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Five-Year Plans of India

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684:. The Third Plan was a perspective plan for long terms i.e. for 10, 15 or 20 years. Hence there was no fixation of dates for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans. The main advantage of the rolling plans was that they were flexible and were able to overcome the rigidity of fixed Five-Year Plans by mending targets, the object of the exercise, projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in the country's 1092:
bottlenecks. The document presented by the planning commission is aimed to attract private investments of up to US$ 1 trillion in the infrastructural growth in the 12th five-year plan, which will also ensure a reduction in the subsidy burden of the government to 1.5 percent from 2 percent of the GDP (gross domestic product). The UID (Unique Identification Number) will act as a platform for cash transfer of the subsidies in the plan.
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towards socialism and energy production at large. The thrust areas of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were: social justice, removal of oppression of the weak, using modern technology, agricultural development, anti-poverty programmes, full supply of food, clothing, and shelter, increasing productivity of small- and large-scale farmers, and making India an independent economy.
1077:"It is not possible to think of an average of 9% . I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible," Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments. The approached paper for the Twelfth Plan, approved last year, talked about an annual average growth rate of 9%. 1073:
With the deteriorating global situation, the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible. The Final growth target has been set at 8% by the endorsement of the plan at the National
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As an outcome of the Sixth Five-Year Plan, there had been steady growth in agriculture, controls on the rate of inflation, and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five-Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth. The Seventh Plan had striven
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government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made. The Rolling Plan consisted of three kinds of plans that were proposed. The First Plan was for the present year which comprised the annual budget and the Second was a plan for a fixed number of years, which may be 3, 4 or 5 years. The Second Plan kept
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Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare "plan holidays" (from 1966 to 1967, 1967–68, and 1968–69). Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period. During 1966–67 there was again the problem of drought. Equal priority was given to agriculture, its
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was the vice-president. The motto of first five years plan was ' Development of agriculture' and the aim was to solve different problems that formed due to the partition of the nation, second world war. Rebuilding the country after independence was the vision of this plan. Another main target was to
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The total amount allocated under the Second Five-Year Plan in India was Rs. 48 billion. This amount was allocated among various sectors: power and irrigation, social services, communications and transport, and miscellaneous. The second plan was a period of rising prices. The country also faced
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The government intends to reduce poverty by 10% during the 12th Five-Year Plan. Ahluwalia said, "We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9% annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period". Earlier, addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments, he said the rate of
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poverty line, the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004–05 and 2009–10, was about 1.5% points each year, which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993–95 to 2004–05. The plan aims towards the betterment of the infrastructural projects of the nation avoiding all types of
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in 1953. The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long-run economic growth. It used the prevalent state-of-the-art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models
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who noted that the plan's "dependence on deficit financing to promote heavy industrialization was a recipe for trouble". Shenoy argued that state control of the economy would undermine a young democracy. India faced an external payments crisis in 1957, which is viewed as confirmation of Shenoy's
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Based on a 15-year period of striving towards steady growth, the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self-sustaining growth by 2000. The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4% per year.
688:. The main disadvantage of this plan was that if the targets were revised each year, it became difficult to achieve the targets laid down in the five-year period and it turned out to be a complex plan. Also, the frequent revisions resulted in the lack of stability in the economy. 145:
chairman, the commission has a nominated deputy chairman, who holds the rank of a cabinet minister. Prior to the Fourth Plan, the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism, which led to the adoption for the
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The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing economic situation at the centre and the years 1990–91 and 1991–92 were treated as Annual Plans. The Eighth Plan was finally launched in 1992 after the initiation of structural adjustment policies.
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14 major Indian banks (Allahabad Bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Bank of Maharashtra, Central Bank of India, Canara Bank, Dena Bank, Indian Bank, Indian Overseas Bank, Punjab National Bank, Syndicate Bank, UCO Bank, Union Bank and United Bank of India) and the
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on 1 January 1995. The major objectives included, controlling population growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, strengthening the infrastructure, institutional building, tourism management, human resource development, involvement of
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allied activities, and industrial sector. The government of India declared "Devaluation of Rupee" to increase the exports of the country. The main reasons for plan holidays were the war, lack of resources and increase in inflation.
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in the country. Contracts were signed to start five steel plants, which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five-Year Plan. The plan was deemed successful for the government having outperformed growth projections.
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With the Planning Commission dissolved, no more formal plans are made for the economy, but Five-Year Defence Plans continue to be made. The latest would have been 2017–2022. However, there is no Thirteenth Five-Year Plan.
185:), to signify the central government's more hands-off approach to development. India launched its First FYP in 1951, immediately after independence, under the socialist influence of India's first prime minister, 758:
The main objectives of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity, production of food grains, and generating employment through "Social Justice".
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in 1928. Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them. China continues to use FYPs, although China renamed its Eleventh FYP, from 2006 to 2010, a guideline (
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was the prime minister of India during the Ninth Plan. The Ninth Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth.
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He also indicated that soon he should share his views with other members of the commission to choose a final number (economic growth target) to put before the country's NDC for its approval.
878:, and led one of the most important administrations in India's modern history, overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. At that time Dr. 311:, which increased by 8%. National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the 862:
1989–91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no Five-Year Plan was implemented. Between 1990 and 1992, there were only Annual Plans. In 1991, India faced a crisis in
1502: 732:, Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force . More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas, which continued to have a high 842:
Under the Seventh Five-Year Plan, India strove to bring about a self-sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace.
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were established as research institutes. In 1957, a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power.
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government rejected the plan. The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission.
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has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 9% but the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8% for the Twelfth Plan.
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of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan. Under this plan, the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning
882:(later prime minister of India) launched India's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge. It was the beginning of 717: 514:
were given more development responsibilities. For the first time India resorted to borrowing from IMF. Rupee value devalued for the first time in 1966.
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lay down the foundation for industry, agriculture development in the country and to provide affordable healthcare, education in low price to people.
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The plan adopted the objective of correcting the earlier trend of increased concentration of wealth and economic power. It was based on the
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of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army. In 1965, India fought a
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The Sixth Five-Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy. The target growth rate was 5.2% and the actual growth rate was 5.7%.
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government rejected the Fifth Five-Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five-Year Plan (1978–1980). This plan was again rejected by the
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in 1969. Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans.
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Baldev Raj Nayar, Globalization And Nationalism: The Changing Balance of India's Economic Policy, 1950–2000 (New Delhi: Sage, 2001).
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government elected in 2014, announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission, and its replacement by a think tank called the
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Jalal Alamgir, India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity (London and New York: Routledge 2008), Chapter 2.
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The Tenth Plan was expected to follow a regional approach rather than sectors approach to bring down regional inequalities.
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The Fourth Five-Year Plan was delayed for more than a year amid disagreements over India's economic development strategy.
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and needed urgent attention. The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in the development of the
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The target growth rate was 5.0% and the actual growth rate was 6.01%. and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7%.
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as the prime minister. The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading technology.
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The concept of a buffer stock was first introduced and a buffer stock of 5 million tonnes of food grains was envisaged
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was established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee.
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State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. States were made responsible for
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foreign exchange crisis. The rapid growth in population slowed down the growth in the per-capita income.
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The Third Five-year Plan stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat, but the brief
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also expanded. The twenty-point programme was launched in 1975. It was followed from 1975 to 1979.
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To increase the growth rate in agriculture, industry and services to 4%, 10% and 9% respectively.
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1 billion. Thus, under pressure, the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy.
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It aimed to increase the enrolment in higher education of 18–23 years of age group by 2011–12.
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decline in poverty doubled during the Eleventh Plan. The commission had said while using the
406: 295:(GDP) growth; the achieved growth rate was 3.6% the net domestic product went up by 15%. The 1178:"A Background Note on Gadgil Formula for distribution of Central Assistance for State Plans" 3776: 3511: 3449: 3418: 3408: 3368: 3363: 3102: 3041: 2895: 2688: 2671: 2148: 961:
Providing gainful and high-quality employment at least to the addition to the labour force.
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were started in rural areas. In an effort to bring democracy to the grass-root level,
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Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five-Year Plan India are given below:
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focusing on growth with stability and progress towards self reliance. At this time
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Five-Year Plans (FYPs) are centralized and integrated national economic programs.
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It focused on distant education, convergence of formal, non-formal, distant and
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To ensure that 50% of the rural population has access to proper drinking water.
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Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50% by 2007.
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were eliminated and ration shops were closed. This led to an increase in
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was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing
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To create 50 million new job opportunities in non-agricultural sectors.
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The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 3.3%.
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The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 2.4%.
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The target growth rate was 4.5% and the actual growth rate was 4.27%.
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The Ninth Five-Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence.
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The target growth rate was 5.6% and the actual growth rate was 6.8%.
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The target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual growth rate was 4.8%.
249: 245: 2133: 1330: 1001:(US$ 83 billion) (42.1%) was for states and union territories. 2963: 1998: 1540: 410: 276:. Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after 874:
was the ninth prime minister of the Republic of India and head of
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in agricultural production and defence. In 1978 the newly elected
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Integrated Schematic National Programs for Economic Development
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To increase green coverage by 1 million hectares every year.
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To provide access to banking services to 90% of households.
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Emphasis on social sector and delivery of service therein.
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and foreign debt. Meanwhile, India became a member of the
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This five years plan's president was Jawaharlal Nehru and
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To reduce malnutrition amongst children aged 0–3 years.
1357:. Arihant Publications (India) Ltd. 2017. p. 20. 1102:
To remove gender and social gaps in school enrollment.
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Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
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and "rapid Industrialisation". The plan followed the
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Official website of the Planning Commission of India
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Indian Economy: Problems of development and planning
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Empowerment through education and skill development.
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Energy was given priority with 26.6% of the outlay.
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advanced agriculture. In addition, the situation in
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National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
2620:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators 1379:"Historical Background of Legislative Initiatives" 602:The Drought Prone Area Program (DPAP) was launched 367:The Second Plan focused on the development of the 1222:, India: Vidyabharti Publication. pp. 12–13. 1200:Sony Pellissery and Sam Geall "Five Year Plans". 947:The main objectives of the Tenth Five-Year Plan: 696:The Sixth Five-Year Plan marked the beginning of 595:took funds earmarked for industrial development. 4132: 1244: 1074:Development Council meeting held in New Delhi. 1027:Rapid and inclusive growth (poverty reduction). 921:, decentralisation and people's participation. 817:Projections for balance of payments: Export – 1561: 1048:Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009. 1263:World bank and economic development of India 1004: 983:(US$ 5.3 billion) for tenth five years. 970:Target growth: 8.1% – growth achieved: 7.7%. 831:(US$ 11.4 billion), Trade Balance- (-) 728:. In contrast to China's strict and binding 538: 346:At the end of the plan period in 1956, five 209:. The First Five-Year Plan was based on the 201:, presented the First Five-Year Plan to the 126:, developed, executed, and monitored by the 1055: 848: 787:(US$ 6.5 billion), Trade Balance – (-) 742: 666: 232:later) was allocated to seven broad areas: 15: 1568: 1554: 1259: 857: 773:Balance of payments (estimates): Export – 747:The Seventh Five-Year Plan was led by the 547: 362: 16: 2782:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) 2662:Fundamental rights, principles and duties 942: 930: 691: 609: 466: 192: 102:Learn how and when to remove this message 2724:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 680:changing as per the requirements of the 614:The Fifth Five-Year Plan laid stress on 299:was good and there were relatively high 284:was facing basic problems—deficiency of 24:This is an accepted version of this page 3823: 1726:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 1460: 1312: 1111:To provide electricity to all villages. 291:The target growth rate was 2.1% annual 14: 4133: 3012:Securities and Exchange Board of India 2119:National Geological Monuments of India 1465:. pune: Wishwa Prakashan. p. 676. 1105:To enhance access to higher education. 824:(US$ 7.3 billion), Imports – (-) 724:was also expanded in order to prevent 438:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 413:were established with the help of the 3822: 2936: 2812:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) 2777:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 2518: 2070: 1585: 1549: 1213: 780:(US$ 4.0 billion), Imports – (-) 433:lines were added in the north east. 55: 2807:National Investigation Agency (NIA) 2729:Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 2418:Autonomous administrative divisions 1216:D.C.C. Bank Clerk Grade Examination 1150:Five-year plans of the Soviet Union 1045:Reduce total fertility rate to 2.1. 48: 2797:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 1066:The Twelfth Five-Year Plan of the 1051:Increase agriculture growth to 4%. 401:projects and five steel plants at 268:(4.1%), and for other sectors and 266:rehabilitation of landless farmers 175:Five-Year Plan in the Soviet Union 49: 4172: 2992:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 2734:Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) 2019:Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) 1534: 807:Merchandise imports (estimates): 797:Merchandise exports (estimates): 442:Atomic Energy Commission of India 197:The first Indian prime minister, 1575: 967:20-point program was introduced. 495:began producing an abundance of 60: 2035:History of India (1947–present) 1513: 1495: 1469: 1454: 1428: 1403: 1371: 1266:. APH Publishing. p. 375. 1036:Reduction of gender inequality. 531:It was based on John Sandy and 510:elections were started and the 429:production was increased. More 348:Indian Institutes of Technology 122:. This was carried through the 118:was premised on the concept of 2802:Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) 2754:Special Protection Group (SPG) 2744:Railway Protection Force (RPF) 1345: 1306: 1280: 1235: 1226: 1207: 1202:Encyclopedia of Sustainability 1194: 1166: 951:Attain 8% GDP growth per year. 643:Indian national highway system 379:model developed by the Indian 13: 1: 3897:Engineering colleges in India 3526:Electronics and semiconductor 2739:National Security Guard (NSG) 2483:World Heritage Sites in India 2071: 1313:Frankel, Francine R. (1967). 1160: 1039:Environmental sustainability. 570:The Indira Gandhi government 339:, indirectly contributing to 2787:Enforcement Directorate (ED) 2608:State legislative assemblies 2519: 2448:States and union territories 2157:Biogeographic classification 1436:"9th Five Year Plan (Vol-1)" 389:Indian Statistical Institute 384:Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis 352:University Grants Commission 224:The total planned budget of 7: 3954:Water supply and sanitation 2937: 2719:Border Security Force (BSF) 2464:National monuments of India 1586: 1133: 1062:12th Five-Year Plan (India) 630:. The plan also focused on 587:) was becoming dire as the 454:The plan was criticized by 10: 4177: 4141:Economic planning in India 3007:Central Statistical Office 2613:State legislative councils 2588:Union Council of Ministers 1145:Five-Year Plans of Romania 1059: 987:Out of total plan outlay, 288:and low capacity to save. 164: 4146:Economic history of India 3977: 3887:Medical colleges in India 3842: 3838: 3818: 3737: 3706: 3442: 3311: 3251: 3203: 3155: 3085: 3037:Foreign exchange reserves 3032:Foreign direct investment 3002:Economic Advisory Council 2972: 2949: 2945: 2932: 2856: 2828: 2762: 2749:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 2711: 2702: 2647: 2638: 2531: 2527: 2514: 2456: 2408: 2346: 2235: 2147: 2129:Sacred mountains of India 2111: 2083: 2079: 2066: 2027: 1956: 1851: 1818: 1775: 1754: 1701:Indus Valley Civilisation 1686: 1598: 1594: 1581: 1124: 1005:Eleventh Plan (2007–2012) 593:Bangladesh Liberation War 589:Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 577:Green Revolution in India 539:Plan Holidays (1966–1969) 325:World Health Organization 4156:Five-year plans of India 3173:Multi Commodity Exchange 2792:Intelligence Bureau (IB) 1155:Common minimum programme 1140:Five-year plans of China 1056:Twelfth Plan (2012–2017) 1010:It was in the period of 906:World Trade Organization 849:Annual Plans (1990–1992) 743:Seventh Plan (1985–1990) 677:Indian National Congress 667:Rolling Plan (1978–1980) 491:plants were also built. 213:with few modifications. 74:may need to be rewritten 31:latest accepted revision 3017:Enforcement Directorate 2478:Indian-origin religions 2469:National parks of India 2278:Highest point by states 2040:Economic liberalisation 1024:education institutions. 858:Eighth Plan (1992–1997) 814:(US$ 11.4 billion) 708:and an increase in the 698:economic liberalisation 658:Minimum Needs Programme 548:Fourth Plan (1969–1974) 363:Second Plan (1956–1961) 331:, addressed children's 181:), rather than a plan ( 114:From 1947 to 2017, the 3987:Arts and entertainment 3622:Science and technology 3558:Information technology 3238:Government initiatives 2134:Sacred rivers of India 2124:Sacred groves of India 1678:Science and technology 1204:. Volume 7 pp. 156–160 1014:as the prime minister. 943:Tenth Plan (2002–2007) 931:Ninth Plan (1997–2002) 838:(US$ 4.2 billion) 804:(US$ 7.3 billion) 794:(US$ 2.5 billion) 712:. This was the end of 692:Sixth Plan (1980–1985) 610:Fifth Plan (1974–1978) 467:Third Plan (1961–1966) 293:gross domestic product 193:First Plan (1951–1956) 173:implemented the first 3944:Socio-economic issues 3892:Law colleges in India 3882:Universities in India 3130:Reserve Bank of India 1933:Independence movement 1731:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 1461:Agrawal, A N (1995). 248:development (17.4%), 4161:Nehru administration 3218:Economic development 3062:Voluntary guidelines 3057:Industrial licensing 2187:Environmental issues 1969:Non-Aligned Movement 1746:Seleucid–Mauryan war 1391:on 22 September 2013 1214:Swami, V.N. (2020). 1176:(24 February 1997). 937:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 533:Sukhamoy Chakraborty 377:economic development 130:(1951–2014) and the 2980:Ministry of Finance 1984:Indo-Pakistani wars 1928:Partition of Bengal 1509:on 4 February 2013. 1442:on 30 November 2016 1260:L. N. Dash (2000). 1174:Planning Commission 1068:Government of India 714:Nehruvian socialism 399:Hydroelectric power 203:Parliament of India 128:Planning Commission 21:Page version status 3949:Standard of living 3639:Telecommunications 3156:Financial services 3077:Atmanirbhar Bharat 2997:Finance Commission 2162:Biosphere reserves 1918:Bengal Renaissance 1906:Commander-in-Chief 1871:East India Company 1527:on 5 October 2017. 1483:. 27 December 2012 1481:The Indian Express 872:P.V. Narasimha Rao 211:Harrod–Domar model 27: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4119: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3359:Jammu and Kashmir 2985:Finance ministers 2928: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2916:Women in politics 2891:Political parties 2824: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2630:Chief Secretaries 2603:State governments 2598:Cabinet Secretary 2551:Foreign relations 2510: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2050:COVID-19 pandemic 1923:Political reforms 1364:978-93-11124-66-7 1354:Banking Awareness 477:war with Pakistan 456:classical liberal 387:developed at the 373:Mahalanobis model 341:population growth 329:Indian government 309:per capita income 305:exchange reserves 303:yields, boosting 112: 111: 104: 84:lead layout guide 18: 4168: 4083:Physical culture 3904:Ethnic relations 3840: 3839: 3820: 3819: 3802:Mumbai Consensus 3354:Himachal Pradesh 3243:Numbering system 3233:Green revolution 3108:Historical Forex 2947: 2946: 2934: 2933: 2906:Scheduled groups 2709: 2708: 2645: 2644: 2529: 2528: 2516: 2515: 2498:Tourism in India 2493:History of India 2488:Culture of India 2098:Geology of India 2081: 2080: 2068: 2067: 1999:Naxal Insurgency 1994:White Revolution 1989:Green Revolution 1596: 1595: 1583: 1582: 1570: 1563: 1556: 1547: 1546: 1529: 1528: 1523:. Archived from 1517: 1511: 1510: 1505:. Archived from 1499: 1493: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1438:. Archived from 1432: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1390: 1384:. Archived from 1383: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1294:. 14 August 2019 1284: 1278: 1277: 1257: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1211: 1205: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1170: 1000: 998: 993: 991: 982: 980: 894:(LPG) in India. 869: 864:foreign exchange 837: 835: 830: 828: 823: 821: 813: 811: 803: 801: 793: 791: 786: 784: 779: 777: 730:one-child policy 523:higher education 483:continued. Many 356:higher education 337:infant mortality 327:(WHO), with the 274:economic sectors 231: 227: 218:Gulzarilal Nanda 199:Jawaharlal Nehru 187:Jawaharlal Nehru 107: 100: 96: 93: 87: 80:improve the lead 64: 63: 56: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4151:Five-year plans 4131: 4130: 4129: 4116: 4088:Public holidays 3973: 3919:Life expectancy 3834: 3833: 3806: 3733: 3702: 3607:Pharmaceuticals 3438: 3307: 3247: 3213:COVID-19 impact 3199: 3151: 3081: 2968: 2941: 2920: 2852: 2816: 2758: 2698: 2694:District Courts 2634: 2625:Chief Ministers 2523: 2502: 2452: 2404: 2342: 2316:Western coastal 2311:Eastern coastal 2298:Mountain passes 2231: 2217:Protected areas 2143: 2139:Stones of India 2107: 2075: 2054: 2023: 2009:Space programme 1979:Sino-Indian War 1974:Five-Year Plans 1952: 1847: 1814: 1805:Delhi Sultanate 1771: 1762:Middle kingdoms 1755:Middle Kingdoms 1750: 1682: 1590: 1577: 1574: 1537: 1532: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1486: 1484: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1459: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1365: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1331:10.2307/2009717 1311: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1274: 1258: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1212: 1208: 1199: 1195: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1136: 1127: 1064: 1058: 1007: 996: 995: 989: 988: 978: 977: 976:Expenditure of 945: 933: 911:Panchayati rajs 867: 860: 851: 833: 832: 826: 825: 819: 818: 809: 808: 799: 798: 789: 788: 782: 781: 775: 774: 745: 722:Family planning 694: 669: 612: 550: 541: 504:primary schools 473:Sino-Indian War 469: 365: 262:social services 229: 225: 195: 167: 124:Five-Year Plans 108: 97: 91: 88: 77: 65: 61: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 4174: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3983: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3824: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3777:Income Tax Act 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3619: 3614: 3612:Pulp and paper 3609: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3600:Iron and Steel 3597: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3384:Madhya Pradesh 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3319:Andhra Pradesh 3315: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3283: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3266: 3261: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3223:Liberalisation 3220: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2943: 2942: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2862: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2715: 2713: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2600: 2595: 2593:Civil Services 2590: 2585: 2583:Prime Minister 2580: 2578:Vice President 2575: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2537: 2535: 2525: 2524: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2474:Nature worship 2471: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2443:Municipalities 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2414: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2380: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2363: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2268:Extreme points 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2212:National parks 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2172:Climate change 2169: 2164: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2089: 2087: 2077: 2076: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2004:Smiling Buddha 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1881:1857 rebellion 1878: 1873: 1868: 1866:Princely state 1863: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1838:European trade 1835: 1830: 1824: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1785:Medieval India 1781: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1721:Yavana Kingdom 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1692: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1668:Paper currency 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1602: 1600: 1592: 1591: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1572: 1565: 1558: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1536: 1535:External links 1533: 1531: 1530: 1512: 1494: 1468: 1453: 1427: 1402: 1370: 1363: 1344: 1325:(4): 621–645. 1319:World Politics 1305: 1279: 1272: 1243: 1234: 1225: 1218:(in Marathi). 1206: 1193: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1135: 1132: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1060:Main article: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1018: 1015: 1012:Manmohan Singh 1006: 1003: 985: 984: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 958:by 5% by 2007. 952: 944: 941: 932: 929: 884:liberalization 880:Manmohan Singh 876:Congress Party 859: 856: 850: 847: 840: 839: 815: 812:954.37 billion 805: 802:606.53 billion 795: 749:Congress Party 744: 741: 726:overpopulation 710:cost of living 702:Price controls 693: 690: 682:Indian economy 668: 665: 611: 608: 604: 603: 600: 565:prime minister 557:Gadgil formula 549: 546: 540: 537: 468: 465: 425:respectively. 421:(the U.K) and 364: 361: 321:Damodar Valley 254:communications 207:primary sector 194: 191: 166: 163: 148:Gadgil formula 139:prime minister 134:(2015–2017). 116:Indian economy 110: 109: 69:The article's 68: 66: 59: 50: 39:15 August 2024 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4173: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3792:Insurance Act 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3782:Companies Act 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3627:Biotechnology 3625: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3531:Entertainment 3529: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3429:Uttar Pradesh 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3113:Digital rupee 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3072:Make in India 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3027:Foreign trade 3025: 3023: 3022:External debt 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 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2552: 2549: 2547: 2546:Energy policy 2544: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2306:Indo-Gangetic 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 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954:Reduction of 953: 950: 949: 948: 940: 938: 928: 925: 922: 920: 916: 915:Nagar Palikas 912: 907: 903: 899: 898:Modernization 895: 893: 892:globalization 889: 888:privatisation 885: 881: 877: 873: 865: 855: 846: 843: 816: 806: 796: 772: 771: 770: 767: 763: 759: 756: 754: 750: 740: 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 689: 687: 683: 678: 674: 664: 661: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 639: 637: 636:Morarji Desai 633: 632:self-reliance 629: 625: 622:alleviation ( 621: 617: 607: 601: 598: 597: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 581:East Pakistan 578: 573: 568: 566: 562: 561:Indira Gandhi 558: 553: 545: 536: 534: 529: 526: 524: 520: 515: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 464: 461: 457: 452: 449: 445: 443: 439: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 394: 393:capital goods 390: 385: 382: 378: 374: 370: 369:public sector 360: 357: 353: 349: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 222: 219: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 171:Joseph Stalin 162: 160: 156: 155:Narendra Modi 151: 149: 144: 140: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 106: 103: 95: 92:December 2021 85: 82:and read the 81: 75: 72: 67: 58: 57: 54: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 4068:Martial arts 3992:Architecture 3865:Demographics 3850:Caste system 3827:Society and 3477:Construction 3259:By net worth 3093:Indian rupee 2896:Reservations 2764:Intelligence 2667:Human rights 2652:Constitution 2410:Subdivisions 2103:Indian Plate 2093:Fossil Parks 2028:Contemporary 1973: 1943:World War II 1820:Early Modern 1810:Vijayanagara 1706:Vedic period 1576:India topics 1525:the original 1515: 1507:the original 1497: 1485:. Retrieved 1480: 1471: 1462: 1456: 1444:. Retrieved 1440:the original 1430: 1418:. Retrieved 1414: 1405: 1395:21 September 1393:. Retrieved 1386:the original 1373: 1353: 1347: 1322: 1318: 1308: 1296:. Retrieved 1291: 1282: 1262: 1237: 1228: 1215: 1209: 1201: 1196: 1186:17 September 1184:. Retrieved 1168: 1128: 1094: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1065: 986: 981:43,825 crore 956:poverty rate 946: 934: 926: 923: 896: 861: 852: 844: 841: 768: 764: 760: 757: 753:Rajiv Gandhi 746: 738: 695: 673:Janata Party 670: 662: 655: 640: 624:Garibi Hatao 613: 605: 572:nationalised 569: 554: 551: 542: 530: 527: 516: 501: 470: 453: 450: 446: 435: 423:West Germany 415:Soviet Union 397: 381:statistician 366: 345: 335:and reduced 290: 278:independence 230:₹2,378 crore 226:₹2,069 crore 223: 215: 196: 182: 178: 168: 152: 136: 123: 113: 98: 89: 78:Please help 73: 71:lead section 53: 38: 29:This is the 23: 4110:Traditional 3787:Banking Act 3772:SARFESI Act 3686:Electricity 3507:Oil and gas 3497:Electricity 3450:Agriculture 3434:West Bengal 3424:Uttarakhand 3389:Maharashtra 3228:Licence Raj 3183:Black money 3042:Remittances 2886:Nationalism 2871:Citizenship 2704:Enforcement 2689:High Courts 2566:Rajya Sabha 2227:sanctuaries 2177:Earthquakes 2149:Environment 1964:Integration 1938:1943 famine 1886:British Raj 1853:Late modern 1777:Middle Ages 1741:Alchon Huns 1653:Mathematics 1643:Linguistics 836:347 billion 829:954 billion 822:607 billion 792:210 billion 785:540 billion 778:330 billion 706:food prices 460:B.R. Shenoy 242:agriculture 4135:Categories 4061:television 4051:Literature 3855:Corruption 3578:Television 3546:Healthcare 3467:Automotive 3414:Tamil Nadu 3281:Labour law 3264:Demography 3067:NITI Aayog 2973:Governance 2959:BSE SENSEX 2911:Secularism 2866:Censorship 2657:Penal Code 2556:Parliament 2533:Government 2338:Waterfalls 2182:Ecoregions 2045:Pokhran-II 1843:Bengal War 1658:Metallurgy 1161:References 734:birth rate 616:employment 585:Bangladesh 535:'s model. 489:fertilizer 463:argument. 458:economist 323:dams. The 234:irrigation 159:NITI Aayog 143:ex-officio 132:NITI Aayog 4093:Sculpture 4046:Festivals 4012:Webcomics 3964:Sexuality 3914:Languages 3877:Education 3707:Regulator 3654:Transport 3551:Hospitals 3487:Education 3455:Livestock 3419:Telangana 3409:Rajasthan 3369:Karnataka 3364:Jharkhand 3168:Insurance 3147:Inflation 3052:Subsidies 2951:Companies 2881:Democracy 2876:Elections 2848:Air Force 2573:President 2561:Lok Sabha 2438:Districts 2393:Southeast 2388:Southwest 2378:Northeast 2371:Northwest 2333:Volcanoes 2293:Mountains 2236:Landforms 2073:Geography 1948:Partition 1913:Zamindari 1696:Stone Age 1633:Economics 1618:Astronomy 1599:Overviews 1339:1086-3338 1298:15 August 1089:Tendulkar 519:secondary 508:Panchayat 264:(16.6%), 250:transport 246:community 240:(27.2%), 137:With the 4078:Painting 4041:Folklore 3997:Blogging 3939:Religion 3924:Literacy 3659:Aviation 3644:Textiles 3583:Printing 3573:FM Radio 3541:Gambling 3536:Forestry 3472:Chemical 3286:Pensions 3193:National 3135:Governor 3086:Currency 3047:Taxation 2964:NIFTY 50 2901:Scandals 2858:Politics 2830:Military 2541:Agencies 2521:Politics 2457:See also 2273:Glaciers 2222:Wildlife 2112:Heritage 1957:Republic 1891:Railways 1861:Colonial 1833:Marathas 1800:Kakatiya 1688:Ancient 1663:Military 1648:Maritime 1623:Clothing 1606:Timeline 1446:9 August 1134:See also 563:was the 411:Rourkela 407:Durgapur 307:and the 270:services 260:(8.6%), 258:industry 120:planning 35:reviewed 4098:tallest 4019:Cuisine 3979:Culture 3934:Prisons 3929:Poverty 3870:Indians 3843:Society 3829:culture 3649:Tourism 3502:Nuclear 3482:Defence 3460:Fishing 3443:Sectors 3394:Mizoram 3349:Haryana 3344:Gujarat 3274:Poverty 3205:History 3178:Bullion 3163:Banking 3118:Coinage 3103:History 2939:Economy 2712:Federal 2423:Borders 2356:Central 2348:Regions 2328:Valleys 2302:Plains 2283:Islands 2243:Beaches 2207:Geology 2197:Forests 2167:Climate 2085:Geology 1896:Economy 1876:Plassey 1828:Mughals 1790:Hoysala 1716:Mauryas 1628:Coinage 1588:History 1487:10 July 1420:1 March 1415:Idsa.in 902:deficit 686:economy 651:Tourism 647:traffic 628:justice 626:), and 620:poverty 431:railway 419:Britain 317:Hirakud 297:monsoon 286:capital 256:(24%), 165:History 141:as the 4007:Comics 4002:Cinema 3909:Health 3617:Retail 3590:Mining 3568:Cinema 3492:Energy 3404:Punjab 3399:Odisha 3379:Ladakh 3374:Kerala 3312:States 3269:Income 3252:People 3188:Bombay 2433:Cities 2323:Rivers 2258:Desert 2253:Coasts 2248:Canals 1673:Postal 1361:  1337:  1270:  1125:Future 716:. 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Index

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Indian economy
planning
Planning Commission
NITI Aayog
prime minister
ex-officio
Gadgil formula
Narendra Modi
NITI Aayog
Joseph Stalin
Five-Year Plan in the Soviet Union
Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru
Parliament of India
primary sector
Harrod–Domar model
Gulzarilal Nanda
irrigation
energy
agriculture
community
transport
communications
industry

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