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in air pressure from one side to the other. This causes a sideways force on the object making the spinning body move towards the low pressure side where there is least resistance. On a ship, this sideways force is resisted by the hull, and a component of this force can be used to propel the ship forward, provided that the ship's direction is generally within the low pressure zone. A Magnus rotor used to propel a ship is called a rotor sail and is mounted with its axis vertical. When the wind blows from the side, the Magnus effect creates a forward thrust. The most common form of rotor sail is the
31:
132:
143:
284:
275:
Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) and the related engine technology required to use it became readily and cheaply available (Nuttall & John, 2016). Fuel prices at that point meant that any savings achieved by the rotor were too small for shipping companies to consider the investment due to the lengthy payback period."
274:
in Bremen. It proved to perform reliably "as a normal freighter in the
Mediterranean between 1926 and 1929. By 1928, Flettner had secured orders for six new ships of the Barbara class. However ... there was a global economic crash causing a decrease in consumer buying confidence. In addition to this,
104:
A rotor or
Flettner ship is designed to use the Magnus effect for propulsion. The Magnus Effect is caused by a spinning body in a moving airstream, or a moving body which is spinning (such as a ball), which pulls the air round to one side of the object, using the skin friction, creating a difference
122:
Sailing ships, including rotor ships, often also have a small conventional propeller to provide ease of manoeuvrability and forward propulsion at slow speeds and when the wind is not blowing or the rotor is stopped. In a hybrid rotor ship the propeller is the primary source of propulsion, while the
243:
sailed to New York via South
America, the 6,200 nautical mile voyage across the Atlantic used only 12 tons of fuel oil, compared with 45 tons for a motor ship of the same size without rotors (Nuttall & John, 2016), arriving in New York harbor on 9 May (History of Flettner Rotor, n.d.)."
1001:
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1005:
227:
Some sources claim that the ship had proved inefficient on these voyages, that the power consumed by spinning 15-metre tall drums was disproportionate to the propulsive effect when compared with conventional propellers.
322:
on 2 August 2008. From 2010, it has been used to transport the company's turbine products and other equipment. Enercon claim "operational fuel savings of up to 25% compared to same-sized conventional freight vessels."
193:
which carried two cylinders (or rotors) approximately 15 metres (50 ft) high, and 3 metres (10 ft) in diameter, driven by an electric propulsion system of 50 hp (37 kW) power.
76:
The Magnus effect is a force acting on a spinning body in a moving airstream, which produces a force perpendicular to both the direction of the airstream and the axis of the rotor.
1348:
116:
than a conventional sailing ship. Other advantages include the ease of control from sheltered navigation stations and the lack of furling requirements in heavy weather.
768:
1310:
593:
1139:
119:
If the ship changes tack so that the wind comes from the other side, the direction of rotation must be reversed; the ship would otherwise be propelled backwards.
427:
In 2021, Norsepower installed five tilting rotor sails onto a Vale-operated iron ore carrier; the tilting design intended to allow maneuvering below bridges.
1385:
454:
announced that it had commissioned six ships with
Flettner rotors for entry into service in 2026 to transport aircraft sections to its US assembly line.
1587:
1582:
96:
cylinder in an airstream. The arrow represents the resulting sideways force that can be used to help propel a ship. The curly flow lines represent a
863:
1260:
1125:
391:
235:
was put into service to carry bulk cargo across the North
Atlantic and the Baltic sea (Seufert & Seufert, 1983). On 31 March 1926, the
1538:
69:
was the first to build a ship that attempted to tap this force for propulsion, and ships using his type of rotor are sometimes known as
1378:
1285:
123:
rotor serves to offload it and thus increase overall fuel economy. Rotor sails have been reported to generate 5-20% fuel savings.
918:
212:(sail into the wind) at 20–30 degrees, hence the rotors did not give cause for concern in stormy weather. The ship was renamed
820:
793:
693:
646:
551:
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1154:
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The German engineer Anton
Flettner was the first to build a ship which attempted to use the Magnus effect for propulsion.
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1054:
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735:
1339:
837:
358:
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1068:
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84:
17:
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812:
Nuclear Energy for
Hydrogen Generation through Intermediate Heat Exchangers: A Renewable Source of Energy
1644:
1524:
1358:
870:
1140:"Norsepower Rotor Sails Confirmed Savings Of 8.2% Fuel And Associated Co2 In Maersk Pelican Project"
944:
376:
that would use
Flettner rotors as a means of reducing fuel consumption. The Finnish ferry operator
1213:
1189:
327:
470:
424:(IMO 9746803) bulk carrier has operated four movable rotors over a year with positive results.
783:
683:
665:
636:
541:
810:
618:
113:
958:
573:
Gilmore, C.P. (1984). "Spin Sail: Harnesses
Mysterious Magnus Effect for Ship Propulsion,"
231:
That view stands in contrast to others that claim "Due to the impressive performance, the
8:
1654:
594:"Sea Cargo Ship To Be World's First Vessel With Tilting Rotor Sails Arrives In Rotterdam"
463:
1359:
Propulsive power contribution of a kite and a
Flettner rotor on selected shipping routes
962:
521:. Prepared by the Borg/Luther Group for Naval Sea Systems Command Department of the Navy
406:) was fitted with an 18-metre long Flettner rotor of the EcoFlettner type at the front.
131:
1426:
745:
403:
387:
built in 2011–2012, initially without rotors. A rotor system was retrofitted in 2018.
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976:
816:
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689:
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209:
30:
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In 2018, Norsepower deployed rotor sails with the world's biggest shipping company,
1487:
1002:"Wind and lng [liquified natural gas] power Wartsila's cruise ferry design"
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1592:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
710:
578:
381:
307:
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1618:
1608:
1311:"Airbus renewing ocean transport vessel fleet to assist A320neo ramp-up demand"
512:"The Magnus Effect - an overview of its past and future practical applications"
511:
346:
178:
109:. The wind does not power the rotor, which is rotated by its own power source.
106:
66:
1203:
1179:
394:
installed twin rotor sails on Finnish shipping company Bore's RoRo vessel M/V
1638:
1363:
1240:
485:
441:
369:
182:
174:
89:
50:
1261:"Norsepower: 5 tiltable rotor sails installed on Vale-chartered ore carrier"
945:"Sea-going hardware for the cloud albedo method of reversing global warming"
1459:
1439:
1411:
980:
971:
838:"Discovery: State-of-the-art cargo ship to dock with haul of wind turbines"
365:
and propelled the vessel stably through the water at a speed of six knots.
220:
and on 31 March 1926 was sailed to New York via South America, arriving in
142:
361:. The rotors were made of carbon fibre and were attached to a retrofitted
1505:
1497:
1395:
377:
373:
306:
Interest in rotor sails revived in the 1980s, as a way of increasing the
217:
170:
895:
417:, an LR2 class tanker, has been fitted with two Norsepower Rotor Sails.
1444:
1403:
1353:
475:
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271:
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The latter assessment seems to be more accurate, as the outcome of the
97:
54:
1028:"Cheap oil killed sailing ships. Now they're back and totally tubular"
349:
and John Latham proposed the building of 1,500 robotic rotor ships to
181:, Flettner constructed an experimental rotor vessel; October 1924 the
480:
339:
288:
205:
147:
57:. The ship is propelled, at least in part, by large powered vertical
1516:
251:
experiment, resulted in the development of the next rotor ship, the
1547:
1449:
1434:
1416:
1286:"M/S Berlin gets a new rotor sail: Ingeniøren observes the process"
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93:
35:
1454:
1208:
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1155:"Blue Planet Shipping receives GREEN4SEA Dry Bulk Operator Award"
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503:
313:
1204:"Video: ANEMOI moving Flettner Rotor System – MV Afros Berthing"
451:
410:
201:
112:
Due to the arrangement of forces, a rotor ship is able to sail
1126:"Rotor Sails Fitted on board Maersk's Tanker in a World's 1st"
730:. Stroud, Gloucester GL5 2QG: The History Press. p. 48.
708:
1085:
1482:
785:
Ships and Shipbuilders: Pioneers of Design and Construction
46:
302:
s are the largest Flettner rotors in the world, as of 2019
1180:"Video: ANEMOI Flettner Rotor System – MV Afros Sailing"
100:
wake. The airflow is deflected in the direction of spin.
943:
Salter, Stephen; Sortino, Graham; Latham, John (2008).
185:
finished construction of a large two-rotor ship named
763:
761:
588:
586:
1354:Video of Rotor Sail in action onboard Viking Grace
1004:. Cruise Business Online (22 June). Archived from
919:"Futuristic fleet of 'cloudseeders' (15 February)"
758:
660:
658:
353:. The ships would spray seawater into the air to
1636:
583:
1229:"Can Massive Cargo Ships Use Wind to Go Green?"
1393:
655:
611:
539:
266:In 1926, a larger ship with three rotors, the
1532:
1379:
835:
808:
781:
1349:Bore to trial Norsepower Rotor Sail on Ro-Ro
702:
681:
634:
433:operates two hybrid ferries with rotorsail,
999:
685:A History and Philosophy of Fluid Mechanics
638:A History and Philosophy of Fluid Mechanics
569:
567:
565:
563:
519:Defense Technical Information Center (.mil)
1539:
1525:
1386:
1372:
1335:Center for the Study of Technology article
1055:"ESTRADEN with Flettner rotor is underway"
802:
775:
533:
79:
1226:
970:
675:
666:"Critics in a spin over Flettner's Ships"
628:
402:of the German-based Fehn Shipmanagement (
398:. In May 2018, the 1996 built cargo ship
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560:
294:
282:
141:
130:
83:
29:
887:
357:. A prototype rotor ship was tested on
14:
1637:
916:
788:. Seaforth Publishing. pp. 220–.
709:United States Naval Institute (1970).
688:. Courier Corporation. pp. 152–.
641:. Courier Corporation. pp. 150–.
543:Applied Hydrodynamics: An Introduction
1546:
1520:
1367:
1025:
893:
861:
842:Silicon Republic (Online, August, 10)
664:Seufert, Wolf & Seufert, Ulrich;
1113:Hansa International Maritime Journal
509:
725:
24:
809:Bahman Zohuri (3 September 2016).
728:The Strangest Aircraft of All Time
310:of a conventionally powered ship.
27:Ship with Flettner rotors as sails
25:
1666:
1328:
1153:Shipping, Green (13 March 2019).
635:G. A. Tokaty (20 February 2013).
540:Hubert Chanson (30 August 2013).
278:
208:in February 1925. The ship could
1227:Almendral, Aurora (2021-06-24).
1216:from the original on 2021-12-21.
1192:from the original on 2021-12-21.
1115:, 9/2018, Hamburg 2018, p. 58/59
957:(1882, 13 November): 3989–4006.
316:launched the hybrid rotor ship
1303:
1278:
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910:
855:
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719:
258:
13:
1:
672:, 10 March 1983, pp. 656-659.
496:
161:
869:. Enercon.de. Archived from
782:Fred M Walker (5 May 2010).
769:"History of Flettner Rotors"
726:Ray, Keith (February 2016).
619:"America's First Rotor Boat"
546:. CRC Press. pp. 100–.
189:. The vessel was a refitted
146:The rotor ship "Barbara" in
7:
1026:Bryce, Emma (29 May 2018).
864:"PM E-Ship1 Ergebnisse DBU"
580:, accessed 13 October 2015.
457:
287:Flensburg catamaran at the
153:
10:
1671:
1109:With Flettner's wind power
1000:Reinikainen, Kari (2009).
815:. Springer. pp. 23–.
625:, September 1925, page 27.
577:(January), pp. 70-73, see
355:enhance cloud reflectivity
270:was built by the shipyard
126:
1601:
1555:
1496:
1473:
1425:
1402:
750:: CS1 maint: location (
623:Popular Science Monthly
380:adopted the idea, with
359:Discovery Project Earth
351:mitigate global warming
328:University of Flensburg
204:to Scotland across the
80:Principles of operation
972:10.1098/rsta.2008.0136
950:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A
836:Kennedy, John (2010).
471:Flettner rotor bomblet
303:
292:
150:
139:
101:
38:
1650:Wind-powered vehicles
1069:"State of technology"
921:. BBC. Archived from
917:Latham, John (2007).
682:G. A. Tokaty (1994).
598:www.marineinsight.com
298:
286:
145:
134:
87:
61:, sometimes known as
33:
1212:. 26 November 2018.
49:designed to use the
1057:. 10 December 2014.
963:2008RSPTA.366.3989S
510:Borg, John (1985).
332:Flensburg catamaran
1488:Human-lifting kite
1427:Vehicle propulsion
1233:The New York Times
1090:www.norsepower.com
390:In 2014 and 2015,
330:is developing the
304:
293:
151:
140:
114:closer to the wind
102:
92:, depicted with a
65:. German engineer
39:
1645:Marine propulsion
1632:
1631:
1614:Flettner airplane
1514:
1513:
1475:Kite applications
898:. Thiiink Holding
822:978-3-319-29838-2
795:978-1-84832-072-7
695:978-0-486-68103-0
648:978-0-486-15265-3
600:. 13 January 2021
553:978-1-315-86304-7
347:Stephen H. Salter
338:, a rotor-driven
336:Uni-Cat Flensburg
16:(Redirected from
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896:"Flettner rotor"
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450:In October 2023
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1394:Application of
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1265:Offshore Energy
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1188:. 4 June 2018.
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1142:. Oct 24, 2019.
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1128:. Aug 30, 2018.
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876:on June 7, 2014
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575:Popular Science
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308:fuel efficiency
300:Maersk Pelican'
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222:New York Harbor
218:German spa town
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179:Ludwig Prandtl
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67:Anton Flettner
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1074:. 2022-05-10.
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1008:on 2011-07-08
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1412:Wind turbine
1341:
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1342:Baden Baden
712:Proceedings
400:Fehn Pollux
378:Viking Line
374:cruiseferry
372:proposed a
241:Baden-Baden
214:Baden Baden
171:Albert Betz
63:rotor sails
34:Rotor ship
1655:Ship types
1639:Categories
1465:Rotor ship
1445:Power kite
1404:Wind power
1317:2023-10-25
1296:2022-09-14
1271:2021-06-09
1246:2021-06-29
1159:SAFETY4SEA
1095:2016-11-25
1012:2010-01-19
986:2009-07-27
929:2012-07-25
902:12 October
880:2015-10-12
847:12 October
604:2021-01-25
497:References
476:Rotor wing
437:Copenhagen
431:Scandlines
392:Norsepower
272:A.G. Weser
224:on 9 May.
216:after the
55:propulsion
43:rotor ship
1417:Wind mill
1241:0362-4331
746:cite book
481:Turbosail
368:In 2009,
345:In 2007,
340:catamaran
289:Kiel Week
206:North Sea
148:Barcelona
98:turbulent
1556:Aircraft
1550:aircraft
1548:Flettner
1450:SkySails
1435:Sailboat
1214:Archived
1190:Archived
1033:Wired UK
981:18757273
491:Wingsail
458:See also
396:Estraden
370:Wärtsilä
363:trimaran
319:E-Ship 1
191:schooner
154:Pioneers
36:E-Ship 1
1455:Iceboat
1209:YouTube
1185:YouTube
1164:6 April
959:Bibcode
617:Anon.;
465:Alcyone
420:The MV
314:Enercon
268:Barbara
261:Barbara
253:Barbara
127:History
1593:Gigant
1588:Fl 339
1583:Fl 285
1578:Fl 282
1573:Fl 265
1568:Fl 185
1563:Fl 184
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444:Berlin
413:. The
411:Maersk
249:Buckau
237:Buckau
233:Buckau
202:Danzig
198:Buckau
187:Buckau
177:, and
164:Buckau
137:Buckau
59:rotors
1602:Other
1072:(PDF)
874:(PDF)
867:(PDF)
515:(PDF)
422:Afros
1483:Kite
1237:ISSN
1166:2019
1041:2018
977:PMID
904:2015
849:2015
817:ISBN
790:ISBN
752:link
732:ISBN
690:ISBN
643:ISBN
548:ISBN
527:2024
442:M/F
440:and
435:M/F
404:Leer
326:The
291:2007
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