Football club (East Germany)

909: 371: 215:) in East German football and were given the same rights a sports clubs. They were given permission to draw on the best players in the country. Promising players would be ordered to play for them. Liberal financial support from the DTSB and from large state-owned enterprises were meant to ensure their autonomy. The football clubs would have privileged access to talents within designated geographical and administrative areas. All football clubs were assigned one or two regional districts as catchments areas by their funding. The three football clubs in East Berlin also had access to one third each of East Berlin. The football clubs should take a more methodical approach to the youth work. They should form youth teams in all age groups and the training in the youth classes should be improved. As an example, BFC Dynamo immediately planned to expand its number of youth teams from 14 to 26 by its founding. 308: 743: 145: 792: 367:, BSG), on the other hand, were expected to work morning shifts and only be paid according occupational qualifications. The players in the football clubs were nominally employees of their sponsors. There were officially no professional players in East Germany until the late 1980s. Players were paid through their sponsors and the enterprises were then compensated by the DTSB for the release of players for trainings and matches. However, players in football clubs would in reality not be required to attend their workplaces. Of the additional 7 million Marks released by the East Germany Ministry of Finance for the 1970 DFV Football Resolution, 2 million Marks were provided to compensate the enterprises. 297:

to Sport I. The sports in Sport I were eligible for generous state subsidies, access to the comprehensive system of training centers (TZ) and Children and Youth Sports Schools (KJS) in East Germany, as well as the services of full-time coaches and trainers. Other sports were allocated to Sport II. The sports in Sport II were thus denied the full range of advantages and privileges of the East German elite sports system. Football was allocated to Sport I, together with sports such as swimming, athletics and weightlifting. Sports such as tennis, water polo and basketball were instead allocated to Sports II. The allocation of football to Sport I owed much to the backing of the Head of the

261:. Mielke did not want to give up SG Dynamo Dresden, while Krolikowski advocated for the establishment of a civil football club. The stalemate continued for one and a half year. The football department of SC Einheit Dresden was then reorganized as FSV Lokomotive Dresden on 12 January 1966. SG Dynamo Dresden was then declared a regional district center of excellence in Bezirk Dresden by the district board of the DTSB on 5 August 1968. The club could now draw on the best talents in the whole regional district. SG Dynamo Dresden would enjoy the same funding and the same privileges as a designated football club, although it retained its designation as a "Sports Community" ( 1123:. She writes that the catchment area of BFC Dynamo included the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde, Schwerin and Berlin. The best talents were brought together in these training centers and then selected in a central, multi-day screening course. Also Horst Friedemann claims that the catchment area of BFC Dynamo included the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde and Schwerin. According to Friedemann, the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Eisleben and Halle/Neustadt instead belonged to the catchment area of SG Dynamo Dresden. That was the "southern line", where Dresden had access. 478:: F.C. Hansa Rostock, 1. FC Magdeburg, 1. FC Union Berlin, FC Carl Zeiss Jena and FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt. The other five football clubs changed their names for various reasons in 1990 and 1991. BFC Dynamo became FC Berlin, HFC Chemie became Hallescher FC, FC Karl-Marx-Stadt became Chemnitzer FC, 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig became VfB Leipzig and FC Vorwärts Frankfurt became FC Victoria 91 Frankfurt (Oder). SG Dynamo Dresden also changed its name to 1. FC Dynamo Dresden. However, BFC Dynamo reverted to its traditional name in 1999, 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was re-established in 2003 and SG Dynamo Dresden also reverted to its traditional name in 2007. 105:

players in the football clubs should be facilitated by better salaries and bonuses, but also through better professional opportunities, such as the prospect of a place at a university. The decision by the Secretariat of the SED Central Committee on 18 August 1965 to form football clubs was an attempt to get football back under the political and technical control of the DTSB in order to "ensure a considerable increase in performance in football". The new football clubs were meant to provide stability to the game at the top level and to supply the national team with talent.

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Resolution. They were also allowed to delegate youth players from other football clubs in the 1976 DFV Football Resolution. Focus clubs were also provided with more youth coaches from the DFV and have the right to delegate twice as many students to their affiliated Children and Youth Sports Schools (KJS) every year, compared to other football clubs. The focus clubs had the privilege to accommodate 12 students in their affiliated Children and Youth Sports Schools (KJS) every year. Non-focus football clubs only had the right to delegate six students.

762:) in the 1970 DFV Football Resolution. Focus clubs were meant to be strengthened through player transfers. Players in teams that had been relegated from the DDR-Oberliga should also switch to focus clubs. The DTSB and the DFV tried to delegate the best players to the newly designated focus clubs at the beginning of the 1970s. The focus clubs would also receive additional financial support from DTSB and other advantages. The DTSB tried to equip the focus clubs with more staff as well as better material and technical conditions from 1971. 3587:

zu Dynamo delegiert", sagt Kreische, der mit zehn Jahren im Dresdner Nachwuchs landete und heute als Übergangskoordinator Talenten beim Sprung zu den Profis helfen soll. Insgesamt hatte Dynamo damals 35 Partnervereine, darunter sogenannte Trainingszentren. Deren Aufgabe bestand hauptsächlich darin, die besten Spieler zu scouten und nach Dresden zu schicken. „Es wurde eine ganze Masse an talentierten Jungs geholt, von denen viele später Nationalspieler geworden sind. Davon ist man heute weit entfernt", sagt Kreische.

226:) (TZ) and sports schools. Training centers (TZ) would eventually form the basis of the East German selection and screening system in competitive sports. They were the first preparatory stage for the support of children found suitable for sports. Training in training centers (TZ) usually started at the age of 10. The training course usually lasted for three to four years. From the training centers, the best young talents could then be delegated to a Children and Youth 933:. However, the club no longer had any support at the top of the political hierarchy after Herbert Warnke had passed away in 1975. Tisch became the new chairman of the FDGB after Warnke. He chose to give the support of the FDGB to F.C. Hansa Rostock instead. 1. FC Union Berlin would then be the least privileged among the designated football clubs. The club would have to rely on support of the regional district management of the SED in East Berlin and local state-owned 35:. The football clubs enjoyed considerable advantages over other sports communities in East German football in terms of material conditions and talent recruitment. All designated football clubs had their own catchment areas and promising players were ordered to play for them. In addition to the ten designated football clubs, sports community SG Dynamo Dresden was also promoted in a similar way to the designated football clubs from 1968. 770:

Leipzig at the end of 1973. The 1976 DFV Football Resolution then named six designated focus clubs. The selection now included BFC Dynamo, SG Dynamo Dresden, FC Vorwärts Frankfurt, FC Carl Zeis Jena, 1. FC Magdeburg and 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. This selection of focus clubs would remain until the end of East Germany. These clubs would come to dominate East German football until 1989.

347:). Among the main points of the 1970 DFV Football Resolution were the further separation of the football clubs from their sponsors, a more rigorous implementation of centrally conceived and monitored training plans based on the latest scientific findings from other sports and the further concentration of top-class football in a number of specially promoted 446:

players now had to sign license contracts that complied with FIFA regulations. Every DDR-Oberliga club should be allowed to sign 25 players under contract, while every DDR-Liga club should be allowed to sign 20 players under contract. The reserve teams of the football clubs were also disbanded and their players were distributed between

390:: The best enterprise sports communities (BSG) were used as a pool for talented young players, who were later delegated to the football clubs. From the time when the sports clubs were first established in 1954, there is only one instance when an enterprises sports community (BSG) won the DDR-Oberliga. That was when 820:

stipulated that the sports associations SV Dynamo and ASV Vorwärts were allowed to set up sports communities (SG) in each location where they operated offices. This meant that the SV Dynamo and ASV Vorwärts would be able to run its own sports communities across the country. This gave them a decisive advantage.

242:(SC) or a football club (FC). The DFV would gradually build 196 training centers (TZ) based on guidelines from the DTSB across East Germany from the beginning of the 1970s. Young talented players from the age of 13 started to be enrolled into elite Children and Youth Sports Schools (KJS) at the same time. 1109:

The football clubs had to report on the fulfillment in two-year analyzes. 1. FC Union Berlin had the objective in 1977–78 of producing four players who could be delegated to the focus club BFC Dynamo. 1. FC Union Berlin explained that its downward trend in the youth area was partially due to the fact

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operate numerous training centers across the whole of East Germany. The training centers were either assigned to BFC Dynamo or SG Dynamo Dresden, depending on catchment area. The best talents from the individual training centers were then brought together and selected in multi-day screening session.

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Als Helmut Schulte 1991 in Dresden den Neu-Bundesligisten übernahm, da kam der Sauerländer aus dem Staunen nicht heraus. „Ich kam mir vor wie im Schlaraffenland", wunderte sich der Ex-Trainer vom FC St. Pauli. „Gut 100 Leute waren bei Dynamo beschäftigt – von der ersten Mannschaft bis zum Nachwuchs,

445:

The SED eventually formulated a scheme to put football onto a contractual basis between clubs and players, with transparent transfers and payments, from the 1989–90 season. The scheme signalled a shift in the direction of an open professionalization of East German football. DDR-Oberliga and DDR-Liga

296:

The 1969 Competitive Sports Resolution divided East German sports into two categories "Sport I" and "Sport II". The resolution aimed to concentrate resources on those sports with the greatest record and medal potential. The sports that were considered worth pursuing for Olympic medals were allocated

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In der erfolgreichsten Phase der Vereinsgeschichte kamen die Spieler beispielsweise aus Görlitz (Hans-Jürgen Dörner), Rammenau (Siegmar Wätzlich), Bautzen (Gert Heidler) oder Gröditz (Klaus Sammer, Dieter Riedel). „Man hat früher die besten Jungs im Alter von 12 bis 13 Jahren aus dem Bezirk Dresden

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Dynamo betrieb in der DDR flächendeckend Trainingszentren, die je nach Einzugsgebiet dem BFC oder der SG Dynamo Dresden zugeordnet waren. Das Einzugsgebiet für den BFC umfasste die Dynamo-Gemeinschaften Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde, Schwerin und Berlin. In diesen Trainingszentren wurden

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Framed by the idea of extending the catchment areas of leading clubs, the 1976 football resolution was a typically confused mixture of open-mindedness (coaches were to be sent to study trips to the Netherlands and England) and dogmatic refusal to recognize that football was any different from other

840:

and a number of other sports communities in the southern regional districts that belonged to the catchment area of SG Dynamo Dresden. BFC Dynamo would eventually get access to a nationwide scouting network supported by numerous training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo across East Germany. SV Dynamo would

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BFC Dynamo became a focus club. German historian Michael Kummer does not mention BFC Dynamo as one of the first focus clubs, but mentions BFC Dynamo as part of the selection of focus clubs that were decided in 1975–76. However, Hanns Leske writes that BFC Dynamo became a focus club already through

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The efforts of the DTSB and DFV to concentrate resources on a few clubs reached their peak in the mid-1970s. F.C. Hansa Rostock, FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt and 1. FC Union Berlin were disadvantaged in some aspects compared to the focus clubs. Football clubs were given performance assignments from the DTSB

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Unauthorized financial incentives remained an issue in East German football until the end of East Germany. An audit by the East German Ministry of Finance in 1987 uncovered a series of offences among the sports communities in the second to fourth tier in the East German football league system. The

354:

The 1970 DFV Football Resolution also aimed to root out the system of unauthorized financial incentives and bonuses to players that had developed. Other points of the 1970 DFV Football Resolution were a reduction of salaries, introduction of uniform salary and bonus payments, payments according to

104:

The DTSB and the DFV proposed two solutions to tackle the problem: the best football players should be concentrated in a few football teams and the football departments should be separated from the sports clubs and re-organized as independent football clubs. The concentration of the best football

100:

The sports clubs were supposed to develop sports in general. However, the main interest of the club management was often football. This was reflected in the use of personnel and other resources in the clubs. The neglect of others sports was one of the reasons for the decision to separate football

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These were located below the "southern line", where SG Dynamo Dresden had access. The more northern SV Dynamo sports communities of Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde and Schwerin instead belonged to the catchment area of BFC Dynamo. In total, SG Dynamo Dresden had 35 partner associations (

844:

The second category in the hierarchy contained SG Dynamo Dresden. SG Dynamo Dresden was thus the third most privileged football club or sports community in East German football. The catchment area of SG Dynamo Dresden included the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Eisleben and Halle/Neustadt.

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Football in East Germany was a contested sphere. Many political leaders took a keen interest in football and used their connections and resources to promote their favorite team and boost the prestige of their regional district or organization. Teams were relocated and renamed, and players were

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The first focus clubs were FC Vorwärts Berlin, FC Carl Zeiss Jena, FC Karl-Marx-Staft and FC Hansa Rostock. However, FC-Karl-Marx-Stadt quickly fell out from the group. SG Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Magdeburg were added a short time later. F.C. Hansa Rostock was then replaced by 1. FC Lokomotive

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professional players who changed clubs, however, a transfer fee would be due. East German football players had until then officially been amateurs. This meant that East German players who defected to West Germany would be able to play for their new clubs immediately and without a transfer fee.

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The focus clubs then received additional advantages in the 1976 DFV Football Resolution. The 1976 DFV Football Resolution named six designated focus club. These focus clubs were given priority in terms of player transfers. Focus clubs received expanded catchment areas in the 1976 DFV Football

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resolution for a more consistent distinction between amateurs and contract players would eventually prompted a radical reform to professionalize East German top-flight football during the summer of 1989. Amateur players would be able to change clubs immediately and without a transfer fee. For

285:). The 1969 Competitive Sports Resolution was adopted by the SED Politburo on 8 April 1969 and then by the Presidium of the DTSB on 22 April 1969. The resolution was based on the comprehensive sports policy document "Baseline for the Development of Performance sport in the GDR up until 1980" ( 819:

were allowed to continue to exist as district organizations within the DTSB and were allowed to retain their own statutes. FC Vorwärts Berlin, BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden would benefit from a structural advantage compared to other football clubs. A decision in the SED Politburo in 1962

774:

that had to be fulfilled in specific periods. As an example, 1. FC Union Berlin was given the objective of producing a number of youth players who could be delegated to the focus club BFC Dynamo. However, the preference of focus clubs was gradually reduced by the DFV from 1983 and onwards.

351:. The football clubs were now placed directly under the jurisdicion of the DTSB and the DFV. They would also be directly financed by the DTSB and would have to adhere to its financial regulations. The East German Ministry of Finance would release additional financing to fulfil the reform. 3549:

Auch Jürgen Bogs außerte sich treffend dazu: Dynamo hatte in der ganzen DDR flächendeckend Trainingszentren, die je nach Einzugsgebiet dem BFC oder Dynamo Dresden zugeordnet waren. Bereits in diesen Trainingszentren wurde besser trainiert als anderswo, denn dort wurden ja schon Spieler

101:

from the sports clubs. An analysis by the DTSB during the summer of 1964 also showed that football in East Germany had fallen behind the rest of the world. East German football teams had only made small progress compared with the extraordinary development of world football since 1945.

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The sports clubs SC Rotation Leipzig and SC Lokomotive Leipzig were merged to form the new sports club SC Leipzig in 1963. The supposedly best-performing football players of the two sports clubs were concentrated in SC Leipzig. The rest were instead sent to join the re-established

401:

A DFV resolution in 1989 stipulated that a team that was qualified for a European competition had the right to sign a player from a non-qualified team for a period of at least half a year. A number of players would be signed on this basis until the autumn of 1989, such as

937:, such as VEB Kabelwerk Oberspree (KWO) and VEB Transformatorenwerk Oberschöneweide (TRO). However, 1. FC Union Berlin was still privileged compared to the numerous sports communities in East Germany. The club as a whole benefited from the East German sports system. 3550:

zusammengefasst, die aufgrund ihres individuellen Könnens aufgefallen sind … es gab einen zentralen, mehrtägigen Sichtungslehrgang, dort wurden die besten Talente der einzelnen Trainingszentren zusammengefasst, von diesen vierzig Mann wuden vielleicht zehn genommen.

196:). Herbert Warnke therefore argued for the formation of a civil football club for the working population in East Berlin. The founding of 1. FC Union Berlin was even more remarkable as the football team of sports club TSC Berlin only played in the second tier 920:

The fourth and fifth categories were designated football clubs without the support of any politburo member. The fourth category contained 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, FC Karl-Marx-Stadt and FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt. However, 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was a designated

880:

with the help of financial incentives. VEB Carl Zeiss Jena assured extensive financial, material and social help to players. This made it possible for the club to keep its best players and also attract players from other teams in the DDR-Oberliga, such as

249:. It had long been planned to merge SG Dynamo Dresden with the football department of sports club SC Einheit Dresden, in order concentrate the best footballers in the regional district into one club. A similar thing had been done in Leipzig. However, a 3424:

Der BFC war der Sportclub der SV Dynamo, und die Dynamo-Gemeinschaften Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde, Schwerin haben dem BFC die Talente zugliefert. Eisleben und Halle/Neustadt gingen nach Dresden, das war die Südlinie, da hatte Dresden den

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has described a hierarchy among football clubs and sports communities in East German football. The access of football clubs and sports communities to young talents, as well as political and economic resources, depended on their rank in the hierarchy.

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The first category in the hierarchy contained FC Vorwärts Berlin and BFC Dynamo. FC Vorwärts Berlin was initially the most privileged club in East German football. The club was able to draw on young talented players from all army sports communities

132:

would eventually be without a football club. Ten football departments were eventually separated from their sports club and re-organized as football clubs from December 1965 to January 1966. All football clubs except FC Carl Zeiss Jena in

63:(SED) on 18 August 1965. The decision envisioned the formation of dedicated football clubs. Ten football departments were then separated from their sports clubs and re-organized as ten dedicated football clubs by two resolutions from the 836:. The position as the most privileged club was then taken over by BFC Dynamo in the mid-1970s. BFC Dynamo was able to recruit talents from the youth departments of all sports communities of SV Dynamo in East Germany, except those in 176:. Only two football clubs had been planned for East Berlin. 1. FC Union Berlin had not been part of the plan. The founding of the club likely owed much to the intervention of the powerful chairman of the national state trade union 3013: 2229: 3600: 3563: 3171:"Gutachten zum Themenfeld "Sport" für die Enquete-Kommission 5/1 "Aufarbeitung der Geschichte und Bewältigung von Folgen der SED-Diktatur und des Übergangs in einen demokratischen Rechtsstaat im Land Brandenburg"" 872:(SED). This category contained FC Carl Zeiss Jena, 1. FC Magdeburg, FC Hansa Rostock and Hallescher FC Chemie. These clubs were heavily protected by their sponsors and patrons. FC Carl Zeiss Jena was supported by 783:

delegated from one team to another, in accordance with political criteria or due to machinations of powerful political leaders or interest groups at regional district or central level. The German sports historian

1861:

Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen (KJS) der DDR unter besonderer Betrachtung des Konflikts um einen "humaneren Kinderhochleistungssport" zwischen dem Ministerium für Volksbildung und dem DTSB

1773:

59:

since the introductions of the sports club system in the mid-1950s. Football was then given a special position in East German sports after a decision by the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the

509:. Two former East German clubs were thus again playing in the Bundesliga in the 1993–94 season. However, VfB Leipzig finished that season's Bundesliga in last place and was relegated back to the 1021:. The only exception was the football department of SC Einheint Dresden, which instead continued as sports community FSV Lokomotive Dresden under the new designation football game association ( 901:" (SKET) and supported by Politburo member Werner Eberlein. F.C. Hansa Rostock was sponsored by maritime combine VEB Kombinat Seeverkehr und Hafenwirtschaft and supported by Politburo member 925:

and thus certainly had the best material conditions in the category. The fifth category consisted of 1. FC Union Berlin. 1. FC Union Berlin had initially been supported by Politburo member

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played in the Bundesliga between 1999 and 2003. However, the club was an enterprise sports community (BSG) during the East German era and not included in the upper tier of elite clubs.

386:

The promotion of football clubs as the only centers of excellence in East German football and the implementation of the 1970 DFV Football Resolution led to a two-class society in the

1169:

Mit Beschluss des DTSB-Bezirksvorstandes vom 5. August 1968 wird Dynamo zum Fußball-Leistungszentrum im Berizk Dresden, das damit in der gesamten Region auf Spielersuche gehen kann.

398:. However, the team had been formed from players of two dissolved sports clubs the year before. Only football clubs finished in the top three in the DDR-Oberliga from 1968 to 1991. 3036: 2252: 3170: 2070: 893:

of Jena". Author Steffen Karas has calculated that five of the top 10 delegations in the DDR-Oberliga involved FC Carl Zeiss Jena. 1. FC Magdeburg was sponsored by construction

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professional qualification within a certain framework, as well as the prohibition of additional financial incentives. Players in football clubs would now be able to train as

1715:

Aber der Reihe nach: Die Fußballclubs hatten bei ihrer Gründung einen oder zwei Bezirke zugewiesen bekommen , aus deren Trainingszentren sie ihren Nachwuchs rekrutierten.

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The 1970 DFV Football Resolution was approved in 1969 but came into effect in the summer of 1970. It is therefore sometimes also named the 1969 DFV Football Resolution.

1304: 108:

The new football clubs were planned to be evenly spread out among the regional districts of East Germany. However, there was no interest of founding football clubs in

3233:"Der Sport und seine Institutionen im Spannungsfeld von Staat und Politik: Eine zeitgeschichtliche Untersuchung zur Anpassungsfähigkeit der Institutionen des Sports" 450:

teams. However, the full implementation of the scheme was interrupted by the fall of the SED regime and the dismantling of East German football by competition from

164:

The original plan had envisioned only one football club per regional district. However, a total of three football were eventually founded in East Berlin. They were

3624:

von der Platzpflege bis zur Physiotherapie und Fuhrpark. Bei St. Pauli konnten wir uns das nicht leisten." Auch in Dresden sind diese Zeiten längst vorbei.

181: 2641: 1009:) were also separated from their sports clubs. However, these football departments were mostly integrated into strong enterprise sports communities ( 876:. SC Motor Jena had been the first club where players became de facto paid professionals. The club managed to put together a strong team under coach 3787: 1571: 908: 370: 940:

The sixth category were enterprise sports communities (BSG) with financially strong sponsors. This category contained sports communities such as

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Das DDR - weite Sichtungssystem mit 33 Trainingszentren der SV Dynamo sowie der Partnerbezirk Cottbus hatte den Talentstrom nie abreißen lassen.

1187: 218:

The football clubs would be able to establish structured programs for the development of young talented players in special training centers (

1182: 1227: 485:: F.C. Hansa Rostock, SG Dynamo Dresden, VfB Leipzig and 1. FC Union Berlin. F.C. Hansa Rostock and SG Dynamo Dresden qualified for the 3181: 2087: 1052:

The formal name of the Competitive Sports Resolution was "The further development of competitive sport up to the 1972 Olympic Games" (

2926: 2725: 2517: 2270: 1925: 864:

The third category in the hierarchy were designated football clubs with a financially strong sponsor or supported by a member of the

3341:

Football Politics in Central Europe and Eastern Europe: A Study on the Geopolitical Area's Tribal, Imaginal, and Contextual Politics

2761: 1543:

Football Politics in Central Europe and Eastern Europe: A Study on the Geopolitical Area's Tribal, Imaginal, and Contextual Politics

1995: 1119:

German author Anne Hahn writes that the training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo across East Germany were divided between BFC Dynamo and

742: 3057: 1474: 832:, ASG) in East Germany. FC Vorwärts Berlin was also able to recruit players that had been called up for military service with the 307: 3826: 3313: 1017:, BSG) instead. One example was the football department of SC Cottbus, which was joined with the new enterprise sports community 144: 2874:

Olympic sports, an approach that was reinforced by the appointment of a rowing coach, Werner Lempert, as DFV general secretary.

981: 853:), including training centers (TZ). Their task was mainly to scout the best players and then send them to Dresden. When former 157: 2117: 2025: 1811: 3649: 3542: 3417: 3296: 3030: 2904: 2866: 2837: 2708: 2487: 2426: 2392: 2358: 2246: 2206: 2177: 1708: 1525: 1412: 1162: 1605: 1738: 76: 791: 530: 513:. SG Dynamo Dresden was then also relegated two seasons later. F.C. Hansa Rostock then returned to the Bundesliga in the 434:

owed much to generous payments to players from the social and cultural funds of the local steel and rolling mill works.

1090:

However, the number of students delegated by non-focus clubs was in reality often higher than allowed by the guidelines.

3799: 3737: 3352: 1583: 1554: 1273: 986: 861:

became the coach of SG Dynamo Dresden in 1991, a good 100 people were still empoyed at the club, which amazed Schulte.

800: 2579: 3479: 3450: 3153: 3124: 2927:"Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger in der DDR: ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen" 2762:"Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen" 2518:"Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen" 812: 969: 869: 463: 60: 2727:

Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen

2272:

Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen

1927:

Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen

293:). The sports policy document has been adopted by the Secretariat of the SED Central Committee on 19 March 1969. 3666: 3369: 2317: 747: 1859: 1771: 379: 2138: 2046: 1832: 1446: 1006: 3389:

die besten Talente zusammengefasst, die bei einem zentralen, mehrtägigen Sichtungslehrgang ausgewählt wurden.

1727: 64: 1354: 1894: 3732:(October 1999 ed.). Hamburg: Diplomarbeiten Agentur diplom.de (Bedey Media GmbH). pp. 44–45. 3695: 3058:"Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR" 239: 2474:

Leske, Hanns (2012). "„Erster Fußballbeschluss" 1970: Nachteile für die Betriebssportgemeinschaften".

1953: 715:

existed well before the founding of designated football clubs. While the club was a sports community (

533:. 1. FC Union Berlin is the only former East German football club playing in the Bundesliga as of the 517:. The club managed to establish itself in the Bundesliga this time and played in the league until the 1476:

Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR

1040: 945: 833: 490: 391: 3269: 3213: 3097: 2966: 2801: 2681: 2619: 2557: 1902: 913: 671: 395: 153: 3499: 2072:

Der Einfluss der DTSB-Leistungssportbeschluss von 1969 auf das Sportartenspektrum im DDR-Fernsehen

339:

The 1969 Competitive Sports Resolution was then complemented by the 1970 DFV Football Resolution (

1192: 3754: 534: 522: 518: 514: 502: 498: 486: 375: 316: 312: 2575: 2443: 3256: 3200: 3084: 2953: 2937: 2788: 2772: 2738: 2668: 2606: 2544: 2528: 2283: 2130: 2083: 2038: 1938: 1824: 1232: 506: 427: 304:

and other top SED politicians, who were aware of the popularity of football in East Germany.

109: 3730:

Der Einfluss der SED auf den Sport der DDR am Beispiel des Fußballvereins 1. FC Union Berlin

3605: 3568: 811:, SV) were dissolved at the founding of the DTSB in 1957. However, the sports associations 684: 3068: 2652: 2590: 1487: 1043:. The football department of SC Leipzig then became football club 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. 934: 894: 889:. The General Director of VEB Carl Zeiss Jena Wolfgang Biermann would later be dubbed the " 431: 415: 32: 320: 31:. The football clubs were formed in 1965 and 1966 as centers of excellence in East German 8: 3240: 2891:

Leske, Hanns (2012). "Hierarchie des DDR-Fußballs: Privilegierung der Schwerpunktclubs".

1987: 1872: 1784: 474: 277:

East German sports was fundamentally reformed in the 1969 Competitive Sports Resolution (

3505: 1305:"1. FC Union, FC Vorwärts, BFC Dynamo: Als die DDR ihren Fußballbetrieb revolutionierte" 1261: 269:, SG). Without this support, the club's future success would have been hard to achieve. 3145: 3116: 1069: 1018: 953: 882: 658: 645: 624: 588: 258: 173: 3347:: Lexington Books (The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.). p. 124. 1728:"In Berlin und Karl-Marx-Stadt werden zwei weitere Fußballclubs gegründet: BFC Dynamo" 1549:: Lexington Books (The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.). p. 126. 481:

Four former East German football clubs including SG Dynamo Dresden have played in the

3733: 3645: 3538: 3475: 3446: 3413: 3348: 3292: 3149: 3120: 3026: 2900: 2862: 2833: 2704: 2642:"Deutsch-Deutsche Transfers: Der Wechsel von Thomas Doll vom BFC Dynamo zum HSV 1990" 2483: 2422: 2388: 2354: 2322: 2242: 2202: 2173: 2134: 2042: 1828: 1742: 1704: 1674: 1610: 1550: 1521: 1442: 1408: 1359: 1158: 1120: 965: 941: 890: 712: 559: 407: 898: 3707: 3344: 2198: 2119:

Wandlungen in der Steuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports in der 1960 und 1970 Jahren

2027:

Wandlungen in der Steuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports in der 1960 und 1970 Jahren

1813:

Wandlungen in der Steuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports in der 1960 und 1970 Jahren

1546: 1517: 1309: 731: 727: 609: 121: 44: 956:. The seventh category were other enterprise sports communities (BSG) between the 1053: 1022: 1010: 1005:

The football departments of the other four sports clubs in the 1965–66 DDR-Liga (

846: 825: 804: 755: 716: 631: 573: 360: 340: 332: 328: 286: 278: 262: 231: 219: 208: 189: 165: 129: 80: 68: 48: 20: 1110:

that the club had to delegate its two best players to the focus club every year.

188:. Both FC Vorwärts Berlin and BFC Dynamo were associated with the armed organs ( 3228: 2580:"Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR" 1058:

Die weitere Entwicklung des Leistungssports bis zu den Olympischen Spielen 1972

926: 886: 877: 858: 837: 324: 246: 185: 125: 113: 87:, DFV). The ten football clubs were formed from December 1965 to January 1966. 3180:: Zentrum deutsche Sportgeschichte Berlin-Brandenburg (ZdS): 9. Archived from 1659: 929:. Herbert Warnke was the powerful chairman of the national state trade union 3820: 1746: 1678: 873: 697: 616: 526: 510: 494: 403: 227: 27:, FC) was a designation for a specially promoted club for elite football in 1988:"DDR-Fußball: Aus der Chronik des Deutschen Fußballverbandes der DDR (DFV)" 957: 854: 581: 451: 411: 387: 301: 254: 204:. 1. FC Union Berlin was thus elevated into the upper tier of elite clubs. 201: 149: 56: 28: 799:

At the top of hierarchy were clubs affiliated with the armed organs. Most

3314:"Forward With Vorwärts Berlin, East Germany's Team Of The 60s – Part One" 3236: 3009: 2225: 964:. This category consisted of enterprise sports communities (BSG) such as 949: 902: 784: 419: 138: 134: 117: 2421:: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. pp. 134–135. 1236:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Frankfurter Rundschau GmbH. 18 June 2016 200:

at the time. All other teams of football clubs played in the first tier

3759: 2448: 1407:: Palgrave Macmillan (Macmillan Publishers Limited). pp. 141–142. 905:. Hallescher FC Chemie was supported by Politburo member Werner Felfe. 723:, SG) by name, it had the same status as the football clubs from 1968. 601: 482: 250: 169: 3641: 3064: 3022: 2858: 2648: 2586: 2384: 2238: 2169: 1483: 1404: 865: 816: 3671: 3374: 2832:: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. p. 116. 2703:: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. p. 112. 2353:: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. p. 132. 1228:"Jubiläumswelle im Osten: Beschluss der Sport-Führung war Auslöser" 1151:

Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft: Dynamo Dresden im Visier der Stasi

961: 447: 356: 197: 3644:: Palgrave Macmillan (Macmillan Publishers Limited). p. 144. 3537:: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. p. 49. 3412:: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. p. 49. 3291:: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. p. 49. 2387:: Palgrave Macmillan (Macmillan Publishers Limited). p. 143. 754:

A number of football clubs became specially promoted focus clubs (

291:

Grundlinie der Entwicklung des Leistungssports in der DDR bis 1980

3703: 3610: 3573: 3232: 3177: 2933: 2768: 2734: 2637: 2524: 2279: 2172:: Palgrave Macmillan (Macmillan Publishers Limited). p. 64. 2126: 2079: 2034: 1934: 1820: 1660:"Behind the Wall: East German football between state and society" 472:, e. V.) in 1990. Five football clubs retained their names after 2442:

Ehrmann, Johannes; Jürgens, Tim; Raack, Axel (9 November 2012).

2326:(in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH 1614:(in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH 1363:(in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH 374:

A match between FC Karl-Marx-Stadt and SG Dynamo Dresden in the

3764: 3534: 3471: 3442: 3409: 3288: 2896: 2829: 2700: 2479: 2418: 2350: 2113: 2021: 1965: 1807: 1470: 1438: 1154: 457: 2855:

The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany

1868: 1780: 497:, but SG Dynamo Dresden remained in the Bundesliga until the 298: 207:

The ten football clubs were made into centers of excellence (

3795: 2636:

Farshi, Sabbagh; Hadi, Mohammad (20 May 2011). Written at

1579: 1269: 930: 438: 177: 2886: 2884: 2882: 1174: 3148:: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 53–54. 359:

professionals. Players in enterprise sports communities (

3638:

Sport under Communism – Behind the East German 'Miracle'

2381:

Sport under Communism – Behind the East German 'Miracle'

2166:

Sport under Communism – Behind the East German 'Miracle'

1401:

Sport under Communism – Behind the East German 'Miracle'

734:

on 31 July 1971 and continued as FC Vorwärts Frankfurt.

2879: 2452:(in German). Berlin: 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG 1765: 1763: 1191:(in German). Hannover: Sportbuzzer GmbH. Archived from 912:

FC Carl Zeiss Jena celebrating the league title in the

493:. F.C. Hansa Rostock was immediately relegated to the 3119:: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 55. 2374: 2372: 2370: 540: 3399: 3397: 3056:

Dost, Robert (17 January 2011). Written at Berlin.

3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 1760: 1703:(1st ed.). Berlin: BasisDruck. pp. 64–65. 462:

The football clubs were given new legal statuses as

3338: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2899:: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. 2482:: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. 2469: 2467: 2441: 1853: 1851: 1540: 1432: 2631: 2629: 2367: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 406:from 1. FC Magdeburg to 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, 3394: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2220: 2218: 2159: 2157: 1737:(in German). Vol. 1966, no. 3. Berlin: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1563: 1313:(in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH 152:between BFC Dynamo and FC Vorwärts Berlin in the 137:were located in regional district capitals or in 3818: 3755:"Aus den Unterklassen: Ostberlin im Derbyfieber" 2973: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2464: 1848: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1507: 1505: 1144: 1142: 1140: 410:from Hallescher FC Chemie to SG Dynamo Dresden, 3510:(in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH 3339:Benedikter, Roland; Wojtaszyn, Dariusz (2020). 2626: 1541:Benedikter, Roland; Wojtaszyn, Dariusz (2020). 1375: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1207: 795:The team of SG Dynamo Dresden on 8 October 1982 418:from 1. FC Magdeburg to SG Dynamo Dresden, and 311:1. FC Magdeburg celebrating the victory in the 3465: 3436: 3139: 3110: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2401: 2298: 2215: 2195:State and Minorities in Communist East Germany 2154: 1698: 1514:State and Minorities in Communist East Germany 489:by finishing in first and second place in the 257:and the SED First secretary in Bezirk Dresden 3667:"BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters" 3370:"BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters" 3025:: Verlag Die Werkstatt GmbH. pp. 18–21. 2920: 2918: 2916: 2893:Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED 2574:Japke, Josephine (21 June 2018). Written at 2496: 2476:Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED 2192: 1626: 1606:"Eintritt in den VIP-Raum des Fußball-Ostens" 1511: 1502: 1157:: Christopher Links Verlag GmbH. p. 16. 1137: 253:developed between the President of SV Dynamo 3140:Tomlinson, Alan; Young, Christopher (2006). 3111:Tomlinson, Alan; Young, Christopher (2006). 2569: 2567: 2112:Ritter, Andreas (January 2002). Written at 2020:Ritter, Andreas (January 2002). Written at 2015: 2013: 1806:Ritter, Andreas (January 2002). Written at 1469:Dost, Robert (17 January 2011). Written at 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1248: 467: 458:Football clubs after the end of East Germany 3531:66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus 3285:66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus 2861:: Cambridge University Press. p. 114. 2826:66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus 2808: 2697:66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus 2415:66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus 2347:66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus 1348: 3788:"Vom Mauerblümchen zum Fußball-Leuchtturm" 3601:"Dynamos Mega-Talente - ein ewiger Trumpf" 3564:"Dynamos Mega-Talente - ein ewiger Trumpf" 3406:66 Jahr BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus 3318:Beyond The Last Man (beyondthelastman.com) 3142:German Football: History, Culture, Society 3113:German Football: History, Culture, Society 3051: 3049: 2913: 2852: 2635: 1572:"Vom Mauerblümchen zum Fußball-Leuchtturm" 1346: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 3727: 3311: 3227:Zink, Falko (December 2009). Written at 2564: 2241:: Verlag Die Werkstatt GmbH. p. 23. 2010: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1287: 3752: 3693: 3635: 2378: 2163: 1951: 1857: 1769: 1398: 1259: 907: 790: 741: 369: 306: 143: 3046: 1352: 1325: 521:. 1. FC Union Berlin qualified for the 272: 65:German Gymnastics and Sports Federation 3819: 3675:(in German). Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH 3598: 3561: 3466:Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). 3437:Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). 3378:(in German). Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH 2924: 2759: 2723: 2515: 2315: 2268: 2193:Dennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). 2111: 2068: 2019: 1923: 1805: 1699:Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2000). 1657: 1512:Dennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). 1455: 1421: 1180: 982:List of football clubs in East Germany 77:German Football Association of the GDR 3694:Oelmaier, Tobias (28 December 2015). 3636:Mike, Dennis; Grix, Jonathan (2012). 3528: 3497: 3403: 3282: 3168: 3008: 2890: 2823: 2694: 2573: 2473: 2412: 2379:Mike, Dennis; Grix, Jonathan (2012). 2344: 2224: 2164:Mike, Dennis; Grix, Jonathan (2012). 1996:Nordostdeutscher Fußballverband e. V. 1701:Und niemals vergessen – Eisern Union! 1399:Mike, Dennis; Grix, Jonathan (2012). 1302: 1260:Teichler, Hans Joachim (4 May 2006). 1148: 501:. VfB Leipzig then qualified for the 245:No football club had been founded in 3785: 3664: 3367: 3226: 3055: 1603: 1569: 1468: 1433:Hesse-Lichtenberger, Ulrich (2003). 1353:Fischer, Stephan (18 January 2014). 1303:Stier, Sebastian (18 January 2016). 992: 422:from 1. FC Magdeburg to BFC Dynamo. 3786:Koch, Matthias (28 November 2019). 1604:Koch, Matthias (31 December 2005). 1570:Koch, Matthias (28 November 2019). 13: 3800:Federal Agency for Civic Education 3753:Willmann, Frank (18 August 2005). 3696:"Jubiläum - Hansa Rostock wird 50" 3599:Eimert, Timotheus (1 April 2023). 3562:Eimert, Timotheus (1 April 2023). 3312:McCracken, Craig (15 April 2015). 2316:Kummer, Michael (2 October 2015). 1667:German as a Foreign Language (GFL) 1584:Federal Agency for Civic Education 1435:Tor!: The Story of German Football 1274:Federal Agency for Civic Education 1181:Müller, Ronny (18 December 2015). 987:East German football league system 541:The football clubs in East Germany 14: 3838: 2925:Kummer, Michael (10 March 2011). 1100:the 1970 DFV Football Resolution. 85:Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR 3474:: Das Neue Berlin. p. 203. 3169:Braun, Jutta (13 January 2013). 2086:. pp. 15–16. Archived from 1858:Hoffmann, Nils (20 March 2003). 1770:Hoffmann, Nils (20 March 2003). 922: 348: 43:The football departments of the 3779: 3746: 3721: 3687: 3658: 3629: 3592: 3555: 3522: 3498:Stolz, Sascha (7 August 2006). 3491: 3459: 3445:: Das Neue Berlin. p. 75. 3430: 3361: 3332: 3305: 3276: 3220: 3162: 3133: 3104: 2846: 2753: 2717: 2688: 2435: 2338: 2262: 2201:: Berghahn Books. p. 127. 2186: 2105: 2062: 1980: 1945: 1917: 1887: 1799: 1720: 1692: 1597: 1534: 1520:: Berghahn Books. p. 131. 1355:"Fußball, »streng vertraulich«" 1113: 1103: 1093: 1084: 1075: 1063: 1046: 1032: 999: 748:Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark 3827:Football clubs in East Germany 1968:: Prenzlberg Dokumentation e.V 1741:. 18 January 1966. p. 5. 1441:: WSC Books Ltd. p. 227. 746:The team of BFC Dynamo at the 737: 1: 3015:Enzyklopädie des DDR-Fußballs 2231:Enzyklopädie des DDR-Fußballs 2069:Grißer, Anja (26 July 2002). 1895:"Leistungssport (Geschichte)" 1735:Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) (De) 1130: 897:Schwermaschinenbau-Kombinat " 726:°° The club was relocated to 323:with the trophy, next to him 236:Kinder- und Jugendsportschule 73:Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund 3470:(in German) (1st ed.). 3468:BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub 3441:(in German) (1st ed.). 3439:BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub 2895:(in German) (2nd ed.). 2478:(in German) (2nd ed.). 2318:""Wir hießen eben Amateure"" 1153:(in German) (2nd ed.). 777: 394:won the DDR-Oberliga in the 158:Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum 7: 3728:Kannowski, Stephan (1999). 3500:"Interview mit Jürgen Bogs" 1183:"Club der Bessergestellten" 975: 430:managed to qualify for the 365:Betriebssportgemeinschaften 95: 10: 3843: 3665:Hahn, Anne (12 May 2022). 3368:Hahn, Anne (12 May 2022). 970:BSG Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt 90: 38: 3613:: Sächsische Zeitung GmbH 3576:: Sächsische Zeitung GmbH 2853:MacDougall, Alan (2014). 1015:Betriebssportgemeinschaft 194:Bewaffnete Organe der DDR 3700:deutschlandfunkkultur.de 2760:Kummer, Michael (2010). 2724:Kummer, Micharl (2010). 2516:Kummer, Michael (2010). 2269:Kummer, Michael (2010). 1952:Willmann, Frank (1999). 1924:Kummer, Micharl (2010). 1903:Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk 950:BSG Sachsengring Zwickau 672:1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig 380:Dr.-Kurt-Fischer-Stadion 55:, SC) had dominated the 3529:Karas, Steffen (2022). 3404:Karas, Steffen (2022). 3283:Karas, Steffen (2022). 2824:Karas, Steffen (2022). 2695:Karas, Steffen (2022). 2413:Karas, Steffen (2022). 2345:Karas, Steffen (2022). 1787:. pp. 26–27, 43–45 1027:Fußballspielvereinigung 464:registered associations 283:Leistungssportbeschluss 3264:Cite journal requires 3208:Cite journal requires 3092:Cite journal requires 2961:Cite journal requires 2796:Cite journal requires 2676:Cite journal requires 2614:Cite journal requires 2552:Cite journal requires 1954:"Fussball in der Zone" 1901:(in German). Leipzig: 1867:(Thesis) (in German). 1779:(Thesis) (in German). 1149:Pleil, Ingolf (2013). 1057: 1026: 1014: 966:BSG Lokomotive Stendal 917: 850: 834:National People's Army 830:Armeesportgemeinschaft 829: 808: 796: 759: 751: 720: 468: 383: 364: 344: 336: 317:Stadion der Weltjugend 290: 282: 266: 235: 223: 212: 193: 161: 84: 72: 52: 24: 2938:University of Potsdam 2773:University of Potsdam 2739:University of Potsdam 2529:University of Potsdam 2284:University of Potsdam 2131:University of Potsdam 2084:University of Leipzig 2039:University of Potsdam 1994:(in German). Berlin: 1939:University of Potsdam 1825:University of Potsdam 1658:Dennis, Mike (2007). 1233:Frankfurter Rundschau 911: 870:Socialist Unity Party 794: 745: 728:Frankfurt an der Oder 507:1992-93 2. Bundesliga 505:as runners-up in the 491:1990–91 NOFV-Oberliga 428:BSG Stahl Brandenburg 373: 310: 147: 110:Bezirk Neubrandenburg 61:Socialist Unity Party 3767:: Verlag 8. Mai GmbH 3069:Hochschule Mittweida 3042:on 13 February 2022. 2653:Hochschule Mittweida 2591:Hochschule Mittweida 2444:"Die große Freiheit" 2258:on 13 February 2022. 1488:Hochschule Mittweida 1262:"Fußball in der DDR" 698:Hallescher FC Chemie 640:ASK Vorwärts Berlin 469:eingetragener Verein 345:DFV-Fußballbeschluss 273:Further developments 154:1966–67 DDR-Oberliga 3241:Saarland University 2733:(PhD) (in German). 2576:Königs Wusterhausen 2278:(PhD) (in German). 2125:(PhD) (in German). 2093:on 4 September 2004 2033:(PhD) (in German). 1933:(PhD) (in German). 1873:University of Mainz 1819:(PhD) (in German). 1785:University of Mainz 1019:BSG Energie Cottbus 954:BSG Energie Cottbus 874:VEB Carl Zeiss Jena 801:sports associations 531:promotion play-offs 3606:Sächsische Zeitung 3569:Sächsische Zeitung 3187:on 6 December 2021 3146:Abingdon-on-Thames 3117:Abingdon-on-Thames 2286:. pp. 223–224 2078:(MA) (in German). 1482:(BA) (in German). 1070:FC Energie Cottbus 1041:BSG Chemie Leipzig 946:BSG Chemie Leipzig 918: 883:Wolfgang Blochwitz 797: 752: 692:SC Turbine Erfurt 685:FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt 659:FC Carl Zeiss Jena 646:1. FC Union Berlin 632:FC Vorwärts Berlin 625:SC Karl-Marx-Stadt 617:FC Karl-Marx-Stadt 589:F.C. Hansa Rostock 568:SG Dynamo Dresden 523:2019–20 Bundesliga 503:1993–94 Bundesliga 487:1991–92 Bundesliga 392:BSG Chemie Leipzig 384: 382:on 29 October 1988 376:1988–89 FDGB-Pokal 337: 319:on 29 April 1978. 313:1977–78 FDGB-Pokal 259:Werner Krolikowski 238:, KJS) and then a 174:1. FC Union Berlin 166:FC Vorwärts Berlin 162: 3651:978-0-230-22784-2 3544:978-3-944068-95-4 3419:978-3-944068-95-4 3320:. Craig McCracken 3298:978-3-944068-95-4 3032:978-3-89533-556-3 2906:978-3-937967-91-2 2868:978-1-107-05203-1 2839:978-3-944068-95-4 2710:978-3-944068-95-4 2489:978-3-937967-91-2 2428:978-3-944068-95-4 2394:978-0-230-22784-2 2360:978-3-944068-95-4 2323:Neues Deutschland 2248:978-3-89533-556-3 2208:978-0-85745-195-8 2179:978-0-230-22784-2 1710:978-3-86163-106-4 1611:Neues Deutschland 1527:978-0-85745-195-8 1414:978-0-230-22784-2 1360:Neues Deutschland 1164:978-3-86153-756-4 1121:SG Dynamo Dresden 993:Explanatory notes 750:on 17 August 1978 721:Sportgemeinschaft 713:SG Dynamo Dresden 709: 708: 596:SC Empor Rostock 593:28 December 1965 578:22 December 1965 560:SG Dynamo Dresden 408:Andreas Wagenhaus 267:Sportgemeinschaft 160:on 13 August 1966 3834: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3708:Deutschlandradio 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3640:(1st ed.). 3633: 3627: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3533:(2nd ed.). 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3408:(2nd ed.). 3401: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3345:Washington, D.C. 3343:(1st ed.). 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3287:(2nd ed.). 3280: 3274: 3273: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3186: 3175: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3144:(1st ed.). 3137: 3131: 3130: 3115:(1st ed.). 3108: 3102: 3101: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3035:. 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Archived from 2237:(2nd ed.). 2236: 2222: 2213: 2212: 2197:(1st ed.). 2190: 2184: 2183: 2168:(1st ed.). 2161: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2124: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2092: 2077: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2032: 2017: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1932: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1905:. 4 October 2018 1891: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1875:. pp. 43–44 1866: 1855: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1818: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1778: 1767: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1732: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1664: 1655: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1547:Washington, D.C. 1545:(1st ed.). 1538: 1532: 1531: 1516:(1st ed.). 1509: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1481: 1466: 1453: 1452: 1437:(3rd ed.). 1430: 1419: 1418: 1403:(1st ed.). 1396: 1373: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1350: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1310:Der Tagesspiegel 1300: 1285: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1257: 1246: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1224: 1205: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1146: 1124: 1117: 1111: 1107: 1101: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1050: 1044: 1036: 1030: 1003: 809:Sportvereinigung 760:Schwerpunktclubs 732:Bezirk Frankfurt 705:SC Chemie Halle 702:26 January 1966 689:26 January 1966 676:20 January 1966 663:20 January 1966 650:20 January 1966 637:18 January 1966 621:15 January 1966 610:SC Dynamo Berlin 606:15 January 1966 545: 544: 525:after defeating 471: 432:1986–87 UEFA Cup 224:Trainingszentrum 213:Leistungszentrum 122:Bezirk Frankfurt 75:, DTSB) and the 3842: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3634: 3630: 3616: 3614: 3597: 3593: 3579: 3577: 3560: 3556: 3545: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3504:Fußball-Woche ( 3496: 3492: 3482: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3435: 3431: 3420: 3402: 3395: 3381: 3379: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3281: 3277: 3265: 3263: 3254: 3253: 3246: 3244: 3225: 3221: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3109: 3105: 3093: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3074: 3072: 3060: 3054: 3047: 3039: 3033: 3018: 3007: 2974: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2943: 2941: 2929: 2923: 2914: 2907: 2889: 2880: 2869: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2822: 2809: 2797: 2795: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2776: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2693: 2689: 2677: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2644: 2634: 2627: 2615: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2582: 2572: 2565: 2553: 2551: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2532: 2520: 2514: 2497: 2490: 2472: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2411: 2402: 2395: 2377: 2368: 2361: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2314: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2249: 2234: 2223: 2216: 2209: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2162: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2122: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2030: 2018: 2011: 2001: 1999: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1950: 1946: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1878: 1876: 1864: 1856: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1827:. p. 188. 1816: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1776: 1768: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1662: 1656: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1568: 1564: 1557: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1510: 1503: 1493: 1491: 1479: 1467: 1456: 1449: 1431: 1422: 1415: 1397: 1376: 1366: 1364: 1351: 1326: 1316: 1314: 1301: 1288: 1278: 1276: 1258: 1249: 1239: 1237: 1226: 1225: 1208: 1198: 1196: 1179: 1175: 1165: 1147: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1068: 1064: 1051: 1047: 1037: 1033: 1004: 1000: 995: 978: 780: 740: 574:1. FC Magdeburg 543: 460: 416:Detlef Schößler 275: 130:Bezirk Schwerin 98: 93: 41: 12: 11: 5: 3840: 3830: 3829: 3813: 3812: 3778: 3745: 3739:978-3832419226 3738: 3720: 3686: 3657: 3650: 3628: 3591: 3554: 3543: 3521: 3490: 3480: 3458: 3451: 3429: 3418: 3393: 3360: 3354:978-1793622471 3353: 3331: 3304: 3297: 3275: 3266:|journal= 3229:Kaiserslautern 3219: 3210:|journal= 3161: 3154: 3132: 3125: 3103: 3094:|journal= 3045: 3031: 2972: 2963:|journal= 2912: 2905: 2878: 2867: 2845: 2838: 2807: 2798:|journal= 2752: 2716: 2709: 2687: 2678:|journal= 2625: 2616:|journal= 2563: 2554:|journal= 2495: 2488: 2463: 2434: 2427: 2400: 2393: 2366: 2359: 2337: 2297: 2261: 2247: 2214: 2207: 2185: 2178: 2153: 2139: 2133:. p. 26. 2104: 2061: 2047: 2041:. p. 15. 2009: 1992:nofv-online.de 1979: 1958:Telegraph (De) 1944: 1941:. p. 181. 1916: 1886: 1847: 1833: 1798: 1759: 1719: 1709: 1691: 1625: 1596: 1562: 1556:978-1793622471 1555: 1533: 1526: 1501: 1454: 1447: 1420: 1413: 1374: 1324: 1286: 1247: 1206: 1195:on 16 May 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3761: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3709: 3705: 3702:(in German). 3701: 3697: 3690: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3612: 3609:(in German). 3608: 3607: 3602: 3595: 3588: 3575: 3572:(in German). 3571: 3570: 3565: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3509: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3483: 3481:3-360-01227-5 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3452:3-360-01227-5 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3398: 3390: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3271: 3258: 3242: 3238: 3235:(in German). 3234: 3230: 3223: 3215: 3202: 3183: 3179: 3176:(in German). 3172: 3165: 3157: 3155:0-415-35195-2 3151: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3128: 3126:0-415-35195-2 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3099: 3086: 3070: 3066: 3063:(in German). 3059: 3052: 3050: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2968: 2955: 2939: 2935: 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Bundesliga 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:2. Bundesliga 492: 488: 484: 479: 477: 476: 470: 465: 455: 453: 449: 443: 440: 435: 433: 429: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 404:Damian Halata 399: 397: 393: 389: 381: 377: 372: 368: 366: 362: 358: 352: 350: 346: 342: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 309: 305: 303: 300: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 216: 214: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 159: 155: 151: 146: 142: 140: 136: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 102: 88: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 36: 34: 30: 26: 22: 18: 17:Football club 3803:. Retrieved 3791: 3781: 3769:. Retrieved 3758: 3748: 3729: 3723: 3711:. Retrieved 3699: 3689: 3677:. Retrieved 3670: 3660: 3637: 3631: 3622: 3615:. Retrieved 3604: 3594: 3585: 3578:. Retrieved 3567: 3557: 3548: 3530: 3524: 3512:. Retrieved 3503: 3493: 3485: 3467: 3461: 3438: 3432: 3423: 3405: 3387: 3380:. Retrieved 3373: 3363: 3340: 3334: 3322:. Retrieved 3317: 3307: 3284: 3278: 3257:cite journal 3245:. Retrieved 3222: 3201:cite journal 3189:. Retrieved 3182:the original 3164: 3141: 3135: 3112: 3106: 3085:cite journal 3073:. Retrieved 3037:the original 3014: 3010:Leske, Hanns 2954:cite journal 2942:. Retrieved 2892: 2872: 2854: 2848: 2825: 2789:cite journal 2777:. Retrieved 2755: 2743:. Retrieved 2726: 2719: 2696: 2690: 2669:cite journal 2657:. Retrieved 2607:cite journal 2595:. Retrieved 2545:cite journal 2533:. Retrieved 2475: 2454:. Retrieved 2447: 2437: 2414: 2380: 2346: 2340: 2328:. Retrieved 2321: 2288:. Retrieved 2271: 2264: 2253:the original 2230: 2226:Leske, Hanns 2194: 2188: 2165: 2144:. Retrieved 2118: 2107: 2095:. Retrieved 2088:the original 2071: 2064: 2052:. Retrieved 2026: 2000:. Retrieved 1991: 1982: 1970:. Retrieved 1961: 1957: 1947: 1926: 1919: 1907:. Retrieved 1898: 1889: 1877:. Retrieved 1860: 1838:. Retrieved 1812: 1801: 1789:. Retrieved 1772: 1750:. Retrieved 1734: 1722: 1714: 1700: 1694: 1682:. 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