Bat - Knowledge

856: 5077: 980: 5154: 1822: 4505: 3237: 918: 3396:(programmed cell death) affects only the hindlimbs, while the forelimbs retain webbing between the digits that forms into the wing membranes. Unlike birds, whose stiff wings deliver bending and torsional stress to the shoulders, bats have a flexible wing membrane that can resist only tension. To achieve flight, a bat exerts force inwards at the points where the membrane meets the skeleton, so that an opposing force balances it on the wing edges perpendicular to the wing surface. This adaptation does not permit bats to reduce their wingspans, unlike birds, which can partly fold their wings in flight, radically reducing the wing span and area for the upstroke and for gliding. Hence bats cannot travel over long distances as birds can. 2802: 3473: 1376: 959: 985: 2897: 2672: 3420: 1046: 12486: 3084: 1801: 149: 1025: 1946: 1492: 3167: 4848: 3646: 3594: 4820: 4349:) has the longest tongue of any mammal relative to its body size. This is beneficial to them in terms of pollination and feeding. Their long, narrow tongues can reach deep into the long cup shape of some flowers. When the tongue retracts, it coils up inside the rib cage. Because of these features, nectar-feeding bats cannot easily turn to other food sources in times of scarcity, making them more prone to extinction than other types of bat. Nectar feeding also aids a variety of plants, since these bats serve as 3309: 1739: 1051: 172: 4831:

litter. At birth, a bat pup can be up to 40 percent of the mother's weight, and the pelvic girdle of the female can expand during birth as the two-halves are connected by a flexible ligament. Females typically give birth in a head-up or horizontal position, using gravity to make birthing easier. The young emerges rear-first, possibly to prevent the wings from getting tangled, and the female cradles it in her wing and tail membranes. In many species, females give birth and raise their young in

2649: 4781: 2966: 1318: 4816:, in which the egg is fertilised after mating, but remains free in the reproductive tract until external conditions become favourable for giving birth and caring for the offspring. In another strategy, fertilisation and implantation both occur, but development of the foetus is delayed until good conditions prevail. During the delayed development the mother keeps the fertilised egg alive with nutrients. This process can go on for a long period, because of the advanced gas exchange system. 1543: 4719: 4420: 3920: 1621: 4108: 3012: 4839:

young bat's ability to fly coincides with the development of an adult body and forelimb length. For the little brown bat, this occurs about eighteen days after birth. Weaning of young for most species takes place in under eighty days. The common vampire bat nurses its offspring beyond that and young vampire bats achieve independence later in life than other species. This is probably due to the species' blood-based diet, which is difficult to obtain on a nightly basis.

2695: 1339: 887: 4269: 3271:, is subjected to increased expression in bat forelimbs – resulting in the extension of the manual digits. This crucial genetic alteration helps create the specialized limbs required for powered flight. The relative proportion of extant bat forelimb digits compared with those of Eocene fossil bats have no significant differences, suggesting that bat wing morphology has been conserved for over fifty million years. During flight, the bones undergo 3706: 3148: 3107: 2989: 2577: 1925: 1700: 3238: 2920: 2874: 2135: 1570: 3239: 2484: 4649: 3061: 2943: 1158:) evolved came to the conclusion that bedbugs similar to those known today (all major extant lineages, all of which feed primarily on bats) had already diversified and become established over 100 mya (i.e., long before the oldest records for bats, 52 mya), suggesting that they initially all evolved on non-bat hosts and "bats were colonized several times independently, unless the evolutionary origin of bats has been grossly underestimated." 1888: 2229: 1397: 3755: 2741: 1673: 2307: 2825: 2173: 1219: 2626: 2211: 1283: 3241: 4362: 4455:; the hairy-legged and white-winged vampires feed on birds. Vampire bats target sleeping prey and can detect deep breathing. Heat sensors in the nose help them to detect blood vessels near the surface of the skin. They pierce the animal's skin with their teeth, biting away a small flap, and lap up the blood with their tongues, which have lateral grooves adapted to this purpose. The blood is kept from clotting by an 2718: 4099: lb) with a wingspan of 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in). Larger bats tend to use lower frequencies and smaller bats higher for echolocation; high-frequency echolocation is better at detecting smaller prey. Small prey may be absent in the diets of large bats as they are unable to detect them. The adaptations of a particular bat species can directly influence what kinds of prey are available to it. 2360:, which implied that some seemingly unlikely transformations occurred. The first is that laryngeal echolocation evolved twice in bats, once in Yangochiroptera and once in the rhinolophoids. The second is that laryngeal echolocation had a single origin in Chiroptera, was subsequently lost in the family Pteropodidae (all megabats), and later evolved as a system of tongue-clicking in the genus 304: 711: 4152: 15876:"Shade is based on a Silver-Haired Bat. I thought they were very dashing-looking creatures. I liked the fact this was a bat that lived in the same part of the world as me (eastern Canada). These are small creatures, with a wing span of a few inches. Their bodies are about the same size as mice. They're insectivores, which means they eat only insects." – K.O. 3850: 3548:-retention due to their low-electrolyte diet; their kidneys accordingly have a thick cortex and very short conical papillae. Bats have higher metabolic rates associated with flying, which lead to an increased respiratory water loss. Their large wings are composed of the highly vascularized membranes, increasing the surface area, and leading to 4567:, found growing on the muzzles, ears, and wings of affected bats. The fungus is mostly spread from bat to bat, and causes the disease. The fungus was first discovered in central New York State in 2006 and spread quickly to the entire Eastern US north of Florida; mortality rates of 90–100% have been observed in most affected caves. 3497:

it allows for an increase in surface area to volume ratio. The surface area of the wings is about 85% of the total body surface area, suggesting the possibility of a useful degree of gas exchange. The subcutaneous vessels in the membrane lie very close to the surface and allow for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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different habitats during different seasons, ranging from seasides to mountains and deserts, but they require suitable roosts. Bat roosts can be found in hollows, crevices, foliage, and even human-made structures, and include "tents" the bats construct with leaves. Megabats generally roost in trees. Most microbats are

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oxygen levels of flying animals are twice as much as those of their terrestrially locomoting mammals. As the blood supply controls the amount of oxygen supplied throughout the body, the circulatory system must respond accordingly. Therefore, compared to a terrestrial mammal of the same relative size, the bat's

3332:, also found on human fingertips. These sensitive areas are different in bats, as each bump has a tiny hair in the center, making it even more sensitive and allowing the bat to detect and adapt to changing airflow; the primary use is to judge the most efficient speed at which to fly, and possibly also to avoid 4812:

ecological factors. Females of some species have delayed fertilisation, in which sperm is stored in the reproductive tract for several months after mating. Mating occurs in late summer to early autumn but fertilisation does not occur until the following late winter to early spring. Other species exhibit

2385:. This may have been used at first mainly to forage on the ground for insects and map out their surroundings in their gliding phase, or for communicative purposes. After the adaptation of flight was established, it may have been refined to target flying prey by echolocation. Analyses of the hearing gene 4651: 4656: 4654: 4650: 5988:

Several molecular studies have shown that Chiroptera belong to the Laurasiatheria (represented by carnivores, pangolins, cetartiodactyls, eulipotyphlans, and perissodactyls) and are only distantly related to dermopterans, scandentians, and primates. (Nikaido et al. 2000; Lin and Penny 2001; Madsen et

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of their motion in flight. The shift of the returning echoes yields information relating to the motion and location of the bat's prey. These bats must deal with changes in the Doppler shift due to changes in their flight speed. They have adapted to change their pulse emission frequency in relation to

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In low-duty cycle echolocation, bats can separate their calls and returning echoes by time. They have to time their short calls to finish before echoes return. The delay of the returning echoes allows the bat to estimate the range to their prey. In high-duty cycle echolocation, bats emit a continuous

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Small insect-eating bats can have as many as 38 teeth, while vampire bats have only 20. Bats that feed on hard-shelled insects have fewer but larger teeth with longer canines and more robust lower jaws than species that prey on softer bodied insects. In nectar-feeding bats, the canines are long while

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The head and teeth shape of bats can vary by species. In general, megabats have longer snouts, larger eye sockets and smaller ears, giving them a more dog-like appearance, which is the source of their nickname of "flying foxes". Among microbats, longer snouts are associated with nectar-feeding. while

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In a study on captive Egyptian fruit bats, 70% of the directed calls could be identified by the researchers as to which individual bat made it, and 60% could be categorised into four contexts: squabbling over food, jostling over position in their sleeping cluster, protesting over mating attempts and

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Bats are among the most vocal of mammals and produce calls to attract mates, find roost partners and defend resources. These calls are typically low-frequency and can travel long distances. Mexican free-tailed bats are one of the few species to "sing" like birds. Males sing to attract females. Songs

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Different bat species have different diets, including insects, nectar, pollen, fruit and even vertebrates. Megabats are mostly fruit, nectar and pollen eaters. Due to their small size, high-metabolism and rapid burning of energy through flight, bats must consume large amounts of food for their size.

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expenditure by 50 to 99%. Tropical bats may use it to avoid predation, by reducing the amount of time spent on foraging and thus reducing the chance of being caught by a predator. Megabats were generally believed to be homeothermic, but three species of small megabats, with a mass of about 50 grams (

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It takes a lot of energy and an efficient circulatory system to work the flight muscles of bats. Energy supply to the muscles engaged in flight requires about double the amount compared to the muscles that do not use flight as a means of mammalian locomotion. In parallel to energy consumption, blood

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The wings of bats are much thinner and consist of more bones than the wings of birds, allowing bats to maneuver more accurately than the latter, and fly with more lift and less drag. By folding the wings in toward their bodies on the upstroke, they save 35 percent energy during flight. The membranes

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Zhang, G.; Cowled, C.; Shi, Z.; Huang, Z.; Bishop-Lilly, K. A.; Fang, X.; Wynne, J. W.; Xiong, Z.; Baker, M. L.; Zhao, W.; Tachedjian, M.; Zhu, Y.; Zhou, P.; Jiang, X.; Ng, J.; Yang, L.; Wu, L.; Xiao, J.; Feng, Y.; Chen, Y.; Sun, X.; Zhang, Y.; Marsh, G. A.; Crameri, G.; Broder, C. C.; Frey, K. G.;

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For temperate living bats, births typically take place in May or June in the northern hemisphere; births in the southern hemisphere occur in November and December. Tropical species give birth at the beginning of the rainy season. In most bat species, females carry and give birth to a single pup per

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They seem to be highly resistant to many of the pathogens they carry, suggesting a degree of adaptation to their immune systems. Their interactions with livestock and pets, including predation by vampire bats, accidental encounters, and the scavenging of bat carcasses, compound the risk of zoonotic

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preparations to protect all remaining bat populations in its territory. Scientific evidence suggests that longer winters where the fungus has a longer period to infect bats result in greater mortality. In 2014, the infection crossed the Mississippi River, and in 2017, it was found on bats in Texas.

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In addition to echolocating prey, bat ears are sensitive to sounds made by their prey, such as the fluttering of moth wings. The complex geometry of ridges on the inner surface of bat ears helps to sharply focus echolocation signals, and to passively listen for any other sound produced by the prey.

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With its extremely thin membranous tissue, a bat's wing can significantly contribute to the organism's total gas exchange efficiency. Because of the high energy demand of flight, the bat's body meets those demands by exchanging gas through the patagium of the wing. When the bat has its wings spread

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to cope with the demands of powered flight, an energetically taxing activity that requires a large continuous throughput of oxygen. In bats, the relative alveolar surface area and pulmonary capillary blood volume are larger than in most other small quadrupedal mammals. During flight the respiratory

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viruses (which can be transmitted to humans) than other mammal groups, though the differences among the aforementioned three groups were not significant (bats have no more zoonotic viruses than rodents and primates). Another 2020 review of mammals and birds found that the identity of the taxonomic

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Microbats and a few megabats emit ultrasonic sounds to produce echoes. Sound intensity of these echos are dependent on subglottic pressure. The bats' cricothyroid muscle controls the orientation pulse frequency, which is an important function. This muscle is located inside the larynx and it is the

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are agile on the ground. Both species make lateral gaits (the limbs move one after the other) when moving slowly but vampire bats move with a bounding gait (all limbs move in unison) at greater speeds, the folded up wings being used to propel them forward. Vampire bat likely evolved these gaits to

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fossil also support the hypothesis that mammalian flight most likely evolved in arboreal locomotors, rather than terrestrial runners. This model of flight development, commonly known as the "trees-down" theory, holds that bats first flew by taking advantage of height and gravity to drop down on to

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are sometimes installed to limit human entry into caves with sensitive or endangered bat species. The gates are designed not to limit the airflow, and thus to maintain the cave's micro-ecosystem. Of the 47 species of bats found in the United States, 35 are known to use human structures, including

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Most of the care for a young bat comes from the mother. In monogamous species, the father plays a role. Allo-suckling, where a female suckles another mother's young, occurs in several species. This may serve to increase colony size in species where females return to their natal colony to breed. A

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to block the sperm of other males and thus ensure his paternity. In hibernating species, males are known to mate with females in torpor. Female bats use a variety of strategies to control the timing of pregnancy and the birth of young, to make delivery coincide with maximum food ability and other

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Heterothermic bats during long migrations may fly at night and go into a torpid state roosting in the daytime. Unlike migratory birds, which fly during the day and feed during the night, nocturnal bats have a conflict between travelling and eating. The energy saved reduces their need to feed, and

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wall muscles. In most mammals, the walls of the veins provide mainly passive resistance, maintaining their shape as deoxygenated blood flows through them, but in bats they appear to actively support blood flow back to the heart with this pumping action. Since their bodies are relatively small and

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Fruit eating, or frugivory, is found in both major suborders. Bats prefer ripe fruit, pulling it off the trees with their teeth. They fly back to their roosts to eat the fruit, sucking out the juice and spitting the seeds and pulp out onto the ground. This helps disperse the seeds of these fruit

4796:, where both sexes mate with multiple partners, exists in species like the Mexican free-tailed bat and the little brown bat. There appears to be bias towards certain males among females in these bats. In a few species, such as the yellow-winged bat and spectral bat, adult males and females form 4792:, where males mate with multiple females. Male pipistrelle, noctule and vampire bats may claim and defend resources that attract females, such as roost sites, and mate with those females. Males unable to claim a site are forced to live on the periphery where they have less reproductive success. 4610:(range overlap) of species, and social behaviour make bats favourable hosts and vectors of disease. Reviews have found different answers as to whether bats have more zoonotic viruses than other mammal groups. One 2015 review found that bats, rodents, and primates all harbored significantly more 4575:

have, since 2006, witnessed entire species completely extirpated and others with numbers that have gone from the hundreds of thousands, even millions, to a few hundred or less. Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick have witnessed identical die offs, with the Canadian government making

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Bats may avoid flying during the day to prevent overheating in the sun, since their dark wing-membranes absorb solar radiation. Bats may not be able to dissipate heat if the ambient temperature is too high; they use saliva to cool themselves in extreme conditions. Among megabats, the flying fox

3869:. The wings are filled with blood vessels, and lose body heat when extended. At rest, they may wrap their wings around themselves to trap a layer of warm air. Smaller bats generally have a higher metabolic rate than larger bats, and so need to consume more food in order to maintain homeothermy. 3427:

When not flying, bats hang upside down from their feet, a posture known as roosting. The femurs are attached at the hips in a way that allows them to bend outward and upward in flight. The ankle joint can flex to allow the trailing edge of the wings to bend downwards. This does not permit many

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Another hypothesis is that flying has reduced their mortality rate, which would also be true for birds and gliding mammals. Bat species that give birth to multiple pups generally have a shorter lifespan than species that give birth to only a single pup. Cave-roosting species may have a longer

4180:. In a test of 34 bat species from six major families, including major insect- and fruit-eating bat families, all were found to have lost the ability to synthesise it, and this loss may derive from a common bat ancestor, as a single mutation. At least two species of bat, the frugivorous bat ( 4122:

Flight has enabled bats to become one of the most widely distributed groups of mammals. Apart from the Arctic, the Antarctic and a few isolated oceanic islands, bats exist in almost every habitat on Earth. Tropical areas tend to have more species than temperate ones. Different species select

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to emit echolocation signals through the mouth or the nose. Microbat calls range in frequency from 14,000 to well over 100,000 Hz, extending well beyond the range of human hearing (between 20 and 20,000 Hz). Various groups of bats have evolved fleshy extensions around and above the

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decreases, is especially useful for bats, as they use a large amount of energy while active, depend upon an unreliable food source, and have a limited ability to store fat. They generally drop their body temperature in this state to 6–30 °C (43–86 °F), and may reduce their energy

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hundreds of kilometres to winter hibernation dens; others pass into torpor in cold weather, rousing and feeding when warm weather allows insects to be active. Others retreat to caves for winter and hibernate for as much as six months. Microbats rarely fly in rain; it interferes with their

4395:) hunt fish. They use echolocation to detect small ripples on the water's surface, swoop down and use specially enlarged claws on their hind feet to grab the fish, then take their prey to a feeding roost and consume it. At least two species of bat are known to feed on other bats: the 3379:

and a fatty subcutaneous layer, is very different from the skin of the wing membrane. Depending on the bat species the presence of hair follicles and sweat glands will vary in the patagium. This patagium is an extremely thin double layer of epidermis; these layers are separated by a

3991:, bats enter a torpid state and decrease their body temperature for 99.6% of their hibernation period; even during periods of arousal, when they return their body temperature to normal, they sometimes enter a shallow torpid state, known as "heterothermic arousal". Some bats 3910:

flow directly to the veins, bypassing the wing capillaries. This allows bats to control how much heat is exchanged through the flight membrane, allowing them to release heat during flight. Many other mammals use the capillary network in oversized ears for the same purpose.

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More positive depictions of bats exist in some cultures. In China, bats have been associated with happiness, joy and good fortune. Five bats are used to symbolise the "Five Blessings": longevity, wealth, health, love of virtue and peaceful death. The bat is sacred in

4764:) have shoulder glands that produce a spicy odour during the breeding season. Like many other species, they have hair specialised for retaining and dispersing secretions. Such hair forms a conspicuous collar around the necks of the some Old World megabat males. Male 4248:), may catch an insect in mid-air with the mouth, and eat it in the air or use their tail membranes or wings to scoop up the insect and carry it to the mouth. The bat may also take the insect back to its roost and eat it there. Slower moving bat species, such as the 12582:

Lorch, J. M.; Meteyer, C. U.; Behr, M. J.; Boyles, J. G.; Cryan, P. M.; Hicks, A. C.; Ballmann, A. E.; Coleman, J. T. H.; Redell, D. N.; Reeder, D. M.; .Blehert, D. S. (2011). "Experimental infection of bats with Geomyces destructans causes white-nose syndrome".

4157: 4156: 4153: 4158: 1162:, as a group, are quite old (most flea families formed around the end of the Cretaceous), but no analyses have provided estimates for the age of the flea lineages associated with bats. The oldest known members of a different lineage of bat ectoparasites ( 2459:

do not. Accordingly, megabats have a well-developed eyesight. Megabats have a claw on the second finger of the forelimb. The external ears of microbats do not close to form a ring; the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear. Megabats

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Insectivorous bats may eat over 120 percent of their body weight per day, while frugivorous bats may eat over twice their weight. They can travel significant distances each night, exceptionally as much as 38.5 km (24 mi) in the spotted bat (

4173:), in search of food. Bats use a variety of hunting strategies. Bats get most of their water from the food they eat; many species also drink from water sources like lakes and streams, flying over the surface and dipping their tongues into the water. 3363:. The muscles keep the membrane taut during flight. The extent to which the tail of a bat is attached to a patagium can vary by species, with some having completely free tails or even no tails. The skin on the body of the bat, which has one layer of 561:

Depending on the culture, bats may be symbolically associated with positive traits, such as protection from certain diseases or risks, rebirth, or long life, but in the West, bats are popularly associated with darkness, malevolence, witchcraft,

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probably alternated between flaps and glides in the air. This suggests that this bat did not fly as much as modern bats, but flew from tree to tree and spent most of its time climbing or hanging on branches. The distinctive features of the

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Speakman, J. R.; Rydell, J.; Webb, P. I.; Hayes, J. P.; Hays, G. C.; Hulbert, I. a. R.; McDevitt, R. M. (2000). "Activity patterns of insectivorous bats and birds in northern Scandinavia (69° N), during continuous midsummer daylight".

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Boyles, J. G.; McGuire, L. P.; Boyles, E.; Reimer, J. P.; Brooks, C. A.; Rutherford, R. W.; Rutherford, T. A.; Whitaker, J. O. Jr.; McCracken, G. F. (2016). "Physiological and behavioral adaptations in bats living at high latitudes".

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movements other than hanging or clambering up trees. Most megabats roost with the head tucked towards the belly, whereas most microbats roost with the neck curled towards the back. This difference is reflected in the structure of the

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only tensor muscle capable of aiding phonation. By comparing the outgoing pulse with the returning echoes, bats can gather information on their surroundings. This allows them to detect prey in darkness. Some bat calls can reach 140

4155: 3810:, which allows colour vision. Microbats may use their vision for orientation and while travelling between their roosting grounds and feeding grounds, as echolocation is effective only over short distances. Some species can detect 5134:, bats symbolised the land of the dead, destruction, and decay. An East Nigerian tale tells that the bat developed its nocturnal habits after causing the death of his partner, the bush-rat, and now hides by day to avoid arrest. 3861:(having a stable body temperature), the exception being the vesper bats (Vespertilionidae), the horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae), the free-tailed bats (Molossidae), and the bent-winged bats (Miniopteridae), which extensively use 3663: 4730:

have three phrases: chirps, trills and buzzes, the former having "A" and "B" syllables. Bat songs are highly stereotypical but with variation in syllable number, phrase order, and phrase repetitions between individuals. Among

4690:, where large numbers of bats congregate in one roosting area, along with breaking up and mixing of subgroups. Within these societies, bats are able to maintain long-term relationships. Some of these relationships consist of 550:; and since they are highly mobile, social, and long-lived, they can readily spread disease among themselves. If humans interact with bats, these traits become potentially dangerous to humans. Some bats are also predators of 13549:

Drosten, C.; Hu, B.; Zeng, L.-P.; Yang, X.-L.; Ge, Xing-Yi; Zhang, Wei; Li, Bei; Xie, J.-Z.; Shen, X.-R.; Zhang, Yun-Zhi; Wang, N.; Luo, D.-S.; Zheng, X.-S.; Wang, M.-N.; Daszak, P.; Wang, L.-F.; Cui, J.; Shi, Z.-L. (2017).

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had claws on all five of its fingers, whereas modern bats have at most two claws on two digits of each hand. It also had longer hind legs and shorter forearms, similar to climbing mammals that hang under branches, such as

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and contribution of barotrauma to bat deaths near wind turbine blades have been disputed by other research comparing dead bats found near wind turbines with bats killed by impact with buildings in areas with no turbines.

4353:, as pollen gets attached to their fur while they are feeding. Around 500 species of flowering plant rely on bat pollination and thus tend to open their flowers at night. Many rainforest plants depend on bat pollination. 3504:

of bats has varying adaptations depending on the species of bat and its diet. As in other flying animals, food is processed quickly and effectively to keep up with the energy demand. Insectivorous bats may have certain

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Gerardo, H.; Hobson, K. A.; Adriana, M. A.; Daniel, E. B.; Sanchez-Corero, V.; German, M. C. (2001). "The Role of Fruits and Insects in the Nutrition of Frugivorous Bats: Evaluating the Use of Stable Isotope Models".

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Roth, Steffen; Balvín, Ondřej; Siva-Jothy, Michael T.; Iorio, Osvaldo Di; Benda, Petr; Calva, Omar; Faundez, Eduardo I.; Khan, Faisal Ali Anwarali; McFadzen, Mary; Lehnert, Margie P.; Naylor, Richard (3 June 2019).

3392:. In some bat species sweat glands will be present in between this connective tissue. Furthermore, if hair follicles are present this supports the bat in order to adjust sudden flight maneuvers. For bat embryos, 5314:, is the summer home to North America's largest urban bat colony, an estimated 1,500,000 Mexican free-tailed bats. About 100,000 tourists a year visit the bridge at twilight to watch the bats leave the roost. 4772:) have sacs in their wings in which they mix body secretions like saliva and urine to create a perfume that they sprinkle on roost sites, a behaviour known as "salting". Salting may be accompanied by singing. 7046:; Zhu, Tengteng; Xue, Huiling; Fang, Na; Zhang, Junpeng; Zhang, Libiao; Pang, Jian; Teeling, Emma C.; Zhang, Shuyi (2017). "Prenatal development supports a single origin of laryngeal echolocation in bats". 5275:

billion per year in pesticides and damage to crops. This also prevents the overuse of pesticides, which can pollute the surrounding environment, and may lead to resistance in future generations of insects.

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were inconclusive on whether laryngeal echolocation was lost in the pteropodids or gained in the echolocating lineages. Echolocation probably first derived in bats from communicative calls. The Eocene bats

3895:) cope with temperatures up to 45 °C (113 °F) by panting, salivating, and licking their fur to promote evaporative cooling; this is sufficient to dissipate twice their metabolic heat production. 4652: 4742:

arguing when perched in close proximity to each other. The animals made slightly different sounds when communicating with different individual bats, especially those of the opposite sex. In the highly

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are known to capture bats, often waiting at the entrances of refuges, such as caves, for bats to fly past. J. Rydell and J. R. Speakman argue that bats evolved nocturnality during the early and middle

4385:) for example, is skilled at catching frogs. These bats locate large groups of frogs by tracking their mating calls, then plucking them from the surface of the water with their sharp canine teeth. The 3664: 4135:. Microbats are known to exhibit diurnal behaviour in temperate regions during summer when there is insufficient night time to forage, and in areas where there are few avian predators during the day. 3432:

in the two groups, which are clearly distinct. Tendons allow bats to lock their feet closed when hanging from a roost. Muscular power is needed to let go, but not to grasp a perch or when holding on.

5060:, making them more liable to fatal rupture. Bats may be attracted to turbines, perhaps seeking roosts, increasing the death rate. Acoustic deterrents may help to reduce bat mortality at wind farms. 4753:), males produce deep, resonating, monotonous calls to attract females. Bats in flight make vocal signals for traffic control. Greater bulldog bats honk when on a collision course with each other. 3999:

also decreases the duration of migration, which may prevent them from spending too much time in unfamiliar places, and decrease predation. In some species, pregnant individuals may not use torpor.

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Rollins, K.E.; Meyerholz, D.; Johnson, D.; Capparella, A.; Loew, S. (January 2012). "A Forensic Investigation Into the Etiology of Bat Mortality at a Wind Farm: Barotrauma or Traumatic Injury?".

15324:"Relationships between Bats and Wind Turbines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia: An Assessment of Fatality Search Protocols, Patterns of Fatality, and Behavioral Interactions with Wind Turbines" 4858:

The maximum lifespan of bats is three-and-a-half times longer than other mammals of similar size. Six species have been recorded to live over thirty years in the wild: the brown long-eared bat (

3615: 3282:; the bending stresses felt are smaller than in terrestrial mammals, but the shearing stress is larger. The wing bones of bats have a slightly lower breaking stress point than those of birds. 3293:

of the wing, and the other digits support the tension held in the wing membrane. The second and third digits go along the wing tip, allowing the wing to be pulled forward against aerodynamic

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includes the other families of bats (all of which use laryngeal echolocation), a conclusion supported by a 2005 DNA study. A 2013 phylogenomic study supported the two new proposed suborders.

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in countries across Africa, Asia and the Pacific Rim. In some cases, such as in Guam, flying foxes have become endangered through being hunted for food. There is evidence that suggests that

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and other insect management measures. They are sometimes numerous enough and close enough to human settlements to serve as tourist attractions, and they are used as food across Asia and the

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follow their hosts while short-tailed bats developed in the absence of terrestrial mammal competitors. Enhanced terrestrial locomotion does not appear to have reduced their ability to fly.

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In this paper we describe the isolation of HeV from pteropid bats, corroborating our serological and epidemiological evidence that these animals are a natural reservoir host of this virus.

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at hibernation sites as autumn approaches. This may serve to introduce young to hibernation sites, signal reproduction in adults and allow adults to breed with those from other groups.

3774:

By repeated scanning, bats can mentally construct an accurate image of the environment in which they are moving and of their prey. Some species of moth have exploited this, such as the

855: 4154: 3833:, as birds do. Microbats use a polarity-based compass, meaning that they differentiate north from south, unlike birds, which use the strength of the magnetic field to differentiate 3662: 3305:, and repel the bending force caused by air pushing up against the stiff membrane. Due to their flexible joints, bats are more maneuverable and more dexterous than gliding mammals. 5076: 15697: 3613: 2343:. This palm-sized bat had short, broad wings, suggesting that it could not fly as fast or as far as later bat species. Instead of flapping its wings continuously while flying, 979: 4914:

lifespan than non-roosting species because of the decreased predation in caves. A male Siberian bat was recaptured in the wild after 41 years, making it the oldest known bat.

11939:

Hodgkison, R.; Balding, S. T.; Zuibad, A.; Kunz, T. H. (2003). "Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) as Seed Dispersers and Pollinators in a Lowland Malaysian Rain Forest".

3817:

Megabat species often have eyesight as good as, if not better than, human vision. Their eyesight is adapted to both night and daylight vision, including some colour vision.

470:, bats comprise about 20% of all classified mammal species worldwide, with over 1,400 species. These were traditionally divided into two suborders: the largely fruit-eating 12435:"Bat parasites (Acari, Anoplura, Cestoda, Diptera, Hemiptera, Nematoda, Siphonaptera, Trematoda) in France (1762–2018): a literature review and contribution to a checklist" 11526:

Wray, Amy K.; Jusino, Michelle A.; Banik, Mark T.; Palmer, Jonathan M.; Kaarakka, Heather; White, J. Paul; Lindner, Daniel L.; Gratton, Claudio; Peery, M Zachariah (2018).

8680: 4807:

For temperate living bats, mating takes place in late summer and early autumn. Tropical bats may mate during the dry season. After copulation, the male may leave behind a

13194:

We find evidence of asymptomatic infection by Ebola virus in three species of megabats, indicating that these animals may be acting as a reservoir for this deadly virus.

3328:

are delicate, tearing easily, but can regrow, and small tears heal quickly. The surface of the wings is equipped with touch-sensitive receptors on small bumps called

154: 12329: 4260:

insects from vegetation or hunt them from perches. Insectivorous bats living at high latitudes have to consume prey with higher energetic value than tropical bats.

14999: 10472:

Geiser, F.; Stawski, C. (2011). "Hibernation and Torpor in Tropical and Subtropical Bats in Relation to Energetics, Extinctions, and the Evolution of Endothermy".

5182:, the bat is often a symbol of the night and its foreboding nature. The bat is a primary animal associated with fictional characters of the night, both villainous 3614: 9158: 7183: 6565:; Springer, M. S.; Madsen, O.; Bates, P.; O'Brien, S. J.; Murphy, W. J. (2005). "A Molecular Phylogeny for Bats Illuminates Biogeography and the Fossil Record". 4738:), females produce loud, broadband calls among their roost mates to form group cohesion. Calls differ between roosting groups and may arise from vocal learning. 3343:

is the wing membrane; it is stretched between the arm and finger bones, and down the side of the body to the hind limbs and tail. This skin membrane consists of

12166: 6616:

Simmons, N. B.; Seymour, K. L.; Habersetzer, J.; Gunnell, G. F. (2008). "Primitive early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation".

5691:

Simmons, N. B.; Seymour, K. L.; Habersetzer, J.; Gunnell, G. F. (2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation".

5033:

have been converted to make roosts for bats, and purpose-built bat houses are occasionally built to mitigate damage to habitat from road or other developments.

11848:(shown lapping sugar water from a tube) has the longest tongue, relative to body length, of any mammal – and now scientists think they know why. 3902:

valves on the arterial side of the vascular network that runs along the edge of their wings. When fully open, these allow oxygenated blood to flow through the

6472: 6545: 5153: 3782:

ultrasound signals to warn bats that they are chemically protected and therefore distasteful. Moth species including the tiger moth can produce signals to

12258: 11202:"Into the light: atypical diurnal foraging activity of Blyth's horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus lepidus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) on Tioman Island, Malaysia" 3790:, which responds to an incoming bat signal by causing the moth's flight muscles to twitch erratically, sending the moth into random evasive manoeuvres. 17086: 13218:

Long known as vectors for rabies, bats may be the origin of some of the most deadly emerging viruses, including SARS, Ebola, Nipah, Hendra and Marburg.

6341:

Zhu, Qiyun; Hastriter, Michael; Whiting, Michael; Dittmar, Katherina (September 2015). "Fleas (Siphonaptera) are Cretaceous, and Evolved with Theria".

2441:

gave them their own order, Chiroptera. Since then, the number of described species has risen to over 1,400, traditionally classified as two suborders:

11824: 5893: 5014:) are still eaten by the local communities. Humans have caused the extinction of several species of bat in modern history, the most recent being the 4994:

aim to increase awareness of bats' ecological roles and the environmental threats they face. In the United Kingdom, all bats are protected under the

3289:

is the main component of the forearm. Bats have five elongated digits, which all radiate around the wrist. The thumb points forward and supports the

157: 6232:

Bailey, W. J.; Slightom, J. L.; Goodman, M. (1992). "Rejection of the "Flying Primate" Hypothesis by Phylogenetic Evidence from the ε-globin Gene".

156: 9920: 8843:

Jürgens, Klaus Dieter; Bartels, Heinz; Bartels, Rut (1981). "Blood oxygen transport and organ weights of small bats and small non-flying mammals".

3469:

cycle has a one-to-one relationship with the wing-beat cycle. Because of the limits of mammalian lungs, bats cannot maintain high-altitude flight.

12710: 6811:; Scally, M.; Kao, D. J.; Romagnoli, M. L.; Springer, M. S. (2000). "Molecular evidence regarding the origin of echolocation and flight in bats". 3179:

the cheek-teeth are reduced. In fruit-eating bats, the cusps of the cheek teeth are adapted for crushing. The upper incisors of vampire bats lack

16914: 5259:

Insectivorous bats in particular are especially helpful to farmers, as they control populations of agricultural pests and reduce the need to use

5030: 3517:, which is a large component of insects. Vampire bats, probably due to their diet of blood, are the only vertebrates that do not have the enzyme 13602: 12556: 15930: 13537:

The genetic diversity of bat-derived sequences supports the notion that bats are a natural reservoir host of the SARS cluster of coronaviruses.

5029:

bat house is the largest occupied artificial roost in the world, with around 400,000 residents. In Britain, thickwalled and partly underground

775:, both of which lived 48 million years ago, are the first fossil mammals whose colouration has been discovered: both were reddish-brown. 16966: 16088: 13330:

Olival, Kevin J.; Weekley, Cristin C.; Daszak, Peter (2015). "Are Bats Really 'Special' as Viral Reservoirs? What We Know and Need to Know".

10416:

Licht, Paul; Leitner, Philip (1967). "Physiological responses to high environmental temperatures in three species of microchiropteran bats".

4679:

lives an almost completely solitary life. Living in large colonies lessens the risk to an individual of predation. Temperate bat species may

2449:(microbats/echolocating bats). Not all megabats are larger than microbats. Several characteristics distinguish the two groups. Microbats use 2389:

seem to favour the idea that echolocation developed independently at least twice, rather than being lost secondarily in the pteropodids, but

744:

that lived have been found in the fossil record. Most of the oldest known bat fossils were already very similar to modern microbats, such as

16235: 8345:

Sterbing-D'Angelo, Susanne; Chadha, Mohit; Chiu, Chen; Falk, Ben; Xian, Wei; Barcelo, Janna; Zook, John M.; Moss, Cynthia F. (5 July 2011).

3665: 538:. However, fruit bats are frequently considered pests by fruit growers. Due to their physiology, bats are one type of animal that acts as a 153: 10761: 5752:

Rietbergen, Tim B.; Ostende, Lars W. van den Hoek; Aase, Arvid; Jones, Matthew F.; Medeiros, Edward D.; Simmons, Nancy B. (12 April 2023).

5095:

in various traditions. In many cultures, including in Europe, bats are associated with darkness, death, witchcraft, and malevolence. Among

4615:

groups did not have any impact on the probability of harboring zoonotic viruses. Instead, more diverse groups had greater viral diversity.

15701: 15097: 15290: 13675: 12293:

Rydell, J.; Speakman, J. R. (1995). "Evolution of nocturnality in bats: Potential competitors and predators during their early history".

9798:

Strauß, J.; Lakes-Harlan, R. (2014). "Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Origins of Tympanal Hearing Organs in Insects". In Hedwig, B. (ed.).

3249:

The finger bones of bats are much more flexible than those of other mammals, owing to their flattened cross-section and to low levels of

8581:

Jones, T. W. (1852). "Discovery That the Veins of the Bat's Wing (Which are Furnished with Valves) are Endowed with Rythmical [

5426: 17076: 16129: 15944: 1142:

by anatomical features not shared with microbats and thus flight evolved twice in mammals. Genetic studies have strongly supported the

13974:"An observation of homosexual fellatio in the Indian Flying Fox Pteropus medius (Temminck, 1825) (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)" 12809: 12087:

Schnitzler, H.-U.; Kalko, E. K. V.; Kaipf, I.; Grinnell, A. D. (1994). "Fishing and Echolocation Behavior of the Greater Bulldog Bat,

4240:) fly hundreds of metres above the ground in central Texas to feed on migrating moths. Species that hunt insects in flight, like the 11601:"Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis: Molossidae, Chiroptera) at high altitude: Links to migratory insect populations" 16888: 12754:

Frick, W. F.; Pollock, J. F.; Hicks, A. C.; Langwig, K. E.; Reynolds, D. S.; Turner, G. G.; Butchkoski, C. M.; Kunz, T. H. (2010).

155: 5509: 4196:

Most microbats, especially in temperate areas, prey on insects. The diet of an insectivorous bat may span many species, including

516:. Bats are present throughout the world, with the exception of extremely cold regions. They are important in their ecosystems for 16927: 10976: 9577: 5958:"A Nuclear DNA Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Echolocation and Historical Biogeography of Extant Bats (Chiroptera)" 5299:. At the time, it was believed that the nitrate all came from the bat guano, but it is now known that most of it is produced by 152: 15781: 8688: 5486: 17066: 15859: 7747:

Torres, Diego A.; Freitas, Mariella B.; da Matta, Sérgio L. P.; Novaes, Rômulo D.; Gonçalves, Reggiani Vilela (28 March 2019).

5307: 377:. Bats are more agile in flight than most birds, flying with their very long spread-out digits covered with a thin membrane or 15977: 14879: 12892:

The currently known viruses that have been found in bats are reviewed and the risks of transmission to humans are highlighted.

8123: 2053:

Internal relationships of the Chiroptera, divided into the traditional megabat and microbat clades, according to a 2011 study

16945: 16187: 16071: 16003:

Boyles, Justin G.; Cryan, Paul M.; McCracken, Gary F.; Kunz, Thomas H. (2011). "Economic Importance of Bats in Agriculture".

15820: 15764: 15630: 15169: 14489: 14450: 13014: 12540: 12510: 12242: 11746: 11018: 10569: 10456: 9844: 9815: 9108: 8887: 8231: 7930: 7494: 7409: 7231: 6717: 6466: 5096: 16932: 15323: 8794:

Ben-Hamo, Miriam; Muñoz-Garcia, Agustí; Larrain, Paloma; Pinshow, Berry; Korine, Carmi; Williams, Joseph B. (29 June 2016).

8304:

Greville, Lucas J; Ceballos-Vasquez, Alejandra; Valdizón-Rodríguez, Roberto; Caldwell, John R; Faure, Paul A (16 May 2018).

13552:"Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus" 4804:, where males aggregate and compete for female choice through display, is rare in bats but occurs in the hammerheaded bat. 11345:

Rabe, M. J.; et al. (June 1998). "Long Foraging Distance for a Spotted Bat (Euderma Maculatum) in Northern Arizona".

9165: 5843:"Chemical, experimental, and morphological evidence for diagenetically altered melanin in exceptionally preserved fossils" 2300:

Internal relationships of the Chiroptera, with the megabats subsumed within Yinpterochiroptera, according to a 2013 study

14506: 12321: 3536:

of bats vary with their diets. Carnivorous and vampire bats consume large amounts of protein and can output concentrated

3436: 2501:

Below is a table chart following the bat classification of families recognized by various authors of the ninth volume of

1821: 15006: 8306:"Wound healing in wing membranes of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus)" 6066:"Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals" 5902:"Phylogenetic relationships among recent chiropteran families and the importance of choosing appropriate out-group taxa" 4851:

The bat scientist Lauri Lutsar is checking the age of the bat he is holding as part of a national monitoring program in

16206: 16168: 15614: 15535: 15510: 14943: 14630: 14581: 14541: 14516: 13465: 13347: 12810:"White-Nose Syndrome Confirmed in Illinois Bats: Illinois becomes 20th state in U.S. to confirm deadly disease in bats" 11121: 8630:

Dongaonkar, R. M.; Quick, C. M.; Vo, J. C.; Meisner, J. K.; Laine, G. A.; Davis, M. J.; Stewart, R. H. (15 June 2012).

7442: 7384: 7286:

Holland, R. A. (2004). "Echolocation signal structure in the Megachiropteran bat Rousettus aegyptiacus Geoffroy 1810".

7167: 15245: 7191: 5819: 16283: 12197: 10827: 6454: 5329: 4620: 5373: 4504: 3879:

uses saliva and wing-fanning to cool itself while roosting during the hottest part of the day. Among microbats, the

17028: 16867: 13724:"Bats are able to maintain long-term social relationships despite the high fission–fusion dynamics of their groups" 12661: 11640: 9526:

Pavey, C. R.; Burwell, C. J. (1998). "Bat Predation on Eared Moths: A Test of the Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis".

7873:

Kirkpatrick, S. J. (1994). "Scale effects on the stresses and safety factors in the wing bones of birds and bats".

16247: 14915:

in Singapore – past and present records, with highlights on its unique morphology (Microchiroptera: Molossidae)".

12930:

Bats, which represent approximately 24% of all known mammalian species, frequently act as vectors of lyssaviruses.

917: 16971: 16880: 11860:

Arita, H. T.; Santos-Del-Prado, K.; Arita, H.T. (1999). "Conservation Biology of Nectar-Feeding Bats in Mexico".

4288:

trees, which may take root and grow where the bats have left them, and many species of plants depend on bats for

4078: 2310: 442: 11443:

Jenness, R.; Birney, E.; Ayaz, K. (1980). "Variation of L-gulonolactone oxidase activity in placental mammals".

11241:

Moore, N. W. (1975). "The diurnal flight of the Azorean bat (Nyctalus azoreum) and the avifauna of the Azores".

5918: 5901: 4606:, whose natural reservoir is yet unknown. Their high mobility, broad distribution, long life spans, substantial 8163:

Sterbing-D'Angelo, S.; Chadha, M.; Chiu, C.; Falk, B.; Xian, W.; Barcelo, J.; Zook, J. M.; Moss, C. F. (2011).

4991: 4337:

Nectar-eating bats have acquired specialised adaptations. These bats possess long muzzles and long, extensible

12265: 9694:

Hristov, N. I.; Conner, W. E. (2005). "Sound strategy: acoustic aposematism in the bat–tiger moth arms race".

7552:"Beyond size – morphological predictors of bite force in a diverse insectivorous bat assemblage from Malaysia" 16953: 12634: 9594:

K., Roman (2009). "Model predicts bat pinna ridges focus high frequencies to form narrow sensitivity beams".

6461:. Cambridge Evolution Ser. (1 ed.). Cambridge University: Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–222. 3485:

can be up to three times larger, and pump more blood. Cardiac output is directly derived from heart rate and

3336:. Insectivorous bats may also use tactile hairs to help perform complex maneuvers to capture prey in flight. 526:

Bats provide humans with some direct benefits, at the cost of some disadvantages. Bat dung has been mined as

12065: 11798: 9306:

Teeling, E. C.; Madsen, O; Van Den Bussche, R. A.; de Jong, W. W.; Stanhope, M. J.; Springer, M. S. (2002).

7643:

McCracken, G. F.; Safi, K.; Kunz, T. H.; Dechmann, D. K. N.; Swartz, S. M.; Wikelski, M. (9 November 2016).

11832: 10797: 8796:"The cutaneous lipid composition of bat wing and tail membranes: a case of convergent evolution with birds" 7949:

Marshall, K. L.; Chadha, M.; deSouza, L. A.; Sterbing-D'Angelo, S. J.; Moss, C. F.; Lumpkin, E. A. (2015).

5015: 4995: 4757: 4563: 3267: 17: 14648:"Hibernation is associated with increased survival and the evolution of slow life histories among mammals" 14008:

Bohn, K. M.; Schmidt-French, Barbara; Schwartz, Christine; Smotherman, Michael; Pollak, George D. (2009).

13308: 12684: 12353:"Snakes preying on bats: new records from Brazil and a review of recorded cases in the Neotropical Region" 11985:

Popa-Lisseanu, A. G.; Delgado-Huertas, A.; Forero, M. G.; Rodríguez, A.; Arlettaz, R.; Ibáñez, C. (2007).

5243:. Texas and Oklahoma are represented by the Mexican free-tailed bat, while Virginia is represented by the 4489:, and at roosts from terrestrial predators able to climb, such as cats. Low-flying bats are vulnerable to 3814:(UV). As the bodies of some microbats have distinct coloration, they may be able to discriminate colours. 3253:

near their tips. The elongation of bat digits, a key feature required for wing development, is due to the

16940: 16810: 16797: 15889: 14192:"The Social Organization of the Common Vampire Bat II: Mating system, genetic structure, and relatedness" 13614: 13150:

Leroy, E. M.; Kumulungui, B.; Pourrut, X.; Rouque, P. (2005). "Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus".

13110: 9308:"Microbat paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in Old World rhinolophoid microbats" 3317: 2801: 2438: 765: 512:, and many roost in caves or other refuges; it is uncertain whether bats have these behaviours to escape 254: 54: 10075:

Wang, D.; Oakley, T.; Mower, J.; Shimmin, L. C.; Yim, S.; Honeycutt, R. L.; Tsao, H.; Li, W. H. (2004).

9928: 1375: 17081: 15836: 15728: 9860:

Takanashi, Takuma; Nakano, Ryo; Surlykke, A.; Tatsuta, H.; Tabata, J.; Ishikawa, Y.; Skals, N. (2010).

4934: 4687: 4667:

Some bats lead solitary lives, while others live in colonies of more than a million. For instance, the

3258: 958: 171: 17033: 17020: 16815: 6733:

Bishop, K. L. (2008). "The Evolution of Flight in Bats: Narrowing the Field of Plausible Hypotheses".

5356: 3472: 16981: 12560: 11599:

McCracken, G. F.; Gillam, E. H.; Westbrook, J. K.; Lee, Y. F.; Jensen, M. L.; Balsley, B. B. (2008).

7749:"Is bone loss a physiological cost of reproduction in the Great fruit-eating bat Artibeus lituratus?" 3830: 3655: 1135: 14479: 13882: 12485: 10320:"Trapped in the darkness of the night: thermal and energetic constraints of daylight flight in bats" 5263:. It has been estimated that bats save the agricultural industry of the United States anywhere from 4702:), and these strengthen social bonds. Homosexual fellatio has been observed in the Bonin Flying Fox 2896: 984: 756:(55-56 million years ago), both known only from isolated teeth. The oldest complete bat skeleton is 15108: 13221:

Note: This is a lay summary of the various scientific publications cited in the preceding sentence.

12707:"Canada : Environment Canada Announces Funding to Fight Threat of White-nose Syndrome to Bats" 10507:

Stawski, C.; Geiser, F. (2010). "Fat and Fed: Frequent Use of Summer Torpor in a Subtropical Bat".

8476:

Fenton, M. B.; Crerar, L. M. (1984). "Cervical Vertebrae in Relation to Roosting Posture in Bats".

4675:

every March to October which plays home to an astonishing twenty million of the species, whereas a

4444: 4440: 4008: 1312: 386: 16103: 15139:. Madison, WI: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory 15075: 15053: 14232:

Thomas, D. W.; Fenton, M. R.; Barclay, R. M. R. (1979). "Social Behavior of the Little Brown Bat,

12997:

Brüssow, H. (2012). "On Viruses, Bats and Men: A Natural History of Food-Borne Viral Infections".

10393: 8913:"Molecular cloning and evolutionary analysis of the GJA1 (connexin43) gene from bats (Chiroptera)" 16232: 13771:

Fornůsková, A; Petit, E. J.; Bartonička, T.; Kaňuch, P.; Butet, A.; Řehák, Z.; Bryja, J. (2014).

13365:"Viral zoonotic risk is homogenous among taxonomic orders of mammalian and avian reservoir hosts" 8459: 7999: 5240: 4832: 4731: 4723: 4668: 3969: 3333: 3222: 15606: 15600: 14959: 14135:"Everyday bat vocalizations contain information about emitter, addressee, context, and behavior" 12756:"An Emerging Disease Causes Regional Population Collapse of a Common North American Bat Species" 11528:"Incidence and taxonomic richness of mosquitoes in the diets of little brown and big brown bats" 10775: 6166:"Comparative Analysis of Bat Genomes Provides Insight into the Evolution of Flight and Immunity" 3476:

The wings are highly vascularized membranes, the larger blood vessels visible against the light.

489:, with megabats as members of the former along with several species of microbats. Many bats are 17061: 17007: 16737: 15756: 15750: 15428:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station. pp. 1–5. 13877: 12234: 12227: 11987:"Bats' Conquest of a Formidable Foraging Niche: The Myriads of Nocturnally Migrating Songbirds" 10388: 10367:

Ochoa-Acuña, H.; Kunz, T.H. (1999). "Thermoregulatory behavior in the small island flying fox,

8712:"What it takes to fly: the structural and functional respiratory refinements in birds and bats" 7434: 7376: 5349: 5244: 5003: 4875: 4765: 4342: 3977: 3560:

system, and removal of wastes and toxins from the body via urine. They are also susceptible to

657: 555: 7918: 7219: 7155: 6707: 5754:"The oldest known bat skeletons and their implications for Eocene chiropteran diversification" 4501:

period to avoid predators. The evidence is thought by some zoologists to be equivocal so far.

3585: 3419: 17071: 17002: 16276: 16063: 15671: 15159: 14699: 13915:"Homosexual fellatio: erect penis licking between male Bonin Flying Foxes Pteropus pselaphon" 10939: 10559: 10444: 6539: 5236: 5026: 4899: 4883: 4554: 3603: 3567:

The structure of the uterine system in female bats can vary by species, with some having two

3553: 2671: 2493: 2321: 2066:, and belong within the four major lines of microbats. Two new suborders have been proposed; 771: 725: 50: 16994: 16919: 16133: 15960: 14191: 8587:] Contractility, and That the Onward Flow of Blood is Accelerated by Each Contraction". 7426: 7368: 6009:

Pumo, D. E.; et al. (1998). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome of a Neotropical Fruit Bat,

5934: 5575: 16836: 16784: 16775: 16012: 15370: 15354: 15198: 14761: 14146: 14021: 13926: 13502: 13376: 13161: 12861: 12826: 12767: 12592: 12181: 11998: 11948: 11905: 11397: 11174: 10855: 10680: 10516: 10380: 10178: 10026: 9963: 9873: 9703: 9649: 9603: 9535: 9379: 9319: 9260: 9123: 9058: 8358: 8176: 7827: 7760: 7656: 7563: 7338: 7110: 7055: 6997: 6938: 6879: 6820: 6625: 6574: 6494:

Agnarsson, I.; Zambrana-Torrelio, C. M.; Flores-Saldana, N. P.; May-Collado, L. J. (2011).

6358: 6350: 6289: 6241: 6177: 6022: 5854: 5765: 5700: 5587: 5157: 5147: 4813: 4249: 3875: 3866: 3783: 3767: 3744: 3208: 3184: 1045: 43: 15297: 14832: 14404:

Mares, M. A.; Wilson, D. E. (1971). "Bat Reproduction during the Costa Rican Dry Season".

13858: 11560: 9862:"Variation in Courtship Ultrasounds of Three Ostrinia Moths with Different Sex Pheromones" 5420: 4591: 4547:, possibly due to competition from more specialised parasites that occupy the same niche. 4519:

As are most mammals, bats are hosts to a number of internal and external parasites. Among

4377:

Some bats prey on other vertebrates, such as fish, frogs, lizards, birds and mammals. The

1166:), however, are from roughly 20 mya, well after the origin of bats. The bat-ectoparasitic 8: 16676:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) 16655:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) 16256: 13212: 9950:

Müller, B.; Glösmann, M.; Peichl, L.; Knop, G. C.; Hagemann, C.; Ammermüller, J. (2009).

7264: 5300: 4797: 4789: 4572: 4550: 4513: 4386: 4366: 3561: 2450: 763:(52 million years ago), known from two skeletons discovered in Wyoming. The extinct bats 475: 16016: 15374: 15202: 14765: 14150: 14025: 13990: 13973: 13930: 13506: 13380: 13165: 12771: 12732: 12596: 12185: 12086: 12002: 11952: 11909: 11401: 11296: 11178: 10859: 10684: 10620:"How to Keep Cool in a Hot Desert: Torpor in Two Species of Free-Ranging Bats in Summer" 10520: 10384: 10182: 10030: 9967: 9877: 9707: 9653: 9607: 9539: 9383: 9323: 9264: 9127: 9062: 8362: 8180: 7831: 7764: 7660: 7567: 7342: 7114: 7059: 7001: 6942: 6883: 6824: 6677: 6629: 6578: 6354: 6293: 6245: 6181: 6026: 5858: 5796: 5769: 5753: 5704: 5591: 4942:

Conservation statuses of bats as of 2020 according to the IUCN (1,314 species in total)

4341:

covered in fine bristles that aid them in feeding on particular flowers and plants. The

3083: 1800: 1154:

An independent molecular analysis trying to establish the dates when bat ectoparasites (

826:. One study places Chiroptera as a sister taxon to odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla). 16036: 15981: 15924: 15464: 15404: 15355:

Baerwald, E. F.; D'Amours, G.H.; Klug, Brandon J.; Barclay, R. M. R. (26 August 2008).

15224: 14784: 14749: 14730: 14672: 14647: 14421: 14378: 14261: 14253: 14214: 14167: 14134: 14110: 14085: 14044: 14009: 13949: 13914: 13895: 13834: 13809: 13748: 13723: 13648: 13578: 13551: 13528: 13447: 13399: 13364: 13292:

Despite concerted investigative efforts, the natural reservoir of the virus is unknown.

13185: 13081: 13056: 13020: 12974: 12949: 12878: 12849: 12791: 12616: 12469: 12434: 12415: 12306: 12108: 12069: 12021: 11986: 11964: 11960: 11921: 11917: 11877: 11802: 11727: 11674:

Fitt, G. P. (1989). "The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agro-ecosystems".

11420: 11385: 11354: 11254: 11223: 11150: 11089: 11064: 10878: 10843: 10703: 10668: 10644: 10619: 10540: 10344: 10319: 10250: 10225: 10201: 10166: 10142: 10117: 10049: 10010: 9986: 9951: 9896: 9861: 9775: 9746: 9727: 9673: 9570: 9551: 9508: 9454: 9429: 9370:

Muller, R. (2004). "A numerical study of the role of the tragus in the big brown bat".

9283: 9248: 9081: 9046: 9022: 9005: 8981: 8956: 8820: 8795: 8656: 8631: 8612: 8604: 8563: 8523:

Riskin, D. K.; Parsons, S.; Schutt, W. A. Jr.; Carter, G. G.; Hermanson, J. W. (2006).

8493: 8389: 8346: 8281: 8248: 8199: 8164: 8099: 8074: 8047: 8022: 7975: 7950: 7850: 7815: 7791: 7748: 7729: 7677: 7644: 7620: 7595: 7532: 7311: 7268: 7131: 7098: 7079: 7020: 6985: 6961: 6926: 6844: 6789: 6758: 6659: 6598: 6522: 6495: 6435: 6384: 6323: 6211: 6198: 6165: 6090: 6065: 6046: 5877: 5842: 5734: 5663: 5630: 5611: 5556: 5192: 4923: 4793: 4424: 4391: 4293: 4273: 3961: 3759: 3465: 3453: 3440: 3279: 2524: 2406: 2154: 2067: 819: 579: 523:

and dispersing seeds; many tropical plants depend entirely on bats for these services.

482: 382: 288: 166: 15552: 13891: 12193: 11186: 11046: 10972: 10402: 9342: 9307: 7350: 5531:

Eiting, T. P.; Gunnell, G. F. (2009). "Global completeness of the bat fossil record".

3837:, which may be used in long-distance travel. The mechanism is unknown but may involve 3461:

lightweight, bats are not at risk of blood flow rushing to their heads when roosting.

1945: 16989: 16823: 16644: 16202: 16183: 16164: 16067: 16056: 16028: 15947:[Study of the shields collected in the border of the board of the judiciary] 15816: 15789: 15760: 15724: 15610: 15531: 15506: 15456: 15396: 15388: 15216: 15165: 14939: 14854: 14789: 14722: 14718: 14677: 14626: 14577: 14537: 14512: 14485: 14446: 14172: 14115: 14049: 13954: 13839: 13753: 13685: 13583: 13520: 13493: 13439: 13404: 13343: 13283: 13177: 13129: 13086: 13010: 12979: 12921: 12904:

McColl, K. A.; Tordo, N.; Setien Aquilar, A. A. (2000). "Bat lyssavirus infections".

12883: 12783: 12608: 12536: 12506: 12474: 12456: 12407: 12238: 12073: 12026: 11925: 11806: 11719: 11622: 11559:

Patriquin, Krista J; Guy, Cylita; Hinds, Joshua; Ratcliffe, John M (1 January 2019).

11496: 11456: 11425: 11117: 11094: 11014: 10883: 10823: 10728:"Patterns of daily torpor and day-roost selection by male and female big brown bats ( 10708: 10649: 10565: 10532: 10489: 10452: 10429: 10349: 10255: 10206: 10147: 10098: 10054: 9991: 9901: 9840: 9811: 9780: 9719: 9677: 9665: 9619: 9500: 9459: 9395: 9347: 9288: 9139: 9086: 9027: 8986: 8972: 8934: 8893: 8883: 8860: 8856: 8825: 8733: 8661: 8555: 8429: 8394: 8376: 8327: 8286: 8268: 8264: 8227: 8204: 8104: 8052: 7980: 7926: 7890: 7855: 7813: 7796: 7778: 7721: 7682: 7642: 7625: 7490: 7438: 7427: 7405: 7380: 7369: 7303: 7248: 7227: 7163: 7136: 7071: 7025: 6966: 6907: 6902: 6867: 6848: 6836: 6750: 6713: 6651: 6590: 6527: 6462: 6427: 6376: 6327: 6315: 6307: 6257: 6203: 6145: 6124:"Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats (Chiroptera)" 6095: 6038: 5979: 5882: 5801: 5783: 5726: 5668: 5650: 5603: 5548: 5224: 5209: 5080: 4891: 4746: 4743: 4631:, one of which developed into the SARS virus. However, they neither cause nor spread 4580: 4378: 4169: 3456:. They seem to make use of particularly strong venomotion, a rhythmic contraction of 3429: 3381: 3344: 3020: 2377: 1491: 1113: 1019: 815: 539: 16040: 15863: 15468: 15408: 15228: 14265: 14218: 13899: 13451: 13024: 12795: 12419: 12369: 12352: 12112: 11968: 11731: 11227: 9731: 8911:

Wang, LI; Li, Gang; Wang, Jinhong; Ye, Shaohui; Jones, Gareth; Zhang, Shuyi (2009).

8616: 8567: 7733: 7702:"Bat wing structures important for aerodynamics and rigidity (Mammalia, Chiroptera)" 7272: 7083: 6793: 6762: 6602: 6439: 6403: 6388: 6278:"Bedbugs Evolved before Their Bat Hosts and Did Not Co-speciate with Ancient Humans" 6215: 6050: 5631:"The earliest Asian bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) address major gaps in bat evolution" 5615: 4671:

fly for more than one thousand miles to the 100-foot (30 m) wide cave known as

3806:, meaning that they can detect light only in low levels, whereas other mammals have 3525:, in their intestinal tract. Nectivorous and frugivorous bats have more maltase and 575: 530:

from caves and used as fertiliser. Bats consume insect pests, reducing the need for

501:(nectar-eaters). A few species feed on animals other than insects; for example, the 16789: 16665: 16406: 16343: 16269: 16020: 15448: 15378: 15206: 14886: 14779: 14769: 14714: 14667: 14659: 14413: 14374: 14341: 14296: 14245: 14206: 14162: 14154: 14105: 14097: 14039: 14029: 13985: 13944: 13934: 13887: 13829: 13821: 13788: 13743: 13735: 13573: 13563: 13532: 13510: 13431: 13394: 13384: 13335: 13273: 13207: 13189: 13169: 13152: 13119: 13106:"Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus" 13076: 13068: 13002: 12969: 12961: 12945: 12913: 12873: 12865: 12775: 12620: 12600: 12464: 12446: 12397: 12364: 12302: 12189: 12100: 12061: 12016: 12006: 11956: 11913: 11869: 11794: 11711: 11683: 11612: 11572: 11539: 11486: 11452: 11415: 11405: 11250: 11213: 11182: 11146: 11084: 11076: 10954: 10918: 10873: 10863: 10743: 10698: 10688: 10639: 10631: 10598: 10544: 10524: 10481: 10425: 10398: 10339: 10331: 10286: 10245: 10237: 10196: 10186: 10137: 10129: 10088: 10044: 10034: 9981: 9971: 9891: 9881: 9803: 9770: 9762: 9711: 9657: 9640:

Corcoran, A. J.; Barber, J. R.; Conner, W. E. (2009). "Tiger moth jams bat sonar".

9611: 9543: 9490: 9449: 9441: 9387: 9337: 9327: 9278: 9268: 9215: 9131: 9076: 9066: 9045:

Strobel, S.; Roswag, A.; Becker, N. I.; Trenczek, T. E.; Encarnação, J. A. (2013).

9017: 8976: 8968: 8924: 8852: 8815: 8807: 8764: 8723: 8651: 8643: 8596: 8547: 8485: 8421: 8384: 8366: 8317: 8276: 8260: 8194: 8184: 8146: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8042: 8034: 7970: 7962: 7882: 7845: 7835: 7816:"Development of bat flight: Morphologic and molecular evolution of bat wing digits" 7786: 7768: 7713: 7672: 7664: 7615: 7607: 7571: 7522: 7346: 7315: 7295: 7260: 7126: 7118: 7099:"Phylogenomic analyses of bat subordinal relationships based on transcriptome data" 7063: 7015: 7005: 6956: 6946: 6897: 6887: 6828: 6781: 6742: 6663: 6641: 6633: 6582: 6517: 6507: 6493: 6419: 6368: 6297: 6249: 6193: 6185: 6135: 6085: 6077: 6030: 5969: 5913: 5872: 5862: 5791: 5773: 5738: 5716: 5708: 5658: 5642: 5595: 5560: 5540: 4660: 4509: 4241: 4213: 4139: 4043: in) long with a 150-millimetre (6 in) wingspan and weighs 2–2.6 g ( 3826: 3557: 3506: 3501: 3490: 3286: 3166: 3132: 2633: 2412: 2083: 1940: 1333: 1264: 850: 334: 39: 16802: 16089:"Geology and History of Confederate Saltpeter Cave Operations in Western Virginia" 15634: 14734: 13055:

Eaton, Bryan T.; Broder, Christopher C.; Middleton, Deborah; Wang, Lin-Fa (2006).

12755: 12581: 11715: 10635: 9512: 9047:"Insectivorous Bats Digest Chitin in the Stomach Using Acidic Mammalian Chitinase" 8636:

American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

8303: 5395:

Earlier reports that only fruit bats were deficient were based on smaller samples.

4847: 3798:

The eyes of most microbat species are small and poorly developed, leading to poor

3529:

enzymes than insectivorous, to cope with the higher sugar contents of their diet.

3435:

When on the ground, most bats can only crawl awkwardly. A few species such as the

3183:, which keeps them razor-sharp. The bite force of small bats is generated through 1024: 16558: 16459: 16427: 16251: 16239: 15361: 15330: 15031: 14977: 14440: 14034: 13939: 13770: 13568: 13006: 12530: 12500: 12011: 11687: 11410: 10868: 10693: 10191: 10039: 9976: 9886: 9832: 9273: 9071: 8957:"The structural design of the bat wing web and its possible role in gas exchange" 8249:"The structural design of the bat wing web and its possible role in gas exchange" 8020: 7966: 7773: 6951: 6122:

Tsagkogeorga, G.; Parker, J.; Stupka, E.; Cotton, J. A.; Rossiter, S. J. (2013).

6013:, and a New Hypothesis of the Relationships of Bats to Other Eutherian Mammals". 5778: 5179: 4910:; bats that hibernate, on average, have a longer lifespan than bats that do not. 4819: 4695: 4680: 4676: 4176:

The Chiroptera as a whole are in the process of losing the ability to synthesise

4111: 3924: 3907: 3807: 3218: 2761: 2749: 2679: 2420: 2129: 2095: 1795: 1452: 1040: 486: 325: 293: 278: 16958: 16828: 16130:"Best time to see the bat colony emerge from Congress Bridge in Downtown Austin" 14750:"Group size, survival and surprisingly short lifespan in socially foraging bats" 13124: 13105: 11114:

On the Wing: Insects, Pterosaurs, Birds, Bats and the Evolution of Animal Flight

9807: 8711: 8413: 6372: 4257: 3308: 2393:

analysis of the cochlea supports that laryngeal echolocation evolved only once.

1738: 16875: 16862: 16604: 16550: 16451: 16435: 16224: 15271: 13339: 13278: 13261: 12451: 11218: 11201: 8647: 8351:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

8169:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6990:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6984:

Li, G.; Wang, J.; Rossiter, S. J.; Jones, G.; Cotton, J. A.; Zhang, S. (2008).

5847:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5463: 5216: 5100: 4903: 4595: 4289: 4068: 3865:(where body temperature can vary). Compared to other mammals, bats have a high 3803: 3787: 3715: 3294: 3214: 3188: 2996: 2833: 2809: 2702: 2656: 2610: 2585: 2326: 2205: 2192: 2091: 2087: 2079: 1876: 1816: 1733: 1370: 1277: 1117: 868: 795: 595: 273: 239: 15383: 15356: 15211: 15186: 14774: 13103: 12733:"Social Bats Pay a Price: Fungal Disease, White-Nose Syndrome ... Extinction?" 11747:"Bats as Dispersers of Plants in the Lowland Forests of Central French Guiana" 10923: 10902: 10528: 10241: 9715: 8929: 8912: 8753:"Respiration, Wing-Beat and Ultrasonic Pulse Emission in an Echo-Locating Bat" 8524: 6423: 6302: 6277: 6140: 6123: 5841:

Colleary, C.; Dolocanc, A.; Gardnerd, J.; Singha, Suresh; Wuttkee, M. (2015).

5544: 2648: 1317: 1050: 417:

inches) in length, 150 mm (6 in) across the wings and 2–2.6 g (

17056: 17050: 16595: 16467: 15577: 15452: 15392: 15276: 13689: 12460: 11544: 11527: 9109:"Diet and the evolution of digestion and renal function in phyllostomid bats" 8897: 8752: 8433: 8380: 8331: 8322: 8305: 8272: 7782: 7725: 7611: 6785: 6512: 6311: 5787: 5654: 5607: 5552: 5311: 5205: 5187: 5169: 5143: 5092: 5056:, which are thought to be more sensitive to sudden air pressure changes than 4536: 4474: 4456: 4128: 3799: 3736: 3732: 3541: 3486: 3389: 3372: 3348: 3302: 3091: 2965: 2950: 2904: 2725: 2488: 2424: 2371: 2075: 1542: 1391: 1138:

proposed that when adaptations to flight are removed, megabats are allied to

1121: 930: 837: 758: 720: 106: 16024: 13515: 13435: 13389: 12779: 11491: 11474: 11080: 10093: 10076: 9661: 9220: 9203: 9135: 8728: 8460:"Leading Edge Vortex Allows Bats to Stay Aloft, Aerospace Professor Reports" 8371: 8189: 7840: 7576: 7551: 7067: 7010: 6586: 6253: 6189: 6081: 5974: 5957: 5867: 5629:

Jones, Matthew F.; Li, Qiang; Ni, Xijun; Beard, K. Christopher (June 2021).

5441: 4718: 3984:). Torpid states last longer in the summer for megabats than in the winter. 3919: 3175:

vampire bats have reduced snouts to accommodate large incisors and canines.

2453:

for navigation and finding prey, but megabats apart from those in the genus

16760: 16708:(Lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) 16612: 16542: 16443: 16398: 16032: 15945:"Estudio de los escudos recogidos en la orla de latabla de la magistratura" 15460: 15400: 15220: 14807: 14793: 14726: 14681: 14663: 14231: 14176: 14101: 14053: 13958: 13843: 13757: 13739: 13680: 13587: 13524: 13443: 13408: 13287: 13231: 13181: 13133: 13090: 12983: 12925: 12917: 12887: 12787: 12612: 12478: 12411: 12030: 11984: 11723: 11626: 11500: 11429: 11137:

Speakman, J. R. (1990). "The function of daylight flying in British bats".

11098: 10887: 10770: 10712: 10653: 10536: 10493: 10353: 10335: 10259: 10210: 10151: 10133: 10102: 10058: 9995: 9905: 9784: 9747:"Acoustic scanning of natural scenes by echolocation in the big brown bat, 9723: 9669: 9623: 9504: 9463: 9445: 9399: 9351: 9332: 9292: 9143: 9090: 8990: 8938: 8829: 8811: 8737: 8665: 8600: 8559: 8398: 8290: 8208: 8108: 8056: 8038: 7984: 7859: 7814:

Sears, K. E.; Behringer, R. R.; Rasweiler, J. J.; Niswander, L. A. (2006).

7800: 7686: 7629: 7307: 7140: 7075: 7043: 7029: 6970: 6911: 6892: 6863: 6840: 6808: 6754: 6655: 6594: 6562: 6531: 6431: 6380: 6319: 6207: 6149: 6099: 5983: 5886: 5805: 5730: 5672: 5646: 5323: 5288: 5108: 5053: 5045: 5007: 4867: 4672: 4520: 4396: 4124: 4064: 3862: 3858: 3748: 3724: 3568: 3411:. The vortex may be stabilized by the animal changing its wing curvatures. 3360: 3290: 3276: 3254: 3230: 3192: 3180: 2927: 2881: 2561: 2536: 2402: 2306: 1668: 1620: 1615: 1125: 881: 799: 438: 31: 14119: 13422:

Dobson, A. P. (2005). "What Links Bats to Emerging Infectious Diseases?".

9802:. Animal Signals and Communication. Vol. 1. Springer. pp. 5–26. 8864: 8425: 7948: 7894: 7886: 6496:"A time-calibrated species-level phylogeny of bats (Chiroptera, Mammalia)" 6261: 6042: 4998:, and disturbing a bat or its roost can be punished with a heavy fine. In 4107: 3671:

Time-expanded recording of the feeding buzz of a bat homing in on its prey

3011: 2824: 16901: 16769: 16652: 16574: 16492: 15185:

Baerwald, E. F.; D'Amours, G. H.; Klug, B. J.; Barclay, R. M. R. (2008).

12965: 12559:. National Wildlife Health Center, U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from 11617: 11600: 11577: 10958: 10485: 10165:

Tian, L.-X.; Pan, Y.-X.; Metzner, W.; Zhang, J.-S.; Zhang, B.-F. (2015).

9031: 7645:"Airplane tracking documents the fastest flight speeds recorded for bats" 7371:

Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive Animals

6646: 6561: 5721: 5599: 5208:'s Silverwing novels narrate the adventures of a young bat, based on the 5120: 5057: 5041: 4907: 4808: 4691: 4624: 4603: 4599: 4568: 4448: 4432: 4233: 4209: 4132: 3992: 3988: 3880: 3811: 3740: 3545: 3408: 3400: 3376: 3329: 2973: 2858: 2694: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2429: 1688: 1558: 1537: 1486: 1338: 1174:

has no fossil record, but is not believed to originate more than 23 mya.

1171: 803: 535: 505: 502: 498: 490: 81: 35: 14933: 14911:

Leong, T. M.; Teo, S. C.; Lim, K. K. P. (2009). "The Naked Bulldog Bat,

13149: 13072: 12604: 11475:"Progressive pseudogenization: vitamin C synthesis and its loss in bats" 11358: 8836: 8769: 7668: 7596:"The nature of flight: The molecules and mechanics of flight in animals" 7329:

Brown, W. M. (2001). "Natural selection of mammalian brain components".

6637: 5712: 5574:

Tabuce, Rodolphe; Antunes, Miguel Telles; Sigé, Bernard (12 June 2009).

4543:). Bats are among the few non-aquatic mammalian orders that do not host 4419: 4268: 3743:, and others. Bats can estimate the elevation of their target using the 3719:

their flight speed so echoes still return in the optimal hearing range.

3709:

Principle of bat echolocation: orange is the call and green is the echo.

3147: 3106: 2988: 2576: 1924: 1699: 886: 16681: 16534: 16377: 16334: 16318: 16261: 16244: 14438: 14425: 14257: 14249: 14210: 12502:

Bats (Chiroptera) as Vectors of Diseases and Parasites: Facts and Myths

12104: 11881: 10603: 10586: 9766: 9555: 9495: 9478: 8497: 8224:

Bats (Chiroptera) as Vectors of Diseases and Parasites: Facts and Myths

7717: 7536: 6034: 5284: 5049: 4801: 4540: 4468: 4389:

can catch birds in flight. Some species, like the greater bulldog bat (

4350: 3942: 3888: 3779: 3680: 3634: 3522: 3204: 3114: 3068: 2919: 2873: 2786: 2512: 2382: 2320:

The 2003 discovery of an early fossil bat from the 52-million-year-old

2134: 1636: 1569: 1563: 1163: 1006: 899: 517: 374: 226: 126: 91: 15357:"Barotrauma is a significant cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines" 15321: 15187:"Barotrauma is a significant cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines" 15134: 14346: 14329: 14158: 13825: 13793: 13772: 12402: 12385: 10291: 10274: 9615: 9391: 9107:

Schondube, J. E.; Herrera-M, L. Gerardo; Martínez del Rio, C. (2001).

8608: 8551: 7512: 7299: 7122: 3705: 2356:

The molecular phylogeny was controversial, as it pointed to microbats

16906: 16849: 16689: 16636: 16513: 16505: 16385: 16351: 15423: 15422:

Johnson, J. B.; Ford, W. M.; Rodrigue, J. L.; Edwards, J. W. (2012).

15000:"Protecting and managing underground sites for bats, see section 6.4" 13041: 12056:

Cramer, M. J.; Wilig, M. R.; Jones, C. (2001). "Trachops cirrhosus".

7701: 6832: 5379: 5362: 5296: 5292: 5260: 5197: 5131: 5124: 5112: 5064: 5034: 4780: 4553:

is a condition associated with the deaths of millions of bats in the

4490: 4404: 4177: 3903: 3899: 3838: 3775: 3699: 3549: 3510: 3393: 3364: 3298: 3213:

Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight, as opposed to

3060: 3045: 2942: 2483: 2473: 2461: 2455: 2357: 2228: 1919: 1887: 1881: 1672: 1396: 1155: 1143: 974: 807: 783: 531: 509: 494: 463: lb) and having a wingspan of 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in). 183: 131: 16731: 15892:[The Rat Penat in the coat of arms of Valencia] (in Spanish) 15322:

Arnett, E. B.; Erickson, W. P.; Kerns, J.; Horn, J. (12 June 2005).

14417: 14362: 14301: 14280: 14067: 14065: 14063: 14007: 13488: 13173: 12903: 12869: 11873: 11316: 11314: 10747: 10727: 9547: 8489: 7527: 7514: 5219:

in Spain and France, appearing in the coats of arms of the towns of

3754: 2172: 1218: 740:

of bats do not fossilise well; it is estimated that only 12% of bat

16893: 16854: 16754: 16628: 16484: 16312: 15291:"Caution Regarding Placement of Wind Turbines on Wooded Ridge Tops" 14910: 12948:; Childs, J. E.; Field, H. E.; Holmes, K. V.; Schountz, T. (2006). 11472: 10842:

Gonsalves, L.; Bicknell, B.; Law, B.; Webb, C.; Monamy, V. (2013).

10669:"Bats on a Budget: Torpor-Assisted Migration Saves Time and Energy" 9305: 8751:

Suthers, Roderick A.; Thomas, Steven P; Suthers, Barbara A (1972).

8344: 8162: 6868:"Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation" 6746: 6363: 5232: 5220: 5116: 5104: 4710:, though the function and purpose of this behaviour is not clear. 4632: 4611: 4607: 4587: 4584: 4451:). The common vampire bat typically feeds on large mammals such as 4229: 4201: 4073: 3834: 3690: 3385: 3340: 3313: 2625: 2446: 2434: 2390: 2353:

prey, rather than running fast enough for a ground-level take off.

2210: 2059: 1860: 1693: 1282: 1247: 953: 811: 779: 737: 551: 543: 513: 478: 378: 203: 121: 116: 101: 96: 86: 75: 14748:

Gager, Y.; Gimenez, O.; O'Mara, M. T.; Dechmann, D. K. N. (2016).

12827:"Fungus that Causes White-nose Syndrome in Bats Detected in Texas" 12638: 12264:. Natural Science Research Laboratory – Texas Tech. Archived from 12055: 9106: 8793: 8681:"Bats and Sloths Don't Get Dizzy Hanging Upside Down – Here's Why" 8632:"Blood flow augmentation by intrinsic venular contraction in vivo" 5142:

and is often considered the physical manifestation of a separable

3544:. Frugivorous bats lack that ability and have kidneys adapted for 16705: 16582: 16414: 16324: 15438: 14962:. Bat Conservation International. 24 January 2002. Archived from 14936:

The Annihilation of Nature: Human Extinction of Birds and Mammals

14060: 13721: 13703: 13104:

Halpin, K.; Young, P. L.; Field, H. E.; Mackenzie, J. S. (2000).

11507: 11311: 5419: 5183: 5174: 4999: 4852: 4532: 4486: 4361: 4217: 3728: 3727:, and exist in a large variety of unrelated animals, such as the 3526: 3518: 3272: 3250: 3170:

A preserved megabat showing how the skeleton fits inside its skin

2442: 2167: 2071: 1213: 1207: 1139: 823: 791: 563: 481:. But more recent evidence has supported dividing the order into 471: 467: 136: 111: 15296:. Bat Conservation International. 4 January 2005. Archived from 15161:

Extreme Cuisine: The Weird & Wonderful Foods that People Eat

13807: 11768: 11766: 11764: 11744: 11561:"Male and female bats differ in their use of a large urban park" 10011:"Parallel and Convergent Evolution of the Dim-Light Vision Gene 8440: 8021:

Riskin, D. K.; Bergou, A.; Breuer, K. S.; Swartz, S. M. (2012).

6925:

L., G.; Wang, J.; Rossiter, S. J.; Jones, G.; Zhang, S. (2007).

6706:

Norberg, U. M. (1994). Wainwright, P. C.; Reilly, S. M. (eds.).

6615: 5690: 5326: – Audio device to detect the presence of bat sound signals 4694:

related females and their dependent offspring. Food sharing and

3489:

of the blood; an active microbat can reach a heart rate of 1000

2740: 2717: 599: 16697: 16673: 16521: 16368: 16306: 16293: 15184: 10844:"Mosquito Consumption by Insectivorous Bats: Does Size Matter?" 6162: 5201: 5161: 5091:

Since bats are mammals, yet can fly, they are considered to be

4628: 4558: 4498: 4452: 4338: 4205: 3941:, a state of decreased activity where the body temperature and 3938: 3932: 3694: 3533: 3514: 3404: 3368: 3356: 3262: 2416: 2340: 2330:, indicates that flight evolved before echolocative abilities. 2063: 1167: 787: 741: 715: 547: 520: 321: 213: 193: 71: 14747: 14459: 12850:"Bats as a continuing source of emerging infections in humans" 11519: 10226:"More functions of torpor and their roles in a changing world" 10116:

Wang, Y.; Pan, Y.; Parsons, S.; Walker, M.; Zhang, S. (2007).

9859: 9228: 7549: 6121: 5840: 5150:

of Mesoamerica, the bat god presided over corn and fertility.

4698:

may occur in certain species, such as the common vampire bat (

3399:

Nectar- and pollen-eating bats can hover, in a similar way to

358: 17015: 16841: 16566: 14602: 14571: 14309: 13676:"The last bat: the mystery of Britain's most solitary animal" 12847: 12815:. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 28 February 2013. 12637:. Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre. Archived from 12532:

Coevolution of Life on Hosts: Integrating Ecology and History

12146: 12037: 11761: 11655: 11473:

Cui, J.; Pan, Y. H.; Zhang, Y.; Jones, G.; Zhang, S. (2011).

11442: 11326: 10299: 9430:"Bat echolocation calls: adaptation and convergent evolution" 9164:(Report). 3.0. Wildcare Australia. p. 12. Archived from 7550:

Senawi, J.; Schmieder, D.; Siemers, B.; Kingston, T. (2015).

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Kaplan, Matt (2011). "Ancient bats got in a flap over food".

5280: 5228: 5139: 5128: 4494: 4482: 4281: 4197: 3723:

These ridges can be regarded as the acoustic equivalent of a

3537: 3482: 3352: 3018: 2831: 2759: 2747: 2583: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2336: 2062:

evidence indicates that megabats originated during the early

940: 748:(32 million years ago). The oldest known bat fossils include 687: 681: 665: 527: 15482:

McCracken, G. F. (1993). "Folklore and the Origin of Bats".

13810:"Does food sharing in vampire bats demonstrate reciprocity?" 13801: 13044:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 14 April 2014. 11365: 10991: 9183: 8525:"Terrestrial locomotion of the New Zealand short-tailed bat 3853:

Thermographic image of a bat using trapped air as insulation

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wings. The fourth and fifth digits go from the wrist to the

794:. Modern genetic evidence now places bats in the superorder 710: 303: 11598: 11278: 11276: 11200:

Chua, Marcus A. H.; Aziz, Sheema Abdul (19 December 2018).

9406: 9044: 8504: 8023:"Upstroke wing flexion and the inertial cost of bat flight" 7746: 7489:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 754–775. 5919:

10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085<0321:Prarcf>2.0.Co;2

4544: 4528: 4524: 4478: 4225: 3849: 3457: 1159: 370: 361: 340: 49:"Bats" and "Chiroptera" redirect here. For other uses, see 15598: 15421: 14590: 14439:

Elizabeth G. Crichton; Philip H. Krutzsch (12 June 2000).

14385: 14285:(Chiroptera: Molossidae) in a Large Highway Bridge Colony" 13773:"Strong matrilineal structure in common pipistrelle bats ( 11938: 11894: 11859: 11558: 11384:

Cui, J.; Yuan, X.; Wang, L.; Jones, G.; Zhang, S. (2011).

11062: 10667:

McGuire, L. P.; Jonassen, K. A.; Guglielmo, C. G. (2014).

6340: 5820:"Paleontologists Determine Original Color of Extinct Bats" 5751: 5507: 5484: 4300:) has been recorded carrying fruits weighing 3–14 g ( 373:, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained 349: 15910: 15528:

Symbols in Arts, Religion and Culture: The Soul of Nature

15503:

Symbols in Arts, Religion and Culture: The Soul of Nature

15178: 14963: 14555: 14553: 14403: 13629: 12944: 11825:"Photo in the News: Bat Has Longest Tongue of Any Mammal" 11700: 11027: 10009:

Shen, Y.-Y.; Liu, J.; Irwin, D. M.; Zhang, Y.-P. (2010).

9952:"Bat Eyes Have Ultraviolet-Sensitive Cone Photoreceptors" 9427: 8589:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

8583: 8522: 6986:"The hearing gene Prestin reunites the echolocating bats" 6274: 5283:, is rich in nitrates and is mined from caves for use as 5264: 4221: 2427:

classified the seven bat species he knew of in the genus

16002: 13600: 13489:"Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses" 13054: 12848:

Wong, S.; Lau, S.; Woo, P.; Yuen, K.-Y. (October 2006).

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Introduction to the Care and Rehabilitation of Microbats

8629: 5955: 5576:"A new primitive bat from the earliest Eocene of Europe" 5038:

buildings and bridges. Fourteen species use bat houses.

5025:

Many people put up bat houses to attract bats. The 1991

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network across the wing membrane; when contracted, they

3714:

call and separate pulse and echo in frequency using the

2381:

had cranial adaptations suggesting an ability to detect

15631:"Artists Inspired by Oaxaca Folklore Myths and Legends" 14090: