338:
repeatedly jamming in action. As no photos exist verifying any change in wing-panel anchorage location for
Parschau's A.16/15 aircraft before its return to the Fokker factory a second time to serve as the "prototype" Eindecker airframe, the belief that it had been modified to have the standard mid-fuselage location used on the later production E.I airframes before its second return to the Fokker factory has not yet been proven, as it was lowered some time after the Fokker factory had received it back to be retained there, following Parschau's final use of it. The mid-fuselage wing mount modification was not fitted to the initial batch of five
497:
558:
232:
493:"-like surfaces, projecting outwards and upwards from the upper longerons' forwardmost length behind the cowl to fully enclose the nose once more on all E.II and E.III aircraft. The "soffit"-like surfaces were eventually created from upward extensions of the sheetmetal panels on the sides of the forward fuselage, by the time the E.III was in full production. Production of the types, built in parallel, depended on engine availability. Many E.IIs were either completed as E.IIIs or upgraded to E.III standard when returned for repair.
674:, causing at least 7 bullets to shoot through one propeller blade, which subsequently broke off. This likely resulted in vibrations so severe that the loads exceeded the structural limits of the aircraft. (Allied accounts credit Corporal J. H. Waller, gunner/observer of a RFC F.E.2b piloted by 2nd Lt G. R. McCubbin, with firing the fatal shots at Immelmann during his attack on their aircraft and was credited by the British with shooting him down.) Eleven pilots scored five or more victories in the
458:
543:
179:
310:
187:
367:
26:
593:
867:
530:
which received a 119 kW (160 hp) Oberursel U.III, 14 cylinder twin-row rotary engine (a copy of the Gnome Double Lambda rotary) and was fitted with twin machine guns as standard, after repeated failure of an experimental triple-gun installation, which was initially intended be standard for
445:
pilot responsible for bringing the first armed Fokker monoplanes into active service during the spring and summer of 1915, once stated "lightning is a straight line compared with the barogram of the first solo". The roll response of the
Eindecker, on the other hand, was poor. This has often been
337:
light machine gun, leaving the wing panels in the stock A.III airframe's "shoulder-winged" location while armed and in
Parschau's use in May and June 1915. Parschau made several attempts at aerial combat during June 1915, but at this stage the gear proved very unreliable, the Parabellum gun
489:. The larger diameter of the E.II's nine-cylinder rotary mandated raising the upper nose paneling to match the larger-diameter cowl the U.I required — this also caused the outer edges of the upper nose paneling to overhang the fuselage's upper longerons, making it necessary to add "
588:
Three days after his "unconfirmed" victory, Wintgens downed another "Morane
Parasol" with the same E.5/15 aircraft, and a full fortnight after his initial engagement, on 15 July 1915, he became the first Eindecker pilot to be credited with such an official victory.
378:
performed on all their surfaces, both exposed and internal parts. This distinctive appearance on the sheet metal components of the
Eindecker fuselage was also used on the earliest Fokker biplane fighters, like the
305:
fronts. At some stage he had the words "Lt. Parschau" painted on the right upper side (and possibly both sides) of the fuselage behind the cockpit. This aircraft had its main fuel tank located behind the cockpit.
297:
von
Buttlar did in November 1914, where the two German officers could have first made contact. Parschau eventually spent most of the first year of the war with this aircraft, flying it on both the
670:
score. He achieved all of his 15 victories in the type before being killed when his E.III broke up in June 1916, possibly after the synchronisation mechanism failed during an attack on
British
853:
bore no direct relation to the earlier
Eindeckers (all designed by Martin Kreutzer), being a parasol aircraft, only built in small numbers before production switched to the improved
454:- although the monoplanes of the time, even when fitted with ailerons, often had unpredictable or unresponsive roll control due to the flexibility of their externally braced wings.
166:
a degree of air superiority from July 1915 until early 1916. This period, during which Allied aviators regarded their poorly armed aircraft as "Fokker Fodder", became known as the "
228:
machine gun. Anthony Fokker personally demonstrated the system on 23 May 1915, having towed the prototype aircraft behind his touring car to a military airfield near Berlin.
534:
Total production for the entire Fokker E.I through E.IV series was 416 aircraft (the exact breakdown by type is not clear, although the E.III was the most important model).
255:
The history of the "prototype" Eindecker aircraft (Fokker factory number 216) which was used for Fokker's initial synchronizer trials is closely associated with
Leutnant
1421:
260:
573:
Wintgens in the late afternoon of 1 July 1915 when, while flying one of the five M.5K/MG production prototype/"service test" aircraft, numbered 'E.5/15' near
485:
seven-cylinder rotary engine, while the latter had the nine-cylinder 75 kW (100 hp) Oberursel U I, a direct copy of the 75 kW (100 hp)
581:
two seat "parasol" monoplane. By this time the first E.Is were arriving as supplementary equipment, one per unit as "attached" aircraft, for the ordinary
239:'s first Fokker monoplane, armed with a synchronized Parabellum MG14 machine gun in May 1915, which essentially became the "prototype" Fokker Eindecker.
77:
1460:
526:
machine guns, while most E.IIIs and the production E.I through E.III Eindecker models used only one of the same model. The final variant was the
632:
just before July 1915's end; and who each scored their first kills in E.Is in August 1915, just after
Boelcke became the sole pilot flying the
666:
victories - 19 out of his final tally of 40. His last victory in an Eindecker occurred on 27 June 1916. Max Immelmann had the second-highest
522:
62 began operating the E.III towards the end of 1915. A few E.IIIs were experimentally armed with two 7.92 mm (.312 in) calibre
1450:
1455:
897:. He was forced to surrender before he realised his error and could destroy the aircraft. The E.III was test-flown against the
1465:
1222:
1181:
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One distinctive feature of the appearance of all the sheet metal panelling on the Eindeckers was a special form of "dragged"
221:
688:
or "Blue Max", while flying the Eindecker, after each pilot passed the then-required eight victory total for each aviator.
267:
with the serial number A.16/15, at the beginning of World War I. This aircraft had been privately purchased in 1913 by
718:
on 25 September 1916, which resulted in Heurteaux fatally bringing down Wintgens, as Huerteaux's victory number eight.
776:
Military designation for the M.5L unarmed scouting aircraft with three bracing cables per wing and powered by an 80hp
1407:
1385:
1370:
1355:
1340:
1309:
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aircraft a second time, this time to be retained by the Fokker factory for development purposes. Immelmann's initial
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on 26 May 1915 with shipping date of 15 June 1915) uniquely getting it sometime later, while in service. Production
1280:
1171:
585:- initially to provide escort protection for their usual quantity of six two-seat reconnaissance biplanes per unit.
370:
A Fokker E.II of late 1915, with the "dragged" engine turning visible on the engine cowl and associated sheet metal.
1470:
1281:
Sands, Jeffrey, "The Forgotten Ace, Ltn. Kurt Wintgens and his War Letters", Cross & Cockade USA, Summer 1985.
342:
production prototypes as originally built, with Otto Parschau's second Eindecker, the first M.5K/MG built bearing
732:
Fokker's first monoplane unarmed scout, in effect the "airframe prototype" of all the early Fokker Eindeckers.
399:
fuel tank which had to be constantly filled by hand-pumping from the main fuel tank, which starting with the
142:("Monoplane") was the first purpose-built German fighter aircraft and the first aircraft to be fitted with a
671:
516:, which used a slightly narrower-chord (1.80 meter, or 71 inch) wing than earlier versions. Boelcke's
423:. For an inexperienced pilot, the extreme sensitivity of the elevators made level flight difficult; German
283:
at the outbreak of hostilities, and had been painted a shade of green, the color of von Buttlar's previous
523:
302:
298:
411:
were aerodynamically balanced, and the type had no fixed tail surfaces. This combination rendered the
1445:
910:
475:
836:
The final version of the early Eindeckers the E.IV was slightly enlarged, fitted with a 14-cyl.
403:
was mounted behind the pilot; this task had to be performed up to eight times an hour. Both the
329:
62, the Fokker factory outfitted Parschau's aircraft with the first trial version of the Fokker
61:
1301:
561:
The cowl of an early E.I removed, showing the first version of the Fokker synchronization gear
220:
tubing for the fuselage structure instead of wood. It was fitted with an early version of the
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288:
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gear, with a large cam wheel replacing the early drive taken from the oil pump drive shaft.
1101:
151:
143:
8:
408:
354:, and all further Fokker Eindeckers, were also fitted with the definitive version of the
1402:(Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 73), Botley, Oxfordshire, UK: Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2006.
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231:
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1336:
1305:
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1218:
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210:
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to an end, and with it, the "Fokker Scourge". Wintgens flew the E.IV version of the
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715:
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but had ceased to be used by the Fokker factory on its designs by the end of 1916.
264:
225:
202:
127:
1380:(Windsock Datafile No. 15). Berkhamsted, Herts, UK: Albatros Publications, 1989.
1365:(Windsock Datafile No. 91). Berkhamsted, Herts, UK: Albatros Publications, 2002.
1329:
837:
699:
375:
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1091:
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Military designation for the M.5K unarmed scouting aircraft powered by an 80hp
605:
481:
which was essentially a direct copy of the French-made 60 kW (80 hp)
416:
287:-based Jäger regiment. Parschau had served with the same surreptitiously named
167:
135:
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was the engine - the former having the seven-cylinder 60 kW (80 hp)
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1176:. Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire UK: Albatros Publications, Ltd. p. 32.
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for evaluation and finally going on museum display. It now resides at the
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682:, and Wintgens all received Germany's highest military decoration, the
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serial E.1/15 (bearing Fokker factory airframe number 191, accepted by
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but became lost in haze and landed at a British aerodrome east of
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Early German Aces of World War I (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 73)
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386:
313:
Parschau's second Eindecker, an M.5K/MG Eindecker bearing serial
284:
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offset to starboard, synchronised to fire through the propeller.
913:
in London. Immelmann's original E.I, with IdFlieg-issued serial
840:
engine and two machine guns above the forward fuselage, 49 built
461:
Immelmann's later Fokker E.II with the "soffit" surfaces fitted.
996:
9-cyl.air-cooled rotary piston engine, 75 kW (100 hp)
902:
490:
404:
66:
35:
1260:. Botley, Oxfordshire, UK: Osprey Publishing Ltd. p. 24.
881:
remains. On 8 April 1916, a novice German pilot took off from
828:
rotary engine with improved structure and equipment, 249 built
710:
long enough to have been confronted by the much more advanced
465:
1215:
Osprey Aircraft of the Aces: Early German Aces of World War 1
361:
322:
812:
Improved production armed scout aircraft powered by a 100hp
1300:(2nd ed.). London: Putnam & Company Ltd. pp.
1424:
NSW Migration Heritage Centre - Statement of Significance
317:
with unique, lowered mid-fuselage wing mount modification
647:
from the very start, flew the M.5K/MG aircraft numbered
1350:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997.
651:, after the Fokker factory took back his now worn-out
209:) which in turn was based on the design of the French
824:
The major production variant also powered by a 100hp
1391:
Jarrett, Philip. "Database: The Fokker Eindeckers".
553:, in his pioneering aerial engagement on 1 July 1915
901:and other Allied types at St. Omer before going to
800:Production armed scout aircraft powered by an 80hp
622:
himself received his first production E.I Eindecker
105:
serving as a E.I prototype, flown by Otto Parschau)
921:, where it was destroyed by Allied bombing during
643:, who was instrumental in the introduction of the
596:An Eindecker getting its gun synchronizer adjusted
279:along with his commissioning as an officer in the
1335:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1988.
1291:
1197:
1437:
608:(initially flying M.5K/MG service test aircraft
321:Near the end of May 1915, while it was based at
259:, who was allotted this aircraft, then a Fokker
1333:The Smithsonian Book of Flight for Young People
1144:
1142:
917:, also survived the war and went on display in
273:Waldemar von Buttlar, and requisitioned by the
387:Fuel system details and flight characteristics
1156:
1154:
569:victory, though unconfirmed, was achieved by
1231:
1212:
1139:
768:- machine gun, five built (see A.III above).
659:Eindecker survived past the end of the war.
546:The actual Fokker M.5K/MG aircraft used by
466:Engine installations and associated changes
1151:
1047:3,000 m (9,843 ft) in 30 minutes
764:Pre-production batch, with /MG suffix for
362:Sheet metal parts finish on the Eindeckers
162:Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches
1430:Replica Fokker kits in 75% and 100% scale
1044:1,000 m (3,281 ft) in 5 minutes
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216:monoplane, although it differed in using
173:
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691:The arrival in early 1916 of the French
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470:The main difference between the E.I and
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185:
177:
1461:1910s Austro-Hungarian fighter aircraft
1017:198 km (123 mi, 107 nmi)
1011:140 km/h (87 mph, 76 kn)
1438:
1296:German Aircraft of the First World War
936:German Aircraft of the First World War
780:rotary engine; at least one was built.
537:
1173:Fokker Eindecker Compendium, Volume 1
1169:
1055:38 kg/m (7.8 lb/sq ft)
792:rotary engine; 5 built (see M.5K/MG).
138:. Developed in April 1915, the first
1285:
1292:Gray, Peter; Owen Thetford (1970).
158:gave the German Army's Air Service
13:
1035:3.333 m/s (656.1 ft/min)
962:9.52 m (31 ft 3 in)
14:
1482:
1422:Model of Fokker Eindecker, c.1916
1415:
1348:Fokker: A Transatlantic Biography
968:2.4 m (7 ft 10 in)
956:7.2 m (23 ft 7 in)
154:without striking the blades. The
1451:Military aircraft of World War I
1400:Early German Aces of World War I
889:serial number 210/16) bound for
678:. Boelcke, Immelmann, Parschau,
24:
974:16 m (170 sq ft)
662:Oswald Boelcke scored the most
146:, enabling the pilot to fire a
1274:
1249:
1206:
1163:
508:The definitive version of the
198:was based on Fokker's unarmed
1:
1456:1910s German fighter aircraft
1217:. Oxford: Osprey. p. 9.
1127:
1029:3,600 m (11,810 ft)
714:fighter of French flying ace
702:brought the dominance of the
290:Brieftauben-Abteilung Ostende
1466:Aircraft first flown in 1915
861:
7:
1213:vanWyngarden, Greg (2006).
1085:
986:610 kg (1,345 lb)
870:Max Immelman's Fokker E.I,
721:
10:
1487:
577:, he forced down a French
224:which controlled a single
101:23 May 1915 (modified M.5
980:399 kg (880 lb)
624:for his own use, bearing
439:Parschau was the primary
97:
92:
84:
72:
60:
52:
47:
23:
18:
1203:vanWyngarden 2006, p. 9.
119:were a series of German
1471:Rotary-engined aircraft
1071:1 Ă— 7.92 mm (0.312 in)
941:General characteristics
816:rotary engine, 49 built
804:rotary engine, 68 built
636:service test aircraft.
222:Fokker gun synchronizer
218:chrome-molybdenum steel
150:through the arc of the
929:Specifications (E.III)
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462:
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205:(military designation
191:
183:
174:Design and development
1170:Scott, Josef (2012).
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618:Feldflieger Abteilung
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583:Feldflieger Abteilung
560:
545:
519:Feldflieger Abteilung
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460:
446:blamed on the use of
369:
327:Feldflieger Abteilung
312:
293:(BAO), in Belgium as
234:
189:
181:
1398:vanWyngarden, Greg.
1256:vanWyngarden, Greg.
1237:Grosz 2002, pp. 6–8.
1148:Dierikx 1997, p. 31.
1102:Synchronization gear
600:The two most famous
391:All the E.I to E.IV
235:A close-up photo of
144:synchronization gear
34:210/16 in flight at
19:Fokker Eindecker III
1428:Airdrome Aeroplanes
538:Operational history
500:Profile view of an
415:very responsive to
333:synchronizer and a
48:General information
885:with a new E.III (
877:Only one original
875:
744:- short span wings
598:
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463:
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1393:Aeroplane Monthly
1224:978-1-84176-997-4
1183:978-1-906798-22-2
1097:Morane-Saulnier N
1039:Time to altitude:
899:Morane-Saulnier N
756:- long span wings
579:Morane-Saulnier L
435:, who along with
247:Parschau and the
211:Morane-Saulnier H
190:Morane-Saulnier H
109:
108:
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1395:, December 2004.
1376:Grosz, Peter M.
1361:Grosz, Peter M.
1330:Boyne, Walter J.
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695:and the British
524:lMG 08 "Spandau"
356:Stangensteuerung
331:Stangensteuerung
226:Parabellum MG 14
128:fighter aircraft
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994:Oberursel U.I
991:
988:
985:
984:Gross weight:
982:
979:
978:Empty weight:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:
944:
942:
937:
935:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
868:
859:
858:
856:
855:Fokker D.VIII
852:
848:
839:
835:
833:
830:
827:
826:Oberursel U.I
823:
821:
818:
815:
814:Oberursel U.I
811:
809:
806:
803:
802:Oberursel U.0
799:
797:
794:
791:
790:Oberursel U.0
787:
785:
782:
779:
778:Oberursel U.0
775:
773:
770:
767:
763:
761:
758:
755:
751:
749:
746:
743:
739:
737:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
698:
694:
689:
687:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:Otto Parschau
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:Max Immelmann
611:
607:
603:
594:
590:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
559:
552:
551:Kurt Wintgens
549:
544:
535:
532:
529:
525:
521:
520:
515:
511:
503:
498:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:rotary engine
477:
476:Oberursel U.0
473:
459:
455:
453:
449:
444:
443:
442:Fliegertruppe
438:
434:
433:Kurt Wintgens
431:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
384:
382:
377:
368:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
311:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:
286:
282:
281:Prussian Army
278:
277:
276:Fliegertruppe
272:
271:
266:
262:
258:
257:Otto Parschau
250:
249:Green Machine
246:
238:
237:Otto Parschau
233:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:shoulder-wing
212:
208:
204:
201:
197:
188:
180:
171:
169:
165:
163:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
116:
104:
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
37:
33:
27:
22:
17:
1433:
1399:
1392:
1378:Fokker E III
1377:
1362:
1347:
1332:
1323:Bibliography
1295:
1287:
1276:
1257:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1214:
1208:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1172:
1165:
1074:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1001:
999:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
940:
938:
933:
932:
923:World War II
914:
883:Valenciennes
878:
876:
871:
844:
843:
820:Fokker E.III
784:Fokker A.III
765:
753:
741:
707:
703:
690:
683:
675:
667:
663:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
633:
629:
625:
617:
609:
604:pilots were
601:
599:
587:
570:
566:
564:
547:
533:
517:
514:Fokker E.III
509:
507:
501:
483:Gnome Lambda
469:
450:rather than
448:wing-warping
441:
436:
427:
412:
392:
390:
373:
355:
347:
343:
339:
330:
320:
314:
295:Oberleutnant
294:
289:
275:
270:Oberleutnant
268:
254:
248:
244:
207:Fokker A.III
195:
193:
182:Fokker M. 5K
161:
155:
139:
130:designed by
126:single-seat
114:
112:
110:
102:
98:First flight
85:Number built
62:Manufacturer
32:Fokker E.III
1079:machine gun
1002:Performance
990:Powerplant:
832:Fokker E.IV
808:Fokker E.II
772:Fokker A.II
748:Fokker M.5L
736:Fokker M.5K
693:Nieuport 11
528:Fokker E.IV
504:at takeoff.
487:Gnome Delta
401:Fokker E.II
200:Fokker M.5K
148:machine gun
121:World War I
1440:Categories
1160:Boyne 1988
1128:References
1021:Endurance:
972:Wing area:
851:Fokker E.V
849:-designed
845:Note: The
796:Fokker E.I
728:Fokker M.5
712:SPAD S.VII
697:Airco DH.2
616:, both of
565:The first
531:the E.IV.
393:Eindeckers
381:Fokker D.I
160:(then the
1189:April 11,
1023:1.5 hours
960:Wingspan:
934:Data from
907:Wiltshire
891:Wasquehal
879:Eindecker
862:Survivors
708:Eindecker
704:Eindecker
680:Hans Berr
676:Eindecker
668:Eindecker
664:Eindecker
645:Eindecker
620:62 - who
602:Eindecker
575:Lunéville
567:Eindecker
510:Eindecker
502:Eindecker
413:Eindecker
251:(A.16/15)
196:Eindecker
156:Eindecker
152:propeller
140:Eindecker
134:engineer
124:monoplane
115:Eindecker
40:Wiltshire
30:Captured
1086:See also
1061:Armament
895:St. Omer
722:Variants
638:Leutnant
571:Leutnant
548:Leutnant
512:was the
452:ailerons
437:Leutnant
429:Leutnant
409:elevator
263:unarmed
261:A-series
245:Leutnant
117:fighters
73:Designer
42:in 1916.
1075:Spandau
1073:lMG 08
966:Height:
954:Length:
919:Dresden
915:E.13/15
887:IdFlieg
872:E.13/15
672:F.E.2bs
657:E.13/15
653:A.16/15
630:E.13/15
626:IdFlieg
397:gravity
395:used a
348:IdFlieg
344:IdFlieg
340:M.5K/MG
303:Western
299:Eastern
285:Marburg
113:Fokker
103:A.16/15
93:History
56:Fighter
1406:
1384:
1369:
1354:
1339:
1308:
1304:–112.
1264:
1221:
1180:
1015:Range:
903:Upavon
752:L for
740:K for
649:E.1/15
634:E.3/15
612:) and
610:E.3/15
491:soffit
405:rudder
315:E.1/15
67:Fokker
36:Upavon
1133:Notes
1069:Guns:
948:Crew:
754:Lange
417:pitch
325:with
323:Douai
265:scout
203:scout
132:Dutch
1404:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1191:2015
1178:ISBN
992:1 Ă—
742:Kurz
472:E.II
419:and
407:and
352:E.Is
301:and
194:The
111:The
53:Type
1302:109
905:in
425:ace
421:yaw
170:".
88:416
1442::
1153:^
1141:^
925:.
38:,
1410:.
1388:.
1373:.
1358:.
1343:.
1314:.
1270:.
1227:.
1193:.
950:1
857:.
164:)
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