177:
165:
153:
22:
122:
In most cases, the slag can be discarded, perhaps after some cleaning, and the matte is further treated in converters to produce blister copper. In some cases where the flash furnaces are fed with concentrate containing a sufficiently high copper content, the concentrate is converted directly to
91:
Flash smelting with oxygen-enriched air (the 'reaction gas') makes use of the energy contained in the concentrate to supply most of the energy required by the furnaces. The concentrate must be dried before it is injected into the furnaces and, in the case of the
Outokumpu process, some of the
87:
has a water-cooled reaction shaft at one end of the vessel and a waste gas off-take at the other end. While the INCO flash furnace at
Sudbury was the first commercial use of oxygen flash smelting, fewer smelters use the INCO flash furnace than the Outokumpu flash furnace.
176:
164:
233:
152:
459:
929:
268:
Ilkka V. Kojo; Ari
Jokilaakso; Pekka Hanniala (February 2000). "Flash smelting and converting furnaces: A 50 year retrospect".
389:
136:, formerly the technology division of Outokumpu, now holds Outokumpu's patents to the technology and licenses it worldwide.
452:
244:
432:
480:
1088:
559:
554:
445:
25:
Development of flash smelting in the copper industry, related to the number of smelters using this technology.
833:
719:
1103:
196:
1108:
843:
1002:
103:. The reacted particles fall into a bath at the bottom of the furnace, where the iron oxides react with
21:
358:
Ed. J P Hager (The
Minerals, Metals and Materials Society: Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1991), 1125–1145.
216:
182:
Kivcet flash furnace, mainly designed for lead smelting (also efficient for copper and zinc smelting)
219:. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved November 03, 2012.
606:
728:
354:
S Ellor, M Chamberland and H Davies, 'Development of models of INCO's smelting processes,' in:
896:
864:
815:
616:
468:
140:
170:
Inco flash furnace, mainly designed for nickel smelting (also efficient for copper smelting)
79:') and has a different concentrate feed design compared to the Outokumpu flash furnace. The
681:
277:
628:
611:
8:
949:
838:
724:
671:
477:
127:
281:
779:
676:
488:
381:
301:
96:
92:
furnaces use an optional heater to warm the reaction gas typically to 100–450 °C.
83:
has end-wall concentrate injection burners and a central waste gas off-take, while the
1098:
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714:
507:
385:
305:
293:
104:
1057:
962:
934:
522:
512:
377:
285:
75:
A second flash smelting system was developed by the
International Nickel Company ('
33:
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1007:
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338:
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997:
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957:
939:
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909:
789:
784:
297:
123:
blister in a single
Outokumpu furnace and further converting is unnecessary.
989:
709:
704:
661:
76:
49:
859:
823:
651:
583:
267:
126:
The sulfur dioxide produced by flash smelting is typically captured in a
437:
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1012:
805:
744:
734:
591:
532:
61:
904:
869:
739:
623:
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53:
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plant in 1949 for smelting copper ore. It has also been adapted for
1032:
799:
771:
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41:
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633:
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527:
133:
57:
1037:
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108:
65:
45:
416:
404:
367:
342:
325:
571:
368:
Davenport, W G; King, M; Schlesinger, M; Biswas, A K (2002).
158:
Outokumpu flash furnace, mainly designed for copper smelting
95:
The reactions in the flash smelting furnaces produce copper
1042:
116:
69:
270:
JOM: Journal of the
Minerals, Metals and Materials Society
517:
130:, removing the major environmental effect of smelting.
1075:
453:
988:
228:
226:
16:Smelting process for sulfur-containing ores
460:
446:
467:
38:Liekkisulatus, literally "flame-smelting"
223:
20:
1076:
209:
441:
13:
382:10.1016/B978-0-08-044029-3.X5000-X
14:
1120:
481:Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
426:
372:(4th ed.). Oxford, England:
175:
163:
151:
433:Metallugical Processes – Copper
370:Extractive Metallurgy of Copper
52:. The process was developed by
361:
348:
261:
139:INCO was acquired by Brazil's
1:
834:Bottom-blown oxygen converter
276:(2). Springer Boston: 57–61.
202:
197:Copper extraction techniques
7:
243:. p. 2. Archived from
190:
48:-containing ores including
10:
1125:
234:"Outokumpu Flash Smelting"
1025:
975:
948:
895:
882:
852:
814:
770:
757:
690:
644:
582:
500:
487:
475:
290:10.1007/s11837-000-0049-5
60:and first applied at the
560:Underground in soft rock
555:Underground in hard rock
1089:Metallurgical processes
417:Davenport et al. (2002)
405:Davenport et al. (2002)
343:Davenport et al. (2002)
326:Davenport et al. (2002)
85:Outokumpu flash furnace
37:
26:
888:(by aqueous solution)
720:Gravity Concentration
469:Extractive metallurgy
24:
1003:Hall–Héroult process
682:Mechanical screening
1104:Industrial furnaces
725:Magnetic separation
672:Cyclonic separation
493:(by physical means)
478:Metallurgical assay
419:, pp. 217–246.
407:, pp. 187–198.
282:2000JOM....52b..57K
128:sulfuric acid plant
1109:Finnish inventions
806:Refractory linings
677:Gyratory equipment
489:Mineral processing
356:EPD Congress 1992,
328:, pp. 91–102.
99:, iron oxides and
81:Inco flash furnace
27:
1071:
1070:
1021:
1020:
982:
977:Electrometallurgy
971:
970:
930:Gold chlorination
889:
878:
877:
764:
753:
752:
715:Jig concentrators
513:Natural resources
508:Geological survey
494:
391:978-0-08-044029-3
345:, pp. 73–90.
1116:
986:
985:
981:(by electricity)
980:
963:Pan amalgamation
935:Gold cyanidation
925:In situ leaching
893:
892:
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768:
767:
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523:Economic geology
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217:"flash smelting"
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1113:
1074:
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1017:
1008:Castner process
979:
967:
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886:
884:Hydrometallurgy
874:
848:
844:IsaKidd process
810:
761:
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700:Froth flotation
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250:on 24 July 2011
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998:Electrowinning
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829:Parkes process
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795:Flash smelting
792:
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759:Pyrometallurgy
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538:Precious metal
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427:External links
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374:Pergamon Press
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101:sulfur dioxide
30:Flash smelting
15:
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958:Patio process
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947:
941:
940:Bayer process
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:Tank leaching
918:
916:
915:Dump leaching
913:
911:
910:Heap leaching
908:
906:
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790:Zinc smelting
788:
786:
785:Lead smelting
783:
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780:Iron smelting
778:
777:
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692:Concentration
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23:
19:
990:Electrolysis
950:Amalgamation
794:
705:Jameson cell
662:Hydrocyclone
412:
400:
369:
363:
355:
350:
273:
269:
263:
252:. Retrieved
245:the original
211:
138:
132:
125:
121:
115:, to form a
94:
90:
84:
80:
74:
72:production.
50:chalcopyrite
44:process for
29:
28:
18:
1026:Co-products
860:Calcination
824:Cupellation
740:Dry washing
729:Magnetation
652:Ore sorting
617:Pebble mill
584:Comminution
1078:Categories
1063:Stamp sand
1013:Downs cell
745:Buddle pit
735:Rocker box
592:Stamp mill
533:Base metal
501:Extraction
254:2009-05-06
203:References
107:, such as
62:Harjavalta
905:Lixiviant
870:Liquation
763:(by heat)
624:Ball mill
567:Recycling
306:110355049
298:1047-4838
241:Outokumpu
143:in 2006.
113:limestone
54:Outokumpu
1099:Smelting
1033:Tailings
897:Leaching
865:Roasting
816:Refining
800:ISASMELT
772:Smelting
629:Rod mill
612:SAG mill
597:Arrastra
191:See also
42:smelting
1058:Red mud
1048:Clinker
802:furnace
710:Panning
667:Trommel
657:Vanning
634:IsaMill
607:AG mill
602:Crusher
550:Surface
528:Mineral
278:Bibcode
134:Outotec
58:Finland
40:) is a
34:Finnish
1094:Sulfur
1084:Copper
1038:Gangue
839:Poling
645:Sizing
545:Mining
388:
304:
296:
109:silica
105:fluxes
66:nickel
46:sulfur
853:Other
572:Scrap
302:S2CID
248:(PDF)
237:(PDF)
97:matte
1053:Chat
1043:Slag
386:ISBN
294:ISSN
141:Vale
117:slag
111:and
77:INCO
70:lead
68:and
518:Ore
378:doi
286:doi
56:in
1080::
384:.
376:.
333:^
314:^
300:.
292:.
284:.
274:52
272:.
239:.
225:^
119:.
36::
731:)
727:(
461:e
454:t
447:v
394:.
380::
308:.
288::
280::
257:.
32:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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