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connectivity, phosphorus is better able to be cycled, and sediments and nutrients are more readily retained. Water in freshwater streams ends up in either short-term storage in plants or algae or long-term in sediments. Wet/dry cycling within the floodplain has a big impact on phosphorus availability because it alters water level, redox state, pH, and physical properties of minerals. Dry soils that were previously inundated have reduced availability of phosphorus and increased affinity for obtaining phosphorus. Human floodplain alterations also impact the phosphorus cycle. Particulate phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) can contribute to algal blooms and toxicity in waterways when the nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios are altered farther upstream. In areas where the phosphorus load is primarily particulate phosphorus, like the
Mississippi River, the most effective ways of removing phosphorus upstream are sedimentation, soil accretion, and burial. In basins where SRP is the primary form of phosphorus, biological uptake in floodplain forests is the best way of removing nutrients. Phosphorus can transform between SRP and particulate phosphorus depending on ambient conditions or processes like decomposition, biological uptake, redoximorphic release, and sedimentation and accretion. In either phosphorus form, floodplain forests are beneficial as phosphorus sinks, and the human-caused disconnect between floodplains and rivers exacerbates the phosphorus overload.
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259:, and in wetlands and shallow lakes of flood basins. Natural levees are ridges along river banks that form from rapid deposition from the overbank flow. Most of the suspended sand is deposited on the levees, leaving the silt and clay sediments to be deposited as floodplain mud further from the river. Levees are typically built up enough to be relatively well-drained compared with nearby wetlands, and levees in non-arid climates are often heavily vegetated.
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which affects oxygen availability. Floodplain soil stays aerated for long stretches of time in between flooding events, but during flooding, saturated soil can become oxygen-depleted if it stands stagnant for long enough. More soil oxygen is available at higher elevations farther from the river. Floodplain forests generally experience alternating periods of aerobic and anaerobic soil microbe activity which affects fine root development and desiccation.
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structures can be elevated or floodproofed to or above this level. In some areas without detailed study information, structures may be required to be elevated to at least two feet above the surrounding grade. Many State and local governments have, in addition, adopted floodplain construction regulations which are more restrictive than those mandated by the NFIP. The US government also sponsors flood hazard mitigation efforts to reduce flood impacts.
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very close to that of the river banks. Significant net erosion of sediments occurs only when the meander cuts into higher ground. The overall effect is that, as the river meanders, it creates a level flood plain composed mostly of point bar deposits. The rate at which the channel shifts varies greatly, with reported rates ranging from too slow to measure to as much as 2,400 feet (730 m) per year for the
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watershed upstream of the point in question can potentially affect the ability of the watershed to handle water, and thus potentially affects the levels of the periodic floods. A large shopping center and parking lot, for example, may raise the levels of 5-year, 100-year, and other floods, but the maps are rarely adjusted and are frequently rendered obsolete by subsequent development.
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these ecosystems, resulting in loss of populations and diversity and endangering the remaining fragments of the ecosystem. Flood control creates a sharper boundary between water and land than in undisturbed floodplains, reducing physical diversity. Floodplain forests protect waterways from erosion and pollution and reduce the impact of floodwaters.
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The general problem with farming – especially plough agriculture – is that it involves so much intensive labor. One form of agriculture, however, eliminates most of this labor: 'flood-retreat' (also known as décrue or recession) agriculture. In flood-retreat agriculture, seeds are generally broadcast
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In order for a flood-prone property to qualify for government-subsidized insurance, a local community must adopt an ordinance that protects the floodway and requires that new residential structures built in
Special Flood Hazard Areas be elevated to at least the level of the 100-year flood. Commercial
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The biota of floodplains has high annual growth and mortality rates, which is advantageous for the rapid colonization of large areas of the floodplain. This allows them to take advantage of shifting floodplain geometry. For example, floodplain trees are fast-growing and tolerant of root disturbance.
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since the deposition builds the point bar laterally into the river channel. Erosion on the outside of the meander usually closely balances deposition on the inside so that the channel shifts in the direction of the meander without changing significantly in width. The point bar is built up to a level
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is a problem in freshwater systems. Much of the phosphorus in freshwater systems comes from municipal wastewater treatment plants and agricultural runoff. Stream connectivity controls whether phosphorus cycling is mediated by floodplain sediments or by external processes. Under conditions of stream
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of the river (the zone closest to the river bank) provides an ideal environment for many aquatic species, so the spawning season for fish often coincides with the onset of flooding. Fish must grow quickly during the flood to survive the subsequent drop in water level. As the floodwaters recede, the
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that replace much of the original ecosystem. The biozones reflect a soil moisture and oxygen gradient that in turn corresponds to a flooding frequency gradient. The primeval floodplain forests of Europe were dominated by oak (60%) elm (20%) and hornbeam (13%), but human disturbance has shifted the
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Floodplain soil composition is unique and varies widely based on microtopography. Floodplain forests have high topographic heterogeneity which creates variation in localized hydrologic conditions. Soil moisture within the upper 30 cm of the soil profile also varies widely based on microtopography
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and any adjacent areas that must be kept free of encroachments that might block flood flows or restrict storage of flood waters. Another commonly encountered term is the
Special Flood Hazard Area, which is any area subject to inundation by a 100-year flood. A problem is that any alteration of the
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for biodiversity. Human destruction of floodplain ecosystems is largely a result of flood control, hydroelectric development (such as reservoirs), and conversion of floodplains to agriculture use. Transportation and waste disposal also have detrimental effects. The result is the fragmentation of
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may stand well above most of the floodplain. The alluvial ridge is topped by a channel belt formed by successive generations of channel migration and meander cutoff. At much longer intervals, the river may abandon the channel belt and build a new one at another position on the floodplain. This
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The disturbance by humans of temperate floodplain ecosystems frustrates attempts to understand their natural behavior. Tropical rivers are less impacted by humans and provide models for temperate floodplain ecosystems, which are thought to share many of their ecological attributes.
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Floodplain ecosystems have distinct biozones. In Europe, as one moves away from the river, the successive plant communities are bank vegetation (usually annuals); sedge and reeds; willow shrubs; willow-poplar forest; oak-ash forest; and broadleaf forest. Human disturbance creates
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Overbank flow takes place when the river is flooded with more water than can be accommodated by the river channel. Flow over the banks of the river deposits a thin veneer of sediments that is coarsest and thickest close to the channel. This is described as
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The quantity of sediments in a floodplain greatly exceeds the river load of sediments. Thus, floodplains are an important storage site for sediments during their transport from where they are generated to their ultimate depositional environment.
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Floodplain forests constituted 1% of the landscape of Europe in the 1800s. Much of this has been cleared by human activity, though floodplain forests have been impacted less than other kinds of forests. This makes them important
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Semiarid floodplains have a much lower species diversity. Species are adapted to alternating drought and flood. Extreme drying can destroy the ability of the floodplain ecosystem to shift to a healthy wet phase when flooded.
320:. They are characterized by considerable variability in space and time, which in turn produces some of the most species-rich of ecosystems. From the ecological perspective, the most distinctive aspect of floodplains is the
244:, since the deposits build upwards. In undisturbed river systems, overbank flow is frequent, typically occurring every one to two years, regardless of climate or topography. Sedimentation rates for a three-day flood of the
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Floods bring in detrital material rich in nutrients and release nutrients from dry soil as it is flooded. The decomposition of terrestrial plants submerged by the floodwaters adds to the nutrient supply. The flooded
491:(FIRM), which depicts various flood risks for a community. The FIRM typically focuses on the delineation of the 100-year flood inundation area, also known within the NFIP as the Special Flood Hazard Area.
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in 1993 found average sedimentation rates in the floodplain of between 0.57 and 1.0 kg/m. Higher rates were found on the levees (4 kg/m or more) and on low-lying areas (1.6 kg/m).
511:, have been completely relocated to remove them from the floodplain. Other smaller-scale mitigation efforts include acquiring and demolishing flood-prone buildings or flood-proofing them.
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development, Jessica
Karpilo holds a B. A. in Geography from the University of Denver She has written on the subjects of sustainable; Karpilo, maps our editorial process Jessica.
605:(POP) deposition. Proper understanding of the distribution of soil contaminants is difficult because of high variation in microtopography and soil texture within floodplains.
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becomes great enough that overbank flows become infrequent, the river is said to have abandoned its floodplain. Portions of the abandoned floodplain may be preserved as
2143:"Which Compounds Contribute Most to Elevated Soil Pollution and the Corresponding Health Risks in Floodplains in the Headwater Areas of the Central European Watershed?"
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Where a detailed study of a waterway has been done, the 100-year floodplain will also include the floodway, the critical portion of the floodplain which includes the
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Crevasses are formed by breakout events from the main river channel. The river bank fails, and floodwaters scour a channel. Sediments from the crevasse spread out as
200:, heavily exploit floodplains. Agricultural and urban regions have developed near or on floodplains to take advantage of the rich soil and freshwater. However, the
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Wherever the river meanders, the flowing water erodes the river bank on the outside of the meander. At the same time, sediments are simultaneously deposited in a
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266:-shaped deposits with numerous distributary channels. Crevasse formation is most common in sections of rivers where the river bed is accumulating sediments (
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Jarvie, Helen P.; Johnson, Laura T.; Sharpley, Andrew N.; Smith, Douglas R.; Baker, David B.; Bruulsema, Tom W.; Confesor, Remegio (January 2017).
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associated with annual floods, and so the floodplain ecosystem is defined as the part of the river valley that is regularly flooded and dried.
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littoral experiences blooms of microorganisms, while the banks of the river dry out and terrestrial plants germinate to stabilize the bank.
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in braided rivers migrate downstream through processes resembling those in point bars of meandering rivers and can build up a floodplain.
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Floodplains can form around rivers of any kind or size. Even relatively straight stretches of river are capable of producing floodplains.
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process is called avulsion and occurs at intervals of 10–1000 years. Historical avulsions leading to catastrophic flooding include the
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1153:"Effects of river level fluctuation on plant species richness, diversity, and distribution in a floodplain forest in Central Amazonia"
538:, the advantages provided by the richness of the alluvial soil of the floodplain are severely offset by frequent floods brought on by
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Hoffmann, Carl
Christian; Kjaergaard, Charlotte; Uusi-Kämppä, Jaana; Hansen, Hans Christian Bruun; Kronvang, Brian (September 2009).
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1907:"The effects of drying and re-flooding on the sediment and soil nutrient dynamics of lowland river-floodplain systems: a synthesis"
1868:"The effects of drying and re-flooding on the sediment and soil nutrient dynamics of lowland river-floodplain systems: a synthesis"
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Asselman, Nathalie E. M.; Middelkoop, Hans (September 1995). "Floodplain sedimentation: Quantities, patterns and processes".
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2254:(NAIP) Data as a Hydrologic Model Input for Local Flood Plain Management. Applied Research Project, Texas State University.
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Suchara, Ivan (11 January 2019). "The Impact of Floods on the
Structure and Functional Processes of Floodplain Ecosystems".
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2202:"Aggregation of floodplain soils based on classification principles to predict concentrations of nutrients and pollutants"
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Ward, J. V.; Tockner, K.; Schiemer, F. (1999). "Biodiversity of floodplain river ecosystems: ecotones and connectivity1".
49:
1558:"Population Differentiation along a Flood Frequency Gradient: Physiological Adaptations to Flooding in Nyssa sylvatica"
449:, some of the worst natural disasters in history (measured by fatalities) have been river floods, particularly in the
1655:"Effects of Microtopography and Disturbance on Fine-Root Dynamics in Wetland Forests of Low-Order Stream Floodplains"
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Colloff, Matthew J.; Baldwin, Darren S. (2010). "Resilience of floodplain ecosystems in a semi-arid environment".
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1425:"Threshold effects of flood duration on the vegetation and soils of the Upper Mississippi River floodplain, USA"
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Floodplains have high buffering capacity for phosphorus to prevent nutrient loss to river outputs. Phosphorus
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507:'s Hazard Mitigation Program is one funding source for mitigation projects. A number of whole towns such as
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1949:"Increased Soluble Phosphorus Loads to Lake Erie: Unintended Consequences of Conservation Practices?"
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487:(NFIP). The NFIP offers insurance to properties located within a flood-prone area, as defined by the
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1503:"Bottomland Vegetation Distribution along Passage Creek, Virginia, in Relation to Fluvial Landforms"
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1821:"Hydrogeomorphology Influences Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Mineralization in Floodplain Wetlands"
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1756:"Impact of drying and re-flooding of sediment on phosphorus dynamics of river-floodplain systems"
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events cause severe economic disruption and loss of human life in the densely-populated region.
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Opportunists (such as birds) are attracted to the rich food supply provided by the flood pulse.
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Repeated flooding eventually builds up an alluvial ridge, whose natural levees and abandoned
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Bayley, Peter B. (March 1995). "Understanding Large River: Floodplain
Ecosystems".
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makeup towards ash (49%) with maple increasing to 14% and oak decreasing to 25%.
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876:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 265–266.
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2283:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 526–527.
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746:(22 August 2017). "The Domestication of Fire, Plants, Animals, and ... Us".
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The floodplain forests in Europe : current situations and perspectives
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Land adjacent to a water body which is flooded during periods of high water
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1464:"Effects of microrelief on distribution of soil moisture and bulk density"
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Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics
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Sedimentation from the overbank flow is concentrated on natural levees,
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since nutrients are deposited with the flood waters. This can encourage
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10.1002/1099-1646(200009/10)16:5<457::AID-RRR597>3.0.CO;2-B
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10.1002/1099-1646(200009/10)16:5<457::AID-RRR597>3.0.CO;2-B
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413: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2039:"Phosphorus Retention in Riparian Buffers: Review of Their Efficiency"
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Hughes, Francine M.R. (December 1997). "Floodplain biogeomorphology".
647: – Technique for mitigating the effects of flooding on structures
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1395:"44 CFR 60.3 – Flood plain management criteria for flood-prone areas"
522:, annual flooding events are a natural part of the local ecology and
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Powell, W. Gabe. 2009. Identifying Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Using
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Rinklebe, Jörg; Franke, Christa; Neue, Heinz-Ulrich (October 2007).
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Schönbrunner, Iris M.; Preiner, Stefan; Hein, Thomas (August 2012).
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465:, estimated to have killed millions. This had been preceded by the
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110:, is underlain by silt deposited above a dam formed by a terminal
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International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Noe, Gregory B.; Hupp, Cliff R.; Rybicki, Nancy B. (2013-01-01).
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Most floodplains are formed by deposition on the inside of river
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Gravel floodplain of a glacial river near the Snow
Mountains in
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De Jager, Nathan R.; Thomsen, Meredith; Yin, Yao (April 2012).
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Floodplain soils tend to be high in eco-pollutants, especially
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Jones, Robert H.; Lockaby, B. Graeme; Somers, Greg L. (1996).
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Because of regular flooding, floodplains frequently have high
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This aggradational floodplain of a small meandering stream in
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Arenberg, Mary R.; Liang, Xinqiang; Arai, Yuji (2020-10-01).
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623: – Land adjacent to a river subject to seasonal flooding
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Ferreira, Leandro Valle; Stohlgren, Thomas J. (1999-09-01).
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786:"River Flood Plains: Some Observations On Their Formation"
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on the fertile silt deposited by an annual riverine flood.
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floodplain, at its confluence with the headstream of the
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Lewin, John (October 1978). "Floodplain geomorphology".
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Against the Grain: A Deep
History of the Earliest States
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1337:"What Are the 10 Deadliest Disasters in World History?"
1009:. International Union of Forest Research Organizations
714:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. p. 325.
617: – Region on which rivers have deposited sediment
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Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment
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Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment
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Germany inundated by overflow from a nearby waterway.
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2141:Skála, Jan; Vácha, Radim; Čupr, Pavel (June 2018).
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227:on the inside of the meander. This is described as
189:; some important agricultural regions, such as the
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64:A floodplain after a one-in-10-year flood on the
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1905:Baldwin, D.S.; Mitchell, A.M. (September 2000).
1866:Baldwin, D.S.; Mitchell, A.M. (September 2000).
752:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 66.
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126:Riparian vegetation on the floodplain of the
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784:Wolman, M. Gordon; Leopold, Luna B. (1957).
597:Environmental pollutants in floodplain soils
557:Flooding of Pampanga River floodplain after
526:, allowing for the raising of crops through
2646:List of rivers that have reversed direction
1911:Regulated Rivers: Research & Management
1872:Regulated Rivers: Research & Management
1207:
1078:Regulated Rivers: Research & Management
641: – Restoration of a river's floodplain
316:Floodplains support diverse and productive
2697:
2683:
2322:
2308:
1258:
1096:
1039:Klimo, Emil; Hager, Herbert, eds. (2001).
1038:
703:
481:Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
461:(excluding famine and epidemics), was the
2176:
2158:
2117:
1795:
1613:"Extent, Causes, and Impacts of Flooding"
1610:
1227:
797:
790:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
683:
429:Learn how and when to remove this message
2267:
2001:
1461:
1004:
1000:
998:
996:
710:Kovács, János (2013). "Flood Deposits".
552:
335:
121:
101:
82:
70:
59:
36:
3296:International scale of river difficulty
1213:
14:
3935:
2091:
1555:
1264:
1115:
920:
908:
896:
871:
709:
584:Phosphorus cycling in floodplain soils
174:. The soils usually consist of clays,
2678:
2303:
993:
944:
839:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
742:
629: – Artificially irrigated meadow
2329:
2256:http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/296/
2252:National Agriculture Imagery Program
411:adding citations to reliable sources
382:
300:When the rate at which the river is
2098:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
569:
24:
1625:10.1016/b978-0-12-424120-6.50006-7
25:
3974:
2261:
1399:LII / Legal Information Institute
1370:LII / Legal Information Institute
1216:Journal of Soil and Plant Biology
792:. Professional Paper. 282-C: 87.
514:In some floodplains, such as the
204:has led to increasing efforts to
162:is an area of land adjacent to a
2659:
2658:
2287:
2043:Journal of Environmental Quality
1953:Journal of Environmental Quality
1760:Science of the Total Environment
1462:Krumbach, A. W. (October 1959).
485:National Flood Insurance Program
387:
378:
3453:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2355:Drainage system (geomorphology)
2193:
2134:
2085:
2030:
1995:
1898:
1859:
1812:
1780:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.025
1693:
1659:The American Midland Naturalist
1646:
1604:
1549:
1494:
1468:Journal of Geophysical Research
1455:
1416:
1405:from the original on 2017-08-29
1387:
1376:from the original on 2017-08-29
1358:
1347:from the original on 2020-11-27
1328:
1144:
938:
712:Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards
693:, vol. 1. Routledge, New York.
672:from the original on 2021-06-14
398:needs additional citations for
2365:Strahler number (stream order)
2226:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.06.001
2002:Knighton, David (2014-04-08).
1007:"Floodplain forest ecosystems"
1005:Kulhavy, Jiri; Cater, Matjaz.
865:
830:
736:
658:
457:. The worst of these, and the
13:
1:
1556:Keeley, Jon E. (March 1979).
1429:Forest Ecology and Management
720:10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_137
691:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology
651:
3619:Universal Soil Loss Equation
3569:Hydrological transport model
3463:Storm Water Management Model
2092:Pagano, T. C. (2014-07-17).
1441:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.023
603:persistent organic pollutant
211:
132:Johnsonville, South Carolina
7:
2005:Fluvial Forms and Processes
1366:"44 CFR 59.1 – Definitions"
608:
32:Floodplain (disambiguation)
10:
3979:
3123:Antecedent drainage stream
2244:
1726:10.1007/s10533-020-00696-1
1619:, Elsevier, pp. 1–7,
1287:10.1177/030913339702100402
967:10.1177/030913337800200302
666:"Definition of BOTTOMLAND"
575:Oxygen in floodplain soils
479:In the United States, the
311:
29:
3887:
3859:River valley civilization
3821:
3760:
3742:Riparian-zone restoration
3642:
3504:
3476:
3377:
3349:
3281:
3103:
2970:
2887:
2809:
2720:
2654:
2603:
2567:
2534:
2506:
2388:
2337:
2119:10.5194/hess-18-2645-2014
1845:10.1007/s10021-012-9597-0
1617:Flooding and Plant Growth
988:Wolman & Leopold 1957
933:Wolman & Leopold 1957
825:Wolman & Leopold 1957
813:Wolman & Leopold 1957
108:La Plata County, Colorado
94:across its floodplain in
3922:Countries without rivers
3897:Rivers by discharge rate
3609:Runoff model (reservoir)
3574:Infiltration (hydrology)
1611:Kozlowski, T.T. (1984),
489:Flood Insurance Rate Map
455:list of deadliest floods
3594:River Continuum Concept
3359:Agricultural wastewater
2478:River channel migration
2280:Encyclopædia Britannica
1973:10.2134/jeq2016.07.0248
1488:10.1029/JZ064i010p01587
1232:(inactive 2024-04-30).
563:Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija
528:recessional agriculture
467:1887 Yellow River flood
280:1855 Yellow River flood
170:during periods of high
48:(on the right) and the
3917:River name etymologies
3844:Hydraulic civilization
3702:Floodplain restoration
3478:Point source pollution
3253:Sedimentary structures
2408:Bar (river morphology)
2160:10.3390/ijerph15061146
872:Leeder, M. R. (2011).
859:10.1002/esp.3290200602
639:Floodplain restoration
566:
459:worst natural disaster
345:
220:and by overbank flow.
147:
119:
99:
96:Albany County, Wyoming
80:
68:
57:
3529:Discharge (hydrology)
3491:Industrial wastewater
2972:Sedimentary processes
2590:Erosion and tectonics
2585:Degradation (geology)
2014:10.4324/9780203784662
1562:Ecological Monographs
1310:The Rangeland Journal
1229:10.33513/JSPB/1801-03
1177:10.1007/s004420050893
689:Goudie, A. S., 2004,
556:
534:, which occupies the
340:A low-lying field in
339:
284:2008 Kosi River flood
125:
105:
86:
74:
63:
40:
3634:Volumetric flow rate
3218:Riffle-pool sequence
2611:Deposition (geology)
2338:Large-scale features
2296:at Wikimedia Commons
2063:10.2134/jeq2008.0087
407:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3808:Whitewater kayaking
3803:Whitewater canoeing
3604:Runoff curve number
3448:Flood pulse concept
2274:"Flood Plain"
2218:2007Geode.141..210R
2110:2014HESS...18.2645P
2055:2009JEnvQ..38.1942H
1965:2017JEnvQ..46..123J
1837:2013Ecosy..16...75N
1772:2012ScTEn.432..329S
1718:2020Biogc.150..257A
1574:1979EcoM...49...89K
1519:1985Ecol...66..670H
1480:1959JGR....64.1587K
1279:1997PrPG...21..501H
1169:1999Oecol.120..582F
959:1978PrPG....2..408L
935:, pp. 105–106.
923:, pp. 269–271.
899:, pp. 266–267.
851:1995ESPL...20..481A
3834:Aquatic toxicology
3747:Stream restoration
3712:Infiltration basin
3564:Hydrological model
3080:Sediment transport
2903:Estavelle/Inversac
2781:Subterranean river
2641:Sediment transport
2595:River rejuvenation
2568:Regional processes
633:Red River Floodway
567:
561:, 2020 (view from
346:
242:vertical accretion
202:risk of inundation
148:
120:
100:
81:
69:
58:
3953:Fluvial landforms
3930:
3929:
3907:Whitewater rivers
3813:Whitewater slalom
3644:River engineering
3544:Groundwater model
3505:River measurement
3433:Flood forecasting
3248:Sedimentary basin
3105:Fluvial landforms
3010:Bed material load
2786:River bifurcation
2672:
2671:
2473:River bifurcation
2292:Media related to
2023:978-1-4441-6575-3
1634:978-0-12-424120-6
1474:(10): 1587–1590.
1045:. Leiden: Brill.
827:, pp. 88–91.
815:, pp. 91–97.
759:978-0-3002-3168-7
729:978-90-481-8699-0
516:Inner Niger Delta
463:1931 China floods
439:
438:
431:
302:cutting downwards
229:lateral accretion
116:Wisconsin Glacier
16:(Redirected from
3970:
3892:Rivers by length
3727:River morphology
3629:Wetted perimeter
3534:Drainage density
3045:Headward erosion
2874:Perennial stream
2746:Blackwater river
2699:
2692:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2662:
2661:
2403:Avulsion (river)
2331:River morphology
2324:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2238:
2237:
2212:(3–4): 210–223.
2197:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2162:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2104:(7): 2645–2656.
2089:
2083:
2082:
2049:(5): 1942–1955.
2034:
2028:
2027:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1231:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1113:
1094:
1093:
1084:(1–3): 125–139.
1073:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1036:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1002:
991:
985:
979:
978:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
887:
869:
863:
862:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
803:
801:
781:
775:
774:
768:
766:
740:
734:
733:
707:
701:
687:
681:
680:
678:
677:
662:
590:nutrient loading
570:Floodplain soils
509:English, Indiana
434:
427:
423:
420:
414:
391:
383:
306:fluvial terraces
291:Mid-channel bars
206:control flooding
21:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3902:Drainage basins
3883:
3817:
3756:
3732:Retention basin
3692:Erosion control
3687:Detention basin
3638:
3554:Hjulström curve
3506:
3500:
3472:
3416:Non-water flood
3373:
3345:
3291:Helicoidal flow
3277:
3178:Fluvial terrace
3173:Floating island
3099:
2974:
2966:
2957:Rhythmic spring
2891:
2883:
2864:Stream gradient
2805:
2791:River ecosystem
2756:Channel pattern
2724:
2716:
2703:
2673:
2668:
2650:
2631:Helicoidal flow
2599:
2563:
2530:
2502:
2418:Channel pattern
2390:Alluvial rivers
2384:
2380:River sinuosity
2333:
2328:
2264:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2198:
2194:
2139:
2135:
2090:
2086:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2000:
1996:
1945:
1938:
1903:
1899:
1864:
1860:
1817:
1813:
1766:(10): 329–337.
1752:
1741:
1706:Biogeochemistry
1698:
1694:
1671:10.2307/2426631
1651:
1647:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1609:
1605:
1582:10.2307/1942574
1554:
1550:
1527:10.2307/1940528
1499:
1495:
1460:
1456:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1329:
1322:10.1071/RJ10015
1306:
1302:
1263:
1259:
1243:
1242:
1212:
1208:
1149:
1145:
1130:10.2307/1312554
1114:
1097:
1074:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1037:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1003:
994:
986:
982:
943:
939:
931:
927:
919:
915:
911:, pp. 267.
907:
903:
895:
891:
884:
870:
866:
835:
831:
823:
819:
811:
807:
782:
778:
764:
762:
760:
744:Scott, James C.
741:
737:
730:
708:
704:
688:
684:
675:
673:
664:
663:
659:
654:
611:
599:
586:
577:
572:
548:extreme weather
453:in China – see
435:
424:
418:
415:
404:
392:
381:
314:
257:crevasse splays
214:
144:high-water mark
142:trees show the
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3976:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3793:Stone skipping
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3677:Drop structure
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:Balancing lake
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:Playfair's law
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3539:Exner equation
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Bradshaw model
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3411:Urban flooding
3403:
3398:
3396:Crevasse splay
3393:
3391:100-year flood
3387:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3351:Surface runoff
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3331:Stream capture
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:Rock-cut basin
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3085:Suspended load
3082:
3077:
3075:Secondary flow
3072:
3067:
3065:Retrogradation
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3030:Dissolved load
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2962:Spring horizon
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Mineral spring
2944:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:list in the US
2925:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:Stream channel
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2776:Drainage basin
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:Alluvial river
2732:
2730:
2718:
2717:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2636:Playfair's law
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Exner equation
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2559:Current ripple
2556:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Slip-off slope
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:Meander cutoff
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2350:Drainage basin
2347:
2345:Alluvial plain
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2285:
2271:, ed. (1911).
2269:Chisholm, Hugh
2263:
2262:External links
2260:
2259:
2258:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2192:
2133:
2084:
2029:
2022:
1994:
1959:(1): 123–132.
1936:
1917:(5): 457–467.
1897:
1878:(5): 457–467.
1858:
1811:
1739:
1712:(3): 257–278.
1692:
1645:
1633:
1603:
1548:
1513:(3): 670–681.
1493:
1454:
1415:
1386:
1357:
1327:
1300:
1273:(4): 501–529.
1257:
1206:
1163:(4): 582–587.
1143:
1124:(3): 153–158.
1095:
1065:
1051:
1020:
992:
990:, p. 105.
980:
953:(3): 408–437.
937:
925:
913:
901:
889:
882:
864:
845:(6): 481–499.
829:
817:
805:
799:10.3133/pp282C
776:
758:
735:
728:
702:
682:
656:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
615:Alluvial plain
610:
607:
598:
595:
585:
582:
576:
573:
571:
568:
559:Typhoon Quinta
530:. However, in
496:stream channel
437:
436:
395:
393:
386:
380:
377:
313:
310:
213:
210:
183:soil-fertility
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3975:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Flood control
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:Surface water
3872:
3870:
3869:Sacred waters
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:Riparian zone
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:Body of water
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3788:Riverboarding
3786:
3784:
3783:River surfing
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:and modelling
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3468:Return period
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Flood control
3426:
3424:
3423:Flood barrier
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:Palaeochannel
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Granular flow
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:Channel types
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Braided river
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Water erosion
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2508:Bedrock river
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:Riparian zone
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Braided river
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:(1): 89–108.
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1054:
1052:9789004119581
1048:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1008:
1001:
999:
997:
989:
984:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
934:
929:
922:
917:
910:
905:
898:
893:
885:
883:9781405177832
879:
875:
868:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
826:
821:
814:
809:
800:
795:
791:
787:
780:
773:
761:
755:
751:
750:
745:
739:
731:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
700:
699:0-415-32737-7
696:
692:
686:
671:
667:
661:
657:
646:
645:Flood opening
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
612:
606:
604:
594:
591:
581:
564:
560:
555:
551:
549:
546:rains. These
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:rural economy
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
500:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
474:return period
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
433:
430:
422:
412:
408:
402:
401:
396:This section
394:
390:
385:
384:
379:Flood control
376:
372:
369:
363:
359:
356:
350:
343:
338:
334:
331:
330:littoral zone
325:
323:
319:
309:
307:
303:
298:
294:
292:
287:
285:
281:
276:
275:meander loops
271:
269:
265:
260:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
237:
235:
230:
226:
221:
219:
209:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:Lynches River
124:
117:
113:
109:
104:
97:
93:
90:
89:Laramie River
85:
78:
73:
67:
66:Isle of Wight
62:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
3912:Flash floods
3864:River cruise
3761:River sports
3614:Stream gauge
3599:Rouse number
3589:Relief ratio
3442:
3438:Flood-meadow
3369:Urban runoff
3283:Fluvial flow
3268:River valley
3238:River island
3203:Meander scar
3118:Alluvial fan
3060:Progradation
2935:Karst spring
2879:Winterbourne
2834:Chalk stream
2796:River source
2771:Distributary
2427:
2370:River valley
2278:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2004:
1997:
1956:
1952:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1831:(1): 75–94.
1828:
1824:
1814:
1763:
1759:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1665:(1): 57–71.
1662:
1658:
1648:
1638:, retrieved
1616:
1606:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1407:. Retrieved
1398:
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1369:
1360:
1349:. Retrieved
1340:
1330:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1246:cite journal
1222:(1): 28–44.
1219:
1215:
1209:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1121:
1117:
1081:
1077:
1056:. Retrieved
1041:
1011:. Retrieved
983:
950:
946:
940:
928:
916:
904:
892:
873:
867:
842:
838:
832:
820:
808:
789:
779:
770:
763:. Retrieved
748:
738:
711:
705:
690:
685:
674:. Retrieved
660:
627:Water-meadow
621:Flood-meadow
600:
587:
578:
536:Ganges Delta
513:
501:
493:
483:manages the
478:
471:
451:Yellow River
440:
425:
416:
405:Please help
400:verification
397:
373:
364:
360:
351:
347:
326:
321:
315:
299:
295:
288:
272:
261:
254:
250:Rhine Rivers
241:
238:
228:
222:
215:
198:river basins
180:
159:
155:
151:
149:
146:of flooding.
114:left by the
42:Paraná River
3943:Floodplains
3773:Fly fishing
3697:Fish ladder
3682:Daylighting
3401:Flash flood
3364:First flush
3311:Plunge pool
3035:Downcutting
3020:Debris flow
2995:Aggradation
2869:Stream pool
2575:Aggradation
2526:Plunge pool
2493:Stream pool
2483:River mouth
2375:River delta
2294:Floodplains
2153:(6): 1146.
1435:: 135–146.
1058:15 November
1013:15 November
921:Leeder 2011
909:Leeder 2011
897:Leeder 2011
542:and annual
355:wet meadows
322:flood pulse
195:Mississippi
160:bottomlands
156:flood plain
130:, close to
50:Verde River
18:Floodplains
3937:Categories
3879:Wild river
3559:Hydrograph
3549:Hack's law
3514:Baer's law
3458:Inundation
3443:Floodplain
3383:stormwater
3341:Whitewater
3213:Oxbow lake
3050:Knickpoint
3025:Deposition
2918:Hot spring
2859:Streamflow
2849:Stream bed
2766:Confluence
2626:Hack's law
2580:Base level
2521:Knickpoint
2448:Oxbow lake
2428:Floodplain
1825:Ecosystems
1640:2024-04-20
1409:2017-01-13
1380:2017-01-13
1351:2020-11-30
1316:(3): 305.
1118:BioScience
676:2021-06-14
652:References
532:Bangladesh
505:California
441:Excluding
342:Achterwehr
318:ecosystems
236:of India.
234:Kosi River
152:floodplain
3958:Hydrology
3849:Limnology
3798:Triathlon
3768:Canyoning
3737:Revetment
3667:Check dam
3579:Main stem
3336:Waterfall
3223:Point bar
3208:Mouth bar
3148:Billabong
3095:Water gap
3090:Wash load
3070:Saltation
2990:Anabranch
2913:Holy well
2801:Tributary
2604:Mechanics
2453:Point bar
2443:Mouth bar
2398:Anabranch
2234:0016-7061
2169:1660-4601
2128:1607-7938
2071:0047-2425
1981:0047-2425
1931:0886-9375
1892:0886-9375
1853:1435-0629
1788:0048-9697
1734:1573-515X
1679:0003-0031
1590:0012-9615
1535:0012-9658
1449:0378-1127
1341:ThoughtCo
1295:220929033
1238:207914841
1185:1432-1939
1157:Oecologia
975:220950870
447:epidemics
268:aggrading
225:point bar
212:Formation
172:discharge
46:Paranaíba
3963:Wetlands
3652:Aqueduct
3519:Baseflow
3486:Effluent
3163:Cut bank
3128:Avulsion
3005:Bed load
2985:Abrasion
2664:Category
2549:Antidune
2536:Bedforms
2423:Cut bank
2206:Geoderma
2187:29865159
2079:19704138
1989:28177409
1806:22750178
1403:Archived
1374:Archived
1345:Archived
1201:10195707
1193:28308309
765:19 March
670:Archived
609:See also
565:bridge).
540:cyclones
419:May 2018
312:Ecology
282:and the
218:meanders
168:flooding
134:. These
92:meanders
56:, Brazil
54:Panorama
3829:Aquifer
3822:Related
3778:Rafting
3306:Meander
3301:Log jam
3263:Thalweg
3168:Estuary
3040:Erosion
2977:erosion
2889:Springs
2844:Current
2811:Streams
2751:Channel
2714:springs
2710:streams
2498:Thalweg
2433:Meander
2360:Estuary
2245:Sources
2214:Bibcode
2178:6025328
2106:Bibcode
2051:Bibcode
1961:Bibcode
1833:Bibcode
1797:3422535
1768:Bibcode
1714:Bibcode
1687:2426631
1598:1942574
1570:Bibcode
1543:1940528
1515:Bibcode
1507:Ecology
1476:Bibcode
1275:Bibcode
1165:Bibcode
1138:1312554
955:Bibcode
847:Bibcode
544:monsoon
443:famines
368:refugia
187:farming
140:cypress
112:moraine
52:, near
3624:WAFLEX
3496:Sewage
3379:Floods
3321:Riffle
3316:Rapids
3258:Strath
3228:Ravine
3153:Canyon
2908:Geyser
2839:Coulee
2824:Bourne
2819:Arroyo
2722:Rivers
2706:Rivers
2516:Canyon
2463:Rapids
2458:Riffle
2232:
2185:
2175:
2167:
2126:
2077:
2069:
2020:
1987:
1979:
1929:
1890:
1851:
1804:
1794:
1786:
1732:
1685:
1677:
1631:
1596:
1588:
1541:
1533:
1447:
1293:
1236:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1136:
1049:
973:
880:
756:
726:
697:
136:tupelo
98:, 1949
79:, 1902
77:Alaska
3722:Levee
3707:Flume
3662:Canal
3406:Flood
3326:Shoal
3193:Gully
3188:Gulch
3158:Chine
3143:Bayou
3000:Armor
2952:Ponor
2727:lists
1683:JSTOR
1594:JSTOR
1539:JSTOR
1291:S2CID
1234:S2CID
1197:S2CID
1134:JSTOR
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