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Cylinders 755, Tracks 1510, Rotational speed 720 rpm, Power dissipation 6 watt average, Data reliability <1 error unrecoverable error per 10^11 bits, Seek errors <1 error per 10^6 seeks, Drive dimensions H: 1.625" W: 4.0" D 5.91", SCSI Common
Command Set (CSC), soft formatting, error checking and correction (ECC), and defect mapping. In addition, the I325VM (variable mode) offers FULL READ AND WRITE DOWNWARD COMPATIBILITY with current 3.5 inch 720 kB and 1.44 MB formatted diskettes. Brier Technology Flextra BR 3020: CAPACITY unformatted 25.0 meg, formatted 21.4 meg, CONFIGURATION Number of disks 1, Data Surfaces 2, Data heads 2, Servo System T^3, Tracks per surface 516, Track density (TPI) 777, Track capacity (bytes typical) 20480, Blocks per drive (512 byte) 42080, Blocks per surface (512 byte) 21040, Blocks per track (typical 512 byte) 40, MEDIA (flexible diskette) 3.5", PERFORMANCE Actuator, Linear voice coil motor, Seek time (includes setting), Track to track (ms) 15, Average (ms) 35, Maximum (ms) 70, Average latency (ms) 41.6, Rotation speed (RPM) 720, Data transfer rate, To/From the media (megabits/sec) 2.2, To/from the buffer (megabytes/sec) 1.25, Start time 1 sec, Stop time 1 sec, READ/WRITE, Interface SCSI, Recording method BRLL, Recording density (BPI) 26000, COMPATIBILITY, the BR3225 (not BR3020) reads IBM formatted floppy disks, Dimensions, L: 5.75", W: 4.0", H: 1.625" Weight: 1.6 pounds, Power requirements (*), DC Input +12 volts DC, +5 volts DC, Power dissipation <9 watts (operational-seeking), Power management algorithms reduce power to an average of 2.0 watts
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homing signal is embedded at the bottom of the barium ferrite coating after the disk is manufactured. Later, the data are recorded in the top of the layer, using a higher-frequency signal. The Brier system cannot read and write lower-capacity disks, although the company says it will introduce a model that can do that later this year. Insite's
Floptical disks, which can store 20.8 megabytes, use homing technology similar to that used in optical disks. Microscopic grooves are stamped into the diskettes at the time the disks are made. A light-emitting diode rides along with the magnetic head and shines light into the groove, which is reflected and received by a photo-detector. If the head starts to sway from the track, the light will miss the groove and the reflection will change, alerting the system to adjust course. While the tracking is optical, the data are recorded magnetically in tracks between the grooves. To achieve compatibility with existing lower-capacity drives, the system uses two magnetic recording heads - one to read the high-capacity diskettes and the other to read conventional diskettes. Brier has designed its system from scratch to achieve higher speeds. Insite uses a conventional floppy drive and homing components that are used in compact disk players.
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338:-inch disk, but less wide and thicker (i.e. with increased depth). The actual 3-inch magnetic-coated disk occupies less than 50% of the space inside the casing, the rest being used by the complex protection and sealing mechanisms implemented on the disks, which thus are largely responsible for the thickness, length, and relatively high costs of the disks. On the early Amstrad machines (the CPC line and the PCW 8256), the disks are typically flipped over to change the side (acting like 2 separate single-sided disks, comparable to the "flippy disks" of
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density of the formatted disk structure. While this format was developed by Atari for their DOS 2.0D and their (canceled) 180 KB Atari 815 floppy drive, that double-density DOS was never widely released and the format was generally used by third-party DOS products. Under the Atari DOS II scheme, sector 360 is the VTOC sector map, and sectors 361-367 contain the file listing. The Atari-brand DOS II versions and compatible use three bytes per sector for housekeeping and to link-list to the next sector.
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sector 720 cannot be written to by the DOS. Some companies used a copy-protection scheme where hidden data was put in sector 720 that cannot be copied through the DOS copy option. Another more-common early copy-protected scheme simply does not record important sectors as allocated in the VTOC, so the DOS Utility
Package (DUP) does not duplicate them. All of these early techniques were thwarted by the first program that simply duplicated all sectors.
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order to position their heads over the desired track. For good interoperability of disks among drives, this requires precise alignment of the drive heads to a reference standard, somewhat similar to the alignment required to get the best performance out of an audio tape deck. The newer systems generally use position information on the surfaces of the disk to find the tracks, allowing the track width to be greatly reduced.
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alignment marks. The alignment is based on hard-coded optical alignment marks, which meant that a complete format can safely be done. This worked very well at the time and as a result failures associated with magnetic fields wiping the Zip drive alignment Z tracks were less of a problem. It was also able to read and write to standard floppy disks about 5 times as fast as standard floppy drives.
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either format). The loader program detects which type of drive is in use, and loads the main software program straight from disk bypassing the DFS, double-stepping for 80-track drives and single-stepping for 40-track. This effectively achieves downgraded capacity to 100 KB from either disk format, but enabled distributed software to be effectively compatible with either drive.
698:-inch floppy disk, specially modified so that the two sides can be used independently (but not simultaneously) in single-sided drives. Many commercial publishers of computer software (mainly, relatively small programs like arcade games that could fit on a single-sided floppy disk) distributed their products on flippy disks formatted for two different brands of computer, e.g.
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1052:" which was originally supposed to hold 150 MB (157.3 decimal megabytes) of data. Although by this time the LS-120 had already garnered some market penetration, industry observers nevertheless confidently predicted the HiFD would be the real standard-floppy-killer and finally replace standard floppies in all machines.
1122:). Tracks 1 to 17 had 21 sectors, 18 to 24 had 19, 25 to 30 had 18, and 31 to 35 had 17, for a disk capacity of 170.75 KB (175 decimal kB). Unique among personal computer architectures, the operating system on the computer itself is unaware of the details of the disk and filesystem; disk operations are handled by
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As a further enhancement, successive tracks are offset by a sector, giving time for the head to advance to the next track without missing the first sector, thus increasing bulk throughput. The
Archimedes uses special values in the ADFS load/execute address metadata to store a 12-bit filetype field and a 40-bit timestamp.
1234:
1292:, and a second floppy drive. Another alternative to read Amiga disk is open source and open hardware project Greaseweazle. It is simple STM32 based USB to FD interface adapter capable of reading magnetic flux image. With proper software, it is possible to read and write Amiga and almost any other floppy disk.
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The Brier and Insite systems, which can store 20 megabytes, increase the number of tracks. The key to the Brier and Insite drives is that information is embedded in the tracks themselves and acts as a homing signal, keeping the head on the track. In Brier's
Flextra system, a low-frequency magnetic
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For disk operating systems that do use index sync, a second index hole window has to be punched in both sides of the jacket, and for hard-sectored formats, an additional window must be punched for the sector holes. While cutting a second notch is relatively safe, cutting an additional window into the
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laptop computer circa 1989. Although the media exhibited nearly identical performance to the 3½-inch disks of the time, they were not very successful. This was due in part to the scarcity of other devices using this drive making it impractical for software transfer, and high media cost which was much
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The Acorn
Archimedes adds D format, which increases the number of objects per directory from 44 to 77 and increases the storage space to 800 KB. The extra space is obtained by using 1024 byte sectors instead of the usual 512 bytes, thus reducing the space needed for inter-sector gaps.
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The combination of DOS and hardware (810, 1050 and XF551 disk drives) for Atari 8-bit floppy usage allows sectors numbered from 1 to 720 (1040 in the 1050 disk drive, 1440 in XF551). For instance, the DOS's 2.0 disk bitmap provides information on sector allocation, counts from 0 to 719. As a result,
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mechanism that can load a stack of floppies one at a time into a drive. These are very bulky systems, and suffer from media hangups and chew-ups more than standard drives, but they were a partial answer to replication and large removable storage needs. The smaller 5¼- and 3½-inch floppies made this
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With RISC OS 3, the
Archimedes can also read and write disk formats from other machines (for example the Atari ST and the IBM PC, which are largely compatible depending on the ST's OS version). With third-party software it can even read the BBC Micro's original single-density 5¼-inch DFS disks. The
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After only a short time on the market the product was pulled, as it was discovered there were a number of performance- and reliability problems that made the system essentially unusable. Sony then reengineered the device for a quick rerelease, but then extended the delay well into 1998 instead, and
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Due to the incompatibility between 40- and 80-track drives, much software was distributed on combined 40/80-track disks. These work by writing the same data in pairs of consecutive tracks in 80-track format, and including a small loader program on track 1 (which is in the same physical position in
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has been around for almost as long as the Amiga itself though it was not initially called by that name. Only with the advent of the internet and Amiga emulators has it become a popular way of distributing disk images. The proprietary IPF files were created to allow preservation of commercial games
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computers use an 880 KB format (11×512-byte sectors per track, times 80 tracks, times two sides) on a 3½-inch floppy. Because the entire track is written at once, intersector gaps can be eliminated, saving space. The Amiga floppy controller is much more flexible than the one on the PC: it is
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LS in this case stands for LASER-servo, which uses a very low-power superluminescent LED that generates light with a small focal spot. This allows the drive to align its rotation to precisely the same point each time, allowing far more data to be written due to the absence of conventional magnetic
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ADFS provides hierarchical directory structure, rather than the flat model of DFS. ADFS also stores some metadata about each file, notably a load address, an execution address, owner and public privileges, and a lock bit. Even on the eight-bit machines, load addresses are stored in 32-bit format,
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A true double-density Atari floppy format (from 180 KB upwards) uses 128-byte sectors for sectors 1-3, then 256-byte sectors for the rest. The first three sectors typically contain boot code as used by the onboard ROM OS; it is up to the resulting boot program (such as SpartaDOS) to recognize the
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The main technological change for the higher-capacity formats was the addition of tracking information on the disk surface to allow the read/write heads to be positioned more accurately. Normal disks have no such information, so the drives use feedforward (blind) positioning by a stepper motor in
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with many based on the standard 3½-inch physical format while offering much higher capacity. Most of these systems provide the ability to read and write standard DD and HD disks. None of these ever reached the point where it could be assumed that every current PC would have one, and they have now
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INSITE I325/I325VM: CAPACITY unformatted 25 megs, formatted 20.8 megs, Recording density 23980 BPI (RLL), Transfer from DISK 1.6 Mbit/Sec, Buffer transfer rate 2 Mbyte/Sec, Average Seek time 65 msec, Settle time 15 msec, Motor start time 750 msec, # of read/write heads 2, Track density 1250 TPI,
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to position the heads over marks in the disk surface. The original drive stores 21 MB, while also reading and writing standard DD and HD floppies. In order to improve data transfer speeds and make the high-capacity drive usefully quick as well, the drives are attached to the system using a
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A number of companies, including IBM and
Burroughs, experimented with using large numbers of unenclosed disks to create massive amounts of storage. The Burroughs system uses a stack of 256 12-inch disks, spinning at a high speed. The disk to be accessed is selected by using air jets to part the
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drive. The Amiga HD disks can handle 1760 KB, but using special software programs they can hold even more data. A company named Kolff
Computer Supplies also made an external HD floppy drive (KCS Dual HD Drive) available which can handle HD format diskettes on all Amiga computer systems.
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for "half". This program was driven by aggressive cost goals, but missed the pulse of the industry. The prospective users, both inside and outside IBM, preferred standardization to what by release time were small cost reductions, and were unwilling to retool packaging, interface chips and
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was a single-sided quad-density drive with a nominal storage capacity of 500 KB (80 tracks, 140 tpi, 16 sectors, 300 rpm, 250 kbit/s, 9,250 bpi with MFM). It could work with standard controllers for 5¼-inch floppy disks. Since August 1984, it was used in the
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that do not use the index hole in the disk to mark the beginnings of tracks, the "flippy" modification required only a new write-enable notch to be cut if the disk was designed to be written to. For this purpose, specially designed single-rectangular-hole punchers, commonly known as
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922:. Although neither size (the original or the later Pocket Zip drive) conforms to the 3½-inch form factor and hence is not compatible with standard 1.44 MB drives, the original physical size still became the most popular of the "super floppies". The first version boasted
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Later, mostly third-party DOS systems added features such as double-sided drives, subdirectories, and drive types such as 720 KB, 1.2 MB, 1.44 MB. Well-known 3rd party Atari DOS products include SmartDOS (distributed with the Rana disk drive), TopDos, MyDos and SpartaDOS.
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uses a disk format that is largely identical to the
Commodore DOS format with a few minor extensions; while generally compatible with standard Commodore disks, certain disk maintenance operations can corrupt the filesystem without proper supervision from the GEOS kernel.
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disks from several vendors. Equipped with one of these drives, the C128 is able to access both C64 and CP/M disks, as it needs to, as well as MS-DOS disks (using third-party software), which was a crucial feature for some office work. At least one commercial program,
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led to much larger file sizes. Zip disks greatly eased the exchange of files that were too big to fit on a standard 3.5-inch floppy or an email attachment, when there was no high-speed connection to transfer the file to the recipient. Eventually the falling prices of
1984:
introduced this 3-inch-wide Compact Floppy format in 1983 to compete with Sony's 3.5-inch floppy system. The Compact Floppy, which held about 140KB per side, saw the most use in British Amstrad computers; otherwise, the format faded quickly into history's back
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1383:. Acorn however, used standard disk controllers: initially FM, though they quickly transitioned to MFM. The original disk implementation for the BBC Micro stores 100 KB (40 track) or 200 KB (80 track) per side on 5¼-inch disks in a custom format using the
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It uses 3½-inch standard disk jackets whose disks have low-frequency magnetic servo information embedded on them for use with the Twin-Tier Tracking technology. Media were manufactured by Verbatim. Quantum sold the drives under the QuadFlextra name.
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chips used are unable to format disks with sector skew, losing some performance. ADFS and the PC controllers also support extra-high density (ED) disks as G format, storing 3,200 KB, but ED drives were never fitted to production machines.
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Later DOS versions (3.0 and later 2.5) and DOSes by third parties (i.e. OSS) accept (and format) disks with up to 1040 sectors, resulting in 130 KB of storage capacity per disk side on drives equipped with double-density controllers
1288:, an Amiga can theoretically read any arbitrary format on the 3½-inch floppy, including those recorded at a slightly different rotation rate. On the PC, however, there is no way to read an Amiga disk without special hardware, such as an
417:"CoronaPrint" word-processor typewriters used a proprietary double-sided 3-inch diskette format named "DataDisk". Confusingly, it was labelled 2.8-inch reflecting the diameter of the magnetic disk itself rather than the media's case.
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applications for a proprietary design. The product was announced and withdrawn in 1983 with only a few units shipped. IBM wrote off several hundred million dollars of development and manufacturing facility. IBM obtained patent number
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drive, and provides 144 MB of storage while also being compatible with the standard 1.44 MB floppies. The drive was slower than its competitors but the media was cheaper, running about US$ 8 at introduction and US$ 5 soon after.
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In 1990, an attempt was made to standardize details for a 20MB 3½-inch format floppy. At the time, "three different technologies that are not interchangeable" existed. One major goal was that the to-be-developed standard drive be
80:
In the early 1980s, IBM Rochester developed a 4-inch floppy disk drive, the Model 341 and an associated diskette, the DemiDiskette. At about half the size of the original 8-inch floppy disk the name derived from the prefix
942:) was developed with 40 MB. Though Zip drives gained in popularity for several years they never reached the same market penetration as standard floppy drives, since only some new computers were sold with the drives.
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As early as 1987, Brier Technology announced the Flextra BR3020, which boasts 21.4 MB (a value used for marketing: its true size is 21,040 kB, 2 sides × 526 cylinders × 40 sectors × 512 bytes or 25 MB unformatted).
162:-based workstations by General Scientific Corporation. Originally, Educational Microcomputer Systems (EMS) announced a system using this drive as well, but later changed plans to use 3½-inch diskette drives instead.
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marketed several 3-inch diskette "Quick Disk" formats for OEM use. They used 2.8-inch magnetic discs. The OEM could decide on the outer case of the media which led to several mechanically incompatible solutions:
352:-inch media) as opposed to being contiguously double-sided. Double-sided mechanisms were introduced on the later PCW 8512 and PCW 9512, thus removing the need to remove, flip, and then reinsert the disk.
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increased the capacity to "200 MB" (approximately 210 decimal megabytes) while they were at it. By this point the market was already saturated by the Zip disk, so it never gained much market share.
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Insite licensed their technology to a number of companies, who introduced compatible devices as well as even larger-capacity formats. The most popular of these, by far, was the LS-120, mentioned below.
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offerings of the same period and there were also many reported problems moving standard floppies between LS-120 drives and normal floppy drives. This belief, true or otherwise, crippled adoption. The
1347:) files. The DiskMasher format is copy-protected and has problems storing particular sequences of bits due to bugs in the compression algorithm, but was widely used in the pirate and demo scenes.
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Around 1990, it announced the BR3225 drive, which was supposed to double the capacity and also read standard DD, HD and ED 3½-inch disks. However, the drive was still not released in 1992.
746:, were produced and sold by third-party computer accessory manufacturers. Many users, however, made do with a standard (round) hole puncher and/or an ordinary pair of scissors for this job.
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format that preceded them, many proprietary floppy disk formats were developed, either using a different disk design or special layout and encoding methods for the data held on the disk.
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A number of floppy-disk manufacturers produced ready-made "flippy" media. As the cost of media went down and double-sided drives became the standard, "flippies" became obsolete.
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which provides almost all the features required to implement an ADFS-compatible filesystem. Because of this modular design, it is easy in RISC OS 3 to add support for so-called
219:. Production was very limited in the early 1980s due to manufacturing problems and the product was abandoned by 1984 after the industry adopted a standard 3.5 inch format.
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stack, and then a pair of heads flies over the surface as in some hard disk drives. This approach in some ways anticipated the Bernoulli disk technology implemented in the
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2 introduces E format, which retains the same physical layout as D format, but supports file fragmentation and auto-compaction. Post-1991 machines including the A5000 and
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1202:. not the Atari 810) vs. previous 90 KB. That unusual 130 KB format and was introduced by Atari with the 1050 drive with the introduction of DOS 3.0 in 1983.
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Another 2-inch format, the LT-1, is digitally formatted—720 kB, 245 TPI, 80 tracks/side, double-sided, double-density. They are used exclusively in the
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connector instead of the normal floppy controller. This meant that most PCs were unable to boot from them. This again adversely affected pickup rates.
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is a data storage and transfer medium that was ubiquitous from the mid-1970s well into the 2000s. Besides the 3½-inch and 5¼-inch formats used in
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The 3-inch "Compact Floppy Disk" or "CF-2" was an intended rival to Sony's 3.5" floppy system introduced by a consortium of manufacturers led by
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Because of storage reasons, the use of emulators and preserving data, many disks were packed into disk images. Currently popular formats are
211:, and some computers made in East Germany were also equipped with one. The floppies are single sided and can hold up to 149 KB of data when
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1398:(ADFS). It uses double-density recording and adds the ability to treat both sides of the disk as a single disk. This offers three formats:
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which uses a custom disk format, resulting in some unusual sounds. The Amiga's empty drive clicking can also be heard at the beginning.
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bytes per side (512 byte sectors, 8 sectors/track, 16 tracks (00..15), 48 tpi, 250 kbit/s, 270 rpm with
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was a manufacturer of 3-inch disk drives, and stated in advertisements, "It's clear that the 3" floppy will become the new standard."
117:, a 3¼-inch diskette drive marketed by Tabor Corporation of Westland, Massachusetts, USA between 1983 and 1985 with media supplied by
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onto a normal 1,440 kB disk. Unfortunately, popular opinion held the Super Disks to be quite unreliable, though no more so than the
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1462:. These are used to implement completely transparent support for IBM PC format floppy disks, including the slightly different
1011:") to 240 MB (240.75 MB). Not only can the drive read and write 1,440 kB disks, but the last versions of the drives can write
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1303:) when a high-density floppy was inserted, enabling the existing floppy controller to be used. This drive was built into the
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The Acorn filesystem design is interesting to some people because all ADFS-based storage devices connect to a module called
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From a conceptual point of view, superfloppies are treated as unpartitioned media. The entire media forms a single volume.
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A number of attempts were made by various companies to introduce newer floppy-disk formats, frequently characterized as a
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1034:. In the case of the Compaq notebooks, the LS-120 drive replaced the standard floppy drive in a multibay configuration.
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Much later, another 2-inch (case size: 54.5 mm × 50.2 mm × 2.0 mm) miniature disk format was
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One of these, officially referred to as a Video Floppy (or VF for short) can be used to store video information for
1997:
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1116:(GCR) scheme used in 1541 and compatibles employed four different data rates depending upon track position (see
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computers, but negotiations fell through. Versions of the floppy drive was released in minimal quantity for the
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1981:
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bypass Commodore's DOS completely, and replace it with fast-loading (for the time) programs in the 1541 drive.
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324:-inch size, but with some unique features. One example is the more elongated plastic casing, taller than a
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to support high-density floppies, but sold a custom drive (made by Chinon) that spins at half speed (150
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LS-120 drives were available as options on many computers, including desktop and notebook computers from
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Commodore started its tradition of special disk formats with the 5¼-inch disk drives accompanying its
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Seither, Mike (October 1987). "Brier Technology fields a first: a 20M-byte, 3½-inch flexible disk".
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2041:, Information Systems Group, Quality & Reliability Control Center. July 1986. pp. 98–104.
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Eventually Commodore gave in to disk format standardization, and made its last 5¼-inch drives, the
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558:), introduced in 1999. The disks could store 40 MB. The external drives were available as
512:. VF is not a digital data format; each track on the disk stores one video field in the analog
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195:, BRG), in 1973. In 1982, such a product, the 3-inch MCD-1 was announced internationally and
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standard. This yields a capacity of 25 images per disk in frame mode and 50 in field mode.
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released a package that implements an image filing system to allow access to high density
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Amiga's disks cannot be read by this system as they omitted the usual sector gap markers.
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8:
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add support for high-density disks with F format, storing 1,600 KB. However, the PC
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1428:. The BBC Master Compact marked the move to 3½-inch disks, using the same ADFS formats.
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Kristina B. Sullivan (1990-10-15). "Researchers Press for 20M-Byte Floppy Standards".
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Commercial nonwriteable Flippy disk with no write notches and two jacket index windows
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For their Electron floppy-disk add-on, Acorn chose 3½-inch disks and developed the
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At least two incompatible floppy disks measuring two inches appeared in the 1980s.
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1965:"10 Bizarre PC Storage Formats That Didn't Quite Cut It: 4: 3-Inch Compact Floppy"
816:. Nevertheless, the 5¼- and 3½-inch sizes remain to this day as the standards for
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or air failures were spectacularly messy. The program did not reach production.
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of many motherboards even to this day supports LS-120 drives as a boot option.
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used proprietary 3-inch diskettes called "Disk Cards" between 1986 and 1990.
304:
2711:
133:(P/N D3251), sometimes also nicknamed "Tabor" or "Brown" at tradeshows. The
3569:
3477:
3110:
2998:
2981:
2976:
2754:
1493:
1101:
1071:
1065:
959:
955:
825:
813:
809:
484:
476:
414:
406:
208:
196:
3351:
2556:
2497:
Inside Commodore DOS. The Complete Guide to the 1541 Disk Operating System
1048:
Sony introduced its own floptical-like system in 1997 as the "150 MB
3441:
3209:
3177:
3080:
3040:
3003:
2971:
2813:
2681:
2633:
2578:
1418:
445:
288:
284:
247:
236:
204:
48:
1424:
The ADFS format was later adopted into the BBC line upon release of the
880:
The Insite Floptical is considered to be the first actual super floppy.
748:
3532:
3516:
3508:
2941:
2871:
2866:
2856:
1805:
Inventing Europe - European Digital Museum for Science & Technology
1533:
1488:
1425:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1242:
1082:
792:
155:
1880:(NB. Exported by METRIMPEX Hungarian Trading Company for Instruments.)
1580:
1983 Disk/Trend Report - Flexible Disk Drives, December 1983 p. MFGR-7
1268:
can be done in software, and developers were able to create their own
429:
introduced a 2.5-inch floppy disk format for use with their family of
189:, who was working at the Hungarian Budapest Radio Technology Factory (
3493:
3219:
3214:
3198:
3127:
2966:
2818:
2781:
2245:
1483:
1471:
1443:
1369:
1049:
1043:
1016:
981:
975:
935:
919:
909:
866:
862:
856:
817:
551:
488:
460:
291:
computers, and (after Amstrad took over manufacture of the line) the
159:
151:
584:
3413:
3157:
2808:
2743:
2669:
2411:
1463:
1277:
1169:
Commodore also developed a 3½-inch 800 KB disk format for its
997:
704:
387:
365:
714:
530:
295:. It was also adopted by some other manufacturers/systems such as
2991:
2929:
2883:
1729:
1666:
1439:
1435:
1281:
993:
931:
927:
923:
559:
374:
280:
273:
232:
1112:
drives used with the later two machines. The standard Commodore
3434:
3408:
3105:
2878:
1787:"Patent: Casket type storing system for rotating flexible disk"
1414:
1377:
1097:
1031:
1012:
1008:
985:
915:
785:
699:
547:
505:
147:
409:
labelled 2.8-inch for the diameter of the magnetic disc itself
158:
processors. It was also offered in limited quantity with some
3429:
3424:
1538:
1256:
1170:
939:
555:
430:
118:
106:
1859:"Model MCD-1 - Micro Cassette Disk Drive - Technical manual"
1359:
30:"Superfloppy" redirects here. For the MSD floppy drive, see
3574:
3182:
3076:
2339:
1467:
1272:
disk formats. Because of this, foreign formats such as the
1154:
1024:
874:
520:
501:
296:
143:
165:
3392:
3162:
2986:
962:, along with notorious hardware failures (the so-called "
869:
563:
524:
1260:
free of arbitrary format restrictions, encoding such as
215:
formatted. The drives were compatible with contemporary
178:
A magnetic disk in a hard plastic shell was invented by
2541:
Computer Hope: Information about computer floppy drives
1891:"Jánosi Marcell: MCD-1 floppy drive és disk, 1974-1981"
844:: that it be able to read 720 KB and 1.44 MB floppies.
452:
with a total capacity of 2×64 KB (128 KB) at
122:
1633:"Historic "Tabor" Floppy Disc Drive | #219855797"
2465:
2335:"Scaling the memory pyramid: Floppy - But Very Large"
2116:. No. 70. COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. p. 18
2022:
2020:
2018:
2548:(mention of ANSI X3.162 and X3.171 floppy standards)
2220:
2073:
Sharp Service Manual Model CE-140F Pocket Disk Drive
2066:
2064:
2062:
1864:. Budapesti Rádiótechnikai Gyár (BRG). 3B50-703/-A.
1083:
Custom formatting types on 3½-inch and 5¼-inch media
307:. Despite this, the format was not a major success.
3305:
2490:, Hewlett Packard, 1982-09-01, Part No. 09121-90000
1130:processor on the disk drive. Many programs such as
681:A flippy disk (sometimes known as a "flippy") is a
609:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2552:Floppy disk drives and media technical information
2466:Englisch, Lothar; Szczepanowski, Norbert (1984) ,
2263:. Cahners Publishing Company. pp. 23, 26, 30.
2101:
2015:
711:Generally, there are two levels of modifications:
2403:
2059:
1356:, which is something that ADF and DMS cannot do.
708:published an article on the topic in March 1981.
543:more than 3½-inch and 5¼-inch disks of the time.
310:Three-inch diskettes bear much similarity to the
243:lines and in some systems by other manufacturers.
94:on the media and the drive for the DemiDiskette.
62:
3597:
1935:"Pictures [of various CF2 floppy disks]"
824:, the former used for optical drives (including
770:IBM developed, and several companies copied, an
2379:6848 cylinders × 36 blocks/cylinder × 512 bytes
1763:. Informatika Történeti Kiállítás. 2016-08-30.
1561:"PC World announces the end of the floppy disk"
1405:M (medium): 320 KB, 80-track single-sided;
199:showed interest in using the technology in his
190:
1408:L (large): 640 KB, 80-track double-sided.
1402:S (small): 160 KB, 40-track single-sided;
1368:used non-standard disk formats in their 8-bit
504:Mavica (not to be confused with later Digital
264:An Amstrad CPC loading a game from floppy disk
113:Another unsuccessful diskette variant was the
3291:
3260:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
2741:
2727:
2594:
2428:
2409:
1681:"Tabor TC500 Drivette! Woohoo! | 68kMLA"
1126:instead, which was implemented with an extra
996:, had an initial capacity of 120 MB (120.375
966:"), reduced the popularity of the Zip drive.
508:models) and the Ion and Xapshot cameras from
420:
2495:Immers, Richard; Neufeld, Gerald G. (1984).
2363:(manual page), Linux command, archived from
1552:
1280:, which was included with later versions of
1166:software was available to perform the task.
1059:
861:In 1991, Insite Peripherals introduced the "
223:3-inch "Compact Floppy Disk" / "CF-2" format
2191:
2189:
2133:
1959:
1957:
1955:
758:jacket is a great peril to the disk itself.
43:A Maxell-branded 3-inch Compact Floppy Disk
3298:
3284:
2734:
2720:
2608:
2601:
2587:
2536:HowStuffWorks: How Floppy Disk Drives Work
2499:. Data most & Reston (Prentice-Hall).
2276:"The Evolution of the Floppy Disk for PCs"
2127:
2004:(advertisement). January 1984. p. 327
1990:
2229:
1967:. PC Magazine. 2017-06-21. Archived from
1736:
1702:
1639:
1360:Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, and Archimedes
669:Learn how and when to remove this message
2510:
2410:Jonguin, Vincent; Joguin, Sonia (2004).
2186:
1952:
1801:"BRG MCD-1, Hungarian floppy disk drive"
1558:
1231:
1217:
747:
713:
529:
470:
400:
396:
359:
254:
246:
226:
169:
101:
76:IBM DemiDiskette media and Model 341 FDD
71:
38:
2273:
2258:
2107:
1998:"The winning move. Hitachi's 3" floppy"
1927:
1883:
1851:
1822:
1793:
1276:'s can be handled with ease (by use of
988:drive, often seen with the brand names
14:
3598:
1918:
1784:
778:
466:
381:
355:
3279:
2715:
2582:
2487:9121D/S Disc Memory Operator's Manual
2470:, Grand Rapids, MI: Abacus Software,
2437:KCS Dual HD Drive for Amiga computers
2235:
2159:
1980:A consortium of manufacturers led by
1834:ITF, NJSZT Informatikatörténeti Fórum
1785:Jánosi, Jánosi Marcell (1974-11-30).
1711:"The floppy is a 3.25" Flex Diskette"
1708:
1645:
1619:"Tabor bringt Drivette auf den Markt"
775:a much easier technology to perfect.
569:
3606:Rotating disc computer storage media
3265:List of pioneers in computer science
2332:
2214:
1074:drive surfaced early in 1998 as the
702:on one side and Apple on the other.
607:adding citations to reliable sources
578:
519:format in either the North American
2531:Programming Floppy Disk Controllers
1830:"BRG MCD-1 kazettás hajlékonylemez"
1345:Interchangeable Preservation Format
1188:
1087:
67:
24:
2468:The Anatomy of the 1541 Disk Drive
1923:. Disk/Trend Inc. p. MFGR-23.
1315:was only fitted with the standard
135:Microfloppy Disk Drive TC 500
25:
3632:
2524:
1541:(1.2 MB format on 3.5-inch media)
1177:disk drive, which uses only MFM.
534:2-inch LT-1 floppy disk from Fuji
97:
3350:
2440:, Amiga hardware, archived from
1559:Fletcher, Richard (2007-01-30).
1104:home computers, the same as the
969:
583:
436:. Two drives were produced: the
235:. This format was used by their
2559:at the Museum of Obsolete Media
2459:
2385:
2351:
2326:
2311:from the original on 2017-06-19
2297:
2267:
2252:
2153:
2090:from the original on 2017-03-11
2048:from the original on 2017-03-23
1919:Porter, James (December 1985).
1912:
1871:from the original on 2016-03-01
1840:from the original on 2019-08-01
1811:from the original on 2019-08-13
1778:
1767:from the original on 2023-02-07
1753:
1721:from the original on 2020-11-09
1658:from the original on 2020-11-09
1284:). With the correct filesystem
798:
765:
594:needs additional citations for
574:
444:(chassis: FDU-250). Both took
303:, and Timex of Portugal in the
109:3¼" Flex Diskettes (P/N 802950)
3332:Common Language Infrastructure
2274:Pollack, Andrew (1990-03-14).
2203:. The Computer Language Co Inc
2160:Joshi, Rajmohan (April 2006).
1897:(in Hungarian). Archived from
1673:
1625:
1611:
1597:
1583:
1574:
1290:Individual Computers Catweasel
279:The format was widely used by
251:An Amstrad 3-inch floppy drive
174:MCD-1 drive and disk cassettes
63:Non-standard media and devices
13:
1:
3255:History of computing hardware
2108:Bateman, Selby (March 1986).
1836:(in Hungarian). 2018-10-17 .
1761:"MCD-1 cassette floppy drive"
1545:
1514:Floppy disk hardware emulator
1413:since those machines support
1295:Commodore never upgraded the
1222:The pictured chip, codenamed
1147:Modified Frequency Modulation
192:Budapesti Rádiótechnikai Gyár
166:3-inch "MCD-1 Micro Cassette"
3621:Floppy disk computer storage
3123:Network interface controller
2573:, pp. 139–156, Dec 1983
2110:"The Future of Mass Storage"
2035:Sharp PC-1600 Service Manual
1743:"Tabor Adds 3½-inch Drive".
1648:"Why does this drive exist?"
1037:
903:
850:
305:FDD and FDD-3000 disk drives
150:portable computer with both
27:Types of floppy disk formats
7:
2920:Refreshable braille display
2862:Refreshable braille display
1529:List of floppy disk formats
1477:
1396:Advanced Disk Filing System
1032:Compaq Computer Corporation
125:. The diskettes were named
10:
3637:
3462:Holographic Versatile Disc
2166:. Isha Books. p. 79.
2134:Sieg, M. G. (March 1981).
1524:History of the floppy disk
1376:, and their successor the
1063:
1041:
973:
958:optical media and, later,
907:
887:
854:
718:A write-notch puncher for
482:
421:Sharp 2.5-inch floppy disk
29:
3583:
3562:
3541:
3486:
3470:
3401:
3367:Advanced Intelligent Tape
3359:
3348:
3314:
3247:
3191:
3150:
3141:
3019:
2955:
2898:
2827:
2762:
2753:
2617:
2511:Weyhrich, Steven (2005),
2238:"Windows 10 hardware dev"
2163:Introduction To Computers
2037:. Yamatokoriyama, Japan:
1060:Caleb Technology’s UHD144
1007:It was upgraded (as the "
926:; later versions boasted
808:largely been replaced by
2333:Ryan, Bob (March 1992).
2305:""Floptical" drive info"
2236:Hudek, Ted (June 2017).
1213:
980:Announced in 1995, the "
231:A 3-inch floppy disk by
3029:Central processing unit
2564:"War of the Microdisks"
2244:. Windows and GPT FAQ.
1563:. London: The Telegraph
1248:Lotus Turbo Challenge 2
293:Sinclair ZX Spectrum +3
131:Tabor 3¼" Flex Diskette
127:Dysan 3¼" Flex Diskette
3586:List of Ecma standards
3315:Application interfaces
2347:(3): 161–169, 166–167.
1504:Floppy disk controller
1499:Don't Copy That Floppy
1252:
1229:
934:of storage, until the
828:), and the latter for
753:
739:Disk Operating Systems
733:
618:"Floppy disk variants"
562:Type II and with
535:
480:
410:
371:
265:
252:
244:
191:
175:
110:
77:
44:
3542:Radio link interfaces
3487:Programming languages
3452:Ultra Density Optical
2282:. Business Technology
1709:@Foone (2020-10-13).
1646:@Foone (2018-04-30).
1519:Group coded recording
1311:, although the later
1240:
1221:
1182:GEOS operating system
1149:(MFM), to enable the
1114:Group Coded Recording
751:
717:
533:
500:such as the original
474:
405:3-inch diskette from
404:
397:Smith Corona DataDisk
363:
263:
250:
230:
173:
105:
91:U.S. patent 4,482,929
75:
42:
3457:Universal Media Disc
2136:"Flipping Your Disk"
1921:Flexible Disk Drives
1460:image filing systems
1364:The British company
603:improve this article
369:Famicom Disk Systems
140:Seequa Chameleon 325
3616:American inventions
3402:File systems (disk)
3360:File systems (tape)
2557:Floppy Disk Formats
2412:"Disk2FDI Homepage"
2399:(encyclopedia term)
938:(formerly known as
842:backward compatible
779:Floppy mass storage
498:still video cameras
467:2-inch floppy disks
391:Famicom Disk System
382:Famicom Disk System
364:3-inch diskette of
356:Quick Disk variants
3308:Ecma International
2280:The New York Times
2261:Mini-Micro Systems
2242:docs.microsoft.com
2201:PCMag Encyclopedia
1509:Floppy disk format
1385:Disc Filing System
1253:
1230:
1173:machines with the
1145:, compatible with
1119:zone bit recording
1021:SyQuest Technology
984:" marketed as the
947:desktop publishing
754:
734:
570:Extended use cases
554:(originally named
536:
481:
411:
372:
266:
253:
245:
217:floppy controllers
176:
111:
78:
45:
3593:
3592:
3273:
3272:
3243:
3242:
3173:Analog audio jack
2894:
2893:
2709:
2708:
2083:. 00ZCE140F/SME.
2081:Sharp Corporation
2039:Sharp Corporation
1605:"Popular Science"
1468:Computer Concepts
1297:Original Chip Set
1274:IBM PC compatible
1238:
951:computer graphics
865:", which uses an
679:
678:
671:
653:
261:
53:IBM PC compatible
16:(Redirected from
3628:
3588:(1961 – present)
3387:Linear Tape-Open
3354:
3322:ANSI escape code
3300:
3293:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3148:
3147:
2799:Optical trackpad
2764:Pointing devices
2760:
2759:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2610:Magnetic storage
2603:
2596:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2519:
2517:Apple II History
2491:
2480:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2376:
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2369:
2355:
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2348:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2301:
2295:
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2271:
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2250:
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2227:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
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2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2078:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2032:
2028:"Model CE-1600F"
2024:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1976:
1961:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1937:. Archived from
1931:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1877:
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1750:
1740:
1734:
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1727:
1726:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1687:. Archived from
1677:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1556:
1381:Acorn Archimedes
1342:
1334:
1326:
1239:
1189:Atari 8-bit line
1088:Commodore 64/128
992:(Panasonic) and
830:hard disk drives
731:
730:
726:
723:
697:
696:
692:
689:
674:
667:
663:
660:
654:
652:
611:
587:
579:
540:Zenith MinisPORT
458:
457:
448:diskettes named
434:pocket computers
351:
350:
346:
343:
337:
336:
332:
329:
323:
322:
318:
315:
262:
194:
188:
93:
68:IBM DemiDiskette
55:systems, or the
21:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3611:Legacy hardware
3596:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3579:
3558:
3537:
3482:
3466:
3397:
3355:
3346:
3337:Office Open XML
3310:
3304:
3274:
3269:
3239:
3187:
3137:
3015:
3009:USB flash drive
2958:
2951:
2890:
2823:
2777:Game controller
2772:Graphics tablet
2749:
2740:
2710:
2705:
2613:
2607:
2571:Popular Science
2566:
2562:
2527:
2484:
2478:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2408:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2373:
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2356:
2352:
2331:
2327:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2298:
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2272:
2268:
2257:
2253:
2234:
2230:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2016:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1889:
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1814:
1812:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1749:. October 1984.
1742:
1741:
1737:
1724:
1722:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1661:
1659:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1607:. October 1986.
1603:
1602:
1598:
1591:"Computerworld"
1589:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1480:
1366:Acorn Computers
1362:
1354:copy protection
1340:
1332:
1329:Amiga Disk File
1324:
1232:
1216:
1191:
1160:Big Blue Reader
1090:
1085:
1068:
1062:
1046:
1040:
978:
972:
918:introduced the
912:
906:
890:
859:
853:
801:
781:
768:
728:
724:
721:
719:
694:
690:
687:
685:
675:
664:
658:
655:
612:
610:
600:
588:
577:
572:
517:composite video
491:
469:
455:
453:
423:
399:
384:
358:
348:
344:
341:
339:
334:
330:
327:
325:
320:
316:
313:
311:
301:Tatung Einstein
255:
225:
182:
168:
100:
89:
70:
65:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3591:
3590:
3584:
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3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3414:CD File System
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
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3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3133:Expansion card
3130:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3070:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3034:Microprocessor
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2904:
2902:
2900:Output devices
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:Pointing stick
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2525:External links
2523:
2522:
2521:
2508:
2493:
2482:
2476:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2427:
2402:
2384:
2350:
2325:
2307:. 1990-01-17.
2296:
2266:
2251:
2228:
2213:
2197:"super floppy"
2185:
2172:
2152:
2126:
2100:
2058:
2014:
1989:
1951:
1926:
1911:
1882:
1850:
1821:
1792:
1777:
1752:
1735:
1701:
1672:
1638:
1624:
1610:
1596:
1582:
1573:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1474:format disks.
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1374:Acorn Electron
1361:
1358:
1215:
1212:
1190:
1187:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1064:Main article:
1061:
1058:
1042:Main article:
1039:
1036:
974:Main article:
971:
968:
964:click of death
908:Main article:
905:
902:
889:
886:
855:Main article:
852:
849:
822:computer cases
805:"super floppy"
800:
797:
780:
777:
767:
764:
760:
759:
755:
677:
676:
591:
589:
582:
576:
573:
571:
568:
468:
465:
461:GCR (4/5)
438:Sharp CE-1600F
422:
419:
398:
395:
383:
380:
357:
354:
224:
221:
180:Marcell Jánosi
167:
164:
129:(P/N 802950),
99:
98:Tabor Drivette
96:
69:
66:
64:
61:
32:MSD Super Disk
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3633:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:Minimal BASIC
3526:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
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3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3306:Standards of
3301:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:Parallel port
3203:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3021:Computer case
3018:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2947:Graphics card
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:Graphics card
2843:
2841:
2840:Image scanner
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Input devices
2752:
2748:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2572:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2514:
2513:"The Disk II"
2509:
2506:
2505:0-8359-3091-2
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2477:0-916439-01-1
2473:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2444:on 2011-09-27
2443:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2380:
2370:on 2011-07-27
2366:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2225:. p. 21.
2224:
2217:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2173:9788182053793
2169:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1971:on 2017-06-28
1970:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1941:on 2018-08-12
1940:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1915:
1901:on 2008-02-24
1900:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1788:
1781:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1691:on 2022-01-09
1690:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1668:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1614:
1606:
1600:
1593:. March 1983.
1592:
1586:
1577:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1153:to work with
1152:
1151:Commodore 128
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Commodore DOS
1121:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
977:
970:LS-120/LS-240
967:
965:
961:
960:flash storage
957:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
911:
901:
897:
894:
885:
881:
878:
876:
871:
868:
864:
858:
848:
845:
843:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:flash storage
811:
806:
796:
794:
790:
789:Bernoulli Box
787:
776:
773:
763:
756:
750:
745:
744:disk doublers
740:
736:
735:
716:
712:
709:
707:
706:
701:
684:
673:
670:
662:
651:
648:
644:
641:
637:
634:
630:
627:
623:
620: –
619:
615:
614:Find sources:
608:
604:
598:
597:
592:This article
590:
586:
581:
580:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
541:
532:
528:
526:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
490:
486:
478:
473:
464:
462:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
428:
418:
416:
408:
403:
394:
392:
389:
386:The Japanese
379:
376:
370:
367:
362:
353:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
249:
242:
238:
234:
229:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
186:
181:
172:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
108:
104:
95:
92:
86:
85:
74:
60:
58:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3478:Universal 3D
3111:Power MOSFET
3094:Power supply
3063:Data storage
2999:Flash memory
2977:Optical disc
2959:data storage
2640:Ferrite core
2570:
2516:
2496:
2486:
2467:
2460:Bibliography
2446:, retrieved
2442:the original
2436:
2430:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2372:, retrieved
2365:the original
2359:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2328:
2319:
2313:. Retrieved
2299:
2290:
2284:. Retrieved
2279:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2241:
2231:
2222:
2216:
2205:. Retrieved
2200:
2177:. Retrieved
2162:
2155:
2144:. Retrieved
2142:. p. 71
2139:
2129:
2118:. Retrieved
2113:
2103:
2092:. Retrieved
2072:
2050:. Retrieved
2034:
2006:. Retrieved
2001:
1992:
1979:
1973:. Retrieved
1969:the original
1943:. Retrieved
1939:the original
1929:
1920:
1914:
1903:. Retrieved
1899:the original
1894:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1853:
1842:. Retrieved
1833:
1824:
1813:. Retrieved
1804:
1795:
1780:
1769:. Retrieved
1755:
1744:
1738:
1728:– via
1723:. Retrieved
1704:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:the original
1684:
1675:
1665:– via
1660:. Retrieved
1641:
1627:
1613:
1599:
1585:
1576:
1565:. Retrieved
1554:
1494:Disk storage
1453:
1449:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1419:coprocessors
1411:
1393:
1389:
1363:
1322:
1294:
1254:
1246:
1223:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1179:
1168:
1159:
1136:
1117:
1102:Commodore 64
1091:
1075:
1069:
1066:Caleb UHD144
1054:
1047:
1029:
1006:
1002:
979:
956:compact disc
945:The rise of
944:
913:
898:
895:
891:
882:
879:
860:
846:
838:
834:
812:burners and
810:optical disc
804:
802:
799:Super floppy
793:head crashes
782:
769:
766:Auto-loaders
761:
743:
710:
703:
683:double-sided
680:
665:
659:October 2012
656:
646:
639:
632:
625:
613:
601:Please help
596:verification
593:
575:Flippy disks
545:
537:
523:or European
495:
492:
485:Video Floppy
477:video floppy
463:recording).
424:
415:Smith Corona
412:
407:Smith Corona
385:
373:
309:
278:
267:
209:Commodore 64
197:Jack Tramiel
177:
134:
130:
126:
121:, Brown and
114:
112:
82:
79:
46:
36:
3389:(Ultrium-1)
3210:Serial port
3201:(IEEE 1394)
3178:DisplayPort
3168:Thunderbolt
3041:Motherboard
3004:Memory card
2972:Floppy disk
2814:Touchscreen
2682:Floppy disk
2652:Stripe card
2397:PC Magazine
1417:and 32-bit
1352:which have
1270:proprietary
928:250 MB
732:-inch disks
566:interface.
205:ZX Spectrum
183: [
142:, an early
49:floppy disk
18:Flippy disk
3600:Categories
3533:Full BASIC
3517:ECMAScript
3509:JavaScript
2957:Removable
2942:Sound card
2872:Sound chip
2867:Sound card
2857:Microphone
2747:components
2448:2011-06-23
2421:2006-05-25
2374:2011-06-23
2360:floppy (8)
2315:2017-06-19
2286:2017-06-19
2207:2023-05-31
2179:2023-03-03
2146:2013-10-26
2120:2018-10-07
2094:2017-03-11
2052:2017-03-12
2008:2014-12-25
1982:Matsushita
1975:2018-08-15
1945:2018-08-15
1905:2006-12-28
1875:2019-08-01
1844:2019-08-01
1815:2019-08-01
1771:2023-05-01
1725:2022-01-09
1695:2022-01-12
1685:68kmla.org
1662:2022-01-09
1567:2011-06-22
1546:References
1534:Sneakernet
1489:Disk image
1426:BBC Master
1337:DiskMasher
1313:Amiga 1200
1309:Amiga 4000
1305:Amiga 3000
1243:Amiga 2000
1017:Zip drives
990:Matsushita
818:drive bays
772:autoloader
629:newspapers
514:interlaced
483:See also:
479:from Canon
270:Matsushita
3382:Super DLT
3220:PS/2 port
3215:Game port
3128:Fax modem
2967:Disk pack
2819:Trackball
2782:Light pen
2700:Racetrack
2664:Thin film
2646:Hard disk
2416:Old skool
2246:Microsoft
1484:dd (Unix)
1472:Macintosh
1370:BBC Micro
1050:Sony HiFD
1044:Sony HiFD
1038:Sony HiFD
982:SuperDisk
976:SuperDisk
936:PocketZip
930:and then
920:Zip drive
914:In 1994,
910:Zip drive
904:Zip drive
867:infra-red
863:Floptical
857:Floptical
851:Floptical
552:PocketZip
489:PocketZip
425:In 1986,
283:in their
201:Commodore
160:PDP-11/23
3471:Graphics
3199:FireWire
3192:Obsolete
3158:Ethernet
2937:Speakers
2835:Keyboard
2809:Touchpad
2744:computer
2393:"LS-120"
2309:Archived
2140:Compute!
2114:COMPUTE!
2085:Archived
2043:Archived
1866:Archived
1838:Archived
1809:Archived
1807:. 2017.
1765:Archived
1719:Archived
1656:Archived
1478:See also
1466:format.
1464:Atari ST
1456:FileCore
1444:combo IO
1278:CrossDOS
1245:loading
1128:MOS-6502
705:Compute!
450:CE-1650F
446:turnable
440:and the
388:Nintendo
366:Nintendo
241:Spectrum
115:Drivette
3570:ECMA-35
3494:C++/CLI
3342:OpenXPS
3248:Related
3151:Current
2992:Blu-ray
2930:Plotter
2925:Printer
2908:Monitor
2884:Softcam
2792:Optical
2690:(~1970)
2678:(~1968)
2676:Twistor
2567:(Books)
2223:PC Week
1895:Octogon
1730:Twitter
1667:Twitter
1440:Risc PC
1436:RISC OS
1387:(DFS).
1282:AmigaOS
1094:PET/CBM
994:Imation
888:Flextra
826:Blu-ray
727:⁄
693:⁄
643:scholar
560:PC Card
475:2-inch
442:CE-140F
375:Mitsumi
347:⁄
333:⁄
319:⁄
281:Amstrad
274:Hitachi
233:Amstrad
144:CP/M-80
3504:Eiffel
3435:FAT16B
3416:(CDFS)
3409:CD-ROM
3106:MOSFET
3046:Memory
2913:Screen
2879:Webcam
2742:Basic
2702:(2008)
2696:(1995)
2688:Bubble
2684:(1969)
2672:(1962)
2666:(1962)
2660:(1956)
2654:(1956)
2648:(1956)
2642:(1949)
2636:(1932)
2630:(1928)
2624:(1898)
2503:
2474:
2170:
1985:pages.
1378:32-bit
1339:) and
1286:driver
1164:SOGWAP
1100:, and
1098:VIC-20
1072:UHD144
1009:LS-240
986:LS-120
932:750 MB
924:100 MB
916:Iomega
791:, but
786:Iomega
700:TRS-80
645:
638:
631:
624:
616:
548:Iomega
506:Mavica
299:, the
148:MS-DOS
146:&
57:8-inch
3563:Other
3430:FAT16
3425:FAT12
3225:eSATA
3143:Ports
2828:Other
2787:Mouse
2612:media
2546:NCITS
2368:(man)
2088:(PDF)
2077:(PDF)
2046:(PDF)
2031:(PDF)
1869:(PDF)
1862:(PDF)
1715:Tweet
1652:Tweet
1539:3mode
1257:Amiga
1225:Paula
1214:Amiga
1171:8-bit
1013:32 MB
940:Clik!
650:JSTOR
636:books
556:Clik!
510:Canon
431:BASIC
427:Sharp
413:Many
187:]
119:Dysan
107:Dysan
3575:JSON
3523:Dart
3327:APIW
3183:HDMI
3099:SMPS
3087:SSHD
3081:NVMe
3077:SATA
3056:BIOS
2694:MRAM
2670:CRAM
2658:MICR
2634:Drum
2628:Tape
2622:Wire
2501:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2340:BYTE
2168:ISBN
2002:Byte
1746:BYTE
1372:and
1341:.IPF
1333:.DMS
1325:.ADF
1307:and
1264:and
1255:The
1180:The
1175:1581
1155:CP/M
1143:1571
1141:and
1139:1570
1132:GEOS
1110:1541
1108:and
1106:1540
1070:The
1025:BIOS
1019:and
949:and
875:SCSI
737:For
622:news
521:NTSC
502:Sony
487:and
297:Sega
287:and
239:and
207:and
156:8088
154:and
84:demi
47:The
3554:UWB
3549:NFC
3513:E4X
3447:UDF
3420:FAT
3393:VXA
3377:DLT
3372:DDS
3235:VGA
3230:DVI
3163:USB
3116:VRM
3073:SSD
3068:HDD
3051:RAM
2987:DVD
2850:GPU
1717:).
1654:).
1415:16-
1349:ADF
1331:),
1301:RPM
1266:GCR
1262:MFM
1241:An
1200:i.e
1162:by
1000:).
870:LED
820:in
605:by
564:USB
550:'s
525:PAL
456:464
289:PCW
285:CPC
237:CPC
213:MFM
152:Z80
3602::
3515:,
3499:C#
3442:FD
3079:/
2982:CD
2569:,
2515:,
2414:.
2395:,
2377:,
2345:17
2343:.
2337:.
2318:.
2289:.
2278:.
2240:.
2199:.
2188:^
2138:.
2112:.
2079:.
2061:^
2033:.
2017:^
2000:.
1978:.
1954:^
1893:.
1832:.
1803:.
1683:.
1421:.
1317:DD
1096:,
1076:it
998:MB
832:.
454:62
272:.
185:hu
123:3M
3519:)
3511:(
3299:e
3292:t
3285:v
3083:)
3075:(
2735:e
2728:t
2721:v
2602:e
2595:t
2588:v
2575:.
2507:.
2492:.
2481:.
2452:.
2424:.
2382:.
2248:.
2210:.
2182:.
2149:.
2123:.
2097:.
2055:.
2011:.
1948:.
1908:.
1878:.
1847:.
1818:.
1789:.
1774:.
1732:.
1713:(
1698:.
1669:.
1650:(
1635:.
1621:.
1570:.
1343:(
1335:(
1327:(
1198:(
729:4
725:1
722:+
720:5
695:4
691:1
688:+
686:5
672:)
666:(
661:)
657:(
647:·
640:·
633:·
626:·
599:.
349:4
345:1
342:+
340:5
335:2
331:1
328:+
326:3
321:2
317:1
314:+
312:3
34:.
20:)
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