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reflect the supply and demand of labour and so that employers can force employees to compete for wages, thus lowering the average wage paid to employees and ultimately to maximize profits while decreasing the standard of living of the working classes. This can be achieved by rate-for-the-job systems,
202:
as it is in the definitions above. Increasingly, the common view is that labour market flexibility can potentially be used for both workers and companies, or employees and employers. It can also be used as a method to enable workers to "adjust working life and working hours to their own preferences
138:. Many employers thus hire large numbers of part-time employees to avoid government regulations associated with full-time employees, such as the requirement that employers pay for health insurance of their full-time employees. This allows employers to maximize their own profits while decreasing the
214:
approach, calling for an adequate method to enhance flexibility for both workers and employers that is "capable of quickly and effectively mastering new productive needs and skills and about facilitating the combination of work and private responsibilities."
227:
has also argued that flexible working should be extended to all workers through stronger regulations. As authors Gerson and Jacobs agree, "flexibility and autonomy are only useful if workers feel able to use them" (Gerson & Jacobs, 2004, pg. 238).
203:
and to other activities". As companies adapt to business cycles and facilitate their needs through the use of labour market flexibility strategies, workers adapt their life cycles and their needs through it (Chung, 2006).
97:
according to the firms' needs. Employers typically prefer high levels of unemployment because, as workers become more desperate for employment, they are willing to work for lower wages, thus increasing employer profits.
219:
also emphasizes the importance of the development of working time flexibility as an alternative to implementing external flexibility as the sole method of increasing flexibility in the labour market (ETUC, 2007).
470:
Chung, H. & Tijdens, K. (2013) "Working time components and working time regimes in Europe: using company-level data across 21 countries" International
Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(7): 1418-143.
52:
can limit labor market flexibility by negotiating higher wages, benefits, and better working conditions with employers. In the words of
Siebert, labour unions were seen to inhibit "the clearing functions of the
670:
77:
The most well-known concept of labour market flexibility is given by
Atkinson. Based on the strategies companies use, he notes that there can be four types of flexibility.
85:
External numerical flexibility is the adjustment of the labour intake, or the number of workers from the external market. This can be achieved by employing workers on
588:
154:
flexibility is the extent to which employees can be transferred to different activities and tasks within the firm. It has to do with organization of operation or
890:
746:
612:
Labour Market
Flexibility, for Employers or Employees? A multi-dimensional study of labour market flexibility across European welfare states,
65:
for labor; by distorting the labor supply; and by impairing the equilibrating function of the market mechanism (for instance, by influencing
643:
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491:
38:
adapt to fluctuations and changes in society, the economy or production. This entails enabling labour markets to reach a continuous
614:
Paper presented at the 2006 Annual ESPAnet
Conference, Shaping Euoropean Systems of Work and Welfare, 7~9 September 2006, Bremen.
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17:
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Labour market flexibility refers to more than the strategies used by employers to adapt to their production or
696:
ReflecT: Research
Institute for Flexicurity, Labour Market Dynamics and Social Cohesion at Tilburg University.
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by weakening the demand for labor, making it less attractive to hire a worker by explicitly pushing up the
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or fixed-term contracts or through relaxed hiring and firing regulations or in other words relaxation of
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Gerson, K., & Jacobs, J. (2004). The work-home crunch. In Gender and
Sexualities (pp. 231-240).
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Some of the widely used arrangements that enable workers more flexibility in their work include
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and there are more differences between the wages of workers. This is done so that pay and other
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activities. Job rotation is a label given to many functional flexibility schemes.
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593:. Institute of Manpower Studies, National Economic Development Office, London.
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671:"'Flexibility' or 'exploitation'? What do we know about zero-hours contracts?"
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Changing
Working Patterns: How companies achieve flexibility to meet new needs
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Work
Flexibility in Eight European countries: A cross-national comparison.
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Out of Time: Why
Britain needs a new approach to working-time flexibility
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or schedules of workers already employed within the firm. This includes
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Flexibility at work: balancing the interests of employer and employee
582:(Report). IMS Report No. 89. Institute of Manpower Studies, Brighton.
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also addresses this issue in its Joint Employment Report and its new
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276: – Welfare state model with a pro-active labour market policy.
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159:
135:
380:
1271:
1133:
416:"Labour Market Rigidities: At the Root of Unemployment in Europe"
381:"The Macroeconomics of the Labor Market: Three Fundamental Views"
190:
or assessment based pay system, or individual performance wages.
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666:
Sociological Series 60.Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna.
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344:
110:
flexibility or temporal flexibility, is achieved by adjusting
705:
216:
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319: – People without work and actively seeking work,
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
315: – Type of non-standard or temporary employment,
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Karanassou, Marika; Sala, Hector; Snower, Dennis J.
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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flexibility occurs when wage levels are not decided
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106:Internal numerical flexibility, sometimes known as
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101:
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621:Fagan, C.; Hegewisch, A.; Pillinger, J. (2006).
577:Flexibility, Uncertainty and Manpower Management
378:
169:
27:Speed with which labour markets adapt to changes
891:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
261: – Loss of shared knowledge and experience
630:. Trade Union Congress, London. Archived from
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323: – Economic system of freelance workers
291: – Study of the markets for wage labour
282: – Flexible hours schedule in workdays
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130:), working time accounts, leaves such as
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255: – Non-permanent type of employment
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369:Standing, 1989; Jimeno and Tohara, 1994
14:
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521:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
489:Chung, 2008 "Do institutions matter?"
162:workers. This can also be achieved by
42:determined by the intersection of the
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223:In their report on working time, the
93:, where employers can hire and fire
61:costs or by introducing a negative
24:
386:. Institute for the Study of Labor
25:
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587:Atkinson, J.; Meager, N. (1986).
265:Employment Protection Legislation
91:employment protection legislation
420:Journal of Economic Perspectives
343:
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480:Jepsen & Klammer, 2004:157
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414:Siebert, Horst (Summer 1997).
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102:Internal numerical flexibility
81:External numerical flexibility
13:
1:
1257:Critique of political economy
642:Reilly, Peter Andrew (2001).
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170:Financial or wage flexibility
122:or flexible working hours or
841:History of capitalist theory
126:(including night shifts and
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329: – Economic phenomenon
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10:
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150:Functional flexibility or
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1201:Labour market flexibility
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876:Multinational corporation
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743:
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32:labour market flexibility
459:Atkinson and Meager 1986
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142:of the working classes.
34:is the speed with which
1346:Individualist anarchism
351:Organized labour portal
194:Flexibility for workers
1311:Collectivist anarchism
1226:Social venture capital
1196:Freedom of association
575:Atkinson, J. (1984).
327:Exploitation of labour
301:Occupational licensing
146:Functional flexibility
1376:Post-scarcity economy
1351:Libertarian socialism
1336:Free-market socialism
1267:Market fundamentalism
1252:Capitalist propaganda
846:Industrial Revolution
761:Anarchy of production
675:Understanding Society
648:. Aldershotd: Gower.
558:Understanding Society
18:Flexible labor market
831:Financial Revolution
796:Economic development
1306:Anarcho-syndicalism
1301:Anarcho-primitivism
1186:Economic inequality
801:Economic liberalism
662:Wallace, C. (2003)
433:10.1257/jep.11.3.37
267: – labour term
208:European Commission
95:permanent employees
1326:Economic democracy
1147:Private foundation
140:standard of living
1403:
1402:
1296:Anarcho-communism
1167:Spontaneous order
1162:Social alienation
1119:Economic mobility
806:Economic planning
655:978-0-56608-259-7
404:Siebert, 1997: 43
259:Corporate amnesia
44:demand and supply
16:(Redirected from
1433:
1421:Labour economics
1386:Social anarchism
1361:Market socialism
1356:Market anarchism
1262:Critique of work
1152:Private property
1114:Economic freedom
1109:Decentralization
1087:Cultural aspects
1048:Regulated market
826:Financial crisis
811:Entrepreneurship
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1371:Post-capitalism
1341:Green anarchism
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906:Property rights
881:Nationalization
791:Economic bubble
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690:External links
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128:weekend shifts
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504:on 2011-10-05
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448:
447:Atkinson 1984
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50:Labour unions
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33:
19:
1426:Labor rights
1416:Working time
1277:Wage slavery
1231:Unemployment
1211:Productivity
1200:
1142:Philanthropy
1003:Mercantilist
980:
951:Conservative
786:Deregulation
747:perspectives
745:Aspects and
679:. Retrieved
677:. 2022-03-24
674:
663:
644:
632:the original
623:
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506:. Retrieved
499:the original
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390:15 September
388:. Retrieved
374:
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335:Working time
317:Unemployment
230:
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183:collectively
173:
149:
108:working time
105:
84:
76:
69:behavior)."
63:shadow price
48:
31:
29:
1396:Syndicalism
1316:Communalism
1181:Corporatism
1157:Rule of law
1104:Consumerism
1094:Advertising
993:Libertarian
971:Free-market
941:Anglo-Saxon
921:Wage labour
871:Meritocracy
821:Externality
776:Competition
321:Gig economy
274:Flexicurity
237:remote work
212:Flexicurity
164:outsourcing
40:equilibrium
1410:Categories
1285:Antithesis
1216:Prosperity
1191:Employment
1138:Mainstream
1129:Liberalism
1053:Regulatory
1028:Neoliberal
976:Humanistic
961:Democratic
916:Regulation
781:Depression
737:Capitalism
681:2023-11-02
616:paper link
600:0729207889
569:References
536:Fagan 2006
508:2008-09-25
295:Labour law
156:management
120:flexi time
67:bargaining
1391:Socialism
1366:Mutualism
1321:Communism
1291:Anarchism
1240:Criticism
1221:Syndicate
956:Corporate
911:Recession
886:Oligopoly
851:Invention
426:(3): 43.
307:Precarity
280:Flexitime
175:Financial
116:part-time
1018:National
1013:Monopoly
966:Dirigist
935:Ideology
608:Chung, H
517:cite web
247:See also
233:flextime
160:training
136:overtime
46:curves.
1272:Marxism
1134:Liberty
1078:Welfare
1038:Private
988:Liberal
754:General
610:(2006)
1063:Social
1033:Nordic
998:Market
926:Wealth
901:Profit
652:
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239:, and
134:, and
124:shifts
73:Theory
55:market
1068:State
1058:Rhine
1008:Mixed
701:CARMA
635:(PDF)
628:(PDF)
580:(PDF)
502:(PDF)
495:(PDF)
384:(PDF)
358:Notes
650:ISBN
595:ISBN
560:2022
523:link
392:2022
217:ETUC
206:The
179:wage
158:and
59:wage
1043:Raw
1023:Neo
428:doi
225:TUC
177:or
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515:{{
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235:,
118:,
729:e
722:t
715:v
684:.
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538:.
525:)
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449:.
436:.
430::
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