85:,' searching out the most obscure foodstuffs from an unwilling Nature in the reasoned pursuit of complete fulfillment of his needs, must give way to the concept of a man conditioned by the preferences and prejudices of his neighbors, selecting only those foods sanctioned by the 'culture.'" Presumably they chose the term foodways by analogy with the term folkways. This had gained currency in the United States following its adoption by Yale professor and pioneering social scientist William Graham Sumner. Since folkways were established by use, not reason, they were resistant to change and not easily altered by government intervention. Similarly, Bennett et al. concluded, foodways were not likely to change simply because bureaucrats suggested that new ways had economic or nutritional benefits.
128:
consumption patterns and preferences of politicians and their constituents. This food/power dynamic is even present within the former Trump administration's position toward fast food, particularly when Trump offered hamburgers to guests in an implicit appeal to what the White House considered "quintessentially
American" cuisine. Furthermore, the ways in which food shapes and is shaped by social organization are essential to examination of foodways. Since consumption of food is
223:, published by Taylor & Francis, is "devoted to publishing original scholarly articles on the history and culture of human nourishment. By reflecting on the role food plays in human relations, this unique journal explores the powerful but often subtle ways in which food has shaped, and shapes, our lives socially, economically, politically, mentally, nutritionally, and morally. Because food is a pervasive social phenomenon, it cannot be approached by any one discipline".
101:
historical and regional differences while simultaneously pointing to the importance of food events (barbecues, Brunswick stew suppers, oyster roasts), food processes (ham curing, snap-bean canning, friend apple pie making), and even the aesthetic realms that touch upon the world of food (country songs about food, quilts raffled at community fish fries, literary references to eating)."
119:
and/or taste. According to Harris, Lyon and McLaughlin: "…everything about eating including what we consume, how we acquire it, who prepares it and who's at the table – is a form of communication rich with meaning. Our attitudes, practices and rituals around food are a window onto our most basic beliefs about the world and ourselves." As one research team puts it,
230:, from Taylor & Francis publications, Douglas Brownlie, Paul Hewer, and Suzanne Horne explore culinary consumptionscapes through a study of contemporary cookbooks, with chic recipes often turning intensely into a kind of "gastroporn", creating a "simulacrum of desire" as well as a "simulacrum of satisfaction."
191:
foodways supervisor and
Colonial Williamsburg's first journeyman cook. Historians know far less about food practices of people further down the social scale, but cookbooks, documents, kitchen inventories, and archaeological research provide a detailed picture about how the governor and the gentry dined."
210:
Immigrant foodways are also featured prominently in
America. For example, The University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, located in Southeastern Massachusetts - which has a very large immigrant population from Cape Verde - describes Cape Verdean Foodways by publishing recipes from these southern Atlantic
118:
Anthropologists, folklorists, sociologists, historians, and food scholars often use the term foodways to describe the study of why we eat what we eat and what it means. The term, therefore, looks at food consumption on a deeper than concrete level and includes, yet goes beyond, sustenance, recipes,
139:
While in fields like anthropology, the production, procurement, preparation, presentation, and consumption of foods have always been regarded as central in the study of cultures the use of the term foodways in popular culture is used as an oriented way of looking at food practices. In this sense,
135:
Anthropologist Mary
Douglas, explains: "A very modest life of subsistence contrasts with our own use of goods, in for example, the use of food. How would we be able to say all of the things we want to say, even just to the members of our families, about different kinds of events and occasions and
127:
Topics like social inclusion and exclusion, power, and sense making are explored under the umbrella term foodways. This is especially evident in political messaging that uses terms like "latte liberal" or "Joe Six Pack" to convey notions of class and community. Such framing is based on perceived
190:
has a foodways staff dedicated to studying and recreating the foodways and practices of historical
Williamsburg's upper class. "The foodways team prepares dishes served to the colony's upper class because so much historical information about their culinary life is available, said Frank Clark,
100:
Jay
Anderson argued in a pioneering 1971 essay, foodways encompasses "the whole interrelated system of food conceptualization and evaluation, procurement, preservation, preparation, consumption and nutrition shared by all the members of a particular society. This broad definition embraces both
240:, by John Staller and Michael Carrasco, which studies and examines "the symbolic complexity of food and its preparation, as well as the social importance of feasting in contemporary and historical societies." Books like this help further the study of foodways and increase public awareness.
136:
possibilities if we did not make any difference between breakfast and lunch and dinner and if we made no difference between Sunday and weekends, and never had a different kind of meal when friends came in, and if
Christmas Day had also to be celebrated with the same kind of food?"
164:. In addition to scholarly articles, this annual compendium offers reports of works in progress on foodways. These include photo essays, course syllabi, and announcements. Also found here are reviews of books, periodicals, conferences, exhibits, festivals, museums, and films.
69:, had undertaken various studies of food habits of the rural poor, with the aim of improving them. With the advent of World War II, these efforts increased. Those with information to share about different food habits were encouraged to contact the cultural anthropologist
76:
It was in these circumstances that John W. Bennett and his companions went to study Anglo-Americans, German-Americans and
African-Americans in the fertile but frequently flooded bottomlands of southern Illinois along the banks of the
140:
the term is a consumer culture expression that encompasses, in popularly understandable and debatable formats, contemporaneous social practices related to foods as well as nutritional and culinary aspects of foods.
81:. All depended on white bread, pork, and potatoes. To the investigators these habits, particularly the spurning of plentiful, nutritious foods such as fish, seemed irrational. They argued "The illusion of an '
123:
We all eat, and associate different layers of cultural meaning to the food we consume. Explorations of food, then, can be an easy conduit into the complex world of intangible cultural heritage.
65:
graduate students, John W. Bennett, Harvey L. Smith and
Herbert Passin. In the 1920s and 1930s, agricultural scientists and rural sociologists, usually under the auspices of the
219:
In contrast to the anthropological treatments of food, the term foodways aims at a highly cross-disciplinary approach to food and nutrition. For example, the refereed journal
206:
projects, films, sharing of recipes, and promoting the teaching of foods and cultures of the region. Their website also links to that of the
University of Mississippi.
169:
88:
The term foodways was little used until the late 1960s and early 1970s and the surge in folklife research, including the establishment of the
605:
96:
Contemporary scholarship defines foodways as the study of what we eat, as well as how and why and under what circumstances we eat it. As
356:
Bennett, John; Smith, Harvey L. & Passin, Herbert (October 1942). "Food and Culture in Southern Illinois–A Preliminary Report".
66:
710:
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is devoted to "exhibitions and public programs focused on Michigan's unique contributions to the national culinary tapestry".
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In consumer culture research, contemporary and postmodern foodways are topics of interest. In an article in the journal
1059:
753:
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184:, focusing on the foods of New Englanders. It examines the population's behavior as seafaring people and when ashore.
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John Egerton, and Ann Bleidt Egerton. Southern Food: At Home, on the Road, in History. New York: Knopf :, 1987.
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Historical studies of foodways help scientists, anthropologists, and scholars gain insight into past cultures.
157:
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The term foodways can be employed when referencing the "ways of food" of a region or location. For example:
429:"Foodways and Folklife: Experiences from the Newfoundland and Labrador Intangible Cultural Heritage Office"
358:
58:
defines foodways as "the eating habits and culinary practices of a people, region, or historical period".
446:
Bock, Sheila (2021). "Fast food and the white house: Performing foodways, class, and American identity".
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Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals (1906).
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Douglas, Mary (1992). Hargreaves, Shaun; Ross, Agus (eds.). "Why Do People Want Goods?".
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Jarvis, Dale Gilbert; Barrett, Terra M. (2019). Falk, Eivind; Park, Seong-Yong (eds.).
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672:"Culinary Tourism: An Exploratory Reading of Contemporary Representations of Cooking"
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Department of Popular Culture at Bowling Green State University (8 February 2021).
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in 1967. As the field of Foodways develops, scholars offer their own definitions:
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often refers to the intersection of food in culture, traditions, and history.
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495:(Paperback Reprint ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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The term ′foodways′ appears to have been coined in 1942 by three
28:
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Brownlie, Douglas; Hewer, Paul; Horne, Suzanne (March 2005).
435:. Traditional Food Sharing Experiences from the Field: 83–99.
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practices relating to the production and consumption of
509:
Digest: An Interdisciplinary Study of Food and Foodways
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Harris, Patricia; Lyon, David; McLaughlin, Sue (2005).
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Digest: An Interdisciplinary Study of Food and Foodways
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411:
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132:, cultural study is also incorporated in the term.
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416:. CT: The Globe Pequot Press. pp. VIII–IX.
280:"Foodways: When food meets culture and history"
512:. American Folklore Society: Foodways Section.
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747:
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309:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
236:Springer Publishing has released the book,
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740:
709:Staller, John; Carrasco, Michael (2010).
342:"Foodways and Ways of Talking about Food"
156:and the Department of Popular Culture at
610:University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth
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67:United States Department of Agriculture
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16:Food-related concept in social science
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160:release an annual publication called
467:Understanding the Enterprise Culture
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284:Michigan State University Extension
278:Darnton, Julia (12 December 2012).
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180:in Connecticut published the book
73:at the National Research Council.
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676:Consumption Markets & Culture
469:. Edinburgh University Press: 23.
228:Consumption Markets & Culture
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1066:Motif-Index of Folk-Literature
481:LĂ©vi-Strauss, Claude (1983). "
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158:Bowling Green State University
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198:explores the foodways of the
90:Smithsonian Folklife Festival
577:"Southern Foodways Alliance"
359:American Sociological Review
152:The Foodways Section of the
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1060:Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index
1055:Morphology (folkloristics)
196:Southern Foodways Alliance
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1006:
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688:10.1080/10253860500068937
154:American Folklore Society
541:Mystic Seaport Museum.
1130:Social constructionism
712:Pre-Columbian Foodways
606:"Cape Verdean Recipes"
483:The Raw and the Cooked
433:Living Heritage Series
238:Pre-Columbian Foodways
125:
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188:Colonial Williamsburg
178:Mystic Seaport Museum
121:
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63:University of Chicago
581:SouthernFoodways.com
528:MichiganFoodways.org
250:Anthropology of food
215:Scholarly approaches
130:socially constructed
524:"Michigan Foodways"
414:The Meaning of Food
19:In social science,
920:Luminous gemstones
815:Personal narrative
544:Saltwater Foodways
182:Saltwater Foodways
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636:Food and Foodways
221:Food and Foodways
170:Michigan Foodways
79:Mississippi River
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715:. Springer.
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778:Animal tale
563:History.org
255:Ethnography
1125:Neologisms
1114:Categories
1099:Vernacular
1024:Folk devil
983:Folk music
973:Folk dance
903:Folk saint
893:Birthstone
805:Tall tales
788:Fairy tale
620:2007-05-09
591:2007-05-09
323:"foodways"
305:"Foodways"
266:References
98:folklorist
56:Dictionary
1082:Knowledge
1077:Tradition
1034:Folk hero
988:Folk play
968:Folk epic
955:Folk arts
925:Mythology
910:Ghostlore
875:Word game
771:Narrative
655:ignored (
645:cite book
211:islands.
1135:Folklore
1087:Medicine
1043:See also
1019:Fakelore
998:Foodways
963:Folk art
763:Folklore
696:55486792
682:: 7–26.
454:: 15–43.
244:See also
104:—
41:Foodways
33:economic
25:cultural
23:are the
21:foodways
1120:Cuisine
1007:Society
860:Proverb
810:Parable
380:2085690
289:5 March
935:Ritual
870:Saying
865:Riddle
800:Legend
719:
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559:"Food"
378:
31:, and
29:social
1092:Story
843:False
783:Fable
692:S2CID
547:. CT.
376:JSTOR
850:Joke
793:list
717:ISBN
657:help
291:2013
202:via
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.