Flying boat - Knowledge

1097: 1703: 738: 897: 1220: 1383:. Marks and his flight crew spotted the survivors and dropped life rafts; one raft was destroyed by the drop, while others were too far away from the exhausted crew. Against standing orders not to land in the open ocean, given the unique situation and lives at risk, Marks took a vote of his crew and decided to land the aircraft in twelve-foot (3.7 m) swells. He was able to maneuver his craft to pick up 56 survivors. Space in the plane was limited, so Marks had men lashed to the wing with parachute cord. The aircraft was unflyable with so many on it but could still float. This protected many of the exhausted men from being eaten by sharks or drowning while waiting for the main rescue force to arrive. After nightfall, the destroyer escort 1011: 156: 1447:, as the 180-ton H-4 was nicknamed, was the largest flying boat ever to fly. Carried out during Senate hearings into Hughes' use of government funds on its construction, the short hop of about a mile at 70 ft above the water by the "Flying Lumberyard" was claimed by Hughes as the H-4's vindication. Cutbacks in expenditure after the war and the disappearance of its intended mission as a transatlantic transport left the H-4 with no purpose. Despite never flying again, a full-time crew of 300 workers maintained the H-4 in a flightworthy condition in a climate-controlled hangar up until Hughes' death in 1976. 144: 1601: 836: 282: 1255: 1711: 693: 824: 1030:"Mercury" (the winged messenger) fixed on top of "Maia", a heavily modified Short Empire flying boat. The larger Maia took off, carrying the smaller Mercury loaded to a weight greater than it could take off with. This allowed the Mercury to carry sufficient fuel for a direct trans-Atlantic flight with the mail. Unfortunately this was of limited usefulness, and the Mercury had to be returned from America by ship. The Mercury did set a number of distance records before 643: 438:

1910 Fabre Hydravion. By November 1911, both Gnosspelius and Wakefield had aircraft capable of flight from water and awaited suitable weather conditions. Gnosspelius's flight was short-lived as the aircraft crashed into the lake. Wakefield's pilot however, taking advantage of a light northerly wind, successfully took off and flew at a height of 50 feet to Ferry Nab, where he made a wide turn and returned for a perfect landing on the lake's surface.

36: 567:, a type of underwater pontoon mounted in pairs on either side of a hull. These sponsons (or their engineering equivalents) and the flared, notched hull would remain a prominent feature of flying boat hull design in the decades to follow. With the problem resolved, preparations for the crossing resumed. While the craft was found to handle "heavily" on takeoff, and required rather longer take-off distances than expected, the 447: 1007:, the Empire was reportedly hailed as being "one of the world's boldest experiments in aviation", while early sceptics referred to the order less favourably as being a 'gamble'. IAL were so impressed by the Empire that it placed a follow-on order for another 11; when combined with the original order for 28 flying boats, this was the largest single order to have ever been placed for a British civil aircraft at that time. 1407: 1470:, and thus eliminating the performance handicaps typically imposed upon floatplanes. It was projected to be capable of attaining speeds of up to 520 mph at 40,000 ft. Due to the SR.A/1's perceived value in the war against Imperial Japan, measures taken at an early stage of development towards immediate quantity production. However, due to the end of the conflict, pressure for the SR.A/1 quickly dissipated. 676:

would soon after evolve into a "step", with the rear section of the lower hull sharply recessed above the forward lower hull section, and that characteristic became a feature of both flying boat hulls and floatplane floats. The resulting aircraft would be large enough to carry sufficient fuel to fly long distances and could berth alongside ships to take on more fuel.

133: 1616:, one of the largest and luxurious flying boats ever developed, performed its maiden flight. While flight testing of the innovative and ambitious flying boat went relatively smoothly, determining that the Princess was indeed capable of achieving its envisioned performance figures, only one prototype of the type would ever fly. Despite the granting of a 1049: 1478:, interest in the SR.A/1 programme was briefly resurrected amongst British and American officials, with whom data had been shared in the project. However, the flying boat fighter was found to be obsolete in comparison to increasingly capable land-based fighters, leading to a second and final cancellation. 1131:

were procured in large numbers. The Sunderland, which was developed in parallel to the civilian Empire flying boat, was one of the most powerful and widely used flying boats throughout the conflict, while Catalinas were one of the most produced ASW of the war, with over 2,661 being produced in the US

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Porte's innovation of the "Felixstowe notch" enabled the craft to overcome suction from the water more quickly and break free for flight much more easily. This made operating the craft far safer and more reliable, although similar devices had been in use in France since 1911. The "notch" breakthrough

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lieutenant, aircraft designer and test pilot who was to become an influential British aviation pioneer. Recognising that many of the early accidents were attributable to a poor understanding of handling while in contact with the water, the pair's efforts went into developing practical hull designs to

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On 16 July 1947, the SR.A/1 prototype performed its maiden flight, quickly proving its soundness in terms of its performance and handling. However, officials judged that such an aircraft was unnecessary, and that the aircraft carrier had demonstrated a far more effective way to project airpower over

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were developed with comparable reliability, speed, and long-range. The new landplanes were relatively easy to fly, and did not require the extensive pilot training programs mandated for seaplane operations. One of the 314's most experienced pilots said, "We were indeed glad to change to DC-4s, and I

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in particular was extremely manoeuvrable and agile and matched the land-based aircraft it had to fight. 244 were built in total. Towards the end of the First World War, the aircraft were flown by the Italian Navy Aviation, the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps airmen. Ensign Charles

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engines, was named the Felixstowe F.2 and first flew in July 1916, proving greatly superior to the Curtiss on which it was based. It was used as the basis for all future designs. It entered production as the Felixstowe F.2A, being used as a patrol aircraft, with about 100 being completed by the end

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The Curtiss H-4s were soon found to have a number of problems; they were underpowered, their hulls were too weak for sustained operations and they had poor handling characteristics when afloat or taking off. One flying boat pilot, Major Theodore Douglas Hallam, wrote that they were "comic machines,

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devised a method of in-flight refuelling in the 1930s. In the air, the Short Empire could be loaded with more fuel than it could take off with. Short Empire flying boats serving the trans-Atlantic crossing were refueled over Foynes; with the extra fuel load, they could make a direct trans-Atlantic

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to test their floatplane. The latter's first attempts to fly attracted large crowds, though the aircraft failed to take off and required a re-design of the floats incorporating features of Borwick's successful speed-boat hulls. Meanwhile, Wakefield ordered a floatplane similar to the design of the

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era, partially because of the difficulty in maintaining operations in inclement weather when sea conditions may easily prevent taking off and landing while land based aircraft are unaffected, and investments in airports during the conflict that eased the introduction of larger, and more efficient,

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In 1951, BOAC performed an in-depth reevaluation of its standing requirements, and determined that the airline had no present need for the Princess, or any new large flying boat. The airline had already chosen to terminate its existing flying boat services during the previous year. Up until 1974,

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in 1924. The enormous Do X was powered by 12 engines and once carried 170 persons as a publicity stunt. It flew to America in 1930–31, crossing the Atlantic via an indirect route over 9 months. It was the largest flying boat of its time, but was severely underpowered and was limited by a very low

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was intended to combine the good qualities of the F.2 and F.3, with the prototype first flying in May 1918. The prototype showed superior qualities to its predecessors but, to ease production, the production version was modified to make extensive use of components from the F.3, which resulted in

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based on their PBM Mariner patrol bomber, with flight tests between 1941 and 1943. The Mars was converted by the Navy into a transport aircraft designated the XPB2M-1R. Satisfied with the performance, 20 of the modified JRM-1 Mars were ordered. The first of the five production Mars flying boats

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independently developed its designs into the small Model "F", the larger Model "K" (several of which were sold to the Russian Naval Air Service), and the Model "C" for the U.S. Navy. Curtiss among others also built the Felixstowe F.5 as the Curtiss F5L, based on the final Porte hull designs and

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began on 23 June 1914 with Porte also as Chief Test Pilot; testing soon revealed serious shortcomings in the design; it was under-powered, so the engines were replaced with more powerful engines mounted in a tractor configuration. There was also a tendency for the nose of the aircraft to try to

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was "easily the greatest commercial success in the history of marine aviation". Over 250 were built in Italy, Spain, Japan, The Netherlands and Germany. Numerous airlines operated the Dornier Wal on scheduled passenger and mail services. Wals were used by explorers, for a number of pioneering

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submerge as engine power increased while taxiing on water. This phenomenon had not been encountered before, since Curtiss' earlier designs had not used such powerful engines nor large fuel/cargo loads and so were relatively more buoyant. In order to counteract this effect, Curtiss fitted

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until it iced over. The Sunderlands were particularly used for transporting salt, as their airframes were already protected against corrosion from seawater. Transporting salt in standard aircraft risked rapid and severe structural corrosion in the event of a spillage. In addition, three

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After the end of the Second World War, the use of flying boats rapidly declined for several reasons. The ability to land on water became less of an advantage owing to the considerable increase in the number and length of land based runways during the conflict. Furthermore the commercial

730:. In 1918 they were towed on lighters towards the northern German ports to extend their range; on 4 June 1918 this resulted in three F.2As engaging with ten German seaplanes, shooting down two confirmed and four probables at no loss. As a result of this action, British flying boats were 1436:

argued daily for eliminating all flying boats. The landplanes were much safer. No one in the operations department ... had any idea of the hazards of flying boat operations. The main problem now was lack of the very high level of experience and competence required of seaplane pilots".

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flying boat which, while larger and more capable than the H-4s, shared failings of a weak hull and poor water handling. The combination of the new Porte-designed hull, this time fitted with two steps, with the wings of the H-12 and a new tail, and powered by two

1417: 268:, air transport around archipelagos, and access to undeveloped areas. Many modern seaplane variants, whether float or flying boat types, are convertible amphibious aircraft where either landing gear or flotation modes may be used to land and take off. 962:

By 1931, mail from Australia was reaching Britain in just 16 days – less than half the time taken by sea. In that year, government tenders on both sides of the world invited applications to run new passenger and mail services between the ends of the

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A better solution to the problem was sought by the British government during the early 1930s, who released a specification calling for a new large aircraft capable of carrying up to 24 passengers in spacious comfort along with adequate room for

1577:. The flying boats of Aquila Airways were also chartered for one-off trips, usually to deploy troops where scheduled services did not exist or where there were political considerations. The longest charter, in 1952, was from Southampton to the 1289:

in order to achieve the necessary range; poor visibility caused this attack on Pearl Harbor to fail to accomplish any significant damage. An improved H8K2 variant of the type, featuring extremely heavy defensive armament, was also introduced.

1659:, and wing drop, which made it unfeasible for service until these tendencies were rectified. Following the US Navy's withdrawal of support, Martin tried unsuccessfully to market the SeaMaster to the civilian market, rebranding it as the 1368:

One of the features of flying boats that was useful for search and rescue, was the ability to land on the water and not only pull out people from the water but stay there. One of the famous cases of this was the sinking of the

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Company into a range of practical craft. Smaller than the Felixstowes, several thousand FBAs served with almost all of the Allied forces as reconnaissance craft, patrolling the North Sea, Atlantic and Mediterranean oceans.

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were the termini for many early transatlantic flights. In areas where there were no airfields for land-based aircraft, flying boats could stop at small island, river, lake or coastal stations to refuel and resupply. The

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set up a new aircraft division and produced a flying boat in the United Kingdom. This was displayed at the London Air Show at Olympia in 1913. In that same year, a collaboration between the S. E. Saunders boatyard of

551:), resembled Curtiss' earlier flying boats, but was built considerably larger so it could carry enough fuel to cover 1,100 mi (1,800 km). The three crew members were accommodated in a fully enclosed cabin. 1337:

and the Pacific Islands on 23 January 1944. Following the end of the conflict, the Navy opted to scaled back their order, buying only the five aircraft. The five Mars were completed, and the last delivered in 1947.

870:. Of the four that made the attempt, only one completed the flight. Before the development of highly reliable aircraft, the ability to land on water was a desirable safety feature for transoceanic travel. 1620:

and representing the pinnacle of flying boat development of the era, no customers were willing to place firm orders for the Princess. This is despite reports that several would-be operators, including

1776:, remains in production during the twenty-first century. The type has been primarily used for forest fire suppression, but has also seen use in other capacities, such as a maritime patrol aircraft. 1427:

competitiveness of flying boats diminished, as their design compromised aerodynamic efficiency and speed in order to accommodate waterborne takeoff and landing. New land-based airliners such as the

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At Felixstowe, Porte made advances in flying boat design and developed a practical hull design with the distinctive "Felixstowe notch". Porte's first design to be implemented in Felixstowe was the

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conducted internal design studies into developing flying boats that would exhibit greater levels of seaworthiness than their predecessors. Over the following decade, the company developed the

1193:("Flying Porcupine") due to its defensive firepower. Sunderlands in the Mediterranean theatre proved themselves on multiple high-profile occasions, flying many evacuation missions during the 877:. The British aviation industry was experiencing rapid growth. The Government decided that nationalization was necessary and ordered five aviation companies to merge to form the state-owned 212:, during which time numerous operators found commercial success with the type. Flying boats were some of the largest aircraft of the first half of the 20th century, exceeded in size only by 1686:, although this was technically an amphibian rather than a flying boat through its modified designs. Shin Meiwa developed further flying boat concepts around this period, including the 1722:, a British flying boat of the 1930s was a harbinger of the shape of 20th century aircraft yet to come. Today, however, true flying boats have largely been replaced by floatplanes or 1277:, but was a considerably larger and longer-ranged aircraft designed at the request of the Navy just prior to the outbreak of war. On the night of 4 March 1942, two H8Ks conducted the 932:. Both the RAF and Supermarine acquired considerable acclaim from these flights, as well as proving that flying boats had evolved to become reliable means of long-distance transport. 1765:

in 2009; the service has replaced its US-1 fleet with the US-2. A civilian-orientated fire-fighting variant of the US-2 has also been designed and promoted to prospective customers.

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weighing well under two tons; with two comic engines giving, when they functioned, 180 horsepower; and comic control, being nose heavy with engines on and tail heavy in a glide."

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Delivering the mail as quickly as possible generated a lot of competition and some innovative designs. One variant of the Short Empire flying boats was the strange-looking "

1305:(which merged with BOAC in 1949), with the change being made official on 1 April 1940. BOAC continued to operate flying boat services from the (slightly) safer confines of 935:

In the 1930s, flying boats made it possible to have regular air transport between the U.S. and Europe, opening up new air travel routes to South America, Africa, and Asia.

924:. Perhaps the most notable of these flights was a 43,500 km (27,000 mi) expedition conducted during 1927 and 1928; it was carried out by four Southamptons of the 1361:, of which nearly 220 were used in several versions:maritime patrol, bombing, medical/hospital transport, and for regular cargo; it also served with British forces in the 1076:

operational ceiling. Only three were built, with a variety of different engines installed, in an attempt to overcome the lack of power. Two of these were sold to Italy.

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Curtiss and Porte's plans were interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War. Porte sailed for England on 4 August 1914 and rejoined the Navy, as a member of the

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aircraft optimised for use in the Pacific theatre. By adopting jet propulsion for the flying boat, it was possible to design it with a hull, rather than making it a

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fighters; during the engagement, it shot one down and damaged another until it retreated and drove off the rest. The Germans reputedly nicknamed the Sunderland the

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In the U.S. Wanamaker's commission built on Glen Curtiss' previous development and experience with the Model F for the U.S. Navy which rapidly resulted in the

1655:; however, its development was protracted by unfavourable handling characteristics above Mach 0.8, including rapid changes in directional trim, severe 1111:

The military value of flying boats was well recognized, and every country bordering on water operated them in a military capacity at the outbreak of the

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Bucking the trend, in 1948 Aquila Airways was founded to serve destinations that were still inaccessible to land-based aircraft. This company operated

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in March 1912, featuring aircraft using floats from Fabre, Curtiss, Tellier and Farman. This led to the first scheduled seaplane passenger services at

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Porte modified an H-4 with a new hull whose improved hydrodynamic qualities made taxiing, take-off and landing much more practical, and called it the

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and IAL were successful with a joint bid. A company under combined ownership was then formed, Qantas Empire Airways. The new ten-day service between

925: 1674:, a new generation flying boat, to meet Japan's requirement for a maritime patrol aircraft capable of ASW operations. The initial model, designated 1096: 1341:

The U.S. used several 4-engine flying boats during World War II, including those that had been operating as civilian airliners. This included five

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flights, and by the military in many countries. Though having first flown in 1922, from 1934 to 1938 Wals operated the over-water sectors of the

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route was also stipulated. Originally intended for use by IAL, partner Qantas agreed to the initiative and undertook to purchase six of the new

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with a towed kite glider on floats. The first of his unpowered flights was 150 yards. He later built a powered floatplane in partnership with

737: 317:, in 1898, although its two 30 hp Daimler engines were inadequate for take-off and it later sank when one of its two floats collapsed. 256:

land-based airliners. Despite being largely overshadowed, limited use of the type continued with some operators, such as in the case of the

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in the interplane gap. Wingtip pontoons were attached directly below the lower wings near their tips. The design (later developed into the

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flying boat was noticeably different from its UK and U.S.-built counterparts. It had wing-like protrusions from the fuselage, called

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filed the first patent for a flying machine with a boat hull and retractable landing gear in 1876 but failed to build one. Austrian

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planes brought exotic destinations like the Far East within reach of air travelers and came to represent the romance of flight.

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and a sister craft from Curtiss. This was followed by an order for 12 more similar aircraft, one Model H-2 and the remaining as

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twin-jet amphibious aircraft is used for fighting forest fires. There are also several experimental/kit amphibians such as the

535:, designed under Porte's supervision following his study and rearrangement of the flight plan; the aircraft was a conventional 1651:) until the late 1960s. During the 1950s, the US Navy had encouraged the development of a jet-powered flying boat bomber, the 1235:, which was also the heaviest plane to fly during the Second World War and the largest aircraft built and flown by any of the 896: 627:

s in Royal Navy service. The engines, however, were changed from the under-powered 160 hp Curtiss engines to 250 hp

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amphibious aircraft designed for air-sea rescue work, derived from the earlier US-1. The first example was delivered to the

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The Felixstowe flying boats were extensively employed by the Royal Navy for coastal patrols, including searching for German

1859: 1298: 1219: 100: 920:(RAF) Far East flight performed a series of "showing the flag" long-distance formation flights using the newly developed 753: 476: 3019: 72: 418:

took delivery of the Curtiss Model E, and soon tested landings on and take-offs from ships using the Curtiss Model D.

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The quest for an aircraft that could take off or land from water began with float planes, which are not flying boats.

220:. Their advantage lay in using water instead of expensive land-based runways, making them the basis for international 3688: 3673: 3644: 3623: 3585: 3515: 3496: 3480: 3448: 3430: 3384: 3366: 3351: 3331: 3313: 3289: 3274: 3260: 3241: 3222: 3206: 2927:"ShinMaywa delivers first production type of "US-2" STOL Search and Rescue Amphibians to Japan's Ministry of Defense" 2664:, p. 224 Brock also reports cheap postwar availability to Pan Am of DC-4s and "Connies" was an important factor. 2282: 2243: 1830: 1762: 119: 1390:, the first of seven rescue ships, used its searchlight as a beacon and instilled hope in those still in the water. 3745: 1997: 1888:

E. R. Johnson, American Flying Boats and Amphibious Aircraft: An Illustrated History, McFarland and Company, Inc.,

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In Italy, several flying boats were developed, starting with the L series, and progressing with the M series. The

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was such a success with letter-writers that before long the volume of mail was exceeding aircraft storage space.

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of World War I. Another seventy were built, and these were followed by two F.2c, which were built at Felixstowe.

528:. It was the first all-British aeroplane capable of making six return flights over five miles within five hours. 471:

which was soon "enhanced by a further sum" from the Women's Aerial League of Great Britain. American businessman

2623:"Historic Aircraft - The Big Flying Boat By Norman Polmar March 2013 Naval History Magazine Volume 27, Number 2" 1443:, in development in the U.S. during the war, was even larger than the BV 238 but it did not fly until 1947. The 1067:, to stabilize it on the water without the need for wing-mounted outboard floats. This feature was pioneered by 3551: 1302: 1147:

for battleships. They would recover downed airmen and operate as scout aircraft over the vast distances of the

1104: 785: 57: 3169:"China-developed AG600 amphibious aircraft succeeds in maiden flight over sea – Xinhua | English.news.cn" 1313:

in 1947. When Italy entered the war in June 1940, the Mediterranean was closed to allied planes, and BOAC and

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of 170 mph and a range of at least 700 miles; the capacity for an extended range of 2,000 miles to serve the

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overall during the war). Porte also acquired permission to modify and experiment with the Curtiss aircraft.

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land-plane, which used a larger central float and sponsons. Combining floats with wheels, he made the first

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started to make flying boats for a new developing russian general aviation. Today NPO Aerovolga makes its

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In 1923, the first successful commercial flying boat service was introduced with flights to and from the

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Other pioneers also attempted to attach floats to aircraft in Britain, Australia, France and the USA.

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Meanwhile, the pioneering flying boat designs of François Denhaut had been steadily developed by the

3091: 1864: 1370: 1294: 1239:. Only the first prototype ever flew, commencing flight trials in April 1944. Months later, it was 540: 513: 225: 155: 1562: 1148: 921: 828: 800: 765: 588: 241: 46: 595:, he soon convinced the Admiralty of the potential of flying boats and was put in charge of the 3096: 2053: 1428: 1362: 1266: 1232: 1224: 745: 3440: 3168: 3154: 2930: 2215:, vol. XXII No.8, no. 1104, via Flightglobal.com, pp. 233–237, 21 February 1930 885:

British airline, providing flying boat passenger and mail transport links between Britain and

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that is purpose-designed for flotation, while floatplanes rely on fuselage-mounted floats for

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and six other ships picked up the remaining survivors. After the rescue, the PBY was sunk by

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class, available as a kit built experimental or factory built aircraft. Shortly after the

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began to explore the feasibility of flight from water in 1908. They decided to make use of

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to design and build an aircraft capable of making the flight. Curtiss' development of the

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Hammann won the first Medal of Honor awarded to a United States naval aviator in an M.5.

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during the First World War on his Dornier Rs. I giant flying boat, and perfected on the

524:. The "Bat Boat" completed several landings on sea and on land and was duly awarded the 475:

became determined that the prize should go to an American aircraft and commissioned the

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became the first aircraft to fly across the Atlantic Ocean in 1919, crossing via the

792: 731: 685: 662: 604: 422: 379: 175: 3145:"China's first large amphibious aircraft AG600 takes to the skies for maiden flight" 2107:"The Transatlantic Flight: Hawker and Greive retrieved (Map of the North Atlantic)." 1923: 1787:

composite flying boat. In February 2016, Dornier launched the improved CD2 SeaStar.

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operated what has been often described as the best flying boat of the conflict, the

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on 5 August 1914 was selected for the trans-Atlantic flight; Porte was to pilot the

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Consolidated flying boat produced for Japan, which evaluated the type in the 1930s

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Though a flying boat’s fuselage provides buoyancy, it may also utilize under-wing

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flew Air Mail to Florida, Bahamas, and Cuba along with being passenger carriers.

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Cacutt, Len. "The World's Greatest Aircraft," Exeter Books, New York, NY, 1988.

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modified the Felixstowe F.5 into Aeromarine 75 airliner flying boats which with

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laminated hull that could operate from land or on water, which today we call an

3457:"Water-based Fighters: An Outline History and a Survey of Modern Possibilities" 1838: 1754: 1743: 1739: 1621: 1597:

to relocate a ship's crew. The airline ceased operations on 30 September 1958.

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to the sides of the bow to add hydrodynamic lift, but soon replaced these with

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Seaplanes & Flying Boats: A Timeless Collection from Aviation's Golden Age

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Bismarck: The Report of the Scouting and Search for Bismarck by Ensign Smith."

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engines. The initial batch was followed by an order for 50 more (totalling 64

3739: 3394: 2982: 2596:, Spokane, Washington, Monday 24 January 1944, Volume 61, Number 255, page 1. 1799: 1727: 1357:(JR2S-1). However, the main 4-engined flying boat of the U.S. forces was the 1306: 1274: 1270: 1258: 1209: 1171: 1128: 901: 504: 430: 386: 357: 304: 3654: 3595: 2960:"Viking completes acquisition of Bombardier's amphibious aircraft programme" 2000:. GLENN H. CURTISS Founder of The American Aviation Industry. Archived from 905: 3663: 3341: 1747: 1719: 1710: 1694:(Giant Seaplane) with a capacity of 1200 passengers seated on three decks. 1522: 1494: 1451: 1432: 1380: 1346: 1322: 1155:, locating enemy vessels and sinking numerous submarines. In May 1941, the 1120: 1080: 1072: 1060: 1052: 1000: 886: 882: 804: 692: 680: 616: 307:

is credited by some with attempting to build the first successful seaplane

289: 233: 136: 3528:(The Epic of Flight series). Alexandria, Virginia: Time Life Books, 1980. 3374: 823: 403:

for US flight achievement. From 1912 his experiments resulted in the 1913

3634: 3575: 1581:. In 1953, the flying boats were chartered for troop deployment trips to 1566: 1463: 1329: 1310: 1278: 1244: 1236: 1037: 980: 844: 649:, the first production flying boat, and the basis for future development. 612: 361: 343: 339: 148: 3321: 2895:"Japan's defense industry is super excited about this amphibious plane." 2122: 2001: 642: 1842: 1795: 1546: 1530: 1518: 1475: 1467: 1206: 1167: 1027: 781: 773: 712: 600: 560: 539:

design with two-bay, unstaggered wings of unequal span with two pusher

509: 488: 459: 450: 426: 314: 264:. In the 21st century, flying boats maintain a few niche uses, such as 179: 3577:

Descent into darkness : Pearl Harbor, 1941: a Navy diver's memoir

2342:. Inland Waterways Association of Ireland. Spring 2002. Archived from 1293:

In November 1939, IAL was restructured into three separate companies:

1667: 1656: 1570: 1506: 1282: 929: 909: 568: 3546:, translated by Robin Sawers, Devon: Bay Books View Ltd, p. 9, 3423:

Flying Boats of the Solent: A Portrait of a Golden Age of Air Travel

661:

flying-boat, powered by one central pusher and two outboard tractor

208:, flying boats rapidly grew in both scale and capability during the 35: 1594: 1582: 1558: 1240: 1135:

Flying boats were commonly utilized to conduct various tasks, from

852: 847:

started operating the first flying boat service in the world, from

812: 808: 544: 252: 187: 183: 171: 3069:"Dornier Seawings speeds Seastar CD2 with €150 million investment" 1794:(AVIC) launched a program to develop a massive new amphibian, the 446: 232:, particularly during times of conflict. Flying boats such as the 1810: 1574: 1542: 1526: 1502: 1406: 1248: 1202: 1064: 988: 944: 940: 928:, setting out from Felixstowe via the Mediterranean and India to 658: 564: 536: 517: 221: 198: 2911:"1200 Passengers on three decks...a come back for flying boats." 2343: 1474:

the oceans. During late 1950, shortly after the outbreak of the

382:

at take-off. Its first successful flight was on 13 April 1912.

378:, with a fuselage forming a hull, using various designs to give 3149: 2997: 2583:, vol. 45, pp. 44 – 53, May 2002, Pub. British Air Mail Society 1834: 1538: 1534: 1334: 1314: 1182: 1003:

flying boats as well. Being ordered from aviation manufacturer

976: 968: 936: 867: 856: 727: 353: 251:

The popularity of flying boats gradually tailed off during the

213: 453:

Flying Boat "NC-3" skims across the water before takeoff, 1919

1586: 1554: 1550: 1198: 500: 325: 132: 3606:

Kawanishi 4-motor Flying-boats (H6K 'Mavis" and H8K 'Emily')

3376:

Warplanes of the Second World War: Volume Five, Flying Boats

615:'s. Four examples of the latter were assembled in the UK by 2275:

Deutsche Lufthansa South Atlantic Airmail Service 1934–1939

1758: 1647:

The US Navy continued to operate flying boats (notably the

1498: 1273:. Its design was based upon its immediate predecessor, the 1018:", just before the first trans-Atlantic flight, August 1938 863: 434: 27:

Aircraft equipped with a boat hull for operation from water

3035:"NBAA 09: Buoyant seaplane market triggers Seastar launch" 1706:

Canadair CL-215 is used for dropping water on forest fires

2403:

Naval History & Heritage (Frequently asked questions)

1841:

series with La-8 being its latest while NPO Chaika makes

1565:. From 1950 to 1957, Aquila also operated a service from 1416: 360:, using a five-seat Sanchez-Besa from 1 August 1912. The 3253:

British secret projects: fighters and bombers, 1935–1950

2416:"Scouting and Early Attacks from Midway, 3–4 June 1942". 2209:"The Dornier Do. X First Authentic Data and Particulars" 2141: 224:

in the interwar period. They were also commonly used as

3475:. Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 2002. 3234:

Flying the Oceans: A Pilot's Story of Pan Am, 1935–1955

2946:"Japan's ShinMaywa floats fire-fighting US-2 amphibian" 2150: 3568:

The Short Sunderland (Aircraft in Profile number 189).

3406:(1st ed.). London: Aerospace Publishing Limited. 3308:. Leicester, UK: Silverdale Books/Bookmart Ltd, 2004. 3087:"Assembly of amphibious plane AG600 underway in China" 2970: 2607:"The Martin Mariner, Mars, & Marlin Flying Boats." 2123:"Engines of Our Ingenuity No. 1988: THE SARO PRINCESS" 1048: 2978:"Viking expects CL-515 launch decision in early 2019" 2766: 2368:. Northern Ireland Environment Agency. Archived from 1666:

During the 1950s, the Japanese aircraft manufacturer

385:

Throughout 1910 and 1911 American pioneering aviator

3361:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990. 2238:. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. 1991. 1697: 1485:(which lasted from June 1948 until August 1949) ten 3050:"Dornier Seawings rolls out new-generation Seastar" 2592:Associated Press, "Aerial Box Car Sent To Nimitz", 2288: 1505:to isolated Berlin, landing on the Havelsee beside 1181:On 3 April 1940, a single Sunderland operating off 991:or freight while simultaneously being capable of a 399:flights in February 1911 and was awarded the first 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2704:Dean, Paul. "The Man Who Keeps The Spruce Goose". 679:Porte then designed a similar hull for the larger 483:flying boat in 1913 brought him into contact with 342:flew the first successful powered floatplane, the 178:, allowing it to land on water. It differs from a 3543:Flying Boats & Seaplanes: A history from 1905 2998:"Bombardier 415 SuperScooper Amphibious Aircraft" 2748: 2236:China Clipper – The Age of the Great Flying Boats 1379:patrol plane flown by Lieutenant Commander (USN) 619:. All of these were similar to the design of the 3737: 3359:McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920: Volume II 3346:(new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, 3012: 2835: 2321:Weathered, William W. "Comment and Discussion". 2201: 1845:series with L-65 being its latest in a line-up. 1636:operated a flying boat service from Rose Bay to 1454:issued a contract for the production of a small 495:At the same time the British boat building firm 367:None of these crafts to date were flying boats. 3664:Iron Coffins: A U-boat Commander's War, 1939–45 3473:Consolidated PBY Catalina: The Peacetime Record 3441:"Big Wings: The Largest Aeroplanes Ever Built." 3137: 2727: 2725: 2459: 2185: 2183: 2078: 1162:was discovered by a PBY Catalina flying out of 807:began building flying boats, starting with the 3636:Water- en transportvliegtuigen wereldoorlog II 3632: 3295: 3236:(3rd ed.). New York: Jason Aronson, Inc. 3120:"CAIGA To Produce Biggest Amphibious Airplane" 3060: 3041: 2795:Tests with the Beryl-powered S.R./A.1 continue 2495: 2016: 1608:at the Farnborough SBAC Show in September 1953 1349:,a Martin XPB2M-1/XPB2M-1R prototype, and one 881:of London (IAL). IAL became the international 469:first non-stop aerial crossing of the Atlantic 2877:Wolverton, Mark. "SeaMonsters of the Navy." 2816: 2814: 2812: 2695:, 27 October 2009. Retrieved: 28 August 2011. 2579:W.H. Legg, "Aspects of the Horseshoe Route", 2012:– via Internet Archive Wayback Machine. 1525:flying boats out of Southampton on routes to 389:developed his floatplane into the successful 3111: 3020:"Greek order marks launch of Canadair 415GR" 2722: 2277:, Zeppelin Study Group, Ickenham, UK. 2000. 2192: 2180: 2171: 2069: 1936: 1934: 1932: 516:produced the "Bat Boat", an aircraft with a 3613: 3212: 2865: 2847: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2636:Patrick, Bethanne Kelly (8 November 2017). 2164: 2162: 2135: 2038: 2029: 1514:flying boats were used during the airlift. 1231:The largest flying boat of the war was the 795:built flying boats starting with the model 3319: 2889: 2887: 2809: 2567: 2519: 2507: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1790:During the 2010s, the state-owned company 1663:, but the initiative picked up no takers. 1328:The Martin Company produced the prototype 791:The German aircraft manufacturing company 492:make the transatlantic crossing possible. 3066: 3047: 3032: 2800: 2441: 2323:United States Naval Institute Proceedings 2297: 2112:29 May 1919. Retrieved: 10 November 2012. 1995: 1929: 421:In Britain, Captain Edward Wakefield and 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3602: 3539: 3022:. Flight International. 13 January 1999. 2757: 2734: 2555: 2531: 2159: 1989: 1831:scientific production associations (NPO) 1709: 1701: 1599: 1415: 1405: 1253: 1218: 1095: 1047: 1009: 895: 834: 822: 736: 723:lower performance than the F.2A or F.3. 691: 641: 607:to commandeer (and later, purchase) the 445: 280: 154: 142: 131: 3300:. Greenwich: Fawcett Publications, Inc. 3250: 2943: 2884: 2683:"Howard Hughes & The Spruce Goose." 2635: 2405:, 9 June 1941. Retrieved: 18 June 2010. 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1916: 1898: 1055:over a seaport town in the Baltic, 1930 441: 14: 3738: 3618:. Bel Air, Maryland: Martineer Press. 3573: 3505: 3486: 3026: 2853: 2841: 2719:Dietrich and Thomas 1972, pp. 209–216. 2599: 2543: 2450: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1792:Aviation Industry Corporation of China 1678:, was quickly followed by a dedicated 1628:, had attempted to purchase examples. 364:ordered its first floatplane in 1912. 197:or wing-like hull projections (called 3508:Saunders and Saro aircraft since 1917 3401: 3372: 3306:The Encyclopedia of Aircraft of WW II 3231: 3117: 2661: 2483: 2427:United States Naval Historical Center 2156:Andrews and Morgan 1981, pp. 100–103. 623:and, indeed, were all referred to as 204:Ascending into common use during the 3454: 3420: 3323:Japanese aircraft of the Pacific War 3296:Dietrich, Noah; Thomas, Bob (1972). 3213:Barnes, C. H.; James, D. N. (1989). 3048:Sarsfield, Kate (5 September 2017). 2829: 2713: 2147:Andrews and Morgan 1981, pp. 99–102. 1996:Carpenter, G. J. (Jack) Jr. (2005). 1860:List of flying boats and floatplanes 1299:British Overseas Airways Corporation 332:, but the machine was unsuccessful. 276: 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 3570:London: Profile Publications, 1967. 3282:Pan Am: An Airline and its Aircraft 3067:Sarsfield, Kate (7 November 2018). 3033:Sarsfield, Kate (22 October 2009). 1947: 1798:. On 24 December 2017, it made its 1243:and partially sunk while moored on 1091: 843:In September 1919, British company 754:Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company 477:Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company 24: 3153:. 24 December 2017. Archived from 2315: 2273:James W. Graue & John Duggan. 1714:ShinMaywa flying boat of the JMSDF 1589:and there was a special trip from 1493:were used to transport goods from 1462:, that was intended for use as an 1333:entered service ferrying cargo to 1214:torpedo attack on 11 November 1940 818: 782:Aeromarine Plane and Motor Company 591:. Appointed Squadron Commander of 582: 411:, which he called "flying-boats". 25: 3762: 3696: 2929:. ShinMaywa. 2009. Archived from 1821:is an amphibious aircraft in the 1813:is an amphibious aircraft in the 1763:Japan Maritime Self Defense Force 1698:Twenty-first century developments 734:to aid identification in combat. 324:took off and landed on the River 139:"C" Class or "Empire" flying boat 3614:Piet, Stan; Raithel, Al (2001). 3455:King, H. F. (14 December 1950). 3284:. New York: Orion Books, 1987. 3095:. 8 October 2015. Archived from 2944:Francis, Leithen (13 May 2010). 2429:, 1999. Retrieved: 18 June 2010. 1321:between Durban and Sydney using 1164:Castle Archdale Flying boat base 1088:South Atlantic Airmail service. 34: 3703:When Boats Had Wings, June 1963 3199:Supermarine Aircraft Since 1914 3197:Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan. 3183: 3161: 3079: 2990: 2952: 2937: 2919: 2903: 2871: 2859: 2823: 2793:(2224): 288. 7 September 1951. 2775: 2698: 2676: 2667: 2655: 2629: 2615: 2586: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2468: 2432: 2408: 2384: 2358: 2328: 2306: 2267: 2249: 2228: 2219: 2129: 2115: 2100: 2091: 2047: 1940:"The Felixstowe Flying Boats", 1827:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1001:Short S23 "C" class or "Empire" 543:mounted side-by-side above the 45:needs additional citations for 3425:. Northants, UK: Silver Link. 3298:Howard, The Amazing Mr. Hughes 3118:Grady, Mary (18 August 2014). 2763:King 14 December 1950, p. 553. 2745:King 14 December 1950, p. 555. 2673:Francillon 1990, pp. 100, 102. 2366:"Castle Archdale Country Park" 2257:"First Transatlantic air line" 1882: 1345:, four more as the C-98s; two 1303:British South American Airways 1105:Naval Air Station Jacksonville 786:Aeromarine West Indies Airways 266:dropping water on forest fires 13: 1: 3730:: BBC documentary film, 1980. 3683:. New York: BCL Press, 2003. 1870: 1309:during wartime, returning to 1045:was used as the fuel tanker. 811:in 1914 and the later (1915) 709:Seaplane Experimental Station 603:in 1915. Porte persuaded the 593:Royal Navy Air Station Hendon 240:played key roles in both the 201:) for additional stability. 3540:Nicolaou, Stephane (1998) , 3320:Francillon, René J. (1979). 3000:. Newatlas.com. 5 March 2007 1875: 1618:certificate of airworthiness 338:On 28 March 1910, Frenchman 7: 3633:Van der Klaauw, B. (1977). 3404:Aircraft of the Third Reich 2916:, November 1977, pp. 84–85. 2336:"Flying-boats in Fermanagh" 1848: 1819:Progressive Aerodyne Searey 1772:, an improved model of the 1450:In early 1944, the British 1401: 1279:second raid on Pearl Harbor 1185:was attacked by six German 1115:. Flying boats such as the 889:using aircraft such as the 748:, Philadelphia, circa 1920. 10: 3767: 3574:Raymer, Edward C. (1996). 3215:Shorts Aircraft since 1900 2881:, Feb/Mar 2012, pp. 62–63. 2731:Buttler 2004, pp. 206–207. 1043:Handley Page H.P.54 Harrow 859:, but it was short-lived. 744:under construction at the 579:as co-pilot and mechanic. 271: 3192:The Vanishing Paperclips. 2772:London 2003, pp. 235–237. 1281:, refuelling en route by 1191:Fliegendes Stachelschwein 1026:". It was a four-engined 973:Rose Bay, New South Wales 949:Newfoundland and Labrador 912:in the background (~1920) 815:which was copied widely. 657:, a large, three-engined 248:of the Second World War. 3668:London: Cassells, 1999. 3603:Richards, M. C. (1972). 3580:. Novato, CA: Presidio. 3201:. London: Putnam, 1981. 2783:"British Aircraft, 1951" 2465:Green 2010, pp. 165–168. 2088:2 December 1955, p. 846. 2059:1 September 2006 at the 2026:2 December 1955, p. 844. 1924:Henri Fabre (1882–1984)" 1865:Maritime patrol aircraft 1295:British European Airways 829:Supermarine Southamptons 514:Sopwith Aviation Company 226:maritime patrol aircraft 3746:Aircraft configurations 3609:. Profile Publications. 3402:Green, William (2010). 3373:Green, William (1962). 2948:. Flight International. 2866:Piet & Raithel 2001 2710:, 21 April 1983, p. J1. 2638:"Navy Lt. Adrian Marks" 2612:Retrieved: 20 May 2012. 2421:April 13, 2010, at the 2397:5 December 2010 at the 2198:Norris 1966, pp. 12–13. 2189:Norris 1966, pp. 11–12. 2177:Norris 1966, pp. 10–11. 2136:Barnes & James 1989 2075:London 2003, pp. 24–25. 2066:Retrieved: 20 May 2012. 2044:Hallam 1919, pp. 21–22. 2035:London 2003, pp. 16–17. 1612:On 22 August 1952, the 1363:Battle for the Atlantic 1233:Blohm & Voss BV 238 922:Supermarine Southampton 766:Franco-British Aviation 589:Royal Naval Air Service 288:, air pioneer, next to 3708:6 October 2012 at the 3561:The Short Empire Boats 3506:London, Peter (1988). 3487:London, Peter (2003). 3255:. Leicester: Midland. 3251:Buttler, Tony (2004). 3232:Brock, Horace (1978). 2688:29 August 2011 at the 1715: 1707: 1609: 1604:Saunders-Roe Princess 1429:Lockheed Constellation 1423: 1413: 1267:Imperial Japanese Navy 1262: 1228: 1108: 1056: 1019: 916:During the 1920s, the 913: 840: 832: 749: 746:Naval Aircraft Factory 715: 650: 465:put up a £10,000 prize 454: 414:In February 1911, the 293: 160: 152: 140: 3443:Pen and Sword, 2005. 3421:Hull, Norman (2002). 2594:The Spokesman- Review 2340:Inland Waterways News 1855:Ground effect vehicle 1804:Zhuhai Jinwan Airport 1713: 1705: 1614:Saunders-Roe Princess 1603: 1419: 1409: 1347:Martin M-130 Clippers 1343:Boeing B-314 Clippers 1287:French Frigate Shoals 1257: 1222: 1099: 1051: 1013: 899: 838: 826: 740: 695: 655:Felixstowe Porte Baby 645: 526:Mortimer Singer Prize 449: 284: 216:developed during the 158: 146: 135: 3616:Martin P6M SeaMaster 3489:British flying boats 3357:Francillon, René J. 3157:on 24 December 2017. 2900:, 10 September 2015. 2820:Kaplan 2005, p. 205. 2754:London 2003, p. 233. 2522:, pp. 307, 547. 2474:Amtmann 1988, p. 64. 2438:Werner 1999, p. 105. 1922:Naughton, Russell. " 1668:ShinMeiwa Industries 1653:Martin P6M Seamaster 1032:in-flight refuelling 797:Hansa-Brandenburg GW 757:powered by American 702:Lieutenant Commander 442:Birth of an industry 433:, England's largest 54:improve this article 3639:. Alkmaar: De Alk. 3099:on 24 December 2017 2806:Norris 1967, p. 14. 2558:, pp. 250–251. 2496:Van der Klaauw 1977 2447:Norris 1966, p. 13. 2423:Library of Congress 2399:Library of Congress 1779:The German company 1736:Quikkit Glass Goose 1724:amphibious aircraft 1682:(SAR) variant, the 1460:Saunders-Roe SR.A/1 1441:Hughes H-4 Hercules 1421:Saunders-Roe SR.A/1 1411:Hughes H-4 Hercules 1381:Robert Adrian Marks 1086:Deutsche Luft Hansa 522:amphibious aircraft 3566:Norris, Geoffrey. 3559:Norris, Geoffrey. 3510:. London: Putnam. 3491:. Stroud: Sutton. 3326:. London: Putnam. 3217:. Putnam: Putnam. 2986:. 31 October 2018. 2390:Smith, Leonard B. 2312:Legg 2002, p. 285. 2303:Norris 1967, p. 3. 2294:Eden 2004, p. 442. 2168:Norris 1966, p. 3. 2097:Nevin 1980, p. 23. 2004:on 20 October 2006 1998:"Photographs 1914" 1944:, 2 December 1955. 1716: 1708: 1642:Short Sandringhams 1610: 1424: 1414: 1263: 1229: 1205:before the famous 1157:German battleship 1109: 1057: 1020: 957:Boeing 314 Clipper 914: 891:Short S.8 Calcutta 841: 833: 750: 716: 651: 629:Rolls-Royce Falcon 455: 416:United States Navy 294: 161: 153: 141: 3534:978-1-84447-032-7 3413:978-1-900732-06-2 3173:www.xinhuanet.com 2966:. 3 October 2016. 2914:Popular Mechanics 2707:Los Angeles Times 2546:, pp. 96–98. 2234:Gandt, Robert L. 1894:978-0-7864-3974-4 1726:with wheels. The 1718:The shape of the 1680:search-and-rescue 1649:Martin P5M Marlin 1458:flying boat, the 1247:, to the east of 793:Hansa-Brandenburg 686:Rolls-Royce Eagle 663:Rolls-Royce Eagle 597:naval air station 423:Oscar Gnosspelius 380:hydrodynamic lift 376:first flying boat 277:Early floatplanes 159:Dornier X in 1932 151:takes off in 1942 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 3758: 3724: 3723:The Flying Boats 3658: 3629: 3610: 3599: 3556: 3521: 3502: 3468: 3467:(2186): 551–555. 3439:Kaplan, Philip. 3436: 3417: 3398: 3345: 3304:Eden, Paul, ed. 3301: 3266: 3247: 3228: 3177: 3176: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2933:on 22 July 2011. 2923: 2917: 2907: 2901: 2893:Simpson, James. 2891: 2882: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2732: 2729: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2702: 2696: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2619: 2613: 2603: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2430: 2412: 2406: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2253: 2247: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2119: 2113: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1945: 1938: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1896: 1886: 1781:Dornier Seawings 1732:Volmer Sportsman 1672:Shin Meiwa US-1A 1638:Lord Howe Island 1634:Ansett Australia 1579:Falkland Islands 1563:Santa Margherita 1176:Battle of Midway 1174:, beginning the 1168:Lower Lough Erne 1145:gunfire spotting 1125:Short Sunderland 1113:Second World War 1092:Second World War 1069:Claudius Dornier 1024:Maia and Mercury 1016:Maia and Mercury 900:Flying boats of 879:Imperial Airways 801:Austro-Hungarian 705:John Cyril Porte 485:John Cyril Porte 473:Rodman Wanamaker 374:constructed the 372:François Denhaut 320:On 6 June 1905, 258:Shin Meiwa US-1A 238:Short Sunderland 218:Second World War 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3736: 3735: 3722: 3715:Popular Science 3712:detail article 3710:Wayback Machine 3699: 3694: 3647: 3626: 3588: 3554: 3526:The Pathfinders 3518: 3499: 3433: 3414: 3387: 3334: 3280:Davies, R.E.G. 3263: 3244: 3225: 3194:Monogram, 1988. 3190:Amtmann, Hans. 3186: 3181: 3180: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3065: 3061: 3046: 3042: 3037:. FlightGlobal. 3031: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2942: 2938: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2908: 2904: 2892: 2885: 2879:Air & Space 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2703: 2699: 2690:Wayback Machine 2681: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2587: 2578: 2574: 2568:Francillon 1979 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2520:Francillon 1979 2518: 2514: 2508:Francillon 1979 2506: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2413: 2409: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2346:on 20 July 2012 2334: 2333: 2329: 2325:, October 1968. 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2272: 2268: 2263:, February 1933 2261:Popular Science 2255: 2254: 2250: 2233: 2229: 2225:Nicolaou 1998, 2224: 2220: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2061:Wayback Machine 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2021: 2017: 2007: 2005: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1948: 1939: 1930: 1921: 1917: 1913:Nicolaou 1998, 1912: 1899: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1851: 1774:Canadair CL-215 1770:Canadair CL-415 1700: 1626:Aero Spacelines 1404: 1398:to scuttle it. 1377:PBY-5A Catalina 1355:Sikorsky VS-44s 1319:Horseshoe Route 1149:Pacific Theater 1119:patrol bomber, 1094: 1038:Sir Alan Cobham 926:Far East Flight 918:Royal Air Force 908:water airport; 875:Channel Islands 821: 819:Interwar period 759:Liberty engines 700:, designed by 647:Felixstowe F.2A 585: 583:First World War 497:J. Samuel White 444: 391:Curtiss Model D 301:Alphonse Pénaud 292:(left), in 1908 279: 274: 262:Martin JRM Mars 242:Pacific Theater 210:interwar period 206:First World War 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3764: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3732: 3731: 3719: 3698: 3697:External links 3695: 3693: 3692: 3677: 3661:Werner, H. A. 3659: 3645: 3630: 3624: 3611: 3600: 3586: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3552: 3537: 3524:Nevin, David. 3522: 3516: 3503: 3497: 3484: 3469: 3452: 3437: 3431: 3418: 3412: 3399: 3385: 3370: 3355: 3332: 3317: 3302: 3293: 3278: 3267: 3261: 3248: 3242: 3229: 3223: 3210: 3195: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3160: 3136: 3110: 3078: 3059: 3040: 3025: 3011: 2989: 2969: 2951: 2936: 2918: 2902: 2883: 2870: 2858: 2856:, p. 250. 2846: 2834: 2822: 2808: 2799: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2733: 2721: 2712: 2697: 2675: 2666: 2654: 2628: 2614: 2605:Goebel, Greg. 2598: 2585: 2572: 2570:, p. 310. 2560: 2548: 2536: 2534:, p. 242. 2524: 2512: 2510:, p. 312. 2500: 2488: 2486:, p. 131. 2476: 2467: 2458: 2456:Cacutt 1988. . 2449: 2440: 2431: 2407: 2383: 2357: 2327: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2266: 2248: 2227: 2218: 2200: 2191: 2179: 2170: 2158: 2149: 2140: 2128: 2114: 2099: 2090: 2077: 2068: 2046: 2037: 2028: 2015: 1988: 1946: 1928: 1915: 1897: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1850: 1847: 1829:two separated 1755:ShinMaywa US-2 1744:Aeroprakt A-24 1740:Airmax Sea Max 1699: 1696: 1622:Aquila Airways 1512:Aquila Airways 1483:Berlin Airlift 1403: 1400: 1396:Cecil J. Doyle 1392:Cecil J. Doyle 1387:Cecil J. Doyle 1325:flying boats. 1223:The prototype 1195:German seizure 1187:Junkers Ju 88C 1141:air-sea rescue 1137:anti-submarine 1093: 1090: 1005:Short Brothers 997:North Atlantic 993:cruising speed 965:British Empire 820: 817: 742:Felixstowe F5L 732:dazzle-painted 720:Felixstowe F.5 698:Felixstowe F.5 670:Felixstowe F.1 584: 581: 577:George Hallett 554:Trials of the 541:inline engines 443: 440: 401:Collier Trophy 322:Gabriel Voisin 310:Drachenflieger 299:The Frenchman 286:Gabriel Voisin 278: 275: 273: 270: 230:air-sea rescue 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3763: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3690: 3689:1-932302-03-4 3686: 3682: 3679:Yenne, Bill. 3678: 3675: 3674:0-304-35330-2 3671: 3667: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3646:90-6013-677-2 3642: 3638: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3625:0-9700662-0-1 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3587:0-89141-589-0 3583: 3579: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3517:0-8517-7814-3 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3498:0-7509-2695-3 3494: 3490: 3485: 3482: 3481:1-55750-245-5 3478: 3474: 3471:Legg, David. 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3449:1-84415-178-6 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3432:1-85794-161-6 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3386:0-356-01449-5 3382: 3379:. Macdonald. 3378: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3367:1-55750-550-0 3364: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3352:0-85177-801-1 3349: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3333:0-370-30251-6 3329: 3325: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3314:1-84509-013-6 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3290:0-517-56639-7 3287: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3275:0-7917-0011-9 3272: 3268: 3264: 3262:9781857801798 3258: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3243:0-87668-632-3 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3224:0-85177-819-4 3220: 3216: 3211: 3208: 3207:0-370-10018-2 3204: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3036: 3029: 3021: 3015: 2999: 2993: 2985: 2984: 2983:Flight Global 2979: 2973: 2965: 2964:Flight Global 2961: 2955: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2880: 2874: 2868:, p. 117 2867: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2844:, p. 234 2843: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2803: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2716: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2679: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2625:. March 2013. 2624: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2602: 2595: 2589: 2582: 2581:Air Mail News 2576: 2569: 2564: 2557: 2556:Richards 1972 2552: 2545: 2540: 2533: 2532:Richards 1972 2528: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2498:, p. 86. 2497: 2492: 2485: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2453: 2444: 2435: 2428: 2425:Web Archives 2424: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2404: 2401:Web Archives 2400: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2372:on 1 May 2009 2371: 2367: 2361: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2324: 2318: 2309: 2300: 2291: 2284: 2283:0-9514114-5-4 2280: 2276: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2245: 2244:0-87021-209-5 2241: 2237: 2231: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2195: 2186: 2184: 2174: 2165: 2163: 2153: 2144: 2138:, p. 228 2137: 2132: 2124: 2118: 2111: 2108: 2103: 2094: 2087: 2081: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2054:"Felixstowe." 2050: 2041: 2032: 2025: 2019: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1925: 1919: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1881: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1800:maiden flight 1797: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728:Beriev Be-200 1725: 1721: 1712: 1704: 1695: 1693: 1692:Shin Meiwa GS 1689: 1688:Shin Meiwa MS 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1408: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1359:PB2Y Coronado 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1317:operated the 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307:Poole Harbour 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275:Kawanishi H6K 1272: 1271:Kawanishi H8K 1268: 1260: 1259:Kawanishi H8K 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1210:Fleet Air Arm 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1172:Midway Island 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1130: 1129:Grumman Goose 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1089: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1034:was adopted. 1033: 1029: 1025: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 960: 958: 955: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 911: 907: 903: 902:Ad Astra Aero 898: 894: 892: 888: 884: 883:flag-carrying 880: 876: 871: 869: 865: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 837: 830: 825: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 799:in 1916. The 798: 794: 789: 787: 783: 778: 775: 770: 767: 762: 760: 755: 747: 743: 739: 735: 733: 729: 724: 721: 714: 710: 706: 703: 699: 694: 690: 687: 682: 677: 673: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 648: 644: 640: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 505:Isle of Wight 502: 498: 493: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 461: 457:In 1913, the 452: 448: 439: 436: 432: 431:Lake District 428: 424: 419: 417: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397: 392: 388: 387:Glenn Curtiss 383: 381: 377: 373: 368: 365: 363: 359: 358:Aix-les-Bains 355: 351: 350: 345: 341: 336: 333: 331: 330:Louis Blériot 327: 323: 318: 316: 312: 311: 306: 305:Wilhelm Kress 302: 297: 291: 287: 283: 269: 267: 263: 259: 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 200: 196: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 167:is a type of 166: 157: 150: 145: 138: 134: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 69:"Flying boat" 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 3751:Flying boats 3733: 3713: 3680: 3662: 3635: 3615: 3605: 3576: 3567: 3560: 3542: 3525: 3507: 3488: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3422: 3403: 3375: 3358: 3322: 3305: 3297: 3281: 3252: 3233: 3214: 3198: 3191: 3184:Bibliography 3172: 3163: 3155:the original 3148: 3139: 3127:. Retrieved 3123: 3113: 3101:. Retrieved 3097:the original 3090: 3081: 3073:FlightGlobal 3072: 3062: 3054:FlightGlobal 3053: 3043: 3028: 3014: 3002:. Retrieved 2992: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2939: 2931:the original 2921: 2913: 2909:Wahl, Paul. 2905: 2897: 2878: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2832:, p. ?. 2825: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2777: 2768: 2759: 2750: 2715: 2705: 2700: 2692: 2678: 2669: 2657: 2645:. Retrieved 2642:Military.com 2641: 2631: 2617: 2609: 2601: 2593: 2588: 2580: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2539: 2527: 2515: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2452: 2443: 2434: 2426: 2410: 2402: 2386: 2374:. Retrieved 2370:the original 2360: 2348:. Retrieved 2344:the original 2339: 2330: 2322: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2274: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2235: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2173: 2152: 2143: 2131: 2117: 2109: 2102: 2093: 2085: 2080: 2071: 2063: 2049: 2040: 2031: 2023: 2018: 2006:. Retrieved 2002:the original 1991: 1986:Hull 2002, . 1941: 1918: 1884: 1808: 1789: 1778: 1767: 1752: 1748:Seawind 300C 1720:Short Empire 1717: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1675: 1665: 1660: 1646: 1630: 1611: 1605: 1516: 1495:Finkenwerder 1480: 1472: 1452:Air Ministry 1449: 1445:Spruce Goose 1444: 1438: 1433:Douglas DC-4 1425: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1372:Indianapolis 1371: 1367: 1340: 1327: 1323:Short Empire 1301:(BOAC), and 1292: 1264: 1230: 1227:in June 1944 1190: 1180: 1158: 1134: 1121:PBY Catalina 1110: 1107:, circa 1943 1101:PBY Catalina 1078: 1061:Dornier Do X 1058: 1053:Dornier Do X 1036: 1021: 985: 961: 934: 915: 887:South Africa 872: 861: 842: 805:Lohner-Werke 790: 779: 771: 763: 751: 725: 717: 681:Curtiss H-12 678: 674: 667: 652: 637: 632: 624: 620: 608: 586: 572: 555: 553: 532: 530: 494: 487:, a retired 480: 458: 456: 420: 413: 394: 384: 375: 370:In 1911–12, 369: 366: 348: 337: 334: 319: 308: 298: 295: 290:Henry Farman 250: 234:PBY Catalina 203: 192: 182:in having a 169:fixed-winged 164: 162: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 18:Flying boats 3103:24 December 2854:London 2003 2842:London 1988 2610:Vectorsite. 2544:Raymer 1996 2008:15 December 1823:light-sport 1817:class. The 1815:light-sport 1757:is a large 1661:SeaMistress 1567:Southampton 1487:Sunderlands 1481:During the 1464:air defence 1456:jet-powered 1311:Southampton 1261:, 1941–1945 1245:Lake Schaal 1237:Axis Powers 1117:PBM Mariner 1081:Dornier Wal 1073:Dornier Wal 1059:The German 981:Southampton 845:Supermarine 481:Flying Fish 362:French Navy 344:Gnome Omega 340:Henri Fabre 165:flying boat 149:PBM Mariner 3740:Categories 3553:1901432203 2662:Brock 1978 2647:4 December 2484:Green 1962 1871:References 1796:AVIC AG600 1531:Las Palmas 1523:Short S.45 1519:Short S.25 1476:Korean War 1468:floatplane 1351:JRM-1 Mars 1330:XPB2M Mars 1207:Royal Navy 1139:patrol to 1041:flight. A 1028:floatplane 906:Zürichhorn 862:A Curtiss 774:Macchi M.5 713:Felixstowe 601:Felixstowe 510:East Cowes 489:Royal Navy 463:newspaper 460:Daily Mail 451:Curtiss NC 427:Windermere 315:floatplane 180:floatplane 80:newspapers 3395:655865554 3129:22 August 2830:Hull 2002 1876:Citations 1657:buffeting 1571:Edinburgh 1547:Marseille 1507:RAF Gatow 1385:USS 1283:submarine 1225:BV 238 V1 930:Singapore 910:Uetliberg 665:engines. 613:Model H-4 605:Admiralty 569:full moon 396:amphibian 349:Hydravion 346:–powered 137:Short S23 110:July 2013 3706:Archived 3655:63363268 3596:34244509 2898:The Week 2686:Archived 2419:Archived 2395:Archived 2057:Archived 1849:See also 1595:Helsinki 1583:Freetown 1559:Montreux 1489:and two 1402:Post-War 1353:; three 1159:Bismarck 1153:Atlantic 1151:and the 1065:sponsons 904:S.A. at 853:Le Havre 849:Woolston 831:in 1925 813:Lohner L 809:Lohner E 633:Americas 617:Saunders 565:sponsons 545:fuselage 512:and the 467:for the 260:and the 253:Cold War 246:Atlantic 244:and the 222:airlines 199:sponsons 188:buoyancy 184:fuselage 172:seaplane 3728:YouTube 3342:6124909 3004:11 June 2376:19 June 2110:Flight, 1811:ICON A5 1785:SeaStar 1575:Glasgow 1543:Majorca 1527:Madeira 1503:Hamburg 1497:on the 1249:Hamburg 1241:strafed 1203:Taranto 1132:alone. 989:airmail 979:), and 945:Botwood 941:Ireland 728:U-boats 707:at the 659:biplane 625:America 621:America 609:America 573:America 556:America 549:Model H 537:biplane 533:America 518:consuta 503:on the 429:in the 409:Model F 405:Model E 272:History 214:bombers 174:with a 94:scholar 3687: 3672: 3653: 3643: 3622: 3594: 3584: 3550: 3532: 3514: 3495: 3479: 3461:Flight 3447: 3429: 3410: 3393: 3383: 3365: 3350: 3340: 3330: 3312: 3288: 3273: 3259: 3240: 3221: 3205: 3150:Xinhua 2787:Flight 2350:20 May 2281: 2242: 2213:Flight 2086:Flight 2084:Bruce 2024:Flight 2022:Bruce 1942:Flight 1892: 1835:Samara 1746:, and 1640:using 1606:G-ALUN 1539:Jersey 1535:Lisbon 1491:Hythes 1335:Hawaii 1315:Qantas 1183:Norway 1127:, and 977:Sydney 975:(near 969:Qantas 967:, and 954:Pan Am 937:Foynes 868:Azores 857:France 803:firm, 354:Monaco 195:floats 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 3124:AVweb 2064:NASM. 1802:from 1587:Lagos 1555:Genoa 1551:Capri 1501:near 1199:Crete 575:with 501:Cowes 326:Seine 101:JSTOR 87:books 3685:ISBN 3670:ISBN 3651:OCLC 3641:ISBN 3620:ISBN 3592:OCLC 3582:ISBN 3548:ISBN 3530:ISBN 3512:ISBN 3493:ISBN 3477:ISBN 3445:ISBN 3427:ISBN 3408:ISBN 3391:OCLC 3381:ISBN 3363:ISBN 3348:ISBN 3338:OCLC 3328:ISBN 3310:ISBN 3286:ISBN 3271:ISBN 3257:ISBN 3238:ISBN 3219:ISBN 3203:ISBN 3131:2014 3105:2017 3092:CCTV 3006:2017 2693:Life 2649:2023 2378:2009 2352:2012 2279:ISBN 2240:ISBN 2010:2015 1890:ISBN 1809:The 1768:The 1759:STOL 1753:The 1684:US-1 1676:PS-1 1624:and 1591:Hull 1585:and 1573:and 1561:and 1521:and 1499:Elbe 1439:The 1431:and 1265:The 1143:and 1079:The 943:and 864:NC-4 827:Two 780:The 752:The 718:The 696:The 561:fins 435:lake 407:and 313:, a 236:and 228:and 176:hull 73:news 3726:on 1833:in 1593:to 1569:to 1285:at 1212:'s 1197:of 1103:at 855:in 851:to 599:at 499:of 56:by 3742:: 3649:. 3590:. 3465:58 3463:. 3459:. 3389:. 3354:.) 3336:. 3171:. 3147:. 3122:. 3089:. 3071:. 3052:. 2980:. 2962:. 2886:^ 2811:^ 2791:60 2789:. 2785:. 2736:^ 2724:^ 2640:. 2414:. 2338:. 2259:, 2211:, 2182:^ 2161:^ 1949:^ 1931:^ 1900:^ 1839:La 1806:. 1750:. 1742:, 1738:, 1734:, 1644:. 1557:, 1553:, 1549:, 1545:, 1541:, 1537:, 1533:, 1529:, 1365:. 1297:, 1216:. 1178:. 1166:, 1123:, 947:, 939:, 893:. 761:. 711:, 672:. 190:. 163:A 147:A 3718:. 3691:. 3676:. 3666:. 3657:. 3628:. 3598:. 3536:. 3520:. 3501:. 3483:. 3451:. 3435:. 3416:. 3397:. 3369:. 3344:. 3316:. 3292:. 3277:. 3265:. 3246:. 3227:. 3209:. 3175:. 3133:. 3107:. 3075:. 3056:. 3008:. 2651:. 2380:. 2354:. 2285:. 2246:. 2125:. 1843:L 1014:" 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 50:. 20:)

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