1041:, as Dmax can be and often is between 3.0d and 4.0d with traditional black-and-white film. Color film compresses its 12 stops of a possible 16 stops (film latitude) into just 2.0d of space via the process of dye coupling and removal of all silver from the emulsion. Kodak Vision 3 has 18 stops. So, color-negative film scans the easiest of all film types on the widest range of scanners. Because traditional black-and-white film retains the image creating silver after processing, density range can be almost twice that of color film. This makes scanning traditional black-and-white film more difficult and requires a scanner with at least a 3.6d dynamic range, but also a Dmax between 4.0d to 5.0d. High-end (photo lab) flatbed scanners can reach a dynamic range of 3.7, and Dmax around 4.0d. Dedicated film scanners have a dynamic range between 3.0d–4.0d. Office document scanners can have a dynamic range of less than 2.0d. Drum scanners have a dynamic range of 3.6–4.5.
523:, the Datacopy Model 700, was released. Based on a CCD imaging element, the Model 700 was capable of scanning letter-sized documents at a maximum resolution of 200 dpi at 1-bit monochrome. The Model 700 came with a special interface card for connecting to the PC, and an optional, aftermarket OCR software card and software package was sold for the Model 700. In April 1985, LaserFAX Inc. introduced the first CCD-based color flatbed scanner, the SpectraSCAN 200, for the IBM PC. The SpectraSCAN 200 worked by placing color filters over the CCD and taking four passes (three for each primary color and one for black) per scan to build up a color reproduction. The SpectraSCAN 200 took between two and three minutes to produce a scan of a letter-sized print at 200-dpi; its grayscale counterpart, the DS-200, took only 30 seconds to make a scan at the same size and resolution.
1034:(also known as density range). A high-density range means that the scanner is able to record shadow details and brightness details in one scan. Density of film is measured on a base 10 log scale and varies between 0.0 (transparent) and 5.0, about 16 stops. Density range is the space taken up in the 0 to 5 scale, and Dmin and Dmax denote where the least dense and most dense measurements on a negative or positive film. The density range of negative film is up to 3.6d, while slide film dynamic range is 2.4d. Color negative density range after processing is 2.0d thanks to the compression of the 12 stops into a small density range. Dmax will be the densest on slide film for shadows, and densest on negative film for highlights. Some slide films can have a Dmax close to 4.0d with proper exposure, and so can black-and-white negative film.
538:. In February 1989, the company introduced the ScanJet Plus, which increased the bit depth to 8 bits (256 shades) while costing only US$ 200 more than the original ScanJet's $ 1990 (equivalent to $ 4,891 in 2023). This led to a massive price drop in grayscale scanners with equivalent or lesser features in the market. The amount of third-party developers producing software and hardware supporting these scanners jumped dramatically in turn, effectively popularizing the scanner for the personal computer user. By 1999, the cost of the average color-capable scanner had dropped to $ 300 (equivalent to $ 549 in 2023). That year,
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1020:. A resolution must be chosen that is within the capabilities of the equipment, preserves sufficient detail, and does not produce a file of excessive size. The file size can be reduced for a given resolution by using "lossy" compression methods such as JPEG, at some cost in quality. If the best possible quality is required lossless compression should be used; reduced-quality files of smaller size can be produced from such an image when required (e.g., image designed to be printed on a full page, and a much smaller file to be displayed as part of a fast-loading web page).
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573:) on which the object to be scanned lies motionless. The scanning element moves vertically from under the glass, scanning either the entirety of the platen or a predetermined portion. The driver software for most flatbed scanners allows users to prescan their documents—in essence, to take a quick, low-resolution pass at a document in order to judge what area of the document should be scanned (if not the entirety of it), before scanning it at a higher resolution. Some flatbed scanners incorporate sheet-feeding mechanisms called
31:
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focus the beam onto the drum scanner's photomultiplier tube (PMT). After one revolution, the beam of light moves down a single step. When scanning transparent media, such as negatives, a light beam is directed from within the cylinder onto the media; when scanning opaque items, a light beam from above is reflected off the surface of the media. When only one PMT is present, three passes of the image are required for a full-color RGB scan. When three PMTs are present, only a single pass is required.
931:(CIS) scanning elements are designed to be in near-direct contact with the document to be scanned and thus do not require the complex optics of CCDs scanners. However, their depth of field is much worse, resulting in blurry scans if the scanned document is not perfectly flush against the platten. Because the sensors require far less power than CCD scanners, CIS scanners are able to be manufactured down to a low cost and are typically much lighter in weight and depth than CCD scanners.
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856:, to whiten the background of a page, correct perspective distortion so that the shape of a rectangular document is corrected, convert to black-and-white, etc. Many such apps can scan multiple-page documents with successive camera exposures and output them either as a single file or multiple-page files. Some smartphone scanning apps can save documents directly to online storage locations, such as
584:, because it works by shining white light onto the object to be scanned and reading the intensity and color of light that is reflected from it, usually a line at a time. They are designed for scanning prints or other flat, opaque materials, but some have available transparency adapters, which—for a number of reasons—in most cases, are not very well suited to scanning film.
1170: – General Purpose Interface Bus. Certain drum scanners like the Howtek D4000 featured both a SCSI and GPIB interface. The latter conforms to the IEEE-488 standard, introduced in the mid-1970s. The GPIB interface has only been used by a few scanner manufacturers, mostly serving the DOS/Windows environment. For Apple Macintosh systems, National Instruments provided a
804:. A typical film scanner works by passing a narrowly focused beam of light through the film and reading the intensity and color of the light that emerges. The lowest-cost dedicated film scanners can be had for less than $ 50 and they might be sufficient for modest needs. From there they inch up in staggered levels of quality and advanced features upward of five figures.
1398:. Optical character recognition (OCR) software allows a scanned image of text to be converted into editable text with reasonable accuracy, so long as the text is cleanly printed and in a typeface and size that can be read by the software. OCR capability may be integrated into the scanning software, or the scanned image file can be processed with a separate OCR program.
169:, the first fax machine put into regular service. Largely based on Bain's design, it ensured complete synchronization by flanking the pendulums of both the transceiver and receiver between two magnetic regulators, which become magnetized with each swing of the pendulum and become demagnetized when the pendulum reaches the maxima and minima of each oscillation.
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originals (duplex operation). Sophisticated document scanners have firmware or software that cleans up scans of text as they are produced, eliminating accidental marks and sharpening type; this would be unacceptable for photographic work, where marks cannot reliably be distinguished from desired fine detail. Files created are compressed as they are made.
905:(CCD) scanning elements require a sophisticated series of mirrors and lenses to reproduce an image, but the result of this complexity is a much higher-quality scan. Because CCDs have a much greater depth of field, they are more forgiving when it comes to scanning documents that are difficult to get perfectly flat against the platen (such as bound books).
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The receiver contains an electrode that touches a sheet of chemically treated paper, which changes color when the electrode receives a pulse; the result is a reverse contrast (white-on-blue) reproduction of the original image. Bakewell's fax machine was marginally more successful than Bain's but suffered from the same synchronization issues. In 1862,
1461:-recognition technology: during preparation, barcode sheets with folder names or index information are inserted into the document files, folders, and document groups. Using automatic batch scanning, the documents are saved into appropriate folders, and an index is created for integration into document management systems.
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and block infrared; scanner software can use the visible and infrared information to detect scratches and process the image to greatly reduce their visibility, considering their position, size, shape, and surroundings. Scanner manufacturers usually have their own names attached to this technique. For example,
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A handheld scanner is a type of scanner that must be manually dragged or gilded by hand across the surface of the object to be scanned. Scanning documents in this manner requires a steady hand, as an uneven scanning rate produces distorted images. Some handheld scanners have an indicator light on the
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material such as books or magazines, nor are they suitable for any material thicker than plain printer paper. Some sheetfed scanners, called automatic document feeders (ADFs), are capable of scanning several sheets in one session, although others only accept one page at a time. Some sheetfed scanners
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to create a negative for producing plates or connected to a mainframe or minicomputer for further image processing and digital storage. The
Autokon 8400 enjoyed widespread use in newspapers—ECRM shipping 1,000 units to newspaper publishers by 1985—but its limited resolution and maximum scan size made
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to capture a document all at once. Most document cameras output live video of the document and are usually reserved for displaying documents to a live audience, but they may also be used as replacements for image scanners, capturing a single frame of the output as an image file. Document cameras may
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is a type of scanner that uses a clear, motor-driven rotating cylinder (drum) onto which a print, a film negative, a transparency, or any other flat object is taped or otherwise secured. A beam of light either projects past, or reflects off, the material to be scanned onto a series of mirrors, which
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linked to another pendulum. A piece of paper impregnated with an electrochemically sensitive solution resides underneath the electrode and changes color whenever a pulse reaches the electrode. A gear advances the copper plate and paper in tandem with each swing of the pendulum; over time, the result
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that will handle the archiving and retrieval of the scanned pages. Lossy JPEG compression, which is very efficient for pictures, is undesirable for text documents, as slanted straight edges take on a jagged appearance, and solid black (or other color) text on a light background compresses well with
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Some scanners, especially those designed for scanning printed documents, only work in black and white, but most modern scanners work in color. For the latter, the scanned result is a non-compressed RGB image, which can be transferred to a computer's memory. The color output of different scanners is
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patented a specific type of overhead scanner, which uses a rotating mirror to reflect the contents of the bed onto a linear CCD, in 1987. Although very flexible—allowing users to scan not only two-dimensional prints and documents but any 3D object, of any size—the Chinon design required the user to
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to illuminate the image; later ones scan in monochrome or color, as desired. A hand scanner may have also a small window through which the document being scanned could be viewed. As hand scanners are much narrower than most normal document or book sizes, software (or the end user) needed to combine
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projectors which focus a beam of light onto one corner of the plate. The entire bed with all three plates moves horizontally, back and forth, to reach the opposite corners of the plate; with each horiztonal oscillation of the bed, the bed moves down one step to cover the entire vertical area of the
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Scans must virtually always be transferred from the scanner to a computer or information storage system for further processing or storage. There are two basic issues: (1) how the scanner is physically connected to the computer and (2) how the application retrieves the information from the scanner.
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is a technique used to remove the effects of dust and scratches on images scanned from film; many modern scanners incorporate this feature. It works by scanning the film with infrared light; the dyes in typical color film emulsions are transparent to infrared light, but dust and scratches are not,
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projected at five different exposure levels to correspond to five quantization levels. All five plates are affixed to a long, motor-driven rotating cylinder, with five equidistant contacts scanning over each plate at the same starting position. The
Bartlane system was initially used exclusively by
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developed the first working fax machine. Bakewell's machine was similar to Bain's but used a revolving drum coated in tinfoil, with non-conductive ink painted on the foil and a stylus that scans across the drum and sends a pulse down a pair of wires when it contacts a conductive point on the foil.
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While paper feeding and scanning can be done automatically and quickly, preparation and indexing are necessary and require much work by humans. Preparation involves manually inspecting the papers to be scanned and making sure that they are in order, unfolded, without staples or anything else that
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punching holes depending on whether its connections to the contacts are bridged or not. The result was a stored digital image with five gray levels. Reproduction of the image was achieved with a lamp passing over the punched holes exposing five different intensities of light onto a film negative.
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A sheetfed scanner, also known as a document feeder, is a type of scanner that uses motor-driven rollers to move one single sheet of paper at a time past a stationary scanning element (two scanning elements, in the case of scanners with duplex functionality). Unlike flatbed scanners, sheetfed
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Document scanners have document feeders, usually larger than those sometimes found on copiers or all-purpose scanners. Scans are made at high speed, from 20 up to 420 pages per minute, often in grayscale, although many scanners support color. Many scanners can scan both sides of double-sided
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The photomultiplier tubes of drum scanners offer superior dynamic range to that of CCD sensors. For this reason, drum scanners can extract more detail from very dark shadow areas of a transparency than flatbed scanners using CCD sensors. The smaller dynamic range of the CCD sensors (versus
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requirements differ from those of image scanning. These requirements include scanning speed, automated paper feed, and the ability to automatically scan both the front and the back of a document. On the other hand, image scanning typically requires the ability to handle fragile and or
512:(dots per inch) line at a time, with the carriage return serving to advance the scanner down the print to be scanned. The ThunderScan was the Macintosh's first scanner and sold well but operated very slowly and was only capable of scanning prints at 1-bit monochrome. In 1999,
1180: – SCSI is rarely used since the early 21st century, supported only by computers with a SCSI interface, either on a card or built-in. During the evolution of the SCSI standard, speeds increased. Widely available and easily set up USB and Firewire largely supplanted SCSI.
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By combining full-color imagery with 3D models, modern hand-held scanners are able to completely reproduce objects electronically. The addition of 3D color printers enables accurate miniaturization of these objects, with applications across many industries and professions.
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The resolution used is usually from 150 to 300 dpi, although the hardware may be capable of 600 or higher resolution; this produces images of text good enough to read and for OCR, without the higher demands on storage space required by higher-resolution images.
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scanner for this purpose, actuating if the user is moving the scanner too fast. They typically have at least one button that starts the scan when pressed; it is held by the user for the duration of the scan. Some other handheld scanners have switches to set the
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motion at the receiver to scan a pen across the paper and strike it only when actuated by the stylus moving across the transceiver drum. Because it could use commodity stationery paper, it became popular in business and hospitals. In 1902, the German engineer
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A specialized form of document scanning is book scanning. Technical difficulties arise from the books usually being bound and sometimes fragile and irreplaceable, but some manufacturers have developed specialized machinery to deal with this. Often special
1253:. Each scanner manufacturer provides software that translates the API procedure calls into primitive commands that are issued to a hardware controller (such as the SCSI, USB, or FireWire controller). The manufacturer's part of the API is commonly called a
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From 2000 all-in-one multi-purpose devices became available which were suitable for both small offices and consumers, with printing, scanning, copying, and fax capability in a single apparatus that can be made available to all members of a workgroup.
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is another kind of document camera, pairing a digital camera with a scanning area defined by a mat to assist in scanning books. Some more advanced models of book scanners project a laser onto the page for calibration and software skew correction.
1186: – USB scanners can transfer data quickly. The early USB 1.1 standard could transfer data at 1.5 megabytes per second (slower than SCSI), but the later USB 2.0/3.0 standards can transfer at more than 20/60 megabytes per second in practice.
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photomultiplier tubes) can lead to loss of shadow detail, especially when scanning very dense transparency film. Drum scanners are also able to resolve true detail in excess of 10000 dpi, producing higher-resolution scans than any CCD scanner.
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dot-etch of either the cyan, magenta, or yellow values. The fourth plate is replaced with another unexposed plate, and the process repeats until three color-corrected plates, of cyan, magenta and yellow, are produced. In the 1950s, the
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not the same due to the spectral response of their sensing elements, the nature of their light source and the correction applied by the scanning software. While most image sensors have a linear response, the output values are usually
1338:) and optical character recognition (OCR) software are supplied. OCR software converts graphical images of text into standard text that can be edited using common word-processing and text-editing software; accuracy is rarely perfect.
1027:, out-of-focus sensors, improper scanner operation, and poor software. Drum scanners are said to produce the purest digital representations of the film, followed by high-end film scanners that use the larger Kodak Tri-Linear sensors.
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printer. The
ThunderScan slots into the ImageWriter's ribbon carrier and connects to both the ImageWriter and the Macintosh simultaneously. The ImageWriter's carriage, controlled by the ThunderScan, moves left-to-right to scan one
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refers to the true resolution of a scanner, and is determined by using a resolution test chart. The effective resolution of most all consumer flatbed scanners is considerably lower than the manufactures' given optical resolution.
534:, which was capable of scanning 4-bit (64-shade) grayscale images at a maximum resolution of 300 dpi. By the beginning of 1988, the ScanJet had accounted 27 percent of all scanner sales in terms of dollar volume, per
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Color scanners typically read RGB (red-green-blue) color data from the array. This data is then processed with some proprietary algorithm to correct for different exposure conditions, and sent to the computer via the device's
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it unsuitable for commercial printing. In 1982, ECRM introduced the
Autokon 8500, capable of scanning up to 1200 lines per inch. Four of ECRM's competitors introduced commercial flatbed scanners that year, including
1257:, but that designation is not strictly accurate: the API does not run in kernel mode and does not directly access the device. Rather the scanner API library translates application requests into hardware requests.
1235:(APIs) were developed. The API presents a uniform interface to the scanner. This means that the application does not need to know the specific details of the scanner in order to access it directly. For example,
1192: – Also known as IEEE-1394, FireWire is an interface of comparable speed to USB 2.0. Possible FireWire speeds are 25, 50, and 100, 400, and 800 megabits per second, but devices may not support all speeds.
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An overhead scanner is a type of scanner that places the scanning element in a housing on top of a vertical post, hovering above the document or object to be scanned, which lies stationary on an open-air bed.
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to scan pages up to 11 by 14 inches at a maximum resolution 1000 lines per inch. Although it was only capable of scanning in 1-bit monochrome, the on-board processor was capable of halftoning,
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A raster image editor must be able to communicate with a scanner. There are many different scanners, and many of those scanners use different protocols. In order to simplify applications programming, some
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Indexing involves associating relevant keywords to files so that they can be retrieved by content. This process can sometimes be automated to some extent, but it often requires manual labour performed by
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In practice, there are often problems with an application communicating with a scanner. Either the application or the scanner manufacturer (or both) may have faults in their implementation of the API.
386:; the maximum horizontal resolution that the SEAC was capable of processing was 176 pixels. The first image ever scanned on this machine was a photograph of Kirsch's three-month-old son, Walden.
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is a perfect reproduction of the copper plate. In Bain's system, it is critical that the pendulums of the transceiver and receiver are in perfect step, or else the reproduced image will be distorted.
995:(spi). Instead of using the scanner's true optical resolution, the only meaningful parameter, manufacturers like to refer to the interpolated resolution, which is much higher thanks to software
379:. It used a photomultiplier tube to detect light at a given point and produced an amplified signal that a computer could read and store into memory. The computer of choice at the time was the
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plate. While this is happening, the beam of light focused on a given spot on the plate get reflected and bounced off to a photocell adjacent to the projector. Each photocell connects to an
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can produce reasonable quality document scans by taking a photograph with the phone's camera and post-processing it with a scanning app, a range of which are available for most phone
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are also referred to as scanners. These scanners are high-resolution systems (up to 1 μm/pixel), similar to microscopes. Detection is performed using CCDs or photomultiplier tubes.
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and operated by batteries and with storage capability, are available for use away from a computer; stored scans can be transferred later. Many can scan both small documents such as
659:, battery-powered or USB-powered wand scanners and pen scanners, typically capable of scanning an area as wide as a normal letter and much longer, remain available as of 2024. Some
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Although no software beyond a scanning utility is a feature of any scanner, many scanners come bundled with software. Typically, in addition to the scanning utility, some type of
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color filters reading each spot on the transparency to translate the image into three electronic signals. In Murray and Morse's initial design, the drum was connected to three
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Battery-powered portable scanners store scans on internal memory; they can later be transferred to a computer either by direct connection, typically USB, or in some cases a
1211:. This proved useful to publishers, print shops, etc. This functionality largely fell out of use as the cost of flatbed scanners reduced enough to make sharing unnecessary.
1156: – Connecting through a parallel port is the slowest common transfer method. Early scanners had parallel port connections that could not transfer data faster than 70
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of chromatograms by use of
Galaxie-TLC software. Other than being turned into densitometers, flatbed scanners were also turned into colorimeters using different methods.
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onto three offset cylinders directly. The rights to the patent were sold to
Printing Developments Incorporated (P.D.I.) in 1946, who improved on the design by using a
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to scan a paper to be copied, instead of relying on a metallic drum and stylus. It was even more commercially successful than Gray's machine and became the basis for
1301:. Unlike TWAIN, SANE does not handle the user interface. This allows batch scans and transparent network access without any special support from the device driver.
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Advances in
Printing Science and Technology: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference of Printing Research Institutes, Saltsjöbaden, Sweden, June 1983
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plate with a raised image. When the stylus makes contact with a raised part of the plate, it sends a pulse across a pair of wires to a receiver containing an
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image. Scanned files must be transferred and stored. Scanners can generate this volume of data in a matter of seconds, making a fast connection desirable.
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to image the points on the negative, which produced an amplified signal that was then fed to a single-purpose computer that procesed the RGB signals into
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Manufacturers often claim interpolated resolutions as high as 19200 ppi; but such numbers carry little meaningful value because the number of possible
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800:, also known as a slide scanner or a transparency scanner, is a type of specialized flatbed scanner specifically for scanning film negatives and
1164:. The primary advantage of the parallel port connection was economic and user skill level: it avoided adding an interface card to the computer.
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to create high-resolution digital images of static subjects. A modified flatbed scanner has been used for documentation and quantification of
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interfaces – Bespoke interfaces were used on some early scanners that used a proprietary interface card rather than a standard interface.
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to scan a book by a third party who is not a copyright holder or a book owner. Therefore, in South Korea, book owners visit a "scan room" to
999:. As of 2009, a high-end flatbed scanner can scan up to 5400 ppi and drum scanners have an optical resolution of between 3000 and 24000 ppi.
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varies depending on the scanning array characteristics, but is usually at least 24 bits. High-quality models have 36-48 bits of color depth.
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For scanner apps, the scan quality is highly dependent on the quality of the phone camera and on the framing chosen by the user of the app.
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1267: – An API used by most scanners. Originally used for low-end and home-use equipment, it is now widely used for large-volume scanning.
66:, which moves the page across an image sensor using a series of rollers, may be used to scan one document at a time or multiple, as in an
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and released by
Thunderware Inc., the ThunderScan contains a specialized image sensor built into a plastic housing the same shape as the
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453:, of his start-up company Kurzweil Computer Products, released the Kurzweil Reading Machine, which was the first flatbed scanner with a
3347:"Use of a Modified Flatbed Scanner for Documentation and Quantification of Thin Layer Chromatograms Detected by Fluorescence Quenching"
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and outputs a signal to a light projector hovering over a fourth, unexposed lithographic plate. This plate receives a color-corrected,
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Consumer-level flatbed photo scanners have a dynamic range in the 2.0–3.0 range, which can be inadequate for scanning all types of
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Scanner unit with CIS. A: assembled, B: disassembled; 1: housing, 2: light conductor, 3: lenses, 4: chip with two RGB-LEDs, 5: CIS
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plates from a color negative. In this system, three color-separated plates (of CMY values) are prepared from a color negative via
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Scanners communicate to their host computer using one of the following physical interfaces, listing roughly from slow to fast:
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iterated on this idea with the IS-22, a cartridge that fit into their inkjet printers to convert them into sheetfed scanners.
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in 1920. Named after the pair who invented it, Harry G. Bartholomew and
Maynard D. McFarlane, the Bartlane system used
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The file size of a scan can go up to about 100 MB for a 600 dpi, 23 × 28 cm (slightly larger than
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Photo scanning apps that output JPEG files, and have editing functions useful for photo rather than document editing;
643:, as well as a roller, which generates a clock pulse for synchronization with the computer. Older hand scanners were
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is a portable version of an image scanner that can be used on any flat surface. Scans are usually downloaded to the
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Organize Your
Digital Life: How to Store Your Photographs, Music, Videos, and Personal Documents in a Digital World
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Document scans are often processed using OCR technology to create editable and searchable files. Most scanners use
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The size of the file created increases with the square of the resolution; doubling the resolution quadruples the
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Perfection V850 Pro) with its lid open. Documents or images are placed face-down on the glass bed (the platen).
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Purity can be diminished by scanner noise, optical flare, poor analog to digital conversion, scratches, dust,
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might jam the scanner. Additionally, some industries such as legal and medical may require documents to have
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is allegedly the first distributable system using a flatbed scanner as a tristimulus colorimetric device.
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using an on-board computer. It employed a flatbed design with a continuous feed capable of scanning up to
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The first scanner to store its images digitally onto a computer was a drum scanner built in 1957 at the
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or TWAIN device drivers to scan documents into TIFF format so that the scanned pages can be fed into a
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standard; therefore in theory Photoshop can acquire an image from any scanner that has a TWAIN driver.
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Document scanning apps primarily designed to handle documents and output PDF, and sometimes JPEG, files
618:, powered by batteries and with their own storage, eventually transferring stored scans to a computer.
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The first relatively affordable flatbed scanner for personal computers appeared in February 1987 with
136:(fax) machines. The earliest attempt at a fax machine was patented in 1843 by the Scottish clockmaker
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Farrell, Joyce; Doron Sherman; Brian Wandell (1994). "How to Turn your Scanner into a Colorimeter".
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308:(RCA) took Hardy and Wurzburg's patent and replaced the projector-and-photocell arrangement with a
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is a type of very-high-resolution document camera used for capturing certain fragile documents. A
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or some other mark giving a document identification number and date/time of the document scan.
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invented the first analog, color flatbed image scanner, intended for producing color-corrected
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that the scanner is connected to, although some scanners are able to store scans on standalone
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Design for Media: A Handbook for Students and Professionals in Journalism, PR, and Advertising
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provide uniform illumination of the object to be scanned and was more cumbersome to set up.
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Alexander Murray and Richard Morse invented and patented the first analog color scanner at
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180:, the first widely commercially successful fax machine that used linkage bars translating
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In 1948, Arthur Hardy of the Interchemical Corporation and F. L. Wurzburg of the
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Flatbed scanners may also be used to create artwork directly, in a practice known as
1387:
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scanning apps that then search the internet for information associated with the code.
857:
759:
738:
719:
535:
484:
469:
309:
3096:"Do you dream of digitizing your entire book collection? This book scanner can help"
2357:"Desktop Scanners: Users Benefit from Advances in Gray Scale, Color, and Resolution"
3643:
3534:
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1454:
1348:
1121:
992:
984:
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477:
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260:
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30:
2393:(8). Computer Information Publishing: 33–47. August 1994 – via Google Books.
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393:
introduced the 111 fax machine, which was the first digital fax machine to employ
3803:
3781:
3744:
3692:
3512:
3507:
3499:
3427:
1527:(UV) indicator. The ChromImage is allegedly the first commercial flatbed scanner
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1391:
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801:
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digital image. In 1921, the system was modified for offline use, with a five-bit
343:
339:
300:
245:
237:
221:
110:
105:, developed earlier and still used for the highest possible image quality, use a
87:
2958:"Chinon's PC-, Mac-Compatible Overhead Scanner Doesn't Require Special Lighting"
2641:
3868:
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3539:
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2125:
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and placed in the scanner bed. Above each plate are rigidly fixed, equidistant
232:
mounted in the drum, with a light source placed underneath the film, and three
652:
several narrow "strips" of scanned documents to produce the finished article.
544:
declared 1999 "the year that scanners finally became a mainstream commodity".
4015:
3970:
3960:
3940:
3756:
3682:
3635:
3580:
3527:
3423:
3362:
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1480:
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for performance reasons, ISIS is used by large, departmental-scale, machines.
1274:
1254:
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996:
988:
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which controls the scanner and stores scans. Small portable scanners, either
763:
711:
686:
509:
446:, all of which were capable of scanning larger prints at higher resolutions.
443:
430:
351:
264:
197:
55:
3447:
2615:"Review: Epson Workforce ES-580W WiFi Color Duplex Desktop Scanner with ADF"
677:
196:
introduced the phototelautograph, a fax machine that used a light-sensitive
3846:
3734:
3717:
3712:
3490:
3405:
10th International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies
1528:
1505:
1390:
in file formats such as JPEG; or stored as embedded images or converted to
1207:
During the early 1990s professional flatbed scanners were available over a
1143:
1013:
is unlimited, and doing so does not increase the level of captured detail.
1010:
963:
950:
797:
786:
776:
729:
694:
682:
672:
466:
457:(CCD) imaging element. The Kurzweil Reading Machine was invented to assist
450:
439:
422:
398:
364:
225:
177:
166:
102:
79:
3345:
Campbell, Alison; Michael J. Chejlava; Joseph Sherma (December 30, 2003).
3047:
Getting Started with Digital Collections: Scaling to Fit Your Organization
3027:"Best document camera in 2024: which visualizer is the right one for you?"
2131:
Revolution in The Valley: The Insanely Great Story of How the Mac Was Made
204:
machines used by newspapers around the world from the early 1900s onward.
3945:
3913:
3816:
3776:
3739:
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193:
173:
83:
58:. The most common type of scanner used in offices and in the home is the
51:
3344:
429:, among other features. The Autokon 8400 could either be connected to a
3677:
3607:
3602:
3592:
2445:
2300:
1562:
1520:
1492:
mechanisms are used to automate the page-turning and scanning process.
1421:
three-dimensional objects as well as scan at a much higher resolution.
1096:. Some independent software developers design infrared cleaning tools.
1078:
849:
644:
562:
531:
513:
500:
496:
283:
263:(CMYK) values. The processed signals are then sent to four lathes that
867:
Smartphone scanner apps can be broadly divided into three categories:
3955:
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3934:
3863:
3702:
3554:
3517:
1189:
1017:
458:
360:
233:
201:
149:
557:
326:
3893:
3544:
3479:
3004:"Marching to a Different Drummer: The Chinon DS-3000 Color Scanner"
2170:(10). McGraw-Hill: 64–66, 124–125 – via the Internet Archive.
1582:
1489:
1352:
1157:
1070:
861:
821:
631:
249:
75:
577:(ADFs) that use the same scanning element as the flatbed portion.
569:
A flatbed scanner is a type of scanner that provides a glass bed (
3727:
3665:
3619:
3408:. Society for Imaging Science & Technology. pp. 579–581.
3401:
2486:
2024:"Exhibitor listing for Atlantic City ANPA/RI Conference: AM ECRM"
1458:
1139:
1086:
1058:
878:
837:
601:
462:
127:
62:, where the document is placed on a glass window for scanning. A
1475:
issued an interpretation in June 2011 that it is a violation of
412:
was the Autokon 8400, introduced by ECRM Inc., a subsidirary of
3841:
3614:
3442:
1959:(1). Maclean Hunter Publishing: 39–43 – via Google Books.
1933:(2). Maclean Hunter Publishing: 31–35 – via Google Books.
1508:
1351:. Some scanners compress and clean up the image using embedded
1318:
1222:
may be removed from the scanner and plugged into the computer.
1161:
812:
570:
435:
145:
141:
3351:
JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC
1359:(such as Photoshop) and saved on a storage device (such as a
1294:
1286:
1264:
1240:
1171:
1062:
864:, send via email or fax documents via email-to-fax gateways.
487:
appeared in the mid-1980s, starting with ThunderScan for the
417:
390:
241:
35:
3918:
3812:
2301:
Dickman, Chris; Salvatore Parascandolo; Steve Roth (1990).
2034:(19). Duncan McIntosh: 60 – via the Internet Archive.
1998:
A Concise Chronology of Typesetting Developments, 1886–1986
1979:. Pentech. pp. 63–64 – via the Internet Archive.
1894:
Fax: The Principles and Practice of Facsimile Communication
1379:
1335:
1290:
1282:
1177:
1167:
967:
3898:
3722:
1395:
1383:
1183:
305:
133:
50:) is a device that optically scans images, printed text,
1549:
In the biomedical research field, detection devices for
1355:. Once on the computer, the image can be processed with
1317: – Created by Pixel Translations, which still uses
2719:(17). IDG Publications: 51–62 – via Google Books.
1119:
being scanned into a computer at the photo desk of the
755:
1632:
820:
Image scanners are usually used in conjunction with a
140:
but never put into production. In his design, a metal
132:
Image scanners are considered the successors of early
1779:
1281:
API for accessing scanners. Originally developed for
1225:
2676:
2124:
1786:(ebook ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 24.
2795:(20). Ziff-Davis: 277–308 – via Google Books.
2296:
2294:
2292:
2239:(14). Ziff-Davis: 128–133 – via Google Books.
2060:(6). CW Communications: 6 – via Google Books.
1605:
1030:The third important parameter for a scanner is its
816:
An illustration of a portable business card scanner
2634:"Review: Fujitsu ScanSnap S300 Scans And Delivers"
2252:"LaserFAX Is 1st Graphics Scanner Computer System"
2077:(4th ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 16.
1759:. R. K. Printing and Publishing. p. 34.
983:Another qualifying parameter for a scanner is its
2859:"IRISPen Air 7 Smart Wireless Pen Scanner Review"
2216:(24). Ziff-Davis: 54–56 – via Google Books.
2160:"Image Processing: The computer becomes a copier"
1531:. It enables acquisition of TLC plate images and
519:In early 1985, the first flatbed scanner for the
461:in reading books that had not been translated to
4013:
3217:"Scanner test report: Epson Perfection V750 Pro"
3208:
2289:
2100:"Bobker's Dozen: Good Things and Small Packages"
1816:. SPIE Optical Engineering Press. pp. 7–8.
1666:Getting the Message: A History of Communications
1315:Image and Scanner Interface Specification (ISIS)
1307: – An API provided by Microsoft for use on
991:(ppi), sometimes more accurately referred to as
27:Device that optically scans images, printed text
2810:
2762:"Logitech's New Hand Scanner Does 24-Bit Color"
789:(Reflecta DigitDia 6000) designed for scanning
330:The first image ever scanned to a computer, of
3172:"Scan Anything and Let Your Phone Do the Rest"
3014:(7). Ziff-Davis: 251 – via Google Books.
2991:(9). IDG Communications: 136 – via Gale.
2772:(20). Ziff-Davis: 40 – via Google Books.
2531:
2529:
2271:"New HP Laser Printer Compact, Less Expensive"
1601:
1599:
1597:
966:interface (usually USB, previous to which was
890:
749:(also known as a video scanner), which uses a
267:CMYK halftone dots onto the offset cylinders.
3996:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
3477:
3463:
3272:"Film scanner ranking and scanner comparison"
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
2330:"Mac market proving receptive to scanner use"
1085:(Film Automatic Retouching and Enhancement).
934:
908:
848:The higher-resolution cameras fitted to some
472:—the latter performing the image processing,
3191:
2955:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2454:(12th, ebook ed.). Wiley. p. 304.
2180:
2021:
1669:. Oxford University Press. p. 246–248.
745:A more modern type of overhead scanner is a
732:(CZUR ET Series) with lasers for calibration
647:, and produced light from an array of green
3290:"Film Automatic Retouching and Enhancement"
2736:The Complete Scanner Toolkit for the IBM PC
2526:
2485:. Digital Light & Color. Archived from
1968:
1966:
1923:"Solving the Equipment/Technology Equation"
1696:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications
1688:
1686:
1594:
758:as scanners when connected to computers. A
580:This type of scanner is sometimes called a
3470:
3456:
3231:
3204:(7). SX2 Media Labs: 223 – via Gale.
2903:
2901:
2899:
2206:"Hardware At COMDEX: Peripherals Dominate"
2153:
2151:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1942:
1940:
1916:
1914:
3139:
2978:
2856:
2702:
2700:
2551:
2473:
2471:
2327:
2226:
1863:
1806:
1692:
1289:operating systems, it has been ported to
3379:. AR2I. October 20, 2013. Archived from
3187:
3185:
3178:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
2833:
2759:
2680:Scanning and Image Processing for the PC
2403:
2043:
2041:
1963:
1949:"Scaling the Heights of High Technology"
1890:
1683:
1633:Hanes, David; Gonzalo Salgueiro (2008).
1463:
1110:
918:
811:
780:
723:
676:
625:
591:
556:
325:
29:
3249:"Density and density range of scanners"
3093:
3024:
2896:
2811:Brant, Tom; John Burek (July 1, 2024).
2806:
2804:
2802:
2782:
2585:
2412:. SX2 Media Labs: 194 – via Gale.
2354:
2268:
2249:
2203:
2157:
2148:
2050:"System 'Reads' Printed Pages to Blind"
1983:
1937:
1911:
1836:
1748:
1746:
1662:
1469:Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism
1325:
1249:Typically, the API is implemented as a
465:. It comprised the image scanner and a
14:
4014:
3269:
3246:
3214:
3165:
3163:
3070:
3043:
3001:
2968:(48). Ziff-Davis: 35 – via Gale.
2879:
2857:Calderone, Nicholas (April 25, 2018).
2706:
2697:
2677:Baeseler, Frank; Bruce Bovill (1993).
2562:
2468:
2444:
2204:Bermant, Charles (December 11, 1984).
2097:
1994:
1718:
1716:
1406:
1202:
1178:Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
3451:
3182:
3116:
2979:Linzmayer, Owen W. (September 1990).
2929:
2813:"The Best Portable Scanners for 2024"
2729:
2631:
2477:
2074:The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography
2070:
2048:Arnst, Catherine (February 9, 1976).
2047:
2038:
1972:
1946:
1920:
1843:. Taylor & Francis. p. 254.
1840:A History of Communication Technology
1752:
1658:
1656:
1636:Fax, Modem, and Text for IP Telephony
1606:Trussell, H. J.; M. J. Vrhel (2008).
1260:Common scanner software API include:
840:, as well as letter-sized documents.
272:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
4001:List of pioneers in computer science
3146:. National Geographic. p. 163.
2880:Harrel, William (February 7, 2020).
2799:
2760:Pastrick, Greg (November 24, 1992).
2612:
2592:(11th ed.). Que. p. 1194.
2328:Bannister, Hank (January 12, 1988).
2258:(324). UBM LLC: 45 – via Gale.
1864:Rosenwald, Jeffrey (February 1988).
1780:Hand, Di; Steve Middleditch (2014).
1743:
1722:
1626:
1457:. One common practice is the use of
1366:Scans may be stored uncompressed in
1133:
885:
843:
144:linked to a pendulum scans across a
54:, or an object and converts it to a
3160:
2783:Falkner, Mike (November 29, 1988).
2387:Computer Buyer's Guide and Handbook
2307:. Peachpit Press. pp. iii–iv.
1713:
1500:Flatbed scanners have been used as
1378:compressed in file formats such as
1226:Applications programming interface
416:, in 1975. The Autokon 8400 used a
408:The first flatbed scanner used for
375:(NBS, later NIST) by a team led by
312:focusing on one spot of the plate.
101:(CIS) as the image sensor, whereas
24:
3169:
3094:Gewirtz, David (October 3, 2022).
2882:"IRIScan Mouse Executive 2 Review"
2739:. Business One Irwin. p. 97.
2632:Dumas, Daniel (January 24, 2008).
2565:"Brother DSmobile DS-940DW Review"
2406:"Scanner: HP ScanJet 5100C Series"
1947:Bruno, Michael H. (October 1985).
1653:
1233:application programming interfaces
689:Chromagraph DC 300) being operated
609:scanners are not equipped to scan
25:
4068:
3415:
2956:Staff writer (December 1, 1987).
2915:. Ziff-Davis. n.d. Archived from
2834:Fernando, Chris (July 26, 2015).
2662:. Ziff-Davis. n.d. Archived from
2563:Harrel, William (March 2, 2020).
2543:. Ziff-Davis. n.d. Archived from
2537:"Definition of sheet-fed scanner"
2518:. Ziff-Davis. n.d. Archived from
2430:. Ziff-Davis. n.d. Archived from
2355:Cavuoto, James (September 1989).
2317:– via the Internet Archive.
2227:Rosenthal, Steve (July 9, 1985).
1907:– via the Internet Archive.
1769:– via the Internet Archive.
295:of the combined CMY values using
3050:. American Library Association.
3025:Juniper, Adam (April 11, 2024).
3002:Karney, James (April 14, 1992).
2707:Gruman, Galen (April 29, 1991).
2656:"Definition of handheld scanner"
2613:Yuen, Michael (April 12, 2021).
2269:Bridges, Linda (March 3, 1987).
1401:
261:cyan, magenta, yellow, and black
93:Modern scanners typically use a
3395:
3369:
3338:
3308:
3282:
3263:
3133:
3119:"Film Scanners: A Buying Guide"
3110:
3087:
3071:Harrel, William (May 3, 2022).
3064:
3037:
3018:
2995:
2972:
2949:
2923:
2873:
2850:
2827:
2776:
2753:
2723:
2670:
2648:
2625:
2606:
2579:
2504:
2438:
2424:"Definition of flatbed scanner"
2416:
2397:
2375:
2348:
2321:
2262:
2250:Doherty, Rick (April 8, 1985).
2243:
2220:
2197:
2174:
2134:. O'Reilly Media. p. 242.
2118:
2091:
2064:
2015:
1884:
1876:(1). Dalton Communications: 41
1857:
1609:Fundamentals of Digital Imaging
1305:Windows Image Acquisition (WIA)
1106:
956:
172:In 1893, the American engineer
156:In 1847, the English physicist
3316:"What is the DPI of my scans?"
3117:Weitz, A. (November 6, 2015).
2932:"Scanners and How to Use Them"
2930:Sachs, J. (February 1, 2001).
2478:Sachs, J. (February 1, 2001).
2404:Labriola, Don (January 1999).
2181:Staff writer (December 1997).
2022:Staff writer (February 1981).
1921:Bruno, Michael H. (May 1983).
1830:
1800:
1773:
1639:. Cisco Press. p. 54–56.
1612:. Cambridge University Press.
1441:lossless compression formats.
1341:
1271:SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy)
491:in December 1984. Designed by
405:monochrome (black and white).
322:Digital imaging § History
315:
224:, their machine was an analog
13:
1:
4042:Records management technology
3991:History of computing hardware
3194:"Making Sense of the Sensors"
3073:"CZUR Shine Ultra Pro Review"
2367:(9). PennWell Publishing: 43
2193:(6) – via Google Books.
2098:Bobker, Steven (March 1990).
1897:. Chilton Book. p. 213.
1813:Electronic Imaging Technology
1588:
1495:
949:(PMT) are nearly exclusively
829:
825:
656:
615:
474:optical character recognition
355:telegraph, with the five-bit
334:'s newborn son, Walden (1957)
306:Radio Corporation of American
207:
121:
3859:Network interface controller
3357:. Springer Nature: 244–246.
3102:. Ziff-Davis. Archived from
3079:. Ziff-Davis. Archived from
2909:"Definition of drum scanner"
2888:. Ziff-Davis. Archived from
2842:. Ziff-Davis. Archived from
2819:. Ziff-Davis. Archived from
2785:"Hand Scanners Inch Forward"
2640:. Condé Nast. Archived from
2571:. Ziff-Davis. Archived from
2512:"Definition of sheet feeder"
2256:Electronic Engineering Times
2158:McNeill, Dan (August 1985).
2110:(3). IDG Communications: 38
1891:Costigan, Daniel M. (1971).
1693:Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003).
373:National Bureau of Standards
350:etched with an image from a
7:
3656:Refreshable braille display
3598:Refreshable braille display
3292:. Canon Inc. Archived from
2937:. Digital Light & Color
2683:. McGraw-Hill. p. 47.
2589:Upgrading and Repairing PCs
1995:Wallis, L. W. (1988).
1756:Electronic Color Separation
1699:. Wiley. pp. 147–151.
1556:
1537:Trichromatic Color Analyser
891:Charge-coupled device (CCD)
807:
705:
621:
587:
425:, contrast adjustment, and
109:(PMT) as the image sensor.
46:(often abbreviated to just
10:
4073:
3192:Staff writer (July 1999).
2071:Peres, Michael R. (2012).
1973:Banks, W. H. (1984).
1866:"Getting the Fax Straight"
1753:Molla, Rafiqul K. (1988).
1729:. Wiley. p. 519–523.
1726:The Reproduction of Colour
1438:document management system
1410:
1251:dynamically linked library
1184:Universal Serial Bus (USB)
938:
935:Photomultiplier tube (PMT)
912:
909:Contact image sensor (CIS)
894:
774:
709:
670:
575:automatic document feeders
552:
319:
125:
116:
3983:
3927:
3886:
3877:
3755:
3691:
3634:
3563:
3498:
3489:
3156:– via Google Books.
3140:Baldridge, Aimee (2009).
3060:– via Google Books.
2749:– via Google Books.
2693:– via Google Books.
2602:– via Google Books.
2464:– via Google Books.
2144:– via Google Books.
2087:– via Google Books.
2011:– via Google Books.
1870:Administrative Management
1853:– via Google Books.
1826:– via Google Books.
1796:– via Google Books.
1739:– via Google Books.
1709:– via Google Books.
1679:– via Google Books.
1649:– via Google Books.
1622:– via Google Books.
663:can also scan documents.
598:automatic document feeder
246:cyan, magenta, and yellow
68:automatic document feeder
3363:10.1556/JPC.16.2003.3.14
3270:Wagner, Patrick (n.d.).
3247:Wagner, Patrick (n.d.).
3215:Wagner, Patrick (2007).
3044:Monson, Jane D. (2017).
1837:Loubere, Philip (2021).
1663:Solymar, Laszlo (2021).
1513:thin layer chromatograms
547:
410:digital image processing
3765:Central processing unit
3433:considered for deletion
2586:Mueller, Scott (1999).
2361:Computer Graphics World
2001:. Severnside Printers.
1723:Hunt, R. W. G. (2005).
770:
666:
483:The first scanners for
4027:Information management
2919:on September 30, 2023.
2709:"Scanning on a Budget"
2547:on September 25, 2023.
2480:"Digital Image Basics"
2229:"Scanners at a Glance"
2128:; Steve Capps (2005).
1517:fluorescence quenching
1484:
1357:raster graphics editor
1334:(such as Photoshop or
1209:local computer network
1126:
945:Scanners equiped with
927:Scanners equiped with
924:
901:Scanners equiped with
817:
793:
733:
690:
635:
605:
566:
427:anamorphic distortions
335:
291:, which evaluates the
289:analog image processor
216:in 1937. Intended for
39:
3176:MIT Technology Review
3121:. B&H Photo Video
2892:on February 15, 2020.
2836:"IRISPen Executive 7"
2644:on November 20, 2015.
1523:layers containing an
1467:
1114:
1081:uses its own system,
947:photomultiplier tubes
922:
903:charge-coupled device
897:Charge-coupled device
815:
784:
727:
680:
629:
595:
565:) with its lid closed
560:
455:charge-coupled device
359:used to transmit the
329:
165:solved this with the
95:charge-coupled device
33:
18:Flatbed image scanner
3033:. Future Publishing.
3031:Digital Camera World
2492:on November 20, 2015
2434:on December 9, 2023.
2383:"Peripheral Visions"
2340:(2). Ziff-Davis: 94
2028:Editor and Publisher
1808:Dougherty, Edward R.
1326:Bundled applications
1203:Indirect connection
1174:GPIB interface card.
1003:Effective resolution
941:Photomultiplier tube
929:contact image sensor
915:Contact image sensor
630:A handheld scanner (
297:Neugebauer equations
254:photomultiplier tube
238:red, green, and blue
107:photomultiplier tube
99:contact image sensor
3296:on October 23, 2010
3106:on October 3, 2022.
2846:on October 3, 2022.
2371:. – via Gale.
2344:. – via Gale.
2285:. – via Gale.
2281:(9). Ziff-Davis: 1
2114:. – via Gale.
1880:. – via Gale.
1418:Document processing
1413:Document processing
1407:Document processing
1332:raster image editor
1044:For scanning film,
1011:interpolated pixels
561:A flatbed scanner (
34:A flatbed scanner (
4057:Italian inventions
4047:English inventions
4037:Records management
3259:on April 13, 2024.
2981:"Desktop Scanners"
2823:on August 4, 2024.
2522:on April 18, 2024.
2164:Personal Computing
1573:Display resolution
1485:
1368:image file formats
1134:Direct connection
1127:
1125:in the early 1990s
1117:photographic print
925:
818:
794:
754:even use the same
734:
691:
641:optical resolution
636:
606:
582:reflective scanner
567:
485:personal computers
336:
230:color transparency
158:Frederick Bakewell
128:Fax § History
40:
4052:German inventions
4009:
4008:
3979:
3978:
3909:Analog audio jack
3630:
3629:
3227:on April 7, 2024.
2840:PCMag Middle East
2666:on March 3, 2024.
2575:on March 5, 2020.
2304:ScanJet Unlimited
2183:"Output Puts Out"
1455:data-entry clerks
1309:Microsoft Windows
1299:Microsoft Windows
1091:LaserSoft Imaging
1073:, and others use
1048:infrared cleaning
1039:photographic film
974:in older units).
970:or bidirectional
886:Scanning elements
854:operating systems
844:Software scanners
760:planetary scanner
739:Chinon Industries
720:Planetary scanner
536:Gartner Dataquest
470:Nova minicomputer
377:Russell A. Kirsch
332:Russell A. Kirsch
310:video camera tube
16:(Redirected from
4064:
4032:Office equipment
3884:
3883:
3535:Optical trackpad
3500:Pointing devices
3496:
3495:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3436:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3383:on March 4, 2016
3373:
3367:
3366:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3322:. Archived from
3320:The Grizzly Labs
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3278:on May 25, 2024.
3274:. Archived from
3267:
3261:
3260:
3255:. Archived from
3244:
3229:
3228:
3223:. Archived from
3212:
3206:
3205:
3198:Computer Shopper
3189:
3180:
3179:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2905:
2894:
2893:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2869:on May 25, 2019.
2865:. Archived from
2854:
2848:
2847:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2808:
2797:
2796:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2674:
2668:
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2629:
2623:
2622:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2560:
2549:
2548:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2410:Computer Shopper
2401:
2395:
2394:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2298:
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2259:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2224:
2218:
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2201:
2195:
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2178:
2172:
2171:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1992:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1953:American Printer
1944:
1935:
1934:
1927:American Printer
1918:
1909:
1908:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1804:
1798:
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1771:
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1750:
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1711:
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1690:
1681:
1680:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1603:
1388:lossy-compressed
1349:gamma-compressed
1051:
1050:
993:samples per inch
541:Computer Shopper
478:speech synthesis
451:Raymond Kurzweil
414:AM International
395:data compression
365:paper tape punch
222:printing presses
218:color separation
163:Giovanni Caselli
111:Document cameras
72:handheld scanner
64:sheetfed scanner
21:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3975:
3923:
3873:
3751:
3745:USB flash drive
3694:
3687:
3626:
3559:
3513:Game controller
3508:Graphics tablet
3485:
3476:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3326:on May 30, 2024
3314:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3268:
3264:
3245:
3232:
3213:
3209:
3190:
3183:
3170:Muller, Ian E.
3168:
3161:
3154:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3115:
3111:
3092:
3088:
3083:on May 4, 2022.
3069:
3065:
3058:
3042:
3038:
3023:
3019:
3000:
2996:
2977:
2973:
2954:
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2934:
2928:
2924:
2907:
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2897:
2878:
2874:
2855:
2851:
2832:
2828:
2809:
2800:
2781:
2777:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2731:Busch, David D.
2728:
2724:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2675:
2671:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2630:
2626:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2584:
2580:
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2535:
2534:
2527:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2451:PCs for Dummies
2443:
2439:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2402:
2398:
2381:
2380:
2376:
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2349:
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2248:
2244:
2225:
2221:
2202:
2198:
2179:
2175:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2126:Hertzfeld, Andy
2123:
2119:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2069:
2065:
2046:
2039:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1993:
1984:
1971:
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1677:
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1654:
1647:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1559:
1551:DNA microarrays
1498:
1447:Bates Numbering
1415:
1409:
1404:
1392:vector graphics
1344:
1328:
1237:Adobe Photoshop
1228:
1205:
1142:) uncompressed
1136:
1109:
1046:
1045:
989:pixels per inch
959:
943:
937:
917:
911:
899:
893:
888:
846:
810:
779:
773:
747:document camera
722:
716:Document camera
708:
675:
669:
624:
604:ScanSnap iX500)
590:
555:
550:
528:Hewlett-Packard
423:unsharp masking
344:Bartlane system
342:system was the
340:digital imaging
324:
318:
301:continuous-tone
258:color-corrected
210:
202:telephotography
176:introduced the
130:
124:
119:
60:flatbed scanner
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4070:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4022:Image scanners
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
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3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3869:Expansion card
3866:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3806:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3770:Microprocessor
3761:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
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3742:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
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3705:
3699:
3697:
3689:
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3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3640:
3638:
3636:Output devices
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3595:
3590:
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3588:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Pointing stick
3537:
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3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3417:
3416:External links
3414:
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3368:
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3307:
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3207:
3181:
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2415:
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2196:
2187:American Photo
2173:
2147:
2140:
2117:
2090:
2083:
2063:
2037:
2014:
2007:
1982:
1962:
1936:
1910:
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1580:
1575:
1570:
1568:Barcode reader
1565:
1558:
1555:
1533:quantification
1497:
1494:
1483:by themselves.
1411:Main article:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1343:
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1187:
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1132:
1108:
1105:
1067:Konica Minolta
1025:Newton's rings
987:, measured in
958:
955:
939:Main article:
936:
933:
913:Main article:
910:
907:
895:Main article:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
882:
875:
872:
845:
842:
834:business cards
809:
806:
775:Main article:
772:
769:
751:digital camera
707:
704:
671:Main article:
668:
665:
634:ScanMan Color)
623:
620:
589:
586:
563:HP ScanJet IIC
554:
551:
549:
546:
493:Andy Hertzfeld
317:
314:
228:that imaged a
209:
206:
138:Alexander Bain
123:
120:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3757:Computer case
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2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
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2084:9781136106132
2080:
2076:
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2067:
2059:
2055:
2054:Computerworld
2051:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1954:
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1943:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
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1904:9780801956416
1900:
1896:
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1887:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1850:9780429560712
1846:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1823:9780819430373
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1795:
1793:9781317864011
1789:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1758:
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1749:
1747:
1738:
1736:9780470024263
1732:
1728:
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1719:
1717:
1708:
1706:9780471205050
1702:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1676:9780198863007
1672:
1668:
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1659:
1657:
1648:
1646:9781587052699
1642:
1638:
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1619:9780521868532
1615:
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1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:digital backs
1493:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1402:Specific uses
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1386:; and stored
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
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1339:
1337:
1333:
1320:
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1296:
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1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1255:device driver
1252:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:supports the
1238:
1234:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:Parallel port
1152:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1032:dynamic range
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
998:
997:interpolation
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
973:
972:parallel port
969:
965:
954:
952:
951:drum scanners
948:
942:
932:
930:
921:
916:
906:
904:
898:
880:
877:Barcode-like
876:
873:
870:
869:
868:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
814:
805:
803:
799:
792:
788:
783:
778:
768:
765:
761:
757:
752:
748:
743:
740:
731:
726:
721:
717:
713:
712:Book scanning
703:
699:
696:
688:
684:
679:
674:
664:
662:
661:computer mice
658:
655:Inexpensive,
653:
650:
646:
642:
633:
628:
619:
617:
612:
603:
599:
594:
585:
583:
578:
576:
572:
564:
559:
545:
543:
542:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
517:
515:
511:
506:
502:
499:cartridge of
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
444:Linotype-Hell
441:
437:
432:
431:film recorder
428:
424:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
382:
378:
374:
369:
366:
362:
358:
353:
352:film negative
349:
345:
341:
333:
328:
323:
313:
311:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
259:
255:
251:
250:halftone dots
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:Eastman Kodak
205:
203:
199:
198:selenium cell
195:
190:
188:
184:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
159:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
129:
114:
112:
108:
104:
103:drum scanners
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:digital image
53:
49:
45:
44:image scanner
37:
32:
19:
3847:Power MOSFET
3830:Power supply
3799:Data storage
3735:Flash memory
3713:Optical disc
3695:data storage
3575:
3426:
3404:
3397:
3385:. Retrieved
3381:the original
3377:"ChromImage"
3371:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3328:. Retrieved
3324:the original
3319:
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3294:the original
3284:
3276:the original
3265:
3257:the original
3252:
3225:the original
3220:
3210:
3201:
3197:
3175:
3142:
3135:
3125:November 19,
3123:. Retrieved
3112:
3104:the original
3099:
3089:
3081:the original
3076:
3066:
3046:
3039:
3030:
3020:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2925:
2917:the original
2912:
2890:the original
2885:
2875:
2867:the original
2862:
2852:
2844:the original
2839:
2829:
2821:the original
2816:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2735:
2725:
2716:
2712:
2679:
2672:
2664:the original
2659:
2650:
2642:the original
2637:
2627:
2618:
2608:
2588:
2581:
2573:the original
2568:
2545:the original
2540:
2520:the original
2515:
2506:
2496:November 19,
2494:. Retrieved
2487:the original
2450:
2440:
2432:the original
2427:
2418:
2409:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2303:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2255:
2245:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2167:
2163:
2130:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2031:
2027:
2017:
1997:
1975:
1956:
1952:
1930:
1926:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1839:
1832:
1812:
1802:
1782:
1775:
1755:
1725:
1695:
1665:
1635:
1628:
1608:
1548:
1541:
1529:densitometer
1515:detected by
1506:large-format
1499:
1486:
1451:
1443:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1365:
1345:
1329:
1259:
1248:
1245:
1229:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1148:
1137:
1128:
1122:Detroit News
1120:
1107:Connectivity
1102:
1098:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1002:
1001:
982:
976:
964:input/output
960:
957:Scan quality
944:
926:
900:
866:
847:
819:
798:film scanner
795:
787:film scanner
777:Film scanner
764:book scanner
744:
735:
730:book scanner
728:An overhead
700:
695:drum scanner
692:
683:drum scanner
673:Drum scanner
654:
637:
607:
581:
579:
568:
539:
525:
518:
482:
467:Data General
459:blind people
448:
440:Agfa-Gevaert
407:
399:letter paper
388:
370:
337:
276:lithographic
269:
244:that etched
226:drum scanner
211:
186:
182:
178:telautograph
171:
167:pantelegraph
155:
131:
92:
84:memory cards
71:
63:
59:
47:
43:
41:
3946:Serial port
3937:(IEEE 1394)
3914:DisplayPort
3904:Thunderbolt
3777:Motherboard
3740:Memory card
3708:Floppy disk
3550:Touchscreen
3387:November 3,
3330:December 8,
3008:PC Magazine
2941:November 8,
2913:PC Magazine
2789:PC Magazine
2766:PC Magazine
2660:PC Magazine
2541:PC Magazine
2516:PC Magazine
2446:Gookin, Dan
2428:PC Magazine
2233:PC Magazine
2210:PC Magazine
1578:Photocopier
1544:scanography
1525:ultraviolet
1473:South Korea
1342:Output data
1279:open-source
1220:memory card
1196:Proprietary
1075:Digital ICE
978:Color depth
850:smartphones
505:ImageWriter
476:(OCR), and
357:Baudot code
348:zinc plates
316:Digital era
293:reflectance
280:dot etching
194:Arthur Korn
174:Elisha Gray
97:(CCD) or a
80:flash media
52:handwriting
4016:Categories
3693:Removable
3678:Sound card
3608:Sound chip
3603:Sound card
3593:Microphone
3483:components
2863:MacSources
2008:0853315388
1766:0962045306
1589:References
1563:3D scanner
1521:silica gel
1496:Other uses
1481:scan books
1376:losslessly
1273: – A
985:resolution
710:See also:
645:monochrome
497:ink ribbon
418:laser beam
338:The first
320:See also:
284:light beam
234:photocells
208:Analog era
126:See also:
122:Precursors
88:USB drives
3956:PS/2 port
3951:Game port
3864:Fax modem
3703:Disk pack
3555:Trackball
3518:Light pen
3431:is being
2713:InfoWorld
1477:copyright
1394:within a
1374:; stored
1361:hard disk
1158:kilobytes
1018:file size
836:and till
489:Macintosh
449:In 1977,
389:In 1969,
384:mainframe
361:grayscale
150:electrode
134:facsimile
3935:FireWire
3928:Obsolete
3894:Ethernet
3673:Speakers
3571:Keyboard
3545:Touchpad
3480:computer
3439:Scanners
3424:template
2733:(1991).
2448:(2013).
1810:(1999).
1583:Telecine
1557:See also
1370:such as
1353:firmware
1295:Mac OS X
1190:FireWire
1140:A4 paper
1077:, while
1071:Microtek
862:Evernote
838:receipts
830:handheld
826:sheetfed
822:computer
808:Portable
706:Overhead
657:portable
632:Logitech
622:Handheld
616:portable
588:Sheetfed
76:computer
3984:Related
3887:Current
3728:Blu-ray
3666:Plotter
3661:Printer
3644:Monitor
3620:Softcam
3528:Optical
3253:ScanDig
3221:ScanDig
2985:MacUser
2962:PC Week
2334:PC Week
2275:PC Week
2104:MacUser
1509:cameras
1490:robotic
1459:barcode
1087:Plustek
1059:Minolta
879:QR code
858:Dropbox
602:Fujitsu
553:Flatbed
532:ScanJet
463:braille
117:History
48:scanner
3842:MOSFET
3782:Memory
3649:Screen
3615:Webcam
3478:Basic
3443:Curlie
3437:
3428:Curlie
3300:May 2,
3150:
3054:
2743:
2687:
2596:
2458:
2369:et seq
2342:et seq
2311:
2283:et seq
2138:
2112:et seq
2081:
2005:
1901:
1878:et seq
1847:
1820:
1790:
1763:
1733:
1703:
1673:
1643:
1616:
1319:SCSI-2
1297:, and
1162:second
1144:24-bit
802:slides
791:slides
718:, and
571:platen
521:IBM PC
442:, and
436:Scitex
248:(CMY)
242:lathes
185:- and
146:copper
142:stylus
82:(e.g.
3961:eSATA
3879:Ports
3564:Other
3523:Mouse
3422:‹The
3100:ZDNET
3077:PCMag
2935:(PDF)
2886:PCMag
2817:PCMag
2638:Wired
2619:Yuenx
2569:PCMag
2490:(PDF)
2483:(PDF)
1287:Linux
1265:TWAIN
1241:TWAIN
1172:NuBus
1089:uses
1079:Canon
1063:Nikon
1055:Epson
611:bound
548:Types
514:Canon
501:Apple
403:1-bit
391:Dacom
236:with
189:-axis
36:Epson
3919:HDMI
3835:SMPS
3823:SSHD
3817:NVMe
3813:SATA
3792:BIOS
3389:2015
3332:2017
3302:2007
3148:ISBN
3127:2015
3052:ISBN
2943:2015
2741:ISBN
2685:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2498:2015
2456:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2191:VIII
2136:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1818:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1504:for
1434:ISIS
1382:and
1380:TIFF
1336:GIMP
1291:OS/2
1285:and
1283:Unix
1275:free
1168:GPIB
1094:iSRD
1083:FARE
968:SCSI
860:and
771:Film
756:APIs
687:Hell
667:Drum
649:LEDs
614:are
508:200-
381:SEAC
265:etch
86:and
70:. A
3971:VGA
3966:DVI
3899:USB
3852:VRM
3809:SSD
3804:HDD
3787:RAM
3723:DVD
3586:GPU
3441:at
3359:doi
2032:114
1957:196
1931:191
1519:on
1471:of
1396:PDF
1384:PNG
1372:BMP
1363:).
828:or
596:An
530:'s
510:dpi
503:'s
401:in
220:at
90:).
42:An
4018::
3815:/
3718:CD
3435:.›
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
