: 20124: 20120: 20119: 20117: 20116: 20114:Scattered disc 20111: 20106: 20105: 20104: 20094: 20089: 20088: 20087: 20082: 20081: 20080: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20055: 20045: 20040: 20035: 20030: 20025: 20020: 20015: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19995: 19990: 19985: 19980: 19975: 19970: 19965: 19964: 19963: 19958: 19948: 19943: 19938: 19933: 19928: 19923: 19918: 19913: 19908: 19903: 19902: 19901: 19899:Excretion disk 19894:Accretion disk 19891: 19886: 19884:Star formation 19880: 19878: 19870: 19869: 19867: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19831: 19830: 19829: 19819: 19814: 19809: 19808: 19807: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19786: 19785: 19780: 19775: 19773:space stations 19765: 19764: 19763: 19758: 19748: 19747: 19746: 19741: 19736: 19726: 19720: 19718: 19706: 19705: 19703: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19646: 19644: 19633: 19630: 19629: 19627: 19626: 19621: 19620: 19619: 19614: 19612:Scattered disc 19609: 19604: 19599: 19598: 19597: 19592: 19577: 19576: 19575: 19570: 19560: 19559: 19558: 19553: 19548: 19543: 19538: 19533: 19528: 19523: 19518: 19508: 19503: 19498: 19497: 19496: 19491: 19486: 19481: 19480: 19479: 19474: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19444: 19443: 19442: 19437: 19432: 19427: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19399: 19394: 19393: 19392: 19387: 19377: 19372: 19367: 19361: 19359: 19347: 19346: 19344: 19343: 19338: 19333: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19313: 19303: 19297: 19295: 19289: 19288: 19286: 19285: 19284: 19283: 19273: 19272: 19271: 19261: 19260: 19259: 19249: 19248: 19247: 19237: 19236: 19235: 19230: 19220: 19219: 19218: 19213: 19208: 19203: 19198: 19188: 19187: 19186: 19176: 19175: 19174: 19169: 19164: 19159: 19149: 19148: 19147: 19142: 19137: 19132: 19127: 19122: 19112: 19111: 19110: 19105: 19100: 19095: 19090: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19055: 19054: 19053: 19048: 19043: 19038: 19033: 19023: 19022: 19021: 19016: 19006: 19005: 19004: 18999: 18990: 18988: 18982: 18981: 18979: 18978: 18977: 18976: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18956: 18951: 18946: 18941: 18936: 18926: 18925: 18924: 18923: 18922: 18917: 18907: 18906: 18905: 18900: 18885: 18884: 18883: 18878: 18873: 18868: 18857: 18855: 18838: 18835: 18834: 18832: 18831: 18824: 18817: 18810: 18803: 18796: 18789: 18782: 18775: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18748: 18743: 18738: 18733: 18728: 18680: 18677: 18676: 18669: 18668: 18661: 18654: 18646: 18637: 18636: 18634: 18633: 18621: 18609: 18596: 18593: 18592: 18590: 18589: 18584: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18564: 18559: 18554: 18549: 18544: 18539: 18534: 18529: 18523: 18520: 18519: 18517: 18516: 18511: 18505: 18502: 18501: 18494: 18493: 18486: 18479: 18471: 18462: 18461: 18459: 18458: 18447: 18444: 18443: 18441: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18429: 18428: 18417: 18415: 18411: 18410: 18408: 18407: 18402: 18397: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18376: 18374: 18370: 18369: 18367: 18366: 18365: 18364: 18359: 18349: 18348: 18347: 18337: 18336: 18335: 18330: 18315: 18309: 18307: 18303: 18302: 18295: 18294: 18287: 18280: 18272: 18263: 18262: 18260: 18259: 18248: 18245: 18244: 18242: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18220: 18218: 18212: 18211: 18209: 18208: 18202: 18200: 18196: 18195: 18193: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18175:Atlantic Ocean 18172: 18167: 18161: 18159: 18153: 18152: 18150: 18149: 18144: 18139: 18138: 18137: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18106: 18104: 18098: 18097: 18095: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18057:Fluid dynamics 18054: 18048: 18046: 18040: 18039: 18037: 18036: 18031: 18029:Geopositioning 18026: 18024:Remote Sensing 18021: 18016: 18011: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17995: 17994: 17983: 17981: 17975: 17974: 17972: 17971: 17966: 17961: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17941: 17936: 17930: 17928: 17922: 17921: 17919: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17872: 17871: 17860: 17858: 17852: 17851: 17849: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17812: 17810: 17804: 17803: 17801: 17800: 17795: 17790: 17785: 17783:Climate change 17780: 17778:Energy balance 17775: 17773:Climate system 17769: 17767: 17761: 17760: 17758: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17716: 17714: 17708: 17707: 17705: 17704: 17699: 17693: 17690: 17689: 17682: 17681: 17674: 17667: 17659: 17653: 17652: 17649:GPlates Portal 17646: 17641: 17635: 17634: 17633: 17623: 17614: 17608: 17587: 17573: 17566: 17554: 17537: 17536: 17534: 17533:External links 17531: 17528: 17527: 17520: 17502: 17495: 17477: 17470: 17452: 17421: 17394: 17374: 17355: 17332: 17325: 17298: 17268: 17238: 17203: 17165: 17112: 17085:(8): 579–580. 17066: 17059: 17038: 17031: 17004: 16997: 16979: 16941: 16870: 16839: 16806: 16776: 16741: 16699: 16692: 16671: 16631: 16593: 16556:Rona, Peter A. 16547: 16540: 16519: 16460: 16428: 16393: 16376:European Union 16357: 16325: 16303: 16280: 16273: 16248: 16222: 16183: 16176: 16170:. Birkhäuser. 16158: 16120: 16090: 16059: 16012: 15981: 15951: 15918: 15853:Oreskes, Naomi 15840: 15833: 15821:Goudie, Andrew 15812: 15793: 15773: 15766: 15745: 15718: 15691: 15664: 15628:10.1086/381004 15622:(2): 192–211. 15599: 15563: 15533: 15502: 15483:(1): 265–292. 15463: 15436: 15364: 15329:Donahue, T. M. 15316: 15289: 15266:Staff (2004). 15258: 15227: 15178: 15149:(2): 199–204. 15129: 15122: 15104: 15077: 15070: 15052: 15045: 15027: 15020: 15002: 14995: 14977: 14950: 14943: 14915: 14870: 14840: 14806: 14773: 14739: 14704: 14668: 14661: 14641: 14614: 14584: 14577: 14556: 14525: 14458: 14418: 14388: 14357: 14330: 14303: 14276: 14245: 14238: 14209: 14202: 14184: 14177: 14159: 14129: 14098: 14081:Lake Scientist 14068: 14037: 14006: 13987: 13979:10.2867/509830 13959: 13929: 13906:(2): 112–114. 13882: 13863: 13843: 13809: 13779: 13746: 13675: 13611: 13575: 13549:(2): 463–475. 13532:Manga, Michael 13518: 13485: 13452:(1): 261–285. 13432: 13383: 13349: 13319: 13288: 13225: 13156: 13123: 13092: 13062: 13029: 12992: 12961: 12934: 12903: 12868: 12838: 12803: 12796: 12778: 12767:on 1 July 2008 12751: 12699: 12672: 12642: 12635: 12617: 12610: 12592: 12555: 12538:"Leap seconds" 12529: 12485: 12458: 12443: 12425: 12394: 12387: 12369: 12342: 12315: 12288: 12254:2027.42/145256 12231:(2): 309–332. 12211: 12204: 12186: 12159: 12086: 12067:(1): 415–418. 12051: 12032:(B12): 11535. 12012: 11957: 11938:(3): 267–280. 11919: 11870: 11863: 11842: 11765: 11735: 11708: 11700: 11676: 11614: 11583:(1): 103–126. 11563: 11541: 11500: 11467: 11437: 11410: 11351: 11310: 11279: 11233: 11206: 11179: 11148: 11121: 11094: 11067: 11047: 11020: 11009:on 3 July 2007 10987: 10956: 10899: 10884:. World Bank. 10873: 10858:. World Bank. 10847: 10830:Universe Today 10816: 10765: 10735: 10704: 10673: 10650: 10628: 10597: 10578: 10558: 10528: 10477: 10456:"Ocean Worlds" 10447: 10398: 10377:"Water-Worlds" 10368: 10337: 10306: 10287: 10267: 10237: 10207: 10173: 10139: 10104: 10071: 10039: 9990: 9963: 9929: 9898: 9867: 9803:(1): 155–163. 9781: 9752:(4): 569–575. 9732: 9680: 9673: 9655:Ward, Peter D. 9646: 9561: 9538: 9532:10.1086/173407 9492: 9449: 9382: 9318: 9257:Stanley, S. M. 9248: 9241: 9223: 9216: 9198: 9168: 9107: 9076: 9000: 8959: 8906: 8840: 8813: 8792:(3): 225–261. 8778:Berkner, L. V. 8769: 8728: 8662: 8611: 8584: 8531: 8496: 8459:(1–2): 16–33. 8440: 8379: 8340:(1–2): 19–33. 8334:Tectonophysics 8317: 8273:(5): 613–630. 8250: 8207: 8200: 8182: 8129:; Müller, W.; 8111: 8057: 7998: 7965: 7958: 7928: 7865: 7830:Morbidelli, A. 7821: 7785: 7778: 7748: 7687: 7642:Asphaug, E. I. 7626: 7609:Discovery News 7595: 7538: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7454:(1): 205–221. 7436: 7415: 7409: 7385: 7366:(9): 637–641. 7346: 7317: 7283: 7249: 7215: 7181: 7147: 7113: 7079: 7072: 7050: 7043: 7018: 7011: 6989:(3 ed.). 6970: 6952:United Nations 6938: 6919: 6899: 6862: 6810: 6773: 6743: 6724: 6701: 6682: 6659: 6637:10.1086/117108 6602: 6568: 6542: 6512: 6481: 6459: 6425: 6403: 6368:Cazenave, Anny 6359: 6325: 6295: 6288: 6268: 6233: 6214: 6191: 6139: 6099: 6088:(2): 663–683. 6068: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6017: 6008: 5995: 5992: 5986: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5913: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5848: 5837:(2): 359–361. 5820: 5807: 5794: 5759:Including the 5752: 5748:abyssal plains 5731: 5722: 5682: 5669: 5662: 5619: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5535:thermodynamics 5500:Ancient Greece 5463:Creation myths 5455:mother goddess 5419:Human cultures 5379: 5376: 5371:nitrogen cycle 5348:global warming 5326:Climate change 5317: 5314: 5251: 5248: 5240:over the ocean 5232:United Nations 5205:space stations 5122:Main article: 5119: 5116: 5100:global warming 5092:soil depletion 4995:high altitudes 4917: 4914: 4901:molecular mass 4820: 4817: 4686: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4668: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4645: 4642: 4625:thermal energy 4607: 4600: 4507:Main article: 4504: 4501: 4474:heat reservoir 4362:Main article: 4359: 4356: 4265:geosynchronous 4238: 4235: 4122: 4119: 4111: 4108: 4033:and below the 3992:Main article: 3989: 3986: 3978:galactic plane 3955:solar eclipses 3951:lunar eclipses 3943:axis is tilted 3854: 3851: 3840:(23 56 4.0905) 3778:86,400 seconds 3758:Main article: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3647:Main article: 3644: 3643:Magnetic field 3641: 3620:Main article: 3617: 3614: 3533:oceanic ridges 3517:Main article: 3514: 3511: 3425: 3422: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3260: 3252: 3251: 3231:Main article: 3228: 3225: 3196:South American 3176:North American 3137:oceanic trench 3094: 3093: 3082: 3071: 3060: 3057:Eurasian Plate 3049: 3038: 3027: 3015: 3001:Main article: 2998: 2995: 2963:plate tectonic 2900:soil formation 2822:Africa-Eurasia 2810:polar ice caps 2762:abyssal plains 2758:oceanic basins 2613: 2610: 2587:center of mass 2579:Mariana Trench 2526:mean sea level 2490:Main article: 2487: 2486:Size and shape 2484: 2476: 2473: 2425: 2382:Main article: 2379: 2376: 2316:Snowball Earth 2308:Neoproterozoic 2257:microorganisms 2192: 2181: 2172:photosynthesis 2151:Origin of life 2146: 2143: 1930:Main article: 1927: 1924: 1885:nebular theory 1804: 1801: 1789: 1786: 1367:definite sense 1296:ancestral root 1278:Middle English 1270:Modern English 1265: 1262: 1230:life developed 1158:. Of the four 1121:climate system 1117:ocean currents 1100: 1097:carbon dioxide 1093:greenhouse gas 1089:forming clouds 1017:, while large 955: 954: 951: 950: 944: 938: 932: 926: 920: 918:carbon dioxide 914: 908: 901: 894: 886: 884: 878: 877: 876:(at sea level) 868: 862: 859: 858: 854: 853: 850: 842: 839: 838: 835: 825: 824: 821: 820: 817: 814: 811: 807: 806: 803: 800: 797: 786: 785: 776: 770: 769: 767: 766: 760: 753: 751: 745: 744: 735: 730: 727: 726: 723: 720: 717: 716: 702: 700: 695: 692: 691: 684: 682: 677: 674: 673: 668: 663: 660: 659: 656: 651: 648: 647: 642: 629: 624: 621: 620: 617: 611: 608: 607: 595: 589: 588: 576: 570: 569: 567: 566: 553: 540: 527: 525: 520: 517: 516: 514: 513: 501: 488: 486: 482: 481: 464: 458: 457: 448: 442: 439: 438: 429: 423: 420: 419: 410: 405: 402: 401: 397: 396: 390: 384: 383: 374: 369: 366: 365: 362: 357: 354: 353: 343: 338: 335: 334: 332: 331: 318: 304: 293: 291: 285: 284: 279: 274: 271: 270: 265: 259: 256: 255: 250: 219: 214: 211: 210: 202: 196: 195: 183: 178: 175: 174: 162: 156: 155: 143: 137: 136: 127: 126: 120: 119: 116: 110: 109: 106: 100: 99: 98:, Mother Earth 80: 75: 72: 71: 67: 66: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23134: 23123: 23120: 23118: 23115: 23113: 23110: 23108: 23105: 23103: 23100: 23098: 23095: 23093: 23090: 23089: 23087: 23075: 23074: 23062: 23058: 23057: 23045: 23041: 23040: 23028: 23024: 23023: 23011: 23008:from Wikinews 23007: 23006: 22994: 22990: 22989: 22977: 22973: 22972: 22960: 22959: 22956: 22950: 22942: 22937: 22932: 22930: 22925: 22920: 22918: 22908: 22906: 22896: 22894: 22889: 22884: 22882: 22872: 22870: 22860: 22858: 22848: 22846: 22841: 22836: 22835: 22832: 22815: 22806: 22799: 22792: 22785: 22779: 22773: 22767: 22760: 22753: 22746: 22739: 22732: 22725: 22718: 22712: 22702: 22700: 22690: 22688: 22678: 22676: 22673: 22672: 22669: 22654: 22653:Tidal locking 22651: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22634: 22633:Double planet 22631: 22630: 22628: 22624: 22618: 22615: 22611: 22608: 22606: 22603: 22602: 22601: 22598: 22596: 22593: 22591: 22588: 22586: 22585:Minor planets 22583: 22581: 22578: 22576: 22573: 22571: 22568: 22567: 22565: 22561: 22555: 22552: 22550: 22547: 22543: 22540: 22539: 22538: 22535: 22533: 22530: 22526: 22523: 22519: 22518:Merging stars 22516: 22515: 22514: 22511: 22509: 22506: 22504: 22501: 22499: 22496: 22494: 22491: 22490: 22489: 22486: 22484: 22481: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22444: 22441: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22431: 22429: 22426: 22424: 22421: 22419: 22416: 22414: 22411: 22409: 22406: 22402: 22399: 22397: 22394: 22393: 22392: 22389: 22387: 22384: 22382: 22379: 22377: 22374: 22372: 22369: 22367: 22364: 22362: 22359: 22357: 22354: 22352: 22349: 22347: 22344: 22340: 22337: 22336: 22335: 22332: 22330: 22327: 22325: 22322: 22321: 22319: 22317: 22311: 22305: 22302: 22300: 22297: 22295: 22292: 22290: 22287: 22285: 22282: 22280: 22277: 22275: 22272: 22268: 22265: 22264: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22246: 22243: 22242: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22224: 22221: 22219: 22216: 22214: 22211: 22210: 22209: 22206: 22202: 22199: 22197: 22194: 22193: 22192: 22189: 22185: 22182: 22180: 22177: 22175: 22172: 22171: 22170: 22167: 22165: 22162: 22161: 22159: 22156: 22151: 22147: 22141: 22138: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22121: 22120:Subsatellites 22118: 22116: 22113: 22111: 22108: 22106: 22103: 22101: 22098: 22096: 22093: 22091: 22088: 22087: 22085: 22083: 22080:Hypothetical 22077: 22074: 22065: 22062: 22058: 22055: 22053: 22050: 22048: 22045: 22043: 22040: 22036: 22033: 22031: 22028: 22027: 22026: 22023: 22022: 22021: 22018: 22014: 22011: 22009: 22006: 22005: 22004: 22001: 21997: 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21982: 21979: 21977: 21974: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21962: 21959: 21957: 21954: 21953: 21952: 21949: 21947: 21946:Asteroid belt 21944: 21942: 21939: 21935: 21932: 21930: 21927: 21925: 21922: 21918: 21915: 21913: 21910: 21909: 21908: 21905: 21903: 21900: 21898: 21895: 21893: 21890: 21889: 21888: 21885: 21881: 21878: 21876: 21873: 21871: 21868: 21866: 21863: 21861: 21858: 21856: 21853: 21851: 21848: 21846: 21843: 21842: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21831: 21828: 21826: 21823: 21822: 21821: 21820:Minor planets 21818: 21816: 21813: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21802: 21800: 21798: 21788: 21782: 21779: 21777: 21774: 21772: 21769: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21751: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21738: 21736: 21734: 21730: 21722: 21719: 21718: 21717: 21714: 21710: 21707: 21706: 21705: 21702: 21698: 21695: 21694: 21693: 21690: 21686: 21683: 21682: 21681: 21678: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21665: 21664: 21661: 21657: 21654: 21652: 21649: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21634: 21633: 21632: 21629: 21625: 21622: 21621: 21620: 21617: 21613: 21610: 21608: 21605: 21603: 21600: 21598: 21595: 21594: 21593: 21590: 21586: 21583: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21557: 21556: 21553: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21541: 21539: 21536: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21500: 21499: 21496: 21492: 21489: 21487: 21484: 21482: 21479: 21477: 21474: 21472: 21469: 21468: 21467: 21464: 21460: 21457: 21455: 21452: 21451: 21450: 21447: 21443: 21440: 21438: 21435: 21434: 21432: 21431: 21429: 21427: 21423: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21407: 21405: 21402: 21400: 21397: 21395: 21392: 21390: 21387: 21385: 21382: 21380: 21377: 21375: 21372: 21371: 21370: 21367: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21352: 21351: 21348: 21344: 21341: 21339: 21336: 21335: 21334: 21331: 21330: 21329: 21326: 21322: 21319: 21317: 21314: 21312: 21309: 21307: 21304: 21303: 21302: 21299: 21298: 21296: 21294: 21289: 21285: 21282: 21281: 21276: 21270: 21269: 21265: 21263: 21262: 21258: 21256: 21255: 21251: 21249: 21248: 21244: 21242: 21241: 21237: 21235: 21234: 21230: 21228: 21227: 21223: 21221: 21220: 21216: 21214: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21204: 21201: 21199: 21196: 21194: 21193: 21189: 21187: 21184: 21182: 21179: 21177: 21174: 21172: 21169: 21167: 21164: 21163: 21118: 21114: 21107: 21102: 21100: 21095: 21093: 21088: 21087: 21084: 21072: 21064: 21063: 21060: 21050: 21049: 21045: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21032: 21031: 21028: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21012: 21009: 21008: 21007: 21004: 21000: 20997: 20996: 20995: 20992: 20991: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20976: 20973: 20966: 20962: 20959: 20957: 20954: 20952: 20949: 20947: 20944: 20942: 20940:(abiogenesis) 20936: 20935: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20923: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20899: 20897: 20894: 20892: 20889: 20888: 20886: 20884: 20880: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20863: 20862: 20859: 20857: 20854: 20852: 20849: 20847: 20844: 20842: 20839: 20837: 20834: 20832: 20829: 20827: 20824: 20822: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20810: 20808: 20806: 20802: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20768: 20765: 20761: 20758: 20756: 20755:Earth science 20753: 20752: 20750: 20748: 20744: 20738: 20735: 20731: 20728: 20726: 20723: 20722: 20721: 20718: 20716: 20713: 20711: 20708: 20706: 20703: 20702: 20700: 20698: 20694: 20690: 20682: 20677: 20675: 20670: 20668: 20663: 20662: 20659: 20647: 20646: 20642: 20637: 20635: 20634: 20630: 20625: 20624: 20621: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20598: 20594: 20592: 20590: 20589:Cosmic Voyage 20586: 20584: 20582: 20581:Powers of Ten 20578: 20576: 20574: 20570: 20568: 20566: 20562: 20560: 20558: 20554: 20553: 20551: 20547: 20535: 20528: 20521: 20514: 20508: 20502: 20496: 20489: 20482: 20475: 20468: 20461: 20454: 20447: 20440: 20436: 20432: 20428: 20421: 20416: 20414: 20409: 20407: 20402: 20401: 20398: 20392: 20385: 20375: 20366: 20359: 20352: 20345: 20339: 20333: 20327: 20320: 20313: 20306: 20299: 20292: 20285: 20278: 20272: 20262: 20260: 20250: 20248: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20232: 20229: 20214: 20213:Tidal locking 20211: 20209: 20206: 20204: 20201: 20199: 20196: 20194: 20193:Double planet 20191: 20190: 20188: 20184: 20178: 20175: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20162: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20146: 20145:Minor planets 20143: 20141: 20138: 20136: 20133: 20131: 20128: 20127: 20125: 20121: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20103: 20100: 20099: 20098: 20095: 20093: 20090: 20086: 20083: 20079: 20078:Merging stars 20076: 20075: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20050: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19974: 19971: 19969: 19966: 19962: 19959: 19957: 19954: 19953: 19952: 19949: 19947: 19944: 19942: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19922: 19919: 19917: 19914: 19912: 19909: 19907: 19904: 19900: 19897: 19896: 19895: 19892: 19890: 19887: 19885: 19882: 19881: 19879: 19877: 19871: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19828: 19825: 19824: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19806: 19803: 19802: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19770: 19769: 19766: 19762: 19759: 19757: 19754: 19753: 19752: 19749: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19731: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19711: 19707: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19680:Subsatellites 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19647: 19645: 19643: 19640:Hypothetical 19637: 19634: 19625: 19622: 19618: 19615: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19605: 19603: 19600: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19587: 19586: 19583: 19582: 19581: 19578: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19565: 19564: 19561: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19514: 19513: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19506:Asteroid belt 19504: 19502: 19499: 19495: 19492: 19490: 19487: 19485: 19482: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19469: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19449: 19448: 19445: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19403: 19402: 19400: 19398: 19395: 19391: 19388: 19386: 19383: 19382: 19381: 19380:Minor planets 19378: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19368: 19366: 19363: 19362: 19360: 19358: 19348: 19342: 19339: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19311: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19298: 19296: 19294: 19290: 19282: 19279: 19278: 19277: 19274: 19270: 19267: 19266: 19265: 19262: 19258: 19255: 19254: 19253: 19250: 19246: 19243: 19242: 19241: 19238: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19226: 19225: 19224: 19221: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19202: 19199: 19197: 19194: 19193: 19192: 19189: 19185: 19182: 19181: 19180: 19177: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19154: 19153: 19150: 19146: 19143: 19141: 19138: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19123: 19121: 19118: 19117: 19116: 19113: 19109: 19106: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19060: 19059: 19056: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19032: 19029: 19028: 19027: 19024: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19011: 19010: 19007: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18995: 18994: 18992: 18991: 18989: 18987: 18983: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18955: 18952: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18942: 18940: 18937: 18935: 18932: 18931: 18930: 18927: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18912: 18911: 18908: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18895: 18894: 18891: 18890: 18889: 18886: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18863: 18862: 18859: 18858: 18856: 18854: 18849: 18845: 18842: 18841: 18836: 18830: 18829: 18825: 18823: 18822: 18818: 18816: 18815: 18811: 18809: 18808: 18804: 18802: 18801: 18797: 18795: 18794: 18790: 18788: 18787: 18783: 18781: 18780: 18776: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18753: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18723: 18678: 18674: 18667: 18662: 18660: 18655: 18653: 18648: 18647: 18644: 18632: 18631: 18622: 18620: 18619: 18614: 18610: 18608: 18607: 18598: 18597: 18594: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18565: 18563: 18560: 18558: 18555: 18553: 18550: 18548: 18545: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18533: 18530: 18528: 18525: 18524: 18521: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18506: 18503: 18499: 18498:Earth science 18492: 18487: 18485: 18480: 18478: 18473: 18472: 18469: 18457: 18449: 18448: 18445: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18427: 18424: 18423: 18422: 18419: 18418: 18416: 18412: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18377: 18375: 18371: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18354: 18353: 18350: 18345: 18341: 18338: 18334: 18333:Asthenosphere 18331: 18329: 18326: 18325: 18324: 18321: 18320: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18310: 18308: 18304: 18300: 18293: 18288: 18286: 18281: 18279: 18274: 18273: 18270: 18258: 18250: 18249: 18246: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18221: 18219: 18217: 18213: 18207: 18204: 18203: 18201: 18197: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18185:Pacific Ocean 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18162: 18160: 18158: 18154: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18136: 18133: 18132: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18115:Earth science 18113: 18111: 18108: 18107: 18105: 18103: 18099: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18067:Magnetosphere 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18049: 18047: 18045: 18041: 18035: 18034:Virtual globe 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17999:Earth's orbit 17997: 17993: 17990: 17989: 17988: 17985: 17984: 17982: 17980: 17976: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17932: 17931: 17929: 17927: 17923: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17906:World history 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17896:World economy 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17870: 17867: 17866: 17865: 17862: 17861: 17859: 17857: 17853: 17847: 17846:South America 17844: 17842: 17841:North America 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17813: 17811: 17809: 17805: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17771: 17770: 17768: 17766: 17762: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17717: 17715: 17713: 17709: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17694: 17691: 17687: 17680: 17675: 17673: 17668: 17666: 17661: 17660: 17657: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17639: 17636: 17631: 17627: 17626:Video (00:27) 17624: 17621: 17620:Video (01:02) 17618: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17603: 17600: 17599: 17595: 17591: 17576: 17523: 17517: 17513: 17506: 17498: 17492: 17488: 17481: 17473: 17467: 17463: 17456: 17440: 17436: 17432: 17425: 17409: 17405: 17401: 17397: 17391: 17387: 17386: 17378: 17362: 17358: 17352: 17348: 17347: 17342: 17336: 17328: 17322: 17318: 17314: 17310: 17309: 17302: 17286: 17282: 17278: 17272: 17256: 17252: 17248: 17242: 17225: 17220: 17219: 17214: 17207: 17190: 17185: 17184: 17179: 17175: 17169: 17161: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17143: 17139: 17136:(1–2): 2–10. 17135: 17131: 17127: 17123: 17116: 17108: 17104: 17100: 17096: 17092: 17088: 17084: 17080: 17076: 17070: 17062: 17056: 17052: 17048: 17042: 17034: 17028: 17024: 17020: 17019: 17011: 17009: 17000: 16994: 16990: 16983: 16966: 16961: 16960: 16955: 16951: 16945: 16929: 16925: 16921: 16917: 16913: 16909: 16905: 16901: 16897: 16893: 16889: 16885: 16881: 16874: 16858: 16854: 16850: 16843: 16827: 16823: 16822: 16817: 16810: 16794: 16790: 16786: 16780: 16764: 16760: 16756: 16752: 16745: 16726: 16722: 16715: 16714: 16709: 16703: 16695: 16689: 16685: 16681: 16675: 16656: 16653:. p. 8. 16652: 16645: 16641: 16635: 16619: 16615: 16611: 16607: 16603: 16597: 16589: 16585: 16581: 16577: 16573: 16569: 16565: 16561: 16557: 16551: 16543: 16537: 16533: 16529: 16523: 16507: 16503: 16499: 16495: 16491: 16487: 16483: 16479: 16475: 16471: 16464: 16448: 16444: 16443: 16438: 16432: 16416: 16412: 16408: 16404: 16397: 16381: 16377: 16373: 16372: 16367: 16361: 16345: 16341: 16340: 16335: 16329: 16310: 16306: 16300: 16293: 16292: 16284: 16276: 16270: 16266: 16262: 16258: 16252: 16236: 16232: 16226: 16210: 16206: 16202: 16198: 16194: 16187: 16179: 16173: 16169: 16162: 16146: 16142: 16138: 16134: 16130: 16124: 16108: 16104: 16100: 16094: 16078: 16074: 16070: 16063: 16047: 16043: 16039: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16024:Harvey, Fiona 16019: 16017: 16000: 15996: 15992: 15985: 15969: 15965: 15961: 15955: 15939: 15935: 15931: 15925: 15923: 15914: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15886: 15882: 15879:(4): 048002. 15878: 15874: 15870: 15866: 15862: 15861:Maibach, Ed W 15858: 15854: 15847: 15845: 15836: 15830: 15826: 15822: 15816: 15800: 15796: 15790: 15786: 15785: 15777: 15769: 15763: 15759: 15755: 15754:Smith, Sharon 15749: 15733: 15729: 15725: 15721: 15715: 15711: 15710: 15705: 15701: 15695: 15679: 15675: 15668: 15649: 15645: 15641: 15637: 15633: 15629: 15625: 15621: 15617: 15610: 15603: 15587: 15584:. p. 3. 15583: 15579: 15578: 15573: 15567: 15551: 15547: 15543: 15537: 15521: 15517: 15513: 15506: 15498: 15494: 15490: 15486: 15482: 15478: 15474: 15473:Donahue, T. M 15467: 15451: 15447: 15440: 15432: 15428: 15424: 15420: 15416: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15398: 15394: 15390: 15386: 15382: 15378: 15374: 15368: 15359: 15354: 15350: 15346: 15342: 15338: 15334: 15330: 15326: 15320: 15304: 15300: 15293: 15277: 15273: 15269: 15262: 15246: 15243:(in German). 15242: 15238: 15231: 15223: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15205: 15201: 15197: 15193: 15189: 15182: 15174: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15156: 15152: 15148: 15144: 15140: 15133: 15125: 15119: 15115: 15108: 15092: 15088: 15081: 15073: 15067: 15063: 15056: 15048: 15042: 15038: 15031: 15023: 15017: 15013: 15006: 14998: 14992: 14988: 14981: 14965: 14961: 14954: 14946: 14940: 14936: 14932: 14931: 14926: 14919: 14910: 14905: 14901: 14897: 14893: 14889: 14885: 14881: 14874: 14858: 14854: 14850: 14844: 14828: 14824: 14820: 14816: 14810: 14794: 14790: 14786: 14780: 14778: 14761: 14757: 14753: 14746: 14744: 14727: 14723: 14719: 14715: 14714:"Troposphere" 14708: 14692: 14688: 14687: 14682: 14678: 14672: 14664: 14658: 14654: 14653: 14645: 14629: 14625: 14618: 14602: 14598: 14591: 14589: 14580: 14574: 14570: 14566: 14560: 14544: 14540: 14536: 14529: 14521: 14517: 14513: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14485: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14469: 14462: 14443: 14436: 14435: 14427: 14425: 14423: 14406: 14402: 14398: 14392: 14376: 14372: 14368: 14361: 14345: 14341: 14334: 14318: 14314: 14307: 14291: 14287: 14280: 14264: 14260: 14256: 14249: 14241: 14235: 14231: 14227: 14223: 14219: 14213: 14205: 14199: 14195: 14188: 14180: 14174: 14170: 14163: 14147: 14143: 14139: 14133: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14102: 14086: 14082: 14078: 14072: 14056: 14052: 14048: 14041: 14025: 14021: 14017: 14010: 13994: 13990: 13988:9789286143199 13984: 13980: 13976: 13972: 13971: 13963: 13947: 13943: 13942:NASA's Cosmos 13939: 13933: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13905: 13901: 13897: 13894:(June 2010). 13893: 13886: 13870: 13866: 13860: 13856: 13855: 13847: 13831: 13827: 13823: 13819: 13813: 13797: 13793: 13789: 13783: 13767: 13763: 13762: 13757: 13750: 13734: 13730: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13712: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13679: 13670: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13634: 13630: 13626: 13622: 13615: 13599: 13595: 13594: 13589: 13585: 13579: 13560: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13544: 13537: 13533: 13529: 13522: 13506: 13502: 13501: 13496: 13489: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13459: 13455: 13451: 13447: 13443: 13436: 13428: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13410: 13406: 13402: 13398: 13394: 13387: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13359: 13358:Espenak, Fred 13353: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13323: 13307: 13303: 13299: 13292: 13276: 13272: 13268: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13229: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13172: 13167: 13160: 13144: 13140: 13139: 13134: 13127: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13096: 13080: 13076: 13072: 13066: 13050: 13046: 13045: 13040: 13033: 13014: 13010: 13003: 12996: 12980: 12976: 12972: 12965: 12949: 12945: 12938: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12907: 12891: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12872: 12856: 12852: 12848: 12842: 12823: 12816: 12815: 12807: 12799: 12793: 12789: 12782: 12766: 12762: 12755: 12736: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12720: 12713: 12706: 12704: 12687: 12683: 12676: 12660: 12656: 12649: 12647: 12638: 12632: 12628: 12621: 12613: 12607: 12603: 12596: 12577: 12573: 12569: 12565: 12559: 12543: 12539: 12533: 12524: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12489: 12473: 12469: 12462: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12440: 12436: 12429: 12413: 12409: 12405: 12398: 12390: 12384: 12380: 12373: 12357: 12353: 12346: 12330: 12326: 12319: 12303: 12299: 12292: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12215: 12207: 12201: 12197: 12190: 12174: 12171:. NASA WMAP. 12170: 12163: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12108: 12104: 12097: 12090: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12055: 12047: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12016: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11961: 11953: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11929: 11923: 11912: 11908: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11893:(1–2): 1–18. 11892: 11888: 11881: 11874: 11866: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11846: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11791: 11787: 11780: 11778: 11769: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11739: 11723: 11719: 11712: 11703: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11688: 11680: 11672: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11644: 11640: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11621: 11619: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11567: 11548: 11544: 11538: 11534: 11533:10.1029/RF001 11530: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11511: 11504: 11488: 11484: 11483: 11478: 11477:"Lithosphere" 11471: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11441: 11425: 11421: 11414: 11406: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11355: 11346: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11314: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11283: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11243: 11237: 11221: 11217: 11210: 11194: 11190: 11183: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11152: 11136: 11132: 11125: 11109: 11105: 11098: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11064: 11060: 11059: 11051: 11035: 11031: 11024: 11008: 11004: 11003: 10998: 10991: 10975: 10971: 10970:Volcano World 10967: 10960: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10910: 10903: 10887: 10883: 10877: 10861: 10857: 10851: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10820: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10769: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10739: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10708: 10692: 10688: 10687:ngdc.noaa.gov 10684: 10677: 10670: 10657: 10653: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10632: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10601: 10585: 10581: 10575: 10571: 10570: 10562: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10532: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10481: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10451: 10443: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10402: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10372: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10341: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10310: 10294: 10290: 10284: 10280: 10279: 10271: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10211: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10177: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10143: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10108: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10075: 10056: 10049: 10043: 10035: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9994: 9978: 9974: 9967: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9936: 9934: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9902: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9871: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9838: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9797: 9792: 9785: 9777: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9736: 9728: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9687: 9685: 9676: 9670: 9666: 9665: 9660: 9656: 9650: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9565: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9542: 9533: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9453: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9386: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9252: 9244: 9238: 9234: 9227: 9219: 9213: 9209: 9202: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9172: 9164: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9118: 9111: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9080: 9071: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9014:Mao, Wendy L. 9011: 9004: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8970: 8963: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8918: 8910: 8902: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8844: 8828: 8824: 8817: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8773: 8756: 8751: 8750: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8733: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8666: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8615: 8599: 8595: 8588: 8580: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8542: 8535: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8504:Kinzler, Ro. 8500: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8449:Bradley, D.C. 8444: 8436: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8383: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8328: 8321: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8211: 8203: 8197: 8193: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8116: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8064: 8062: 8053: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8002: 7986: 7982: 7981: 7976: 7969: 7961: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7932: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7869: 7860: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7789: 7781: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7752: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7552:Russell, Sara 7549: 7542: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7425: 7421: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7332: 7327: 7321: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7260: 7253: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7226: 7225:"terrestrial" 7219: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7192: 7185: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7158: 7151: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7124: 7117: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7090: 7083: 7075: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7046: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7027:Simek, Rudolf 7022: 7014: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6977: 6975: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6942: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6903: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6877: 6872: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6788: 6783: 6777: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6579: 6572: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6517: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6396: 6395:10.1029/RF001 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6330: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6291: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6272: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6076: 6074: 6069: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6021: 6012: 5993: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5911: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5858: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5811: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5762: 5756: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5740:billiard ball 5735: 5726: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5679: 5678:circumference 5673: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5562:Earth science 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5409: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5149: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5076:deforestation 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5027:storm in the 5026: 5021: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4991:polar regions 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4940:ocean surface 4937: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4916:Life on Earth 4913: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4849:edge of space 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4777:humid tropics 4774: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4761:precipitation 4756: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4690: 4683: 4672: 4665: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4633:nitrous oxide 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4532: 4529:of the lower 4528: 4524: 4523:stratospheric 4520: 4515: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4427:surface water 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4400: 4387: 4384:; at Earth's 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4333: 4324: 4320: 4319:Earth's orbit 4316: 4312: 4307: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4188:tidal locking 4185: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4077:tropical year 4074: 4070: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4031:Arctic Circle 4027: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4000: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3931:synodic month 3928: 3923: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3912:sidereal year 3909: 3905: 3902:or 380 times 3901: 3900:light minutes 3897: 3893: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3859:Earth's orbit 3850: 3848: 3843: 3833: 3832:March equinox 3829: 3824:23 56 4.0989. 3821: 3813: 3809: 3806:, called its 3805: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3711:magnetosphere 3707: 3705: 3701: 3688: 3683: 3673: 3668: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3606:flood basalts 3603: 3599: 3598:mantle plumes 3582: 3580: 3576: 3575:igneous rocks 3572: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3513:Internal heat 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3442: 3437: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3397:asthenosphere 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3372:or physical ( 3371: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3333: 3332:Asthenosphere 3330: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3261: 3254: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3224: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3200:Arabian Plate 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3165:4,400 Ma 3161:4,030 Ma 3149: 3144: 3142: 3141:asthenosphere 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3101:Earth's crust 3091: 3083: 3080: 3072: 3069: 3061: 3058: 3050: 3047: 3039: 3036: 3035:African Plate 3028: 3025: 3024:Pacific Plate 3017: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2916:Earth's crust 2913: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2877:surface water 2874: 2869: 2867: 2866:Mount Everest 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2794:ocean surface 2791: 2790:polar regions 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2748:covering the 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2721:hemispheres. 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2687:Earth's crust 2684: 2680: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2583:Mount Everest 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2541:fifth largest 2538: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2511: 2510:Geomorphology 2507: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2455:The Sun will 2453: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2434: 2421: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2290:is marked by 2289: 2285: 2284:Earth's crust 2281: 2277: 2276:stromatolites 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218:microbial mat 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2188: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2116: 2111: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1889:planetesimals 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1850: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1777: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1709: 1703: 1662: 1656: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1591: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1545:Ancient Greek 1535: 1534: 1527: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1434: 1428: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391:other planets 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1254:unsustainable 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1211:Tidal locking 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172:Earth rotates 1169: 1165: 1164:light-minutes 1161: 1160:rocky planets 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129:precipitation 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050:magnetosphere 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1023:Earth's polar 1020: 1019:sheets of ice 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1001: 997: 996:Earth's crust 993: 989: 988:surface water 985: 981: 977: 973: 970:and the only 969: 965: 962:is the third 961: 949: 945: 943: 939: 937: 933: 931: 927: 925: 921: 919: 915: 913: 909: 906: 902: 899: 895: 892: 888: 887: 885: 883: 879: 874: 871:101.325 869: 866: 860: 855: 851: 848: 847: 840: 836: 834: 831: 826: 818: 815: 812: 809: 808: 804: 801: 798: 796: 792: 791: 787: 783: 777: 775: 771: 765: 761: 759: 755: 754: 752: 750: 746: 736: 733: 728: 724: 718: 701: 698: 693: 683: 680: 675: 669: 666: 661: 657: 654: 649: 645: 630: 627: 622: 618: 615: 609: 596: 594: 590: 577: 575: 571: 554: 541: 529: 528: 526: 523: 518: 512: 502: 500: 490: 489: 487: 485:Circumference 483: 479: 465: 463: 459: 449: 445: 440: 430: 426: 421: 411: 408: 403: 398: 395: 391: 389: 385: 375: 372: 367: 363: 360: 355: 344: 341: 336: 330: 319: 316: 305: 302: 295: 294: 292: 290: 286: 280: 277: 272: 266: 263: 262:orbital speed 257: 253: 248: 220: 217: 212: 203: 201: 197: 184: 181: 176: 163: 161: 157: 144: 142: 138: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 117: 115: 111: 107: 105: 101: 97: 93: 92:Terra, Tellus 89: 85: 81: 78: 73: 68: 63: 59: 58: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 23092:Solar System 23071: 23054: 23037: 23020: 23003: 22991:from Commons 22986: 22969: 22948: 22905:Solar system 22809:Each arrow ( 22731:Local Bubble 22717:Solar System 22715: 22508:Planetesimal 22463:Kuiper cliff 22191:Space probes 22164:Colonization 22003:Kirkwood gap 21924:Saturn Moons 21837:Planetesimal 21315: 21301:Terrestrials 21266: 21259: 21252: 21245: 21238: 21231: 21224: 21217: 21190: 21180: 21113:Solar System 21046: 20979:Biodiversity 20965:astrobiology 20746: 20687:Elements of 20645:Space portal 20638: 20626: 20596: 20588: 20580: 20572: 20564: 20556: 20538:Each arrow ( 20460:Local Bubble 20446:Solar System 20438: 20369:Each arrow ( 20291:Local Bubble 20277:Solar System 20275: 20068:Planetesimal 20023:Kuiper cliff 19751:Space probes 19724:Colonization 19563:Kirkwood gap 19484:Saturn Moons 19397:Planetesimal 18875: 18861:Terrestrials 18826: 18819: 18812: 18805: 18798: 18791: 18784: 18777: 18750: 18740: 18673:Solar System 18628: 18616: 18604: 18582:Soil science 18567:Oceanography 18340:Lower mantle 18323:Upper mantle 18239:Solar System 18190:Oceanography 18180:Indian Ocean 18170:Arctic Ocean 18110:Age of Earth 18062:Geomagnetism 17745:Thermosphere 17735:Stratosphere 17685: 17632:(time-lapse) 17511: 17505: 17486: 17480: 17461: 17455: 17443:. Retrieved 17434: 17424: 17412:. Retrieved 17384: 17377: 17365:. Retrieved 17345: 17335: 17307: 17301: 17289:. Retrieved 17280: 17271: 17259:. Retrieved 17250: 17241: 17229:. Retrieved 17224:the original 17216: 17206: 17194:. Retrieved 17189:the original 17181: 17168: 17133: 17129: 17122:Margulis, L. 17115: 17082: 17078: 17069: 17050: 17041: 17017: 16988: 16982: 16970:. Retrieved 16965:the original 16957: 16944: 16932:. Retrieved 16894:(2): 88–95. 16891: 16887: 16873: 16861:. Retrieved 16853:The Guardian 16852: 16842: 16830:. Retrieved 16819: 16809: 16797:. Retrieved 16793:the original 16788: 16779: 16767:. Retrieved 16754: 16744: 16732:. Retrieved 16712: 16702: 16683: 16674: 16664:25 September 16662:. Retrieved 16650: 16634: 16622:. Retrieved 16613: 16596: 16563: 16559: 16550: 16531: 16522: 16510:. Retrieved 16477: 16473: 16463: 16451:. Retrieved 16440: 16431: 16419:. Retrieved 16406: 16396: 16384:. Retrieved 16369: 16360: 16348:. Retrieved 16337: 16328: 16316:. Retrieved 16290: 16283: 16264: 16251: 16239:. Retrieved 16225: 16213:. Retrieved 16197:The Guardian 16196: 16186: 16167: 16161: 16149:. Retrieved 16140: 16123: 16111:. Retrieved 16107:the original 16099:Méndez, Abel 16093: 16081:. Retrieved 16072: 16062: 16052:18 September 16050:. Retrieved 16034:The Guardian 16033: 16003:. Retrieved 15999:the original 15994: 15984: 15972:. Retrieved 15963: 15954: 15944:16 September 15942:. Retrieved 15938:the original 15933: 15876: 15872: 15851:Cook, John; 15824: 15815: 15803:. Retrieved 15783: 15776: 15757: 15748: 15736:. Retrieved 15708: 15704:Singh, S. P. 15700:Singh, J. S. 15694: 15682:. Retrieved 15678:the original 15667: 15655:. Retrieved 15619: 15615: 15602: 15590:. Retrieved 15577:BBC Bitesize 15575: 15566: 15554:. Retrieved 15545: 15536: 15524:. Retrieved 15515: 15505: 15480: 15476: 15466: 15454:. Retrieved 15450:the original 15439: 15388: 15384: 15367: 15340: 15336: 15319: 15307:. Retrieved 15303:the original 15292: 15280:. Retrieved 15276:the original 15272:Science Week 15271: 15261: 15249:. Retrieved 15240: 15230: 15195: 15191: 15181: 15146: 15142: 15132: 15113: 15107: 15095:. Retrieved 15080: 15061: 15055: 15036: 15030: 15011: 15005: 14986: 14980: 14968:. Retrieved 14964:the original 14953: 14929: 14918: 14891: 14887: 14873: 14863:17 September 14861:. Retrieved 14852: 14843: 14831:. Retrieved 14822: 14809: 14797:. Retrieved 14764:. Retrieved 14760:the original 14755: 14730:. Retrieved 14717: 14707: 14695:. Retrieved 14691:the original 14684: 14677:Drake, Nadia 14671: 14651: 14644: 14632:. Retrieved 14617: 14605:. Retrieved 14601:the original 14568: 14559: 14547:. Retrieved 14538: 14528: 14475: 14471: 14461: 14449:. Retrieved 14433: 14409:. Retrieved 14400: 14391: 14379:. Retrieved 14370: 14360: 14348:. Retrieved 14344:the original 14333: 14321:. Retrieved 14306: 14294:. Retrieved 14290:the original 14279: 14267:. Retrieved 14263:the original 14258: 14248: 14221: 14212: 14193: 14187: 14168: 14162: 14150:. Retrieved 14141: 14132: 14120:. Retrieved 14111: 14101: 14089:. Retrieved 14080: 14071: 14059:. Retrieved 14050: 14040: 14028:. Retrieved 14019: 14009: 13997:. Retrieved 13969: 13962: 13950:. Retrieved 13941: 13932: 13903: 13900:Oceanography 13899: 13885: 13873:. Retrieved 13853: 13846: 13834:. Retrieved 13821: 13812: 13800:. Retrieved 13796:the original 13791: 13782: 13770:. Retrieved 13759: 13749: 13737:. Retrieved 13692: 13688: 13678: 13632: 13628: 13614: 13602:. Retrieved 13591: 13578: 13566:. Retrieved 13559:the original 13546: 13542: 13521: 13509:. Retrieved 13498: 13488: 13476:. Retrieved 13449: 13445: 13435: 13403:(1): 37–59. 13400: 13396: 13386: 13374:. Retrieved 13370:the original 13352: 13340:. Retrieved 13331: 13322: 13310:. Retrieved 13301: 13291: 13279:. Retrieved 13249:(1): 59–79. 13246: 13242: 13228: 13216:. Retrieved 13175: 13169: 13159: 13147:. Retrieved 13136: 13126: 13114:. Retrieved 13105: 13095: 13083:. Retrieved 13074: 13065: 13053:. Retrieved 13042: 13032: 13020:. Retrieved 13011:. New York. 13008: 12995: 12983:. Retrieved 12974: 12964: 12952:. Retrieved 12948:the original 12937: 12927:10 September 12925:. Retrieved 12916: 12906: 12894:. Retrieved 12890:the original 12881: 12871: 12859:. Retrieved 12850: 12841: 12831:28 September 12829:. Retrieved 12813: 12806: 12787: 12781: 12769:. Retrieved 12765:the original 12754: 12742:. Retrieved 12735:the original 12722: 12718: 12690:. Retrieved 12675: 12665:28 September 12663:. Retrieved 12626: 12620: 12601: 12595: 12583:. Retrieved 12576:the original 12571: 12567: 12558: 12548:23 September 12546:. Retrieved 12542:the original 12532: 12505: 12501: 12488: 12476:. Retrieved 12472:the original 12461: 12434: 12428: 12416:. Retrieved 12407: 12397: 12378: 12372: 12360:. Retrieved 12356:the original 12345: 12333:. Retrieved 12318: 12306:. Retrieved 12291: 12279:. Retrieved 12275:the original 12228: 12224: 12214: 12195: 12189: 12177:. Retrieved 12162: 12150:. Retrieved 12106: 12102: 12089: 12064: 12060: 12054: 12029: 12025: 12015: 11974: 11970: 11960: 11935: 11931: 11922: 11911:the original 11890: 11886: 11873: 11854: 11845: 11833:. Retrieved 11789: 11785: 11776: 11768: 11756:. Retrieved 11752:the original 11747: 11738: 11726:. Retrieved 11711: 11686: 11679: 11634: 11630: 11605:. Retrieved 11580: 11576: 11566: 11554:. Retrieved 11547:the original 11516: 11503: 11491:. Retrieved 11480: 11470: 11458:. Retrieved 11449: 11440: 11428:. Retrieved 11413: 11368: 11364: 11354: 11327: 11323: 11313: 11301:. Retrieved 11292: 11282: 11249: 11245: 11236: 11224:. Retrieved 11209: 11197:. Retrieved 11182: 11170:. Retrieved 11161: 11151: 11139:. Retrieved 11124: 11112:. Retrieved 11097: 11085:. Retrieved 11057: 11050: 11038:. Retrieved 11023: 11011:. Retrieved 11007:the original 11000: 10990: 10978:. Retrieved 10974:the original 10969: 10959: 10947:. Retrieved 10922:(12): 4–10. 10919: 10915: 10902: 10890:. Retrieved 10876: 10864:. Retrieved 10850: 10838:. Retrieved 10829: 10819: 10778: 10774: 10768: 10756:. Retrieved 10747: 10738: 10726:. Retrieved 10717: 10707: 10697:15 September 10695:. Retrieved 10686: 10676: 10667: 10660:. Retrieved 10641: 10638:"continents" 10631: 10619:. Retrieved 10610: 10600: 10588:. Retrieved 10568: 10561: 10549:. Retrieved 10545:the original 10540: 10531: 10490: 10486: 10480: 10468:. Retrieved 10464:the original 10460:Ocean Worlds 10459: 10450: 10415: 10411: 10401: 10389:. Retrieved 10380: 10371: 10359:. Retrieved 10350: 10340: 10328:. Retrieved 10319: 10309: 10297:. Retrieved 10277: 10270: 10258:. Retrieved 10249: 10240: 10228:. Retrieved 10210: 10198:. Retrieved 10185: 10176: 10164:. Retrieved 10155: 10142: 10130:. Retrieved 10126:the original 10121: 10117: 10107: 10095:. Retrieved 10084: 10074: 10062:. Retrieved 10042: 10007: 10003: 9993: 9981:. Retrieved 9966: 9954:. Retrieved 9950:the original 9920:. Retrieved 9916:the original 9911: 9901: 9889:. Retrieved 9880: 9870: 9858:. Retrieved 9854:the original 9849: 9800: 9794: 9784: 9749: 9745: 9735: 9703:(1): 25–42. 9700: 9696: 9663: 9649: 9637:. Retrieved 9589: 9585: 9575:Yung, Yuk L. 9564: 9556:the original 9551: 9541: 9514: 9510: 9462: 9458: 9452: 9440:. Retrieved 9399: 9395: 9385: 9373:. Retrieved 9343:(4): 84–91. 9340: 9334: 9321: 9268: 9264: 9251: 9232: 9226: 9207: 9201: 9189:. Retrieved 9180: 9171: 9129:(1): 53–58. 9126: 9120: 9110: 9098:. Retrieved 9079: 9025: 9021: 9003: 8991:. Retrieved 8987:the original 8972: 8962: 8924:(1): 25–28. 8921: 8915: 8909: 8866: 8862:Astrobiology 8860: 8849:Noffke, Nora 8843: 8831:. Retrieved 8827:the original 8816: 8789: 8785: 8772: 8760:. Retrieved 8755:the original 8747: 8740:Zimmer, Carl 8720:the original 8694:(6): 90–95. 8691: 8685: 8665: 8653:. Retrieved 8628: 8624: 8614: 8602:. Retrieved 8598:the original 8587: 8550: 8544: 8534: 8522:. Retrieved 8509: 8499: 8456: 8452: 8443: 8400: 8396: 8387:Dhuime, B.; 8382: 8370:. Retrieved 8337: 8333: 8320: 8308:. Retrieved 8270: 8266: 8253: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8191: 8185: 8142: 8138: 8131:Albarede, F. 8102:. Retrieved 8077: 8073: 8015: 8011: 8001: 7989:. Retrieved 7978: 7968: 7941: 7937: 7931: 7882: 7878: 7868: 7841: 7837: 7824: 7812:. Retrieved 7797: 7788: 7761: 7751: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7649: 7645: 7617:. Retrieved 7613:the original 7608: 7598: 7563: 7559: 7541: 7529:. Retrieved 7512: 7508: 7498: 7486:20 September 7484:. Retrieved 7451: 7447: 7430:20 September 7428:. Retrieved 7400: 7388: 7363: 7359: 7349: 7341:the original 7329: 7320: 7297: 7286: 7263: 7252: 7229: 7218: 7195: 7184: 7161: 7150: 7127: 7116: 7093: 7082: 7059: 7053: 7030: 7021: 6986: 6982: 6961:. Retrieved 6950: 6941: 6929:. Retrieved 6909: 6902: 6890:. Retrieved 6874: 6865: 6830: 6826: 6819:Jones, P. D. 6813: 6801:. Retrieved 6785: 6776: 6764:. Retrieved 6760:the original 6755: 6746: 6734:. Retrieved 6714: 6704: 6692:. Retrieved 6672: 6662: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6594:the original 6577: 6571: 6559:. Retrieved 6545: 6533:. Retrieved 6503:. Retrieved 6499:the original 6494: 6484: 6472:. Retrieved 6446: 6428: 6416:. Retrieved 6409:the original 6378: 6362: 6339: 6316:. Retrieved 6312:the original 6307: 6298: 6278: 6271: 6259:. Retrieved 6236: 6224:. Retrieved 6204: 6194: 6182:. Retrieved 6130:. Retrieved 6085: 6081: 6050:. Retrieved 6038: 6034: 6020: 6011: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5851: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5810: 5797: 5772: 5766: 5761:Somali Plate 5755: 5744:Great Plains 5734: 5725: 5685: 5672: 5653: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5638:× (1 – 5635: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5611:periodically 5601: 5524: 5493: 5471: 5417: 5405: 5360: 5337: 5294: 5278:fossil fuels 5271: 5213: 5194: 5179: 5168: 5145: 5106:such as the 5033: 5003: 4967:water depths 4956: 4945: 4890: 4873:thermosphere 4865:stratosphere 4862: 4853:thermosphere 4837:stratosphere 4805:Death Valley 4770: 4757: 4746: 4727: 4704: 4696: 4585:2.7 Gya 4570: 4562:Clouds cover 4546:scale height 4539: 4531:thermosphere 4485:Solar System 4482: 4467:The average 4466: 4439: 4423:ground water 4404: 4391: 4374:global ocean 4348:space debris 4337: 4273: 4261:space debris 4227:angular size 4224: 4212: 4192:lunar phases 4181: 4170:dwarf planet 4155: 4148: 4131:Lunar theory 4093: 4081:polar motion 4066: 4047: 4043:midnight sun 4028: 4005: 3959: 3924: 3920: 3889: 3844: 3807: 3801: 3782:86,400.0025 3775: 3708: 3664: 3628:acceleration 3625: 3586:87 mW m 3583: 3544:potassium-40 3537: 3489:(1.5%), and 3441:Earth's mass 3439: 3394: 3390:upper mantle 3367: 3319:Lower mantle 3306:Upper mantle 3212:Scotia Plate 3169: 3145: 3105:upper mantle 3098: 3014:, which are: 2944: 2920:upper mantle 2909: 2893: 2871:Land can be 2870: 2856:, and other 2814: 2725: 2723: 2691: 2599: 2556: 2552:Solar System 2546:and largest 2531: 2498:Earth radius 2459:to become a 2454: 2409: 2368:civilization 2305: 2162: 2117:began about 2112: 2073: 2007: 1990: 1965:had only 70% 1953:protoplanets 1935: 1897: 1865:solar nebula 1857:0.04 Ga 1837:is dated to 1835:Solar System 1832: 1823:Solar System 1781: 1743: 1739: 1707: 1660: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1561: 1531: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1483: 1464: 1432: 1406: 1404: 1395:House styles 1386: 1382: 1378: 1360: 1323: 1313: 1306: 1301: 1294:, and their 1285: 1273: 1267: 1215: 1148:an ellipsoid 1141: 1062: 984:Solar System 959: 958: 845: 522:Surface area 496:.017 km 455:.752 km 436:.137 km 276:Mean anomaly 200:Eccentricity 70:Designations 55: 40: 22971:Definitions 22917:Outer space 22772:Local Sheet 22766:Local Group 22549:Rubble pile 22537:Roche limit 22532:Ring system 22483:Outer space 22458:Kuiper belt 22428:Hill sphere 22423:Hills cloud 22371:Debris disk 22366:Cosmic dust 22150:Exploration 22105:Planet Nine 22090:Fifth giant 22064:Hills cloud 22025:Kuiper belt 21996:exceptional 21912:Trojan camp 21030:Prokaryotes 20818:Atmosphere 20813:Meteorology 20575:(1968 film) 20573:Cosmic Zoom 20567:(1964 film) 20559:(1957 book) 20557:Cosmic View 20501:Local Sheet 20495:Local Group 20332:Local Sheet 20326:Local Group 20109:Rubble pile 20097:Roche limit 20092:Ring system 20043:Outer space 20018:Kuiper belt 19988:Hill sphere 19983:Hills cloud 19931:Debris disk 19926:Cosmic dust 19710:Exploration 19665:Planet Nine 19650:Fifth giant 19624:Hills cloud 19585:Kuiper belt 19556:exceptional 19472:Trojan camp 18587:Volcanology 18562:Meteorology 17987:Cartography 17926:Environment 17793:Climatology 17730:Troposphere 17231:25 December 17196:24 December 16972:25 December 16950:Widmer, Ted 16769:19 December 16680:Tate, Nikki 16602:Ritchie, H. 16257:Lloyd, John 16129:Ritchie, H. 15512:"Biosphere" 15114:Climatology 15062:Climatology 15037:Climatology 15012:Climatology 14987:Climatology 14152:28 February 14091:28 February 13362:Meeus, Jean 12788:Climatology 12179:27 February 11855:Geodynamics 11835:28 February 11728:28 February 11330:(11): n/a. 11252:(1): 3–16. 11172:28 February 10744:"Ice Sheet" 10728:31 December 10260:26 November 10064:26 November 9517:: 457–468. 9191:2 September 9100:18 December 8675:Worm, Boris 7293:"tellurian" 7035:D.S. Brewer 6993:, England: 6892:6 September 6803:6 September 6535:26 November 6495:Home Online 6318:25 February 5857:Hill radius 5691:ice shelves 5626:aphelion = 5557:Earth phase 5531:Lord Kelvin 5527:Earth's age 5447:personified 5286:ore genesis 5197:underground 5072:overgrazing 5038:(including 5025:High Desert 4886:outer space 4882:Kármán line 4833:troposphere 4801:hot deserts 4789:continental 4765:water cycle 4734:subtropical 4707:trade winds 4614:ultraviolet 4566:troposphere 4558:Water vapor 4519:troposphere 4435:water vapor 4411:fresh water 4399:metric tons 4382:hydrosphere 4378:cloud cover 4364:Hydrosphere 4358:Hydrosphere 4298:companion, 4231:solid angle 4208:620 Ma 4184:lunar tides 4158:terrestrial 4039:polar night 3974:light-years 3962:Hill sphere 3814:(IERS), is 3808:stellar day 3804:fixed stars 3552:thorium-232 3548:uranium-238 3456:5.970 3374:rheological 3280:Lithosphere 3264:layer name 3220:Cocos Plate 3208:Nazca Plate 3157:200 Ma 3153:100 Ma 3109:lithosphere 2967:earthquakes 2959:bathymetric 2932:continental 2912:ocean floor 2904:arable land 2744:, with the 2734:ocean world 2730:hydrosphere 2726:world ocean 2695:hemispheres 2646:Peplosphere 2575:topographic 2366:, and then 2352:66 Mys 2336:most recent 2334:event, the 2324:535 Ma 2306:During the 2187:ozone layer 2123:Pleistocene 2108:180 Ma 2088:750 Ma 2041:4.4 Ga 1995:Early Earth 1973:3.5 Ga 1918:during the 1914:, numerous 1912:3.8 Ga 1879:(including 1809:Early Earth 1661:terrestrial 1282:Old English 1182:. Earth is 1113:atmospheric 1085:Water vapor 1054:solar winds 1030:groundwater 1000:continental 980:ocean world 976:harbor life 905:water vapor 774:Temperature 639:(exactly 1 508:.86 km 407:Mean radius 364:2023-Jan-04 303:'s equator; 289:Inclination 23086:Categories 23022:Quotations 22791:Local Hole 22738:Gould Belt 22478:Oort cloud 22314:Formation, 22304:Deep space 22140:Vulcanoids 22057:Oort cloud 21981:first 1000 21917:Greek camp 21815:Meteoroids 21810:Damocloids 21756:Charikloan 20911:Wilderness 20764:geological 20597:Cosmic Eye 20520:Local Hole 20467:Gould Belt 20351:Local Hole 20298:Gould Belt 20038:Oort cloud 19874:Formation, 19864:Deep space 19700:Vulcanoids 19617:Oort cloud 19541:first 1000 19477:Greek camp 19375:Meteoroids 19370:Damocloids 19316:Charikloan 18552:Glaciology 18547:Geophysics 18362:Inner core 18357:Outer core 18344:Mesosphere 18092:Tomography 18077:Seismology 18044:Geophysics 18019:Navigation 17911:Time zones 17876:In culture 17821:Antarctica 17808:Continents 17740:Mesosphere 17712:Atmosphere 17590:Audio help 17581:2021-04-22 17414:6 November 17291:27 January 17261:27 January 16934:30 January 16863:27 January 16832:27 January 16624:26 October 16610:"Land Use" 16512:13 October 16411:Leaf Group 16318:14 October 16215:10 October 16151:26 October 16005:31 October 15995:Yahoo News 15974:9 November 15738:1 November 15556:9 November 15526:1 November 15325:Liu, S. C. 14732:4 December 14718:SpacePlace 14697:4 December 14411:19 January 14381:19 January 14030:7 December 13999:7 December 13836:12 January 13739:28 October 13702:1608.01518 13604:13 October 13568:26 October 13511:26 October 13218:2 November 13149:2 November 13116:13 October 13085:13 October 13055:13 October 13022:27 October 12985:27 October 12896:8 November 12861:13 October 12281:24 October 11607:8 February 11556:3 February 11493:13 October 11460:25 October 10892:19 October 10866:19 October 10230:10 October 10097:19 October 10010:: 102896. 9922:11 January 8993:20 October 8655:3 November 8310:24 October 7619:30 January 7531:25 October 7326:"telluric" 7314:required.) 7280:required.) 7246:required.) 7212:required.) 7178:required.) 7144:required.) 7110:required.) 6931:9 November 6064:References 5714:Antarctica 5699:Vector Map 5512:Parmenides 5508:Pythagoras 5496:flat Earth 5276:, such as 5244:Antarctica 5201:underwater 5164:Antarctica 5154:years ago 5128:See also: 5084:extinction 5048:landslides 5040:hurricanes 5010:metabolism 4952:ecosystems 4936:productive 4899:has a low 4869:mesosphere 4841:mesosphere 4813:Antarctica 4803:, such as 4744:climates. 4711:westerlies 4687:Worldwide 4577:atmosphere 4533:around an 4503:Atmosphere 4454:ice sheets 4431:permafrost 4344:Vanguard 1 4340:satellites 4096:perihelion 4073:precessing 3927:barycenter 3908:solar days 3828:precessing 3768:Satellite 3739:ionosphere 3659:solar wind 3579:komatiites 3434:See also: 3409:inner core 3405:outer core 3362:12.8–13.1 3358:Inner core 3354:5100–6378 3345:Outer core 3341:2890–5100 3262:Component 3151:less than 2975:weathering 2953:, and the 2947:topography 2896:pedosphere 2885:permafrost 2881:ice sheets 2838:continents 2830:Antarctica 2818:landmasses 2808:, forming 2806:ice sheets 2802:permafrost 2746:shelf seas 2672:Antarctica 2642:Cryosphere 2630:Pedosphere 2622:Land cover 2591:Chimborazo 2535:, through 2514:See also: 2481:Geophysics 2388:See also: 2340:66 Ma 2292:continents 2253:Australian 2202:eukaryotes 2119:40 Ma 2080:the period 1981:solar wind 1945:outgassing 1891:formed by 1477:Portuguese 1397:now vary: 1280:, from an 1069:meteoroids 1063:Earth has 1015:vegetation 1003:landmasses 907:(variable) 857:Atmosphere 732:Axial tilt 686:1.0 d 605:10 kg 586:10 km 511:meridional 499:equatorial 462:Flattening 425:Equatorial 417:.0 km 388:Satellites 160:Perihelion 104:Adjectives 23073:Resources 23056:Textbooks 22893:Volcanoes 22881:Geography 22752:Milky Way 22745:Orion Arm 22513:Formation 22498:Migration 22493:Disrupted 22361:Coatlicue 22329:Accretion 22316:evolution 22262:Asteroids 22174:astronomy 22169:Discovery 22030:Cubewanos 21951:Asteroids 21781:Quaoarian 21771:Neptunian 21761:Chironean 21746:Saturnian 21528:Enceladus 20989:Eukaryota 20956:Hierarchy 20951:Biosphere 20916:Wildfires 20906:Radiation 20896:Ecosystem 20836:Moonlight 20770:Structure 20725:particles 20481:Milky Way 20474:Orion Arm 20312:Milky Way 20305:Orion Arm 20073:Formation 20058:Migration 20053:Disrupted 19921:Coatlicue 19889:Accretion 19876:evolution 19822:Asteroids 19734:astronomy 19729:Discovery 19590:Cubewanos 19511:Asteroids 19341:Quaoarian 19331:Neptunian 19321:Chironean 19306:Saturnian 19088:Enceladus 18557:Hydrology 18009:Geomatics 17954:Ecosystem 17939:Biosphere 17901:Etymology 17881:Earth Day 17831:Australia 17750:Exosphere 17546:hour and 17404:184822945 17160:129803613 17107:1352-2310 16924:169679920 16916:2398-9629 16606:Roser, M. 16588:129262186 16407:Sciencing 16339:Iberdrola 16241:3 January 16205:0261-3077 16133:Roser, M. 16113:5 January 16083:5 January 16042:0261-3077 15913:1748-9326 15728:896866658 15401:CiteSeerX 15251:26 August 15222:2156-2202 15173:0003-0007 14752:"Weather" 14549:10 August 14520:206691291 14512:0196-2892 14142:Education 13923:1912/3862 13761:Space.com 13729:118580771 13642:1104.0036 13342:8 October 13312:8 October 13281:8 October 13271:0012-8252 13208:264869152 13044:Astronomy 12453:646887856 12418:16 August 12362:16 August 12335:16 August 12308:16 August 12271:134666611 12263:1944-9208 11777:ab initio 11274:128376754 11077:635476788 10949:9 January 10916:GSA Today 10840:3 January 10811:235532921 10803:2169-9003 10758:3 January 10662:25 August 10621:26 August 10523:241687784 10507:0036-8075 10470:27 August 10442:0094-5765 10391:24 August 10361:27 August 10330:26 August 10299:26 August 10034:0012-8252 9912:Space.com 9842:See also 9810:0801.4031 9727:1473-5504 9552:Space.com 9487:128776283 9424:1476-4687 9052:1091-6490 8946:1752-0894 8762:3 October 8491:140601854 8469:CiteSeerX 8372:25 August 8362:1874/1653 8283:CiteSeerX 8034:0027-8424 7923:221342529 7907:0036-8075 7743:119226112 7735:0019-1035 7710:1410.3819 7638:Canup, R. 7590:1572-9672 7566:(8): 54. 7476:130092094 7259:"terrene" 7058:"earth". 6963:17 August 6857:2169-8996 6766:3 January 6736:17 August 6694:17 August 6654:122370108 6646:0004-6256 6561:11 August 6041:(1): 12. 5961:⋅ 5718:Greenland 5642:), where 5607:secularly 5290:magmatism 5068:acid rain 5064:wildfires 5060:blizzards 5056:tornadoes 5014:nutrients 4971:latitudes 4948:habitable 4922:Biosphere 4877:exosphere 4829:afterglow 4791:and cold 4738:temperate 4573:biosphere 4317:, L4, in 4311:librating 4204:Ediacaran 4050:equinoxes 4022:when the 3982:Orion Arm 3970:Milky Way 3964:, or the 3910:, or one 3877:periapsis 3735:substorms 3723:particles 3715:bow shock 3685:, with a 3594:10 W 3529:heat flow 3527:A map of 3491:aluminium 3477:(13.9%), 3475:magnesium 3473:(15.1%), 3469:(30.1%), 3349:9.9–12.2 3315:660–2890 3188:Antarctic 3148:subducted 2971:volcanism 2858:landforms 2766:seamounts 2711:longitude 2656:composite 2563:ellipsoid 2463:in about 2461:red giant 2404:red giant 2296:volcanoes 2239:rocks in 2222:sandstone 2127:3 Ma 2065:neodymium 2045:140 2034:Eoarchean 1949:condensed 1893:accretion 1803:Formation 1744:tellurian 1504:English: 1405:The name 1383:the Earth 1379:the earth 1350:included 1264:Etymology 1246:biosphere 1188:permanent 1168:orbits it 1142:Earth is 1042:volcanoes 974:known to 966:from the 946:0.00006% 940:0.00011% 934:0.00017% 928:0.00052% 922:0.00182% 900:(dry air) 893:(dry air) 758:geometric 636: m/s 62:Apollo 17 22805:Universe 22643:Moonlets 22223:programs 22196:timeline 22184:timeline 22115:Planet X 22110:Planet V 22047:Sednoids 22035:Plutinos 22008:Centaurs 21986:families 21721:Dysnomia 21709:Xiangliu 21704:Gonggong 21692:Makemake 21651:Kerberos 21538:Hyperion 21476:Callisto 21471:Ganymede 21404:Gonggong 21399:Makemake 21254:Gonggong 21247:Makemake 21071:Category 21040:bacteria 21023:protista 20984:Organism 20851:Sunlight 20697:Universe 20534:Universe 20434:Included 20365:Universe 20203:Moonlets 19783:programs 19756:timeline 19744:timeline 19675:Planet X 19670:Planet V 19607:Sednoids 19595:Plutinos 19568:Centaurs 19546:families 19281:Dysnomia 19269:Xiangliu 19264:Gonggong 19252:Makemake 19211:Kerberos 19098:Hyperion 19036:Callisto 19031:Ganymede 18964:Gonggong 18959:Makemake 18814:Gonggong 18807:Makemake 18606:Category 18456:Category 18257:Category 17592: · 17439:Archived 17408:Archived 17367:9 August 17361:Archived 17343:(2001). 17285:Archived 17255:Archived 17130:Tellus A 17124:(1974). 17049:(2009). 16928:Archived 16882:(2018). 16857:Archived 16826:Archived 16821:Mongabay 16763:Archived 16725:Archived 16655:Archived 16642:(2019). 16618:Archived 16608:(2019). 16580:12560541 16530:(2013). 16506:Archived 16502:24936905 16447:Archived 16415:Archived 16380:Archived 16344:Archived 16309:Archived 16263:(2010). 16235:Archived 16209:Archived 16145:Archived 16135:(2019). 16077:Archived 16046:Archived 15968:Archived 15823:(2000). 15805:9 August 15799:Archived 15732:Archived 15684:10 March 15657:20 April 15648:Archived 15636:14970922 15586:Archived 15550:Archived 15520:Archived 15456:19 March 15431:37386726 15423:11486082 15331:(1974). 15309:21 April 15282:14 March 15245:Archived 15097:24 March 15091:Archived 14970:24 March 14927:(2006). 14857:Archived 14833:21 April 14827:Archived 14817:(2003). 14799:24 March 14793:Archived 14787:(2002). 14766:17 March 14726:Archived 14634:19 March 14628:Archived 14607:21 March 14543:Archived 14442:Archived 14405:Archived 14375:Archived 14371:USGS.gov 14350:21 April 14323:14 March 14317:Archived 14296:14 March 14269:14 March 14220:(2001). 14146:Archived 14116:Archived 14112:USGS.gov 14085:Archived 14061:12 April 14055:Archived 14024:Archived 13993:Archived 13970:On Water 13952:12 April 13946:Archived 13875:9 August 13869:Archived 13830:Archived 13766:Archived 13733:Archived 13669:13832179 13598:Archived 13505:Archived 13500:Phys.org 13472:Archived 13427:51948507 13376:20 April 13336:Archived 13306:Archived 13275:Archived 13237:(2009). 13212:Archived 13200:37914947 13143:Archived 13110:Archived 13079:Archived 13071:"Charon" 13049:Archived 13013:Archived 12979:Archived 12954:21 March 12921:Archived 12855:Archived 12822:Archived 12744:21 March 12692:21 March 12686:Archived 12684:. NASA. 12659:Archived 12585:12 April 12478:21 March 12412:Archived 12329:Archived 12302:Archived 12173:Archived 12143:Archived 12139:22283432 12131:16915369 11999:17837768 11826:Archived 11822:21132433 11814:12804276 11758:12 April 11722:Archived 11671:16592930 11601:Archived 11487:Archived 11454:Archived 11452:. 2012. 11430:24 March 11424:Archived 11422:. USGS. 11405:16592703 11297:Archived 11226:14 March 11220:Archived 11218:. NOAA. 11199:14 March 11193:Archived 11166:Archived 11135:Archived 11133:. USGS. 11108:Archived 11087:9 August 11081:Archived 11040:22 March 11034:Archived 11013:20 March 10980:11 March 10940:Archived 10886:Archived 10860:Archived 10834:Archived 10752:Archived 10722:Archived 10691:Archived 10669:Panama). 10656:Archived 10615:Archived 10590:9 August 10584:Archived 10551:28 April 10515:33707245 10385:Archived 10355:Archived 10324:Archived 10293:Archived 10254:Archived 10224:Archived 10194:Archived 10160:Archived 10091:Archived 10055:Archived 9977:Archived 9956:21 April 9885:Archived 9860:24 March 9837:10073988 9776:14024675 9661:(2002). 9630:Archived 9626:19487662 9577:(2009). 9442:29 March 9436:Archived 9432:36002567 9369:Archived 9313:23599425 9305:27698119 9259:(2016). 9185:Archived 9163:29255053 9094:Archived 9070:26483481 8954:54767854 8901:24205812 8716:10710791 8649:Archived 8579:29180424 8518:Archived 8435:30275156 8403:(2132). 8366:Archived 8301:Archived 8245:17772560 8177:11208727 8169:16293721 8098:Archived 8052:17101962 7991:27 March 7985:Archived 7980:Phys.org 7915:32855337 7808:Archived 7674:11507633 7525:Archived 7515:: 4034. 7480:Archived 7442:(2001). 7424:Archived 7399:(1991). 7191:"Terran" 7123:"Tellus" 7066:. 1998. 7029:(2007). 6997:. 2010. 6981:"earth, 6957:Archived 6925:Archived 6886:Archived 6797:Archived 6730:Archived 6688:Archived 6529:Archived 6505:29 April 6474:29 April 6465:Archived 6418:3 August 6370:(1995). 6347:Archived 6255:Archived 6226:13 March 6220:Archived 6178:Archived 6126:Archived 6052:18 April 6043:Archived 5927:, where 5746:and the 5706:Archived 5676:Earth's 5545:See also 5435:, and a 5260:Land use 5160:settling 5148:primates 5052:tsunamis 5044:typhoons 4975:humidity 4909:reducing 4897:hydrogen 4719:currents 4583:evolved 4571:Earth's 4550:nitrogen 4469:salinity 4446:glaciers 4419:glaciers 4415:ice caps 4397:10 4274:Earth's 4100:aphelion 4069:nutation 3947:ecliptic 3916:meridian 3885:solstice 3873:apoapsis 3794:0 and 2 3754:Rotation 3602:hotspots 3577:such as 3540:isotopes 3485:(1.8%), 3481:(2.9%), 3449:10 3378:silicate 3370:chemical 3328:100–700 3323:3.4–5.6 3310:3.4–4.4 3297:2.2–2.9 3180:Eurasian 2936:basaltic 2862:Dead Sea 2854:plateaus 2707:Southern 2703:Northern 2699:latitude 2666:and the 2431:10 2233:graphite 2230:biogenic 2206:colonies 2115:ice ages 2096:Pannotia 1782:telluric 1486:and the 1240:emerged 1197:, which 1133:nitrogen 1077:nitrogen 948:hydrogen 916:0.0415% 910:0.9340% 891:nitrogen 865:pressure 863:Surface 828:Surface 816:14.76 °C 813:−89.2 °C 793:Surface 564: km 551: km 538: km 329:ecliptic 327:– J2000 282:358.617° 260:Average 193: km 172: km 153: km 141:Aphelion 118:🜨 and ♁ 22929:Weather 22869:Ecology 22845:Biology 22831:Portals 22626:Related 22605:by size 22294:Neptune 22279:Jupiter 22230:Mercury 22155:outline 22100:Phaeton 22095:Nemesis 22082:objects 21934:Neptune 21907:Jupiter 21887:Trojans 21880:Neptune 21865:Jupiter 21845:Mercury 21776:Haumean 21766:Uranian 21748: ( 21668:Hiʻiaka 21602:Proteus 21592:Neptune 21580:Miranda 21570:Umbriel 21560:Titania 21548:all 146 21513:Iapetus 21466:Jupiter 21360:Neptune 21338:Jupiter 21306:Mercury 21288:Planets 21213:Neptune 21198:Jupiter 21171:Mercury 21048:Viruses 21035:archaea 21011:animals 20963: ( 20961:Biology 20938:Origin 20891:Ecology 20866:tornado 20826:Climate 20820:(Earth) 20805:Weather 20775:Geology 20762: ( 20760:History 20549:Related 20186:Related 20165:by size 19854:Neptune 19839:Jupiter 19790:Mercury 19715:outline 19660:Phaeton 19655:Nemesis 19642:objects 19494:Neptune 19467:Jupiter 19447:Trojans 19440:Neptune 19425:Jupiter 19405:Mercury 19336:Haumean 19326:Uranian 19308: ( 19228:Hiʻiaka 19162:Proteus 19152:Neptune 19140:Miranda 19130:Umbriel 19120:Titania 19108:all 146 19073:Iapetus 19026:Jupiter 18920:Neptune 18898:Jupiter 18866:Mercury 18848:Planets 18773:Neptune 18758:Jupiter 18731:Mercury 18630:Commons 18542:Geology 18537:Geodesy 18509:Outline 18102:Geology 18014:Gravity 17979:Geodesy 17949:Ecology 17765:Climate 17755:Weather 17702:History 17697:Outline 17630:auroras 17579: ( 17550:minutes 17445:9 March 17431:"Earth" 17138:Bibcode 17087:Bibcode 17023:114–115 16896:Bibcode 16799:3 March 16560:Science 16482:Bibcode 16453:28 June 16421:28 June 16413:Media. 16386:28 June 16350:28 June 15881:Bibcode 15644:9886026 15592:28 June 15485:Bibcode 15393:Bibcode 15385:Science 15345:Bibcode 15200:Bibcode 15151:Bibcode 14958:Staff. 14896:Bibcode 14480:Bibcode 14451:28 July 14122:3 March 13802:17 July 13772:27 July 13707:Bibcode 13647:Bibcode 13454:Bibcode 13405:Bibcode 13302:Uw News 13251:Bibcode 13180:Bibcode 12771:11 June 12727:Bibcode 12510:Bibcode 12233:Bibcode 12111:Bibcode 12069:Bibcode 12034:Bibcode 12007:9147772 11979:Bibcode 11971:Science 11940:Bibcode 11895:Bibcode 11794:Bibcode 11639:Bibcode 11585:Bibcode 11521:Bibcode 11373:Bibcode 11332:Bibcode 11303:2 April 11254:Bibcode 11141:2 March 11114:2 March 10964:Staff. 10924:Bibcode 10783:Bibcode 10487:Science 10420:Bibcode 10200:16 June 10166:31 July 10132:16 July 10012:Bibcode 9983:7 March 9891:3 March 9815:Bibcode 9754:Bibcode 9705:Bibcode 9639:19 July 9617:2701016 9594:Bibcode 9519:Bibcode 9467:Bibcode 9404:Bibcode 9375:5 March 9365:7939569 9345:Bibcode 9296:5081622 9273:Bibcode 9154:5776830 9131:Bibcode 9061:4664351 9030:Bibcode 8926:Bibcode 8892:3870916 8871:Bibcode 8833:5 March 8794:Bibcode 8696:Bibcode 8633:Bibcode 8604:2 March 8592:Staff. 8570:5740680 8524:27 June 8461:Bibcode 8426:6189557 8405:Bibcode 8342:Bibcode 8275:Bibcode 8225:Bibcode 8217:Science 8147:Bibcode 8139:Science 8082:Bibcode 8043:1838702 7946:Bibcode 7887:Bibcode 7879:Science 7846:Bibcode 7814:27 June 7715:Bibcode 7682:4413525 7654:Bibcode 7568:Bibcode 7517:Bibcode 7456:Bibcode 7368:Bibcode 7089:"Terra" 6835:Bibcode 6624:Bibcode 6622:: 711. 6383:Bibcode 6184:26 July 6090:Bibcode 5839:Bibcode 5777:Bibcode 5630:× (1 + 5615:J2000.0 5410:at the 5301:topsoil 5104:changes 5096:erosion 4983:biomass 4857:aurorae 4845:airglow 4654:Climate 4650:Weather 4629:methane 4589:forming 4527:airglow 4462:Sea ice 4354:(ISS). 4327:2006 RH 4301:2010 TK 4288:trojans 4219:torques 4147:by the 3980:in the 3881:equinox 3810:by the 3786:seconds 3564:3 3487:calcium 3471:silicon 3463:by mass 3382:viscous 3302:35–660 3267:Density 3184:African 3172:Pacific 2987:biomass 2979:erosion 2940:granite 2928:oceanic 2889:deserts 2873:covered 2846:deserts 2842:terrain 2798:sea ice 2752:of the 2750:shelves 2719:Western 2715:Eastern 2612:Surface 2602:geodesy 2557:Due to 2550:of the 2348:mammals 2342:, when 2288:surface 2268:Archean 2200:called 2104:Pangaea 2092:Rodinia 2061:zircons 2057:hafnium 2053:Archean 2043:, only 1999:methane 1967:of its 1844:−0.0004 1842:+0.0002 1708:terrene 1481:Spanish 1346:: late 1186:by one 1184:orbited 1180:seasons 1144:rounded 1026:deserts 953:Source: 942:krypton 936:methane 896:20.95% 889:78.08% 819:56.7 °C 711: d 614:density 555:Water: 468:298.257 392:1, the 377:114.207 346:−11.260 230: d 222:365.256 88:Sol III 23112:Nature 22800: 22793: 22786: 22761: 22754: 22747: 22740: 22733: 22726: 22719: 22648:Syzygy 22570:Comets 22503:System 22488:Planet 22381:EXCEDE 22289:Uranus 22284:Saturn 22274:Comets 22267:mining 22245:mining 22135:Vulcan 21976:active 21971:Hygiea 21966:Pallas 21929:Uranus 21875:Uranus 21870:Saturn 21805:Comets 21797:bodies 21795:System 21741:Jovian 21685:Weywot 21680:Quaoar 21673:Namaka 21663:Haumea 21636:Charon 21612:all 16 21607:Nereid 21597:Triton 21585:all 28 21565:Oberon 21555:Uranus 21543:Phoebe 21523:Tethys 21498:Saturn 21491:all 95 21486:Europa 21459:Deimos 21454:Phobos 21433:Earth 21394:Quaoar 21389:Haumea 21369:Dwarfs 21355:Uranus 21343:Saturn 21328:Giants 21293:dwarfs 21240:Quaoar 21233:Haumea 21208:Uranus 21203:Saturn 20999:plants 20831:Clouds 20795:Future 20785:Oceans 20737:Change 20720:Matter 20715:Energy 20689:nature 20599:(2012) 20529: 20522: 20515: 20490: 20483: 20476: 20469: 20462: 20455: 20448: 20441: 20360: 20353: 20346: 20321: 20314: 20307: 20300: 20293: 20286: 20279: 20208:Syzygy 20130:Comets 20063:System 20048:Planet 19941:EXCEDE 19849:Uranus 19844:Saturn 19834:Comets 19827:mining 19805:mining 19695:Vulcan 19536:active 19531:Hygiea 19526:Pallas 19489:Uranus 19435:Uranus 19430:Saturn 19365:Comets 19357:bodies 19355:System 19301:Jovian 19245:Weywot 19240:Quaoar 19233:Namaka 19223:Haumea 19196:Charon 19172:all 16 19167:Nereid 19157:Triton 19145:all 28 19125:Oberon 19115:Uranus 19103:Phoebe 19083:Tethys 19058:Saturn 19051:all 95 19046:Europa 19019:Deimos 19014:Phobos 18993:Earth 18954:Quaoar 18949:Haumea 18929:Dwarfs 18915:Uranus 18903:Saturn 18888:Giants 18853:dwarfs 18800:Quaoar 18793:Haumea 18768:Uranus 18763:Saturn 18618:Portal 18421:Conrad 18318:Mantle 18306:Shells 18157:Oceans 18125:Future 17969:Nature 17891:Symbol 17836:Europe 17816:Africa 17613:– NASA 17518: 17493: 17468: 17402: 17392: 17353: 17323: 17158: 17105: 17057: 17029: 16995: 16922: 16914: 16734:2 June 16690: 16586: 16578: 16538: 16500: 16301: 16271: 16203: 16174: 16040: 15911: 15831: 15791: 15764: 15726: 15716: 15642: 15634: 15429: 15421: 15403: 15220: 15171: 15120: 15068: 15043: 15018: 14993: 14941: 14659: 14575: 14518: 14510: 14236: 14200: 14175: 13985: 13861: 13727: 13667: 13543:Icarus 13478:16 May 13425: 13269: 13206: 13198: 13171:Nature 12882:Sym545 12794: 12725:: 49. 12633: 12608: 12451: 12441: 12385: 12269: 12261: 12202: 12152:6 July 12137: 12129: 12005: 11997: 11861: 11820: 11812: 11698: 11669: 11662:350422 11659: 11539: 11403: 11396:411539 11393: 11272: 11075: 11065: 10809: 10801: 10648: 10576: 10521: 10513: 10505: 10440: 10320:Forbes 10285: 10032: 9835: 9774: 9725: 9671: 9624: 9614: 9485: 9430: 9422: 9396:Nature 9363: 9311: 9303: 9293: 9239: 9214: 9161: 9151: 9068: 9058: 9050: 8974:Excite 8952: 8944: 8899: 8889: 8714: 8577: 8567: 8489: 8471: 8433: 8423: 8285: 8243: 8198: 8175: 8167: 8050: 8040: 8032: 7956: 7921: 7913: 7905: 7776: 7741: 7733: 7697:Icarus 7680: 7672: 7646:Nature 7588: 7474: 7407: 7331:Lexico 7157:"Gaia" 7070: 7041: 7009: 6991:Oxford 6917: 6855: 6722: 6680: 6652: 6644: 6557:. 2008 6457: 6401: 6340:WGS-84 6286: 6261:3 July 6212: 6132:8 June 5660: 5408:module 5406:Cupola 5222:, and 5152: 5029:Mojave 4963:biomes 4871:, and 4807:, and 4635:, and 4407:saline 4166:Charon 4133:, and 3822:), or 3743:aurora 3672:dipole 3667:dynamo 3550:, and 3499:oxides 3483:nickel 3479:sulfur 3467:oxygen 3270:(g/cm) 3206:, the 3202:, the 3194:, and 3135:, and 3107:, the 3088: 3086: 3077: 3075: 3066: 3064: 3055: 3053: 3044: 3042: 3033: 3031: 3022: 3020: 2891:(33%) 2850:plains 2840:. The 2832:, and 2792:, the 2683:Relief 2644:, and 2508:, and 2457:evolve 2450:mantle 2378:Future 2362:. The 2270:, the 2214:fossil 2157:, and 2125:about 2026:felsic 2010:formed 2001:-rich 1957:comets 1955:, and 1839:4.5682 1813:Hadean 1742:comes 1740:Tellus 1632:terran 1630:comes 1488:French 1484:Tierra 1433:Tellus 1377:, and 1365:, its 1272:word 1238:Humans 1199:orbits 1193:, the 1081:oxygen 964:planet 930:helium 898:oxygen 810: 762:0.306 756:0.367 749:Albedo 738:23.439 658:0.3307 574:Volume 542:Land: 478:ETRS89 446:radius 427:radius 297:7.155° 245: 114:Symbol 23097:Earth 23039:Texts 22988:Media 22949:Earth 22941:World 22563:Lists 22299:Pluto 22257:Ceres 22235:Venus 22130:Tyche 22125:Theia 21961:Vesta 21956:Ceres 21897:Earth 21892:Venus 21855:Earth 21850:Venus 21830:moons 21793:Solar 21791:Small 21750:Rhean 21733:Rings 21646:Hydra 21631:Pluto 21624:Vanth 21619:Orcus 21575:Ariel 21533:Mimas 21518:Dione 21503:Titan 21426:Moons 21414:Sedna 21384:Pluto 21379:Orcus 21374:Ceres 21316:Earth 21311:Venus 21268:Sedna 21226:Pluto 21219:Orcus 21192:Ceres 21181:Earth 21176:Venus 21018:fungi 21006:fauna 20994:flora 20901:Field 20856:Tides 20747:Earth 20705:Space 20439:Earth 20123:Lists 19859:Pluto 19817:Ceres 19795:Venus 19690:Tyche 19685:Theia 19521:Vesta 19516:Ceres 19457:Earth 19452:Venus 19415:Earth 19410:Venus 19390:moons 19353:Solar 19351:Small 19310:Rhean 19293:Rings 19206:Hydra 19191:Pluto 19184:Vanth 19179:Orcus 19135:Ariel 19093:Mimas 19078:Dione 19063:Titan 18986:Moons 18974:Sedna 18944:Pluto 18939:Orcus 18934:Ceres 18876:Earth 18871:Venus 18828:Sedna 18786:Pluto 18779:Orcus 18752:Ceres 18741:Earth 18736:Venus 18514:Index 18342:(aka 18313:Crust 17934:Biome 17916:World 17686:Earth 17156:S2CID 16920:S2CID 16728:(PDF) 16717:(PDF) 16658:(PDF) 16647:(PDF) 16584:S2CID 16498:JSTOR 16312:(PDF) 16295:(PDF) 15651:(PDF) 15640:S2CID 15612:(PDF) 15427:S2CID 14516:S2CID 14445:(PDF) 14438:(PDF) 13725:S2CID 13697:arXiv 13665:S2CID 13637:arXiv 13562:(PDF) 13539:(PDF) 13423:S2CID 13204:S2CID 13016:(PDF) 13005:(PDF) 12825:(PDF) 12818:(PDF) 12738:(PDF) 12715:(PDF) 12267:S2CID 12146:(PDF) 12135:S2CID 12099:(PDF) 12003:S2CID 11914:(PDF) 11883:(PDF) 11829:(PDF) 11818:S2CID 11782:(PDF) 11775:"The 11550:(PDF) 11513:(PDF) 11270:S2CID 10943:(PDF) 10912:(PDF) 10807:S2CID 10519:S2CID 10058:(PDF) 10051:(PDF) 9833:S2CID 9805:arXiv 9772:S2CID 9633:(PDF) 9582:(PDF) 9483:S2CID 9309:S2CID 8950:S2CID 8723:(PDF) 8682:(PDF) 8510:Ology 8487:S2CID 8330:(PDF) 8304:(PDF) 8263:(PDF) 8173:S2CID 8104:6 May 7919:S2CID 7739:S2CID 7705:arXiv 7703:: 5. 7678:S2CID 7472:S2CID 7392:See: 7308: 7274: 7240: 7206: 7172: 7138: 7104: 6650:S2CID 6597:(PDF) 6582:(PDF) 6468:(PDF) 6451:(PDF) 6440:. In 6438:(PDF) 6412:(PDF) 6375:(PDF) 6353:from 6046:(PDF) 6031:(PDF) 5594:Notes 5533:used 5451:deity 5449:as a 5130:World 4997:, or 4793:polar 4742:polar 4637:ozone 4604:into 4554:argon 4489:moons 4425:, 1% 4386:polar 4309:, is 4173:Pluto 3853:Orbit 3695:10 Am 3503:crust 3293:Crust 3289:0–35 3276:0–60 3255:Depth 2989:into 2973:; by 2955:shape 2922:form 2887:) or 2697:: by 2634:Ocean 2606:geoid 2571:poles 2300:tides 2131:High- 2018:mafic 2014:crust 1971:. By 1908:Theia 1628:Terra 1625:Latin 1491:Terre 1473:Latin 1465:Terra 1407:Terra 1387:Earth 1332:Terra 1320:Greek 1315:terra 1311:Latin 1307:eorðe 1287:eorðe 1274:Earth 1203:tides 1150:with 1146:into 1137:cycle 1011:humid 992:70.8% 960:Earth 912:argon 852:−3.99 795:temp. 704:0.997 632:9.806 612:Mean 598:5.972 579:1.083 444:Polar 321:0.000 307:1.578 234:1.000 205:0.016 134:J2000 131:Epoch 84:globe 44:Earth 23005:News 22252:Mars 22240:Moon 22218:list 22201:list 21902:Mars 21860:Mars 21716:Eris 21656:Styx 21508:Rhea 21449:Mars 21437:Moon 21409:Eris 21321:Mars 21261:Eris 21186:Mars 20926:Life 20861:Wind 20846:Snow 20841:Rain 20710:Time 19812:Mars 19800:Moon 19778:list 19761:list 19462:Mars 19420:Mars 19276:Eris 19216:Styx 19068:Rhea 19009:Mars 18997:Moon 18969:Eris 18881:Mars 18821:Eris 18746:Mars 18352:Core 18206:Moon 17886:Flag 17826:Asia 17606:NASA 17516:ISBN 17491:ISBN 17466:ISBN 17447:2010 17416:2020 17400:OCLC 17390:ISBN 17369:2023 17351:ISBN 17321:ISBN 17293:2022 17263:2022 17233:2018 17198:2018 17103:ISSN 17055:ISBN 17027:ISBN 16993:ISBN 16974:2018 16936:2022 16912:ISSN 16865:2022 16834:2022 16801:2021 16771:2021 16759:NASA 16736:2022 16708:IPCC 16688:ISBN 16666:2020 16640:IPCC 16626:2020 16576:PMID 16536:ISBN 16514:2020 16455:2019 16423:2019 16388:2019 16352:2019 16320:2020 16299:ISBN 16269:ISBN 16243:2024 16217:2020 16201:ISSN 16172:ISBN 16153:2020 16115:2019 16085:2019 16054:2020 16038:ISSN 16007:2011 15976:2023 15946:2020 15909:ISSN 15829:ISBN 15807:2023 15789:ISBN 15762:ISBN 15740:2020 15724:OCLC 15714:ISBN 15686:2007 15659:2018 15632:PMID 15594:2019 15558:2023 15528:2020 15458:2007 15419:PMID 15311:2007 15284:2007 15253:2022 15218:ISSN 15169:ISSN 15118:ISBN 15099:2007 15066:ISBN 15041:ISBN 15016:ISBN 14991:ISBN 14972:2007 14939:ISBN 14935:1114 14865:2023 14835:2007 14801:2007 14768:2007 14734:2021 14722:NASA 14699:2021 14657:ISBN 14636:2007 14609:2007 14573:ISBN 14551:2006 14508:ISSN 14453:2018 14413:2022 14383:2022 14352:2007 14325:2007 14298:2007 14271:2007 14234:ISBN 14198:ISBN 14173:ISBN 14154:2023 14124:2023 14093:2023 14063:2015 14032:2020 14001:2020 13983:ISBN 13954:2015 13877:2023 13859:ISBN 13838:2022 13804:2015 13774:2011 13741:2020 13606:2020 13570:2020 13513:2020 13480:2018 13378:2007 13344:2020 13314:2020 13283:2020 13267:ISSN 13220:2023 13196:PMID 13151:2023 13118:2020 13087:2020 13075:NASA 13057:2020 13024:2020 12987:2020 12975:NASA 12956:2007 12929:2010 12898:2008 12863:2020 12833:2015 12792:ISBN 12773:2008 12746:2007 12694:2007 12667:2008 12631:ISBN 12606:ISBN 12587:2015 12550:2008 12480:2007 12449:OCLC 12439:ISBN 12420:2016 12383:ISBN 12364:2016 12337:2016 12310:2016 12283:2020 12259:ISSN 12200:ISBN 12181:2007 12154:2019 12127:PMID 11995:PMID 11859:ISBN 11837:2007 11810:PMID 11760:2015 11730:2007 11696:ISBN 11667:PMID 11609:2023 11558:2007 11537:ISBN 11495:2020 11462:2020 11432:2007 11401:PMID 11305:2007 11228:2007 11201:2007 11174:2008 11143:2007 11116:2007 11089:2023 11073:OCLC 11063:ISBN 11042:2007 11015:2007 10982:2007 10951:2018 10894:2015 10868:2015 10842:2023 10799:ISSN 10760:2023 10730:2022 10699:2017 10664:2022 10646:ISBN 10623:2022 10592:2023 10574:ISBN 10553:2024 10511:PMID 10503:ISSN 10472:2022 10438:ISSN 10393:2022 10363:2022 10351:NASA 10332:2022 10301:2022 10283:ISBN 10262:2007 10232:2020 10202:2022 10190:NASA 10168:2012 10134:2015 10099:2020 10066:2014 10030:ISSN 9985:2007 9958:2007 9924:2024 9893:2023 9862:2008 9723:ISSN 9669:ISBN 9641:2009 9622:PMID 9444:2024 9428:PMID 9420:ISSN 9377:2007 9361:PMID 9301:PMID 9237:ISBN 9212:ISBN 9193:2022 9159:PMID 9122:PNAS 9102:2017 9066:PMID 9048:ISSN 8995:2015 8942:ISSN 8897:PMID 8835:2007 8764:2013 8712:PMID 8657:2020 8606:2007 8575:PMID 8526:2019 8431:PMID 8374:2019 8312:2017 8241:PMID 8196:ISBN 8165:PMID 8106:2023 8048:PMID 8030:ISSN 7993:2010 7954:ISBN 7911:PMID 7903:ISSN 7816:2019 7774:ISBN 7731:ISSN 7670:PMID 7621:2010 7586:ISSN 7533:2020 7513:2084 7488:2007 7432:2007 7405:ISBN 7068:ISBN 7039:ISBN 7007:ISBN 6965:2022 6933:2012 6915:ISBN 6894:2020 6853:ISSN 6805:2020 6768:2023 6738:2010 6720:ISBN 6696:2010 6678:ISBN 6642:ISSN 6590:NIST 6563:2022 6537:2007 6507:2011 6476:2016 6455:ISBN 6420:2008 6399:ISBN 6320:2011 6284:ISBN 6263:2022 6247:NASA 6228:2011 6210:ISBN 6186:2018 6134:2022 6054:2018 5994:0.01 5716:and 5701:and 5658:ISBN 5609:and 5510:and 5401:NASA 5399:, a 5386:and 5324:and 5258:and 5242:and 5199:and 5110:, a 5094:and 5042:and 4993:and 4981:and 4924:and 4781:arid 4740:and 4717:and 4671:ITCZ 4669:The 4652:and 4540:The 4417:and 4376:and 4294:. A 4286:and 4267:and 4259:and 4245:and 4229:(or 4145:Mars 4127:Moon 4121:Moon 3960:The 3953:and 3883:and 3875:and 3861:and 3733:and 3691:7.79 3676:3.05 3604:and 3590:4.42 3445:5.97 3416:the 3258:(km) 3103:and 2991:soil 2977:and 2969:and 2930:and 2894:The 2804:and 2717:and 2705:and 2626:Land 2436:for 2338:was 2294:and 2133:and 2063:and 1943:and 1904:Mars 1877:dust 1853:4.54 1811:and 1796:and 1780:and 1562:Gaia 1539:Γαῖα 1533:Gaia 1499:Gaea 1356:Thor 1352:Jörð 1336:Gaia 1328:soil 1318:and 1302:erþō 1268:The 1205:and 1195:Moon 1115:and 1079:and 1071:and 1056:and 924:neon 903:≤1% 833:rate 802:mean 764:Bond 740:2811 593:Mass 394:Moon 207:7086 96:Gaia 34:and 21991:PHA 21641:Nix 21350:Ice 21333:Gas 21166:Sun 19551:PHA 19201:Nix 18910:Ice 18893:Gas 18726:Sun 17313:doi 17281:CBC 17146:doi 17095:doi 16904:doi 16568:doi 16564:299 16490:doi 16478:264 15899:hdl 15889:doi 15624:doi 15620:163 15582:BBC 15493:doi 15411:doi 15389:293 15353:doi 15208:doi 15196:114 15159:doi 14904:doi 14498:hdl 14488:doi 14226:doi 13975:doi 13918:hdl 13908:doi 13715:doi 13693:462 13655:doi 13633:414 13551:doi 13547:194 13462:doi 13450:428 13413:doi 13259:doi 13188:doi 13176:623 12518:doi 12506:136 12249:hdl 12241:doi 12119:doi 12077:doi 12042:doi 11987:doi 11975:246 11948:doi 11903:doi 11891:121 11802:doi 11790:360 11692:166 11657:PMC 11647:doi 11593:doi 11529:doi 11391:PMC 11381:doi 11340:doi 11262:doi 11250:134 10932:doi 10791:doi 10779:126 10495:doi 10491:371 10428:doi 10416:131 10156:NPR 10020:doi 10008:197 9823:doi 9801:386 9762:doi 9713:doi 9612:PMC 9602:doi 9590:106 9527:doi 9515:418 9475:doi 9463:119 9412:doi 9400:609 9353:doi 9341:271 9291:PMC 9281:doi 9269:113 9149:PMC 9139:doi 9127:115 9056:PMC 9038:doi 9026:112 8934:doi 8887:PMC 8879:doi 8802:doi 8704:doi 8692:282 8641:doi 8565:PMC 8555:doi 8551:114 8479:doi 8457:108 8421:PMC 8413:doi 8401:376 8358:hdl 8350:doi 8338:322 8293:doi 8233:doi 8221:164 8155:doi 8143:310 8090:doi 8078:120 8038:PMC 8020:doi 8016:103 7895:doi 7883:369 7854:doi 7766:doi 7723:doi 7701:242 7662:doi 7650:412 7576:doi 7564:215 7464:doi 7452:190 7376:doi 6999:doi 6985:". 6983:n.¹ 6876:WMO 6843:doi 6831:118 6787:WMO 6632:doi 6620:108 6391:doi 6342:). 6251:JPL 6086:282 5970:946 5964:332 5859:is 5835:105 5785:doi 5282:ore 4330:120 3820:UT1 3689:of 3680:10 3566:Gyr 3560:psi 3556:GPa 3465:), 2875:by 2685:of 2638:Sea 2433:ppm 2400:Sun 2356:ape 2272:eon 2224:in 2098:at 2059:in 2032:in 1825:'s 1764:ʊər 1554:or 1497:or 1495:Gæa 1342:in 1322:γῆ 1135:to 1099:(CO 1021:at 994:of 968:Sun 873:kPa 846:(H) 805:max 799:min 706:269 600:168 562:000 559:132 557:361 549:000 546:940 544:148 536:000 533:072 531:510 506:007 494:075 473:101 470:222 453:356 434:378 415:371 301:Sun 239:420 236:017 227:004 224:363 191:023 188:598 186:149 170:450 167:098 165:147 151:597 148:097 146:152 23088:: 21752:?) 21481:Io 19312:?) 19041:Io 17548:10 17437:. 17433:. 17406:. 17398:. 17359:. 17319:. 17279:. 17249:. 17215:. 17180:. 17154:. 17144:. 17134:26 17132:. 17128:. 17101:. 17093:. 17081:. 17025:. 17007:^ 16956:. 16926:. 16918:. 16910:. 16902:. 16890:. 16886:. 16855:. 16851:. 16824:. 16818:. 16787:. 16761:. 16757:. 16753:. 16649:. 16616:. 16612:. 16604:; 16582:. 16574:. 16562:. 16504:. 16496:. 16488:. 16476:. 16472:. 16445:. 16439:. 16409:. 16405:. 16374:. 16368:. 16342:. 16336:. 16307:. 16259:; 16207:. 16199:. 16195:. 16143:. 16139:. 16131:; 16075:. 16071:. 16044:. 16036:. 16032:. 16015:^ 15993:. 15962:. 15932:. 15921:^ 15907:. 15897:. 15887:. 15877:11 15875:. 15871:. 15855:; 15843:^ 15797:. 15730:. 15722:. 15702:; 15646:. 15638:. 15630:. 15618:. 15614:. 15580:. 15574:. 15548:. 15544:. 15518:. 15514:. 15491:. 15479:. 15425:. 15417:. 15409:. 15399:. 15387:. 15379:; 15375:; 15351:. 15341:31 15339:. 15335:. 15327:; 15270:. 15239:. 15216:. 15206:. 15194:. 15190:. 15167:. 15157:. 15147:94 15145:. 15141:. 14937:. 14902:. 14892:97 14890:. 14886:. 14851:. 14825:. 14821:. 14776:^ 14754:. 14742:^ 14724:. 14720:. 14716:. 14683:. 14587:^ 14537:. 14514:. 14506:. 14496:. 14486:. 14476:51 14474:. 14470:. 14421:^ 14399:. 14373:. 14369:. 14257:. 14232:. 14140:. 14114:. 14110:. 14079:. 14053:. 14049:. 14022:. 14018:. 13991:. 13981:. 13944:. 13940:. 13916:. 13904:23 13902:. 13898:. 13867:. 13824:. 13820:. 13790:. 13764:. 13758:. 13731:. 13723:. 13713:. 13705:. 13691:. 13687:. 13663:. 13653:. 13645:. 13631:. 13627:. 13596:. 13590:. 13545:. 13541:. 13503:. 13497:. 13470:. 13460:. 13448:. 13444:. 13421:. 13411:. 13401:38 13399:. 13395:. 13360:; 13334:. 13330:. 13304:. 13300:. 13273:. 13265:. 13257:. 13247:97 13245:. 13241:. 13210:. 13202:. 13194:. 13186:. 13174:. 13168:. 13141:. 13135:. 13108:. 13104:. 13073:. 13047:. 13041:. 13007:. 12977:. 12973:. 12915:. 12884:. 12880:. 12849:. 12721:. 12717:. 12702:^ 12645:^ 12572:28 12570:. 12566:. 12516:. 12504:. 12500:. 12447:. 12406:. 12265:. 12257:. 12247:. 12239:. 12229:56 12227:. 12223:. 12141:. 12133:. 12125:. 12117:. 12107:93 12105:. 12101:. 12075:. 12063:. 12040:. 12030:86 12028:. 12001:. 11993:. 11985:. 11973:. 11946:. 11936:31 11934:. 11901:. 11889:. 11885:. 11824:. 11816:. 11808:. 11800:. 11788:. 11784:. 11746:. 11694:. 11665:. 11655:. 11645:. 11635:77 11633:. 11629:. 11617:^ 11599:. 11591:. 11581:42 11579:. 11575:. 11535:. 11527:. 11485:. 11479:. 11448:. 11399:. 11389:. 11379:. 11369:76 11367:. 11363:. 11338:. 11328:12 11326:. 11322:. 11291:. 11268:. 11260:. 11248:. 11160:. 11079:. 11071:. 10999:. 10968:. 10938:. 10930:. 10920:22 10918:. 10914:. 10832:. 10828:. 10805:. 10797:. 10789:. 10777:. 10746:. 10720:. 10716:. 10689:. 10685:. 10666:. 10654:. 10640:. 10613:. 10609:. 10582:. 10539:. 10517:. 10509:. 10501:. 10489:. 10458:. 10436:. 10426:. 10414:. 10410:. 10379:. 10353:. 10349:. 10322:. 10318:. 10291:. 10252:. 10248:. 10222:. 10218:. 10192:. 10188:. 10184:. 10158:. 10154:. 10122:20 10120:. 10116:. 10089:. 10083:. 10028:. 10018:. 10006:. 10002:. 9932:^ 9910:. 9883:. 9879:. 9848:. 9831:. 9821:. 9813:. 9799:. 9793:. 9770:. 9760:. 9748:. 9744:. 9721:. 9711:. 9701:19 9699:. 9695:. 9683:^ 9657:; 9628:. 9620:. 9610:. 9600:. 9588:. 9584:. 9573:; 9550:. 9525:. 9513:. 9509:. 9495:^ 9481:. 9473:. 9461:. 9434:. 9426:. 9418:. 9410:. 9398:. 9394:. 9367:. 9359:. 9351:. 9339:. 9333:. 9307:. 9299:. 9289:. 9279:. 9267:. 9263:. 9183:. 9179:. 9157:. 9147:. 9137:. 9125:. 9119:. 9092:. 9088:. 9064:. 9054:. 9046:. 9036:. 9024:. 9020:. 9012:; 8981:. 8971:. 8948:. 8940:. 8932:. 8920:. 8895:. 8885:. 8877:. 8867:13 8865:. 8859:. 8800:. 8790:22 8788:. 8784:. 8746:. 8731:^ 8710:. 8702:. 8690:. 8684:. 8673:; 8647:. 8639:. 8629:29 8627:. 8623:. 8573:. 8563:. 8549:. 8543:. 8516:. 8512:. 8508:. 8485:. 8477:. 8467:. 8455:. 8429:. 8419:. 8411:. 8399:. 8395:. 8364:. 8356:. 8348:. 8336:. 8332:. 8299:. 8291:. 8281:. 8271:38 8269:. 8265:. 8239:. 8231:. 8219:. 8171:. 8163:. 8153:. 8141:. 8137:. 8125:; 8114:^ 8096:. 8088:. 8076:. 8072:. 8060:^ 8046:. 8036:. 8028:. 8014:. 8010:. 7983:. 7977:. 7952:. 7940:. 7917:. 7909:. 7901:. 7893:. 7881:. 7877:. 7852:. 7842:35 7840:. 7836:. 7806:. 7802:. 7796:. 7772:. 7737:. 7729:. 7721:. 7713:. 7699:. 7676:. 7668:. 7660:. 7648:. 7640:; 7629:^ 7607:. 7584:. 7574:. 7562:. 7558:. 7523:. 7511:. 7507:. 7478:. 7470:. 7462:. 7450:. 7446:. 7374:. 7362:. 7335:. 7328:. 7296:. 7262:. 7228:. 7194:. 7160:. 7126:. 7092:. 7005:. 6973:^ 6955:. 6949:. 6923:. 6884:. 6880:. 6873:. 6851:. 6841:. 6829:. 6825:. 6795:. 6791:. 6784:. 6754:. 6728:. 6686:. 6648:. 6640:. 6630:. 6618:. 6614:. 6588:, 6553:. 6515:^ 6493:. 6463:. 6397:. 6389:. 6328:^ 6306:. 6253:. 6245:. 6218:. 6142:^ 6124:. 6120:. 6102:^ 6084:. 6072:^ 6039:22 6037:. 6033:. 5833:. 5783:. 5773:43 5771:. 5491:. 5461:. 5439:, 5354:, 5177:. 5090:, 5086:, 5078:, 5074:, 5058:, 5050:, 5023:A 4977:. 4888:. 4867:, 4815:. 4787:, 4783:, 4779:, 4736:, 4631:, 4587:, 4579:. 4480:. 4433:, 4200:μs 4160:, 4129:, 3984:. 3957:. 3918:. 3796:ms 3784:SI 3745:. 3639:. 3546:, 3458:Yg 3451:kg 3420:. 3336:— 3284:— 3190:, 3186:, 3182:, 3178:, 3174:, 3131:, 2993:. 2852:, 2848:, 2828:, 2824:, 2812:. 2780:, 2776:, 2772:, 2768:, 2764:, 2654:A 2640:, 2636:, 2632:, 2628:, 2624:, 2620:, 2597:. 2565:, 2554:. 2504:, 2500:, 2469:AU 2424:CO 2310:, 2282:, 2228:, 2153:, 2129:. 2110:. 2047:Ma 1983:. 1975:, 1887:, 1849:Ga 1784:. 1728:iː 1659:, 1646:ɛr 1620:. 1607:eɪ 1581:aɪ 1542:; 1517:iː 1514:dʒ 1421:ɛr 1373:, 1358:. 1324:gē 1260:. 1209:. 1139:. 1083:. 1060:. 709:68 634:65 581:21 504:40 492:40 466:1/ 379:83 348:64 323:05 313:– 309:69 299:– 242:96 94:, 90:, 86:, 60:, 22957:: 22833:: 22811:→ 22802:→ 22795:→ 22788:→ 22781:→ 22775:→ 22769:→ 22763:→ 22756:→ 22749:→ 22742:→ 22735:→ 22728:→ 22721:→ 22157:) 22153:( 21290:, 21105:e 21098:t 21091:v 20967:) 20766:) 20680:e 20673:t 20666:v 20540:→ 20531:→ 20524:→ 20517:→ 20510:→ 20504:→ 20498:→ 20492:→ 20485:→ 20478:→ 20471:→ 20464:→ 20457:→ 20450:→ 20443:→ 20419:e 20412:t 20405:v 20371:→ 20362:→ 20355:→ 20348:→ 20341:→ 20335:→ 20329:→ 20323:→ 20316:→ 20309:→ 20302:→ 20295:→ 20288:→ 20281:→ 19717:) 19713:( 18850:, 18665:e 18658:t 18651:v 18490:e 18483:t 18476:v 18346:) 18291:e 18284:t 18277:v 17678:e 17671:t 17664:v 17596:) 17588:( 17583:) 17552:) 17544:1 17541:( 17524:. 17499:. 17474:. 17449:. 17418:. 17371:. 17329:. 17315:: 17295:. 17265:. 17235:. 17200:. 17162:. 17148:: 17140:: 17109:. 17097:: 17089:: 17083:6 17063:. 17035:. 17001:. 16976:. 16938:. 16906:: 16898:: 16892:1 16867:. 16836:. 16803:. 16773:. 16738:. 16696:. 16668:. 16628:. 16590:. 16570:: 16544:. 16516:. 16492:: 16484:: 16457:. 16425:. 16390:. 16354:. 16322:. 16277:. 16245:. 16219:. 16180:. 16155:. 16117:. 16087:. 16056:. 16009:. 15978:. 15948:. 15915:. 15901:: 15891:: 15883:: 15837:. 15809:. 15770:. 15742:. 15688:. 15661:. 15626:: 15596:. 15560:. 15530:. 15499:. 15495:: 15487:: 15481:4 15460:. 15433:. 15413:: 15395:: 15361:. 15355:: 15347:: 15313:. 15286:. 15255:. 15224:. 15210:: 15202:: 15175:. 15161:: 15153:: 15126:. 15101:. 15074:. 15049:. 15024:. 14999:. 14974:. 14947:. 14912:. 14906:: 14898:: 14867:. 14837:. 14803:. 14770:. 14736:. 14701:. 14665:. 14638:. 14611:. 14581:. 14553:. 14522:. 14500:: 14490:: 14482:: 14455:. 14415:. 14385:. 14354:. 14327:. 14300:. 14273:. 14242:. 14228:: 14206:. 14181:. 14156:. 14126:. 14095:. 14065:. 14034:. 14003:. 13977:: 13956:. 13926:. 13920:: 13910:: 13879:. 13840:. 13806:. 13776:. 13743:. 13717:: 13709:: 13699:: 13671:. 13657:: 13649:: 13639:: 13608:. 13572:. 13553:: 13515:. 13482:. 13464:: 13456:: 13429:. 13415:: 13407:: 13380:. 13346:. 13316:. 13285:. 13261:: 13253:: 13222:. 13190:: 13182:: 13153:. 13120:. 13089:. 13059:. 13026:. 12989:. 12958:. 12931:. 12900:. 12865:. 12835:. 12800:. 12775:. 12748:. 12729:: 12723:2 12696:. 12669:. 12639:. 12614:. 12589:. 12552:. 12526:. 12520:: 12512:: 12482:. 12455:. 12422:. 12391:. 12366:. 12339:. 12312:. 12285:. 12251:: 12243:: 12235:: 12208:. 12183:. 12156:. 12121:: 12113:: 12083:. 12079:: 12071:: 12065:9 12048:. 12044:: 12036:: 12009:. 11989:: 11981:: 11954:. 11950:: 11942:: 11905:: 11897:: 11867:. 11839:. 11804:: 11796:: 11762:. 11732:. 11704:. 11673:. 11649:: 11641:: 11611:. 11595:: 11587:: 11560:. 11531:: 11523:: 11497:. 11464:. 11434:. 11407:. 11383:: 11375:: 11348:. 11342:: 11334:: 11307:. 11276:. 11264:: 11256:: 11230:. 11203:. 11176:. 11145:. 11118:. 11091:. 11044:. 11017:. 10984:. 10953:. 10934:: 10926:: 10896:. 10870:. 10844:. 10813:. 10793:: 10785:: 10762:. 10732:. 10701:. 10625:. 10594:. 10555:. 10525:. 10497:: 10474:. 10444:. 10430:: 10422:: 10395:. 10365:. 10334:. 10303:. 10264:. 10234:. 10204:. 10170:. 10136:. 10101:. 10068:. 10036:. 10022:: 10014:: 9987:. 9960:. 9926:. 9895:. 9864:. 9839:. 9825:: 9817:: 9807:: 9778:. 9764:: 9756:: 9750:5 9729:. 9715:: 9707:: 9677:. 9643:. 9604:: 9596:: 9535:. 9529:: 9521:: 9489:. 9477:: 9469:: 9446:. 9414:: 9406:: 9379:. 9355:: 9347:: 9315:. 9283:: 9275:: 9245:. 9220:. 9195:. 9165:. 9141:: 9133:: 9104:. 9072:. 9040:: 9032:: 8997:. 8956:. 8936:: 8928:: 8922:7 8903:. 8881:: 8873:: 8837:. 8810:. 8804:: 8796:: 8766:. 8706:: 8698:: 8659:. 8643:: 8635:: 8608:. 8581:. 8557:: 8528:. 8493:. 8481:: 8463:: 8437:. 8415:: 8407:: 8376:. 8360:: 8352:: 8344:: 8314:. 8295:: 8277:: 8247:. 8235:: 8227:: 8204:. 8179:. 8157:: 8149:: 8108:. 8092:: 8084:: 8054:. 8022:: 7995:. 7962:. 7948:: 7925:. 7897:: 7889:: 7862:. 7856:: 7848:: 7818:. 7782:. 7768:: 7745:. 7725:: 7717:: 7707:: 7684:. 7664:: 7656:: 7623:. 7592:. 7578:: 7570:: 7535:. 7519:: 7490:. 7466:: 7458:: 7434:. 7413:. 7382:. 7378:: 7370:: 7364:3 7306:. 7272:. 7238:. 7204:. 7170:. 7136:. 7102:. 7076:. 7047:. 7015:. 7001:: 6967:. 6935:. 6896:. 6859:. 6845:: 6837:: 6807:. 6770:. 6740:. 6698:. 6656:. 6634:: 6626:: 6565:. 6539:. 6509:. 6478:. 6422:. 6393:: 6385:: 6357:. 6338:( 6322:. 6292:. 6265:. 6249:/ 6230:. 6188:. 6136:. 6096:. 6092:: 6056:. 6006:. 5991:= 5985:3 5982:1 5976:) 5967:, 5958:3 5954:1 5949:( 5937:M 5933:a 5929:m 5912:3 5909:1 5903:) 5897:M 5894:3 5890:m 5885:( 5880:a 5877:= 5872:H 5868:R 5845:. 5841:: 5818:. 5805:. 5791:. 5787:: 5779:: 5666:. 5648:e 5644:a 5640:e 5636:a 5632:e 5628:a 4608:3 4606:O 4601:2 4599:O 4395:× 4304:7 3693:× 3682:T 3678:× 3592:× 3454:( 3447:× 2674:. 2426:2 2302:. 2259:. 2193:3 2191:O 2189:( 2182:2 2180:O 2178:( 1855:± 1776:/ 1773:n 1770:ə 1767:i 1761:l 1758:ˈ 1755:ɛ 1752:t 1749:/ 1734:/ 1731:n 1725:r 1722:ˈ 1719:ə 1716:t 1713:/ 1702:/ 1699:l 1696:ə 1693:i 1690:r 1687:t 1684:s 1681:ɛ 1678:r 1675:ˈ 1672:ə 1669:t 1666:/ 1655:/ 1652:n 1649:ə 1643:t 1640:ˈ 1637:/ 1616:/ 1613:ə 1610:. 1604:ɡ 1601:ˈ 1598:/ 1590:/ 1587:ə 1584:. 1578:ɡ 1575:ˈ 1572:/ 1547:: 1536:( 1526:/ 1523:ə 1520:. 1511:ˈ 1508:/ 1501:( 1459:/ 1456:s 1453:ə 1450:l 1447:ɛ 1444:t 1441:ˈ 1438:/ 1427:/ 1424:ə 1418:t 1415:ˈ 1412:/ 1300:* 1101:2 784:) 780:( 742:° 646:) 643:0 641:g 603:× 584:× 480:) 476:( 451:6 432:6 413:6 381:° 350:° 325:° 317:; 311:° 254:) 251:j 247:a 232:( 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.