Flat roof - Knowledge

477: 220:(TPO) etc. Although usually of excellent quality, one-piece membranes are called single plies and are used today on many large commercial buildings. Modified bitumen membranes which are widely available in one-meter widths are bonded together in either hot or cold seaming processes during the fitting process, where labor skill and training play a large part in determining the quality of roof protection attained. Reasons for not using one-piece membranes include practicality and cost: on all but the smallest of roofs it can be difficult to lift a huge and heavy membrane (a crane or lift is required) and if there is any wind at all it can be difficult to control and bond the membrane smoothly and properly to the roof. 574: 1010: 519:-in-12 (1:48) slopes. Type III, is considered to be "steep" asphalt but is limited to slopes up to 2 in 12 (1:6), and Type IV is "special steep". The drawback is, the longer it is processed, the shorter the life. Dead-level roofs where Type I asphalt is used as the flood and gravel adhesive perform nearly as well as coal tar. Asphalt roofs are also sustainable by restoring the life cycle by making repairs and recoating with compatible products. The process can be repeated as necessary at a significant cost savings with very little impact on the environment. 523:

growing concern. UV-rays oxidize the surface of the asphalt and produce a chalk-like residue. As plasticizers leach out of the asphalt, asphalt built-up roofs become brittle. Cracking and alligatoring inevitably follows, allowing water to penetrate the system causing blisters, cracks and leaks. Compared to other systems, installation of asphalt roofs is energy-intensive (hot processes typically use LP gas as the heat source), and contributes to atmospheric air pollution (toxic, and green-house gases are lost from the asphalt during installation).

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gravel, clay, or plastic; a geotextile or filter mat that allows water to soak through but prevents erosion of fine soil particles; a growing medium; plants; and, sometimes, a wind blanket. Green roofs are classified as either intensive or extensive, depending on the depth of planting medium and amount of maintenance required. Traditional roof gardens, which are labor-intensive and require a reasonable depth of soil to grow large plants are considered intensive, while extensive green roofs are nearly self-sustaining and require less maintenance.

969: 1062:. Some assessors use 10 years as an average life cycle, although this is dependent on the type of flat roof system in place. Some old tar and gravel roofers acknowledge that unless a roof has been neglected for too long and there are many problems in many areas, a BUR (a built up roof of tar, paper and gravel) will last 20–30 years. Despite these assessors, the actual averages when studied come closer to 12–27, depending on the roof type, with some roofs lasting as long as 120 years. There are BUR systems in place dating to the early 1900s. 232:

when plant such as air conditioning units are installed. A good roofer should be called to make sure the roof is left properly watertight before it is left. In trafficked areas, proper advisory/warning signs should be put up and walkways of rubber matting, wooden or plastic duck-boarding etc. should be installed to protect the roof membrane. On some membranes, even stone or concrete paving can be fitted. For one-off works, old carpet or smooth wooden planks for workers to walk or stand on will usually provide reasonable protection.

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with thermoplastic membranes that were similar in look and performance but were far from their real chemical and physical characteristics of the TPO membrane. Having no plasticizers and chemically being closer to rubber but having better seam, puncture, and tear strength, TPO was touted to be a white weldable rubber of the future. From 2007 to 2012, reported sales of TPO roofing products by all six major U.S. manufacturers showed materials and accessories sales quadrupling those of all other flat roofing materials.

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excellent covering and UV light barrier for the roof waterproofing membrane. With some systems, the manufacturer requires that a root barrier membrane be laid above the waterproofing membrane. If well planned and fitted, the mass of the soil or growth medium can provide a good heat buffer for the building – storing the heat of the sun and releasing it into the building at night and thus keeping inside temperatures more even. Sudden cold spells are also buffered from the building.

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risks to people and animals breathing the mold spores: the severity of this health risk remains a debated point. While the insulation is wet, the "R" value is essentially destroyed. If dealing with an organic insulation, the most common solution is removing and replacing the damaged area. If the problem is detected early enough, the insulation may be saved by repairing the leak, but if it has progressed to creating a sunken area, it may be too late.

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surfaces and roof areas – as areas become more and more built up these systems cope less and less well until even a rain-shower can produce backing up of water from pipes which cannot remove the large water volume and flooding occurs. By buffering rainfall, such as by fitting green roofs, floods can be reduced or avoided: the rain is absorbed into the soil/roof medium and runs off the roof bit by bit as the roof becomes soaked.

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metal panels. While metal can be an expensive option in the short term, superior durability and simple maintenance of metal roofs typically saves money in the long term. A study by Ducker International in 2005 identified the average cost per year of a metal roof to be US$ 3.2 per square metre ($ 0.30/sq ft) while single-ply roofs stood at $ 6.1/m ($ 0.57/sq ft) and built-up roofing at $ 4.0/m ($ 0.37/sq ft).

209:' applies to rather different products: tar or pitch (which is derived from wood resins), coal tar, asphalt and bitumen. Some of these products appear to have been interchanged in their use and are sometimes used inappropriately, as each has different characteristics, for example whether or not the product can soak into wood, its anti-fungal properties and its reaction to exposure to sun, weather, and varying temperatures. 137:

and cheap and easy to build where timber is not readily available. In areas where the roof could become saturated by rain and leak, or where water soaked into the brickwork could freeze to ice and thus lead to 'blowing' (breaking up of the mortar/brickwork/concrete by the expansion of ice as it forms) these roofs are not suitable. Flat roofs are characteristic of the Egyptian, Persian, and Arabian styles of architecture.

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become brittle). Thus, a thicker membrane has a larger reservoir of plasticizer to maintain flexibility over its lifespan. PVC is often blended with other polymers to add to the performance capabilities of the original PVC formulation, such as KEE – Keytone Ethylene Ester. Such blends are referred to as either a CPA – Copolymer Alloy or a TPA – Tripolymer Alloy.

644:(CPE) are nonvulcanized synthetic rubber roofing materials that were used for roofing materials from 1964 until their almost complete removal/disappearance from the market in 2011. It is more popularly known and referred to as Hypalon. The product is usually reinforced, and depending upon manufacturer, seams can be heat welded (when both membranes were brand new) or adhered with a solvent-based adhesive. 2256: 953:

energy to manufacture and to construct a roof with it but its proven longevity with periodic maintenance provides service for many years, with ages from 50 to 70 years not uncommon, with some now performing for over a century. Currently, there are cold process (no kettle is used) coal tar pitch products that almost eliminate all fumes associated with its typical hot process version.

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roofing is easily formed around shapes like corners and is extremely resistant to ozone, ultraviolet light, weathering, high heat, and abrasion damage, making it an excellent roofing material. EPDM membranes are seamed using pressure-sensitive tapes to join two sheets together, although other Thermoset systems can often be chemically bonded, such as CPE and CSPE membranes.

858:(TPO) single-ply roofing is the single most popular type of commercial low-slope roof covering as of 2016. A TPO roof membrane consists of three layers: a TPO polymer base, a polyester reinforcement scrim middle layer, and a TPO polymer top ply, which are heat-fused at the factory. TPO roof membranes typically come in three standard thicknesses: 45- 562:

considerably; 1.1-millimetre (45-mil) EPDM with a fleece backing is 180% stronger than 1.5-millimetre (60-mil) bare EPDM. Fleece-backed EPDM has a tear strength of 39.9 kN/m (228 lbf/in) compared to 13.1 kN/m (75 lbf/in) of that without the fleece reinforcement, more than 3 times the strength of non-reinforced membranes.

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thermoset resin systems with the added benefit of being quick to apply and having high elasticity. Although it is comparatively new to the UK market it has been used successfully in the US market for 20 years. However, EPDM is not an easy substrate to adhere to as is any polyolefin so applying liquid membranes over EPDM is not easy.

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asphalts melt point rises and there is a loss of plasticizers. As mass is lost, the asphalt shrinks and forms a surface similar to alligator skin. Asphalt breaks down slowly in water, and the more exposure the more rapid the degradation. Asphalt also dissolves readily when exposed to oils and some solvents.

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least 70% of the solar radiation that the building absorbs. An asphalt roof only reflects between 6 and 26% of solar radiation, resulting in greater heat transfer to the building interior and greater demand for air conditioning – a strain on both operating costs and the electric power grid.

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The durability and lightweight properties of GRP make it the ideal construction material for applications as diverse as lorry aerofoils and roofs, boats, ponds and automotive body panels. GRP is also used in hostile industrial settings for applications such as tanks and underground pipes; this is due

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is an aromatic hydrocarbon and a by-product from the coking process of the coal industry. It is historically in abundance where coal is used in steel manufacturing. It ages very slowly through volatilization and is an excellent waterproofing and oil resistant product. Roofs are covered by heating the

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Alternatively, Thermoplastic Roof Systems are systems that are bonded through heat-welding, creating what is usually a stronger and more durable bond. Population Thermoplastic Roofing Systems include TPO and PVC, which together make up over 90% of thermoplastic roofing membranes. While more difficult

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A TPO roof system can be fully adhered, mechanically fastened, or ballasted, although TPO roof systems are rarely ballasted, since the ballast covers up the surface of the roof and negates the reflective property of white TPO. TPO seam strengths are reported to be three to four times higher than EPDM

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Vinyl roofs provide an energy-efficient roofing option due to their inherently light coloring. While the surface of a black roof can experience a temperature increase of as much as 50 °C (90 °F) under the heat of the full sun, a white reflective roof typically increases only 5 to 14 °C

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is a term applied to both coal tar pitch and asphalt products. Modified bitumens were developed in Europe in the 1970s when Europeans became concerned with the lower performance standards of roofing asphalt. Modifiers were added to replace the plasticizers that had been removed by advanced methods in

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technology which provides consistent bond strength between the fleece backing and the membrane. This results in largely eliminating shrinkage of the product, whilst still allowing it to stretch up to 300% and move with the building through the seasons. The fleece improves puncture and tear resistance

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There are four types of roofing asphalt. Each type is created by heating and blowing with oxygen. The longer the process the higher the melt-point of the asphalt. Therefore, Type I asphalt has characteristics closest to coal tar and can only be used on dead level surfaces. Type II, is considered flat

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Water run-off and flash floods have become a problem especially in areas where there is a large amount of paving such as in inner cities: When rain falls (instead of draining into the ground over a large area as previously) a rainwater system's pipes take water run-off from huge areas of paving, road

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One problem with maintaining flat roofs is that if water does penetrate the barrier covering, it can travel a long way before causing visible damage or leaking into a building where it can be seen. Thus, it is not easy to find the source of the leak in order to repair it. Once underlying roof decking

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If a leak does occur on a flat roof, damage often goes unnoticed for considerable time as water penetrates and soaks the decking and any insulation and/or structure beneath. This can lead to expensive damage from the rot which often develops and if left can weaken the roof structure. There are health

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Roofing felts are usually a 'paper' or fiber material impregnated in bitumen. As gravel cannot protect tarpaper surfaces where they rise vertically from the roof such as on parapet walls or upstands, the felts are usually coated with bitumen and protected by sheet metal flashings called gravel stops.

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A green roof is a roof that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. A green roof typically consists of many layers, including an insulation layer; a waterproof membrane, often vinyl; a drainage layer, usually made of lightweight

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Roof membranes made of white or light colored material are inherently reflective and achieve some of the highest reflectance and emittance measurements of which roofing materials are capable. A roof made of thermoplastic white vinyl, for example, can reflect 80% or more of the sun's rays and emit at

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Unlike other roofing materials, GRP is not really a roofing material and has properties that render it better suited to small craft construction. It is often used on small domestic installations, but usually fails prematurely when used on larger projects. As well as being an inexpensive material, it

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Thermoset roof systems that are bonded together using chemicals or adhesives, as opposed to heat welded systems like Thermoplastics. The majority of thermoset roofs are typically EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubber, although CPE, Neoprene, and other Thermoset roof systems exist. Thermoset

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Asphalt BUR is made up of multiple layers of reinforcing plies and asphalt forming a redundancy of waterproofing layers. The reflectivity of built up roofs depends on the surfacing material used. Gravel is the most common and they are referred to as asphalt and gravel roofs. Asphalt degradation is a

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or another material is located above the waterproofing membrane. Modern green roofs are a type of protected membrane roof. This development has been made possible by the creation of waterproofing membrane materials that are tolerant of supporting a load and the creation of thermal insulation that is

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Detailing of these systems also plays a part in success or failure: In some systems ready-made details (such as internal and external corners, through-roof pipe flashings, cable or skylight flashings etc.) are available from the membrane manufacturer and can be well bonded to the main sheet, whereas

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have flat roofs. The roofs are usually clad with a deeper profile roof sheet (usually 40mm deep or greater). This gives the roof sheet very high water carrying capacity and allows the roof sheets to be more than 100 metres long in some cases. The pitch of this type of roof is usually between 1 and 3

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in 12 (1:96). It has a tendency to soften in warm temperatures and "heal" itself. It is typically surfaced with gravel to protect the roof from UV rays, hail, and foot traffic, as well as for fire protection. Coal tar provides an extremely long life cycle that is sustainable and renewable. It takes

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In June 2009, DuPont, the manufacturer of Hypalon, discontinued the product, followed within a couple years by nearly every major manufacturer. As a result, CSPE and CPE are no longer available in the US as a full roof membrane, and repair materials are extremely rare or expensive compared to other

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One predicted problem with large green roofs is that fire may be able to spread rapidly across areas of dry grasses and plants when they are dried, for instance, in summer by hot weather: Various countries stipulate fire barrier areas made of, for example, wide strips of (partly decorative) gravel.

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have been made by depositing topsoil or other growth media on flat roofs and seeding them (or allowing them to self-seed as nature takes its course). Maintenance in the form of simple visible inspection and removal of larger rooting plants allows these roofs to be successful in that they provide an

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Flat roofs tend to be sensitive to human traffic. Anything which produces a crack or puncture in the waterproofing membrane can quite readily lead to leaks. Flat roofs can fail, for example; when subsequent work is carried out on the roof, when new through-roof service pipes/cables are installed or

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Another common reason for failure of flat roofs is lack of drain maintenance where gravel, leaves and debris block water outlets (be they spigots, drains, downpipes or gutters). This causes a pressure head of water (the deeper the water, the greater the pressure) which can force more water into the

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to run off from a slight inclination or camber into a gutter system. Water from some flat roofs such as on garden sheds sometimes flows freely off the edge of a roof, though gutter systems are of advantage in keeping both walls and foundations dry. Gutters on smaller roofs often lead water directly

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One way to make an existing or new roof reflective is by applying a specifically designed white roof coatings (not simply white paint) on the roof's surface. The coating can be Energy Star rated. Reflectivity and emissivity ratings for reflective roof products available in the United States can be

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installed in the vacuum, and a digital timer. The timer runs two or three times a day for a minute or two to start water in the hose. The timer then turns off the vacuum, but the weight of water in the hose continues the siphon and soon opens the check valve in the vacuum. The best time to address

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Where gable roofs are uncommon or space is limited, flat roofs may be used as living spaces, with sheltered kitchens, bathrooms, living and sleeping areas. In third world countries, such roof tops are commonly used as areas to dry laundry, for storage, and even as a place to raise livestock. Other

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is one of the few materials that can be used for both pitched roofs and flat roofs. Flat or low-slope roofs can be covered with steel, aluminum, zinc, or copper just like pitched roofs. However, metal shingles are not practical for flat roofing and so roofers recommend standing-seam and screw-down

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PVC resin is modified with plasticizers and UV stabilizers, and reinforced with fiberglass non-woven mats or polyester woven scrims, for use as a flexible roofing membrane. PVC is, however, subject to plasticizer migration (a process by which the plasticizers migrate out of the sheet causing it to

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There are three installation methods: ballasted, mechanically attached, and fully adhered. Ballasted roofs are held in place by large round stones or slabs. Mechanically attached roof membranes are held in place with nails and are suitable in some applications where wind velocities are not usually

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is emerging as a favorite as it is easily transported and requires little maintenance as it is a succulent plant which remains close to the ground throughout its growth, has mild roots which do not damage the waterproofing membrane and changes colour in the seasons in greens, browns and purples to

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A main reason for failure of these traditional roofs is ignorance or lack of maintenance. The gravel coating protects the tar underneath from breaking down under UV rays from the sun. The gravel can shift from wind, heavy rainfall, or people walking on the roof. This exposes the tar to weather and

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Flat roofs exist all over the world, and each area has its own tradition or preference for materials used. In warmer climates, where there is less rainfall and freezing is unlikely to occur, many flat roofs are simply built of masonry or concrete and this is good at keeping out the heat of the sun

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Although TPO exhibits the positive characteristics of other thermoplastics, it does not have any plasticizers added to the product like other thermoplastics. This mis categorization made sense when the product was introduced in the early 1990s and was unproven in the industry. TPO was categorized

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In the United Kingdom, liquid coatings are the fastest growing sector of the flat roof refurbishment market. Between 2005 and 2009 the UK's leading manufacturers reported a 70% increase in the roof area covered by the coating systems supplied. Cold-applied liquid rubber offers similar benefits to

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are used in PMR construction. The chief benefit of PMR design is that the covering protects the waterproofing membrane from thermal shock, ultraviolet light and mechanical damage. One potential disadvantage of protected membrane roof construction is the need for structural strength to support the

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resin is used such as the same resin used in boat repairs, then there will be problems with the roof being too inflexible and not able to accommodate expansion and contraction of the building. A fit-for-purpose flexible/elastomeric resin system used as a waterproofing membrane will last for many

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Modified bitumen membranes are hybrid roof systems that combine the high technology formulation and prefabrication benefits of single-ply with the traditional roofing installation techniques used in built-up roofing. The membranes consist of factory-fabricated layers of asphalt, modified using a

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most commonly used in single-ply roofing because it is readily available and simple to apply. Seaming and detailing has evolved over the years and is fast, simple and reliable with many membranes including factory applied tape, resulting in a faster installation. The addition of these tapes has

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and in almost all cases a byproduct of the oil industry. Some asphalt is manufactured from oil as the intended purpose, and this is limited to high-quality asphalt produced for longer lasting asphalt built-up roofs (BUR). Asphalt ages through photo-oxidation accelerated by heat. As it ages, the

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alleviated by strict specifications requiring installation training and certification as well as on-site supervision. Another problem developed when a lack of standards allowed a manufacturer to produce the product with insufficient APP, requisite to enhancing the system aging characteristics.

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or EPDM. After environmental concerns in the late 1990s companies began to feel pressured regarding some of the common adhesives and bonding chemicals, and some jurisdictions passed regulations limiting the use of CSPE membranes. this caused many manufacturers to scramble to create new ways to

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onto the ground, or better, into a specially made soakaway. Gutters on larger roofs usually lead water into the rainwater drainage system of any built up area. Occasionally, however, flat roofs are designed to collect water in a pool, usually for aesthetic purposes, or for rainwater buffering.

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should be made. 90% of all roof leaks and failure occur at the flashings. Another important maintenance item, often neglected, is to simply keep the roof drains free of debris. A clogged roof drain will cause water to pond, leading to increased "dead load" weight on building that may not be

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The final modified bitumen sheet goods are typically installed by heating the underside of the roll with a torch, presenting a significant fire hazard. For this reason, the technique was outlawed in some municipalities when buildings caught fire, some burning to the ground. This problem was

175:(OSB, also known as Sterling board) of around 18mm thickness, steel or concrete. The mopping of bitumen is applied in two or more coats (usually three or four) as a hot liquid, heated in a kettle. A flooded coat of bitumen is applied over the felts and gravel is embedded in the hot bitumen. 832:

In the next step, known as polymerization, the VCM molecule forms chains, converting the gas into a fine, white powder – vinyl resin – which becomes the basis for the final process, compounding. In compounding, vinyl resin may be blended with additives such as

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Metal roofs are also one of the most environmentally sound roofing options, with most metal roofing material already containing 30-60% recycled content, and the product itself being 100% recyclable. The value of recyclable scrap metal can also provide a benefit to the homeowner; upon roof

720:. No open flames or other heat sources (as are required with torch on felts) are needed and the glass fiber reinforced systems provide seamless waterproofing around roof protrusions and details. Systems are based on flexible thermoset resin systems such as polyester and polyurethane, and 1156:

Roof coatings can be used to fix leaks and extend the life of all types of flat roofs by preventing degradation by the sun (ultra-violet radiation). A thickness of 0.75 millimetres (30 mils) is often used and once it is fully cured, a seamless, watertight membrane is created.

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A flat roof is the most cost-efficient roof shape as all room space can be used fully (below and above the roof). Having a smaller surface area, flat roofs require less material and are usually stronger than pitched roofs. This style roof also provides ample space for

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Butynol is widely used in roofing applications, favored in New Zealand for flat roofs due to its durability and flexibility., particularly for flat and low-slope roofs, due to its excellent properties that cater to the demanding requirements of modern construction.

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roofing. Vinyl is derived from two simple ingredients: fossil fuel and salt. Petroleum or natural gas is processed to make ethylene, and salt is subjected to electrolysis to separate out the natural element chlorine. Ethylene and chlorine are combined to produce

254:. That said, Villa Savoye's roof began leaking almost immediately after the Savoye family moved in. Le Corbusier only narrowly avoided a lawsuit from the family because they had to flee the country as France succumbed to the German Army in the Second World War. 1074:

years with just occasional inspection needed. The fact that such membranes do not require stone chippings to deflect heat means there is lower risk of stones blocking drains. Liquid applied membranes are also naturally resistant to moss and lichen.

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A glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) roof is a single-ply GRP laminate applied in situ over a good-quality conditioned plywood or oriented strand board (OSB) deck. The roof is finished with pre-formed GRP edge trims and a coat of pre-pigmented topcoat.

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All roofs should be inspected semi-annually and after major storms. Particular attention should be paid to the flashings around all of the rooftop penetrations. The sharp bends at such places can open up and need to be sealed with plastic cement,

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with materials such as tar papers this is usually not the case – a fitter has to construct these shapes on-site. Success depends largely on their levels of skill, enthusiasm and training – results can vary hugely.

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is being used to take pictures of roofs at night to find trouble spots. When the roof is cooling, wet spots not visible to the naked eye, continue to emit heat. The infrared cameras read the heat that is trapped in sections of wet insulation.

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the issue of ponding water is during the design phase of a new roofing project when sufficient falls can be designed-in to take standing water away. The quicker the water is got off the roof, the less chance there is for a roof leak to occur.

1797: 1149:) or creases that may not yet be leaking but will leak over time. They may need experienced help as they require scraping away the gravel on a cool morning when the tar is brittle, cutting open, and covering with plastic cement or 554:

high. A drawback is that the nails penetrate the waterproof membrane; if correctly fastened the membrane is "self-gasketing" and will not leak. Fully adhered installation methods give the longest performance of the three methods.

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SBS is used as a modifier for enhancing substandard asphalt and provides a degree of flexibility much like rubber. It also is applied to a myriad of carriers and produced as a sheet-good in rolls that can be easily handled.

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Any sheet of material used to cover a flat or low-pitched roof is usually known as a membrane and the primary purpose of these membranes is to waterproof the roof area. Materials that cover flat roofs typically allow the

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flatroof: A horizontal roof either having no slope, or a slope sufficient only to effect drainage, its pitch being usually less than 10 degrees; it may be surrounded by a parapet or it may extend beyond the exterior

844:(9 to 25 °F). Studies have even shown that a black PVC, which is often as much as 60 °F hotter than its white counterpart, will still be as much as 40 °F cooler than black asphalt or EPDM roofs. 335:

weight of ballast that prevents wind from moving rigid foam panels or the weight of plants and growth media for a green roof. However, when flat roofs are constructed in temperate climates, the need to support

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Metals are also used for flat roofs: lead (welded or folded-seamed), tin (folded, soldered or folded-seamed) or copper. These are often expensive options and vulnerable to being stolen and sold as scrap metal.

862:, 60-mil, and 80-mil. Standard TPO membrane colors are white, grey, and tan, with custom colors also available from most manufacturers. The most popular color for a TPO roof is white, due to the reflective, " 1049:

While flat roofs are usually designed to shed water, they may still be prone to water ponding, such as from snowmelt. Flat roofs are also more prone to uplift from high winds than are hip or mansard roofs.

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Traditionally most flat roofs in the western world make use of felt paper applied over roof decking to keep a building watertight. The felt paper is in turn covered with a flood coat of bitumen (asphalt or

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APP was added to asphalt to enhance aging characteristics and was applied to polyester, fiberglass, or polyester and fiberglass membranes to form a sheet good, cut in manageable lengths for handling.

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smallest hole or crack. In colder climates, puddling water can freeze, breaking up the roof surface as the ice expands. It is therefore important to maintain your flat roof to avoid excessive repair.

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TPO roofing systems feature strong seams that are heat-welded, providing superior seam strength and reducing the risk of leaks compared to other roofing systems with adhesive or tape seams.

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A modern (since the 1960s) development in the construction of decks, including flat-roof decks, especially when used as living area or the roof of a commercial structure, is to build a

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to form into unique shapes, they instead offer greater bonding strength and longevity compared to thermoset roofing, although they often require specialized training and tools.

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to keep the sun's heat, ultraviolet light and weather off it and helps protect it from cracking or blistering and degradation. Roof decking is usually of plywood, chipboard or

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PVC roofing is a Thermoplastic system, meaning that it is heat-welded at the seams forming a permanent, watertight bond that is typically stronger than the membrane itself.

585:. It is widely used in New Zealand and other parts of the world for flat and low-slope roofs due to its exceptional durability, flexibility, and waterproofing capabilities. 565:

This thermoset polymer is known for long-term weathering ability and can withstand fluctuations in temperature and ultraviolet rays. They can also be great energy savers.

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Chemical Resistance: It is resistant to many chemicals, enhancing its durability and suitability for various applications, including industrial and commercial buildings.

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It is a low-cost membrane, but when properly applied in appropriate places, its warranted life-span has reached 30 years and its expected lifespan has reached 50 years.

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In some microclimates or shaded areas felt roofs can last well in relation to the cost of materials purchase and cost of laying them. The cost of membranes such as

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The gravel stop terminates the roofing, preventing water from running underneath the roofing and preventing the gravel surfacing from washing off in heavy rains.

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Protected membrane roofs are sometimes referred to in the roofing industry as "IRMA" roofs, for "inverted roof membrane assembly". "IRMA" as a roofing term is a

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to accommodate that weight. Additionally, ponding water on a roof can freeze. Often, water finds its way into a flashing seam and freezes, weakening the seam.

704:(SIS) is another modifier used commercially. SIS-modified bitumen is rarely used, is used primarily in self-adhering sheets, and has very small market share. 847:

Vinyl membranes can also be used in waterproofing applications for roofing. This is a common technique used in association with green, or planted, roofs.

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and asphalt with coal tar pitch. Although they are both black and both are melted in a kettle when used in roofing, that is where the similarity stops.

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Reduce building heat-gain, as a white or reflective roof typically increases only 5–14 °C (9–25 °F) above ambient temperature during the day

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Flexible thermo polyolefin is the exact physical and chemical name given to the product commonly known in the industry as TPO (thermoplastic olefin).

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For bitumen-based roof coverings maintenance also includes keeping the tar paper covered with gravel, an older method, currently being replaced with

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Flexibility: The material remains flexible over time, allowing it to accommodate the natural movements of a building and preventing cracks and leaks.

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Cool roofs offer both immediate and long-term savings in building energy costs. Inherently cool roofs, coated roofs and planted or green roofs can:

1198:) are called cool roofs. Cool roofs fall into one of these three categories: inherently cool, green planted roofs or coated with a cool material. 1623: 1483: 2380: 1069:(BBA) for 30 years. BBA approval is a benchmark in determining the suitability of a particular fiberglass roofing system. If standard fiberglass 2325: 2220: 1748: 592:

Durability: Butynol is known for its long lifespan and ability to withstand harsh weather conditions, including heavy rain, strong winds, and

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When applying a liquid membrane it is possible to embed glass fiber matting so that the resultant cured membrane is considerably toughened.

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Grass or turf roofs have been around since the Viking times if not far earlier and make for a decorative and durable roof covering.

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of the roof insulation; this is because as temperature increases, the thermal conductivity of the roof's insulation also increases.

866:" properties of white TPO. Using white roofing material helps reduce the "heat island effect" and solar heat gain in the building. 130: 539: 350:

and stood for "Insulated Roof Membrane Assembly" and referred to PMRs assembled using Dow brand extruded polystyrene insulation.

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Lembeck, Henry G.. "Composite Design of Open Web Steel Joists". Washington University Department of Civil Engineering, 1965

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water, typically within 48 hours. This is accomplished by adding roof drains or scuppers for a pond at an edge or automatic

363: 1314: 129:. Flat roofs, or "low-slope" roofs, are also commonly found on commercial buildings throughout the world. The U.S.-based 2027: 1698: 1599: 1507: 1001:

replacement, scrap metal from the old roof can be sold to recoup a potentially large share of original material costs.

102: 1560: 685:(SBS) from France. The United States started developing modified bitumen compounds in the late 1970s and early 1980s. 476: 2004: 1362: 800: 463: 307: 68: 782: 407: 50: 2105: 1013:

A rooftop in Haikou, Hainan, China, being used as a garden, storage area for wood, chicken run, and barbecue area

2054:"Measured Energy Savings and Demand Reduction from a Reflective Roof Membrane on a Large Retail Store in Austin" 1937: 1648: 778: 605:: Butynol forms a continuous membrane that effectively seals the roof, preventing water penetration and damage. 445: 289: 35: 724:(PMMA). It is important that the membrane is not applied too thin like a paint otherwise failure will result. 637: 1966: 1889: 1066: 929: 712:

A choice for new roofs and roof refurbishment. This type of a roof membrane is generally referred to as

198:

is soaked, it often sags, creating more room for water to accumulate and further worsening the problem.

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Over time, however, the materials cure and gain properties similar to most thermoset materials such as

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sun. UV rays lead to material failures such as cracking and blistering, and eventually water gets in.

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Butynol roofing membranes are available in different sizes and weights to accommodate various needs:

336: 1672: 1267: 1150: 855: 763: 641: 217: 1350:

Handbook of technical terms used in architecture and building and their allied trades and subjects

1085:

for ponds in the center of roofs. An automatic siphon can be created with an inverted ring-shaped

557:

The most advanced EPDM is combined with a polyester fleece backing and fabricated with a patented

247: 767: 434: 278: 46: 1059: 826: 2446: 1821: 1409: 1160: 859: 678: 172: 121:

and flat roofs have up to approximately 10°. Flat roofs are an ancient form mostly used in

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Enhance the life expectancy of both the roof membrane and the building's cooling equipment.

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manufacture the roofing materials, raising costs as well as concerns regarding longevity.

212:

Modern flat roofs can use single large factory-made sheets such as EPDM synthetic rubber,

8: 2122: 2098: 1578: 1262: 1009: 141: 114: 1723: 1247:

Provide energy savings, even in northern climates on sunny (not necessarily "hot") days.

620:

17.86m roll x 1.0mm (30 kg) Black 17.86m roll x 1.5mm (45 kg) Black and Grey

205:

An important consideration in tarred flat roof quality is knowing that the common term '

1773: 1459: 1235: 822: 813: 581:

Butynol roofing is a type of roofing material made from synthetic rubber, specifically

501: 326: 251: 213: 968: 2390: 2255: 2240: 2000: 1191: 918:. It is typically limited to applications on dead level or flat roofs with slopes of 558: 343: 2056:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Energy Technologies Division. 2270: 2195: 1291: 1153:

and mesh. Any moisture trapped in a blister has to be dried before being repaired.

738:

Liquid membrane applied too thinly over a flat roof resulting in very early failure

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stabilizers for durability, plasticizers for flexibility and pigments for color.

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to its ability to withstand high temperatures and its resistance to chemicals.

877:

roofing systems. This is a popular choice for "green" building as there are no

817: 713: 81: 242:'s theoretical works, particularly Vers une Architecture, and the influential 2440: 2335: 2215: 1027: 734: 602: 1531: 2420: 2210: 2165: 1967:"Home Builder's Guide to Coastal Construction: Technical Fact Sheet Series" 1435: 1195: 1146: 717: 698:(SEBS) is a formulation increasing flexibility of the sheet and longevity. 582: 577:

A small Butynol roof installation on a residential flat roof in New Zealand

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Reduce the demand for electric power by as much as 10 percent on hot days.

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makes additional structural strength a common consideration in any event.

97: 2410: 2395: 2365: 2320: 2290: 2245: 2230: 2185: 2145: 2135: 1194:(the ability to release a large percentage of absorbed, or non-reflected 1190:

wavelengths of the sun, reducing heat transfer to the building) and high

1187: 1120: 1098: 1090: 1046:, sports areas (such as tennis courts), and restaurants outdoor seating. 1039: 1023: 1019: 878: 593: 331: 187: 2425: 2385: 2355: 2315: 2205: 2180: 2160: 2140: 1915: 1295: 1257: 1127: 1065:

Modern cold applied liquid membranes have been durability rated by the

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in 12 (1:48) or less. It is the only roofing material permitted by the

448: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 374: 292: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 126: 118: 2067: 2280: 1173: 1070: 915: 235: 133:

defines a low-slope roof as having a slope of 3 in 12 (1:4) or less.

89: 752: 423: 267: 53:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2400: 2200: 2150: 1183: 1134:

and waves do not move it causing scouring and more bare spots. The

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roofing membranes and the like, which must be 'glued' in place so

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is a roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of

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plastic or rubber ingredient and combined with a reinforcement.

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in 12; the code allows its use on roofs with slopes as low as

330:

not easily damaged by water. Frequently, rigid panels made of

2415: 2330: 2310: 2300: 2275: 1649:"Cool Roofing Improves Energy Efficiency | PVC (Vinyl) Roofs" 993: 385: 155: 1244:

Reduce resulting air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

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the distillation process. The two most common modifiers are

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added and TPO has very low degradation under UV radiation.

125:

and allow the roof space to be used as a living space or a

238:

architecture often viewed the flat roof as a living area.

1348:

Passmore, Augustine C.. "Twenty Styles of Architecture".

206: 164: 2083: 1999:. St. Johnsbury, Vt.: Environmental Films. p. 106. 1352:,. London: Scott, Greenwood, and Co.;, 1904. 360. Print. 2051: 346:. Originally, "IRMA" was a registered trademark of the 1798:"CE Center - Understanding Single-Ply Roofing Systems" 1749:"CE Center - Understanding Single-Ply Roofing Systems" 1579:"PVC MEMBRANES: Traditional Formula or New Innovation" 1138:

can be any exterior grade glue like driveway coating.

1077:

General flat roof maintenance includes getting rid of

1508:"Roofing Systems | WBDG Whole Building Design Guide" 1004: 825:(EDC), which is further processed into a gas called 1561:"Liquid-applied waterproofing membrane for roofs" 1484:"Where Is Hypalon Among Today's Roofing Options?" 1315:"Steep- or low-slope?: some definitions of terms" 1114:. Additionally, repairs to lap seams in the base 2438: 1938:"Risk Management Series: Snow Load Safety Guide" 1699:"Thermoplastic Polyolefin (TPO) Roofing Systems" 1566:. European Patent EP 2 966 103 A1. January 2016. 707: 325:A protected membrane roof (PMR) is a roof where 905: 892: 742: 413: 117:. The slope of a roof is properly known as its 1220:found in the Cool Roof Rating Council website. 985:is robust, inflexible and will never corrode. 716:and involves the application of a cold liquid 2099: 2021:"Your Guide to Home Maintenance - Flat Roofs" 1288:Dictionary of Architecture & Construction 1053: 392: 1600:"PVC vs. KEE: What are the Pros and Cons? -" 1540:Liquid Roofing and Waterproofing Association 1822:"Minimum Acceptable Roof Pitch by Material" 1058:A flat roof lasts longer if it is properly 963: 914:coal tar and applying it between layers of 781:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2106: 2092: 1312: 320: 1363:"Ultimate Tar and Gravel Roof Guide 2024" 801:Learn how and when to remove this message 464:Learn how and when to remove this message 308:Learn how and when to remove this message 257: 69:Learn how and when to remove this message 1994: 1008: 967: 816:(PVC) membrane roofing is also known as 733: 572: 530: 475: 357: 131:National Roofing Contractors Association 96: 88: 80: 1030:membrane forms the ideal substrate for 540:Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber 148: 2439: 1913: 1285: 1178:Roofing systems that can deliver high 956:Coal tar pitch is often confused with 2087: 2052:Konopacki and H. Akbari (June 2001). 1673:"NRCA Releases 2015-16 Market Survey" 1576: 1532:"Market for liquid applied membranes" 1410:"PMR Systems: The Forgotten Solution" 1407: 1182:(the ability to reflect the visible, 988: 509:and can be applied to surfaces up to 145:degrees depending upon sheet length. 1887: 1771: 1724:"TPO Roofing: Guide for Non-Roofers" 1721: 1646: 1022:or outdoor recreational use such as 779:adding citations to reliable sources 746: 446:adding citations to reliable sources 417: 290:adding citations to reliable sources 261: 18: 1862: 659: 389:give a pleasing effect to the eye. 13: 2026:. Gateshead.gov.uk. Archived from 696:Styrene ethylene butadiene styrene 568: 103:Warszawa Centralna railway station 14: 2463: 1914:Murano, Grace (20 October 2011). 1389:"Protected Membrane Roof Systems" 1313:Flickinger, Dave (January 1998). 1141:Maintenance also includes fixing 1005:Benefits, and uses, and drawbacks 547:reduced labor by as much as 75%. 364:Prince George's Community College 190:has come down over recent years. 2254: 1997:Significant tornadoes, 1680-1991 1916:"10 Coolest Rooftop Attractions" 1802:continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com 1753:continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com 751: 588:Key Features of Butynol Roofing 422: 266: 23: 2060: 2045: 2013: 1988: 1959: 1930: 1907: 1881: 1856: 1838: 1814: 1790: 1765: 1741: 1715: 1691: 1665: 1640: 1616: 1592: 1577:Greko, John C. (October 2016). 1570: 1553: 1524: 1500: 1476: 632: 433:needs additional citations for 277:needs additional citations for 1452: 1428: 1419: 1401: 1381: 1355: 1342: 1306: 1286:Harris, Cyril M., ed. (2006). 1279: 932:to be applied to slopes below 613:Butynol Roll Sizes and Weights 353: 140:Around the world, many modern 1: 1273: 1167: 708:Cold-applied liquid membranes 638:Chlorosulfonated polyethylene 401: 1995:Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). 906:Coal-tar pitch built-up roof 893:Thermosets vs Thermoplastics 743:PVC (vinyl) membrane roofing 414:Types of flat roof coverings 250:prominently feature rooftop 7: 1722:Gray, Jack (17 June 2021). 1290:(4 ed.). McGraw-Hill. 1251: 972:GRP fiberglass flat roofing 930:International Building Code 49:the claims made and adding 10: 2468: 2068:"Cool Roof Rating Council" 1171: 1054:Maintenance and assessment 492: 393:Green-roof water buffering 2263: 2252: 2121: 2113: 1067:British Board of Agrément 722:poly(methyl methacrylate) 683:styrene-butadiene-styrene 1774:"Single-Ply Roofing 101" 1408:Watts, Mike (May 2000). 1367:www.bobharveyroofing.com 1268:Bituminous waterproofing 964:Glass-reinforced plastic 856:Thermoplastic polyolefin 702:Styrene-isoprene-styrene 642:chlorinated polyethylene 218:thermoplastic polyolefin 93:Flat roof in Los Angeles 1624:"Cool Roofing and CRRC" 526: 321:Protected membrane roof 1628:www.carlislesyntec.com 1203:Inherently cool roofs: 1014: 973: 850: 827:vinyl chloride monomer 739: 578: 536: 489: 370: 258:Flat roof developments 106: 94: 86: 2271:Air conditioning unit 1161:Infrared thermography 1012: 971: 737: 681:(APP) from Italy and 679:atactic polypropylene 624:Butynol Roofing Usage 576: 534: 479: 361: 344:genericized trademark 173:oriented strand board 100: 92: 84: 1947:. FEMA. pp. 2–3 1888:Reel, Monte (2006). 1324:: 40. Archived from 1322:Professional Roofing 1210:Green planted roofs: 1110:and a small mason's 775:improve this section 442:improve this article 408:composite steel deck 348:Dow Chemical Company 332:extruded polystyrene 286:improve this article 149:Construction methods 142:commercial buildings 85:Flat roofs in Israel 1894:The Washington Post 1772:SPRI (2019-01-09). 1536:Liquid – the market 1263:List of roof shapes 1026:. Applying a tough 823:ethylene dichloride 1976:. FEMA. p. 10 1679:. 21 November 2016 1296:10.1036/0071452370 1236:thermal efficiency 1034:planting schemes. 1015: 989:Metal flat roofing 974: 814:Polyvinyl chloride 740: 579: 537: 502:aliphatic compound 490: 371: 327:thermal insulation 248:Unité d'Habitation 214:polyvinyl chloride 107: 95: 87: 34:possibly contains 2434: 2433: 2033:on 4 October 2013 1846:"Low Slope Roofs" 1488:www.buildings.com 1460:"Butynol Roofing" 1440:ARDEX New Zealand 1192:thermal emittance 1180:solar reflectance 811: 810: 803: 559:hot-melt adhesive 474: 473: 466: 318: 317: 310: 79: 78: 71: 36:original research 2459: 2258: 2196:Half-hipped roof 2108: 2101: 2094: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2032: 2025: 2017: 2011: 2010: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1971: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1942: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1890:"Up on the Roof" 1885: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1848:. Archived from 1842: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1784: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1709: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1677:Roofing Magazine 1669: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1610: 1604:www.mediaedge.ca 1596: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1395: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1369:. 1 January 2024 1359: 1353: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1319: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1283: 951: 950: 946: 941: 940: 936: 927: 926: 922: 806: 799: 795: 792: 786: 755: 747: 660:Modified bitumen 544:synthetic rubber 535:EPDM rubber roof 518: 517: 513: 484:headquarters at 469: 462: 458: 455: 449: 426: 418: 313: 306: 302: 299: 293: 270: 262: 105:in Poland (1975) 74: 67: 63: 60: 54: 51:inline citations 27: 26: 19: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2259: 2250: 2117: 2112: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2007: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1886: 1882: 1873: 1871: 1863:Mallows, Mark. 1861: 1857: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1830: 1828: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1804: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1782: 1780: 1770: 1766: 1757: 1755: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1732: 1730: 1720: 1716: 1707: 1705: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1682: 1680: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1657: 1655: 1645: 1641: 1632: 1630: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1608: 1606: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1581: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1544: 1542: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1492: 1490: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1468: 1466: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1444: 1442: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1412: 1406: 1402: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1372: 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1958: 1929: 1906: 1880: 1855: 1852:on 2015-08-16. 1837: 1813: 1789: 1764: 1740: 1714: 1690: 1664: 1653:Vinylroofs.org 1639: 1615: 1591: 1569: 1552: 1523: 1499: 1475: 1464:Butynol Repair 1451: 1427: 1418: 1400: 1380: 1354: 1341: 1305: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1232: 1229: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1207: 1172:Main article: 1169: 1166: 1095:wet/dry vacuum 1055: 1052: 1006: 1003: 990: 987: 965: 962: 907: 904: 894: 891: 852: 849: 809: 808: 759: 757: 750: 744: 741: 714:liquid roofing 709: 706: 661: 658: 634: 631: 610: 609: 606: 600: 597: 570: 567: 528: 525: 494: 491: 472: 471: 430: 428: 421: 415: 412: 403: 400: 394: 391: 362:Green roof at 355: 352: 322: 319: 316: 315: 274: 272: 265: 259: 256: 150: 147: 77: 76: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2464: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2381:Roof sheeting 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 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805: 802: 794: 791:November 2021 784: 780: 776: 770: 769: 765: 760:This section 758: 754: 749: 748: 736: 732: 729: 725: 723: 719: 715: 705: 703: 699: 697: 693: 689: 686: 684: 680: 675: 670: 666: 657: 653: 650: 645: 643: 639: 630: 626: 625: 621: 618: 615: 614: 607: 604: 603:Waterproofing 601: 598: 595: 591: 590: 589: 586: 584: 575: 566: 563: 560: 555: 551: 548: 545: 541: 533: 524: 520: 506: 503: 499: 487: 483: 480:Flat roof of 478: 468: 465: 457: 447: 443: 437: 436: 431:This section 429: 425: 420: 419: 411: 409: 399: 390: 387: 383: 379: 376: 369: 365: 360: 351: 349: 345: 340: 338: 333: 328: 312: 309: 301: 291: 287: 281: 280: 275:This section 273: 269: 264: 263: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 219: 215: 210: 208: 203: 199: 195: 191: 189: 184: 180: 176: 174: 170: 166: 160: 157: 146: 143: 138: 134: 132: 128: 124: 123:arid climates 120: 116: 112: 104: 101:Flat roof in 99: 91: 83: 73: 70: 62: 52: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 21: 20: 2447:Construction 2411:Solar panels 2326:Hanging beam 2221:Rhombic roof 2211:Mansard roof 2191:Gambrel roof 2175: 2166:Conical roof 2071:. 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