199:
251:
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25:
238:. Several such wheels were stacked on a common shaft to produce a single large cylinder. The entire cylinder was rotated so that some fibres were always in a reactor core where surrounding moderator made fibres go critical. The fission fragments at the surface of the fibres would break free and be channeled for thrust. The fibre then rotates out of the reaction zone to cool, avoiding melting.
161:
and used to heat a working fluid to generate thrust. This limits the designs to temperatures that allow the reactor to remain whole, although clever design can increase this critical temperature into the tens of thousands of degrees. A rocket engine's efficiency is strongly related to the temperature
375:
in 1988, who suggested propulsion based on the direct heating of a propellant gas by fission fragments generated by a fissile material. Ronen et al. demonstrate that Am can maintain sustained nuclear fission as an extremely thin metallic film, less than a micrometer thick. Am requires only 1% of the
304:
as fission occurs, the dust becomes suspended within the chamber. The incredibly high surface area of the particles makes radiative cooling simple. The axial magnetic field is too weak to affect the motions of the dust particles but strong enough to channel the fragments into a beam which can be
465:
by using direct conversion of the kinetic energy of fission fragments into increasing of enthalpy of a propellant gas. Project 242 studied the application of this propulsion system to a crewed mission to Mars. Preliminary results were very satisfactory and it has been observed that a propulsion
173:
The temperature of a conventional reactor design is the average temperature of the fuel, the vast majority of which is not reacting at any given instant. The atoms undergoing fission are at a temperature of millions of degrees, which is then spread out into the surrounding fuel, resulting in an
241:
The efficiency of the system is surprising; specific impulses of greater than 100,000 s are possible using existing materials. This is high performance, although the weight of the reactor core and other elements would make the overall performance of the fission-fragment system lower.
478:
matrix to achieve a critical mass assembly. The aerogel matrix (and a strong magnetic field) would allow fission fragments to escape the core, while increasing conductive and radiative heat loss from the individual fuel particles.
280:
A newer design proposal by Rodney L. Clark and Robert B. Sheldon theoretically increases efficiency and decreases complexity of a fission fragment rocket at the same time over the rotating fibre wheel proposal. Their design uses
942:
Kessler, G. (2008). "Proliferation resistance of americium originating from spent irradiated reactor fuel of pressurized water reactors, fast reactors, and accelerator-driven systems with different fuel cycle options".
321:
setup, the resulting heating and interaction can result in a higher, tunable thrust and specific impulse. For realistic designs, some calculations estimate thrusts on the range of 4.5 kN at around 32,000 seconds
403:
for fission, and is destroyed relatively quickly in a nuclear reactor. Another report claims that Am can sustain a chain reaction even as a thin film, and could be used for a novel type of
560:. 41st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Tucson, Arizona: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (published 15 April 2007). AIAA Paper 2005-4460.
973:
Augelli, M.; Bignami, G. F.; Genta, G. (2013). "Project 242: Fission fragments direct heating for space propulsion—Programme synthesis and applications to space exploration".
474:
On 9 January 2023, NASA announced funding the study of an "Aerogel Core
Fission Fragment Rocket Engine", where fissile fuel particles will be embedded in an ultra-low density
285:
of fissionable fuel (or even fuel that will naturally radioactively decay) of less than 100 nm diameter. The nanoparticles are kept in a vacuum chamber subject to an
177:
By physically arranging the fuel into very thin layers or particles, the fragments of a nuclear reaction can escape from the surface. Since they will be
466:
system with these characteristics could make the mission feasible. Another study focused on production of Am in conventional thermal nuclear reactors.
439:
461:
on fission-fragment rocket using Am as a fuel. Project 242 based on Rubbia design studied a concept of Am based Thin-Film
Fission Fragment Heated
1086:
1482:
1815:
1600:
807:
1788:
1221:
89:
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61:
1498:
962:
Rubbia, Carlo (2000). Fission fragments heating for space propulsion (Report). No. SL-Note-2000-036-EET. CERN-SL-Note-2000-036-EET.
42:
923:
Golyand, Leonid; Ronen, Yigal; Shwageraus, Eugene (2011). "Detailed Design of 242 m Am
Breeding in Pressurized Water Reactors".
2149:
372:
227:
68:
1028:
Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
860:
Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
717:
Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
639:
223:
885:
Ronen, Yigal; Aboudy, Menashe; Regev, Dror (2000). "A Novel Method for Energy
Production Using 242 m Am as a Nuclear Fuel".
242:
Nonetheless, the system provides the sort of performance levels that would make an interstellar precursor mission possible.
1983:
655:
Ronen, Yigal; Leibson, Melvin J. (1987). "An example for the potential applications of americium-242m as a nuclear fuel".
308:
With exhaust velocities of 3% - 5% the speed of light and efficiencies up to 90%, the rocket should be able to achieve an
1079:
383:
Am's potential as a nuclear fuel comes from the fact that it has the highest thermal fission cross section (thousands of
75:
1886:
1403:
377:
380:
further showed that nuclear fuel based on Am could speed space vehicles from Earth to Mars in as little as two weeks.
1477:
839:
Ludewig, H.; et al. (1996). "Design of particle bed reactors for the space nuclear thermal propulsion program".
443:
108:
57:
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46:
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of over 1,000,000 seconds. By further injecting the fission fragment exhaust with a neutral gas akin to an
1007:
Cesana, Alessandra; et al. (2004). "Some
Considerations on 242 m Am Production in Thermal Reactors".
2123:
2019:
1774:
1973:
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2003:
1953:
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1254:
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360:. Nuclear systems powered by Am require less fuel by a factor of 2 to 100 compared to conventional
1527:
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35:
524:
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Ronen, Yigal; Leibson, Melvin J. (1988). "Potential applications of 242mAm as a nuclear fuel".
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154:
415:
1943:
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1280:
1095:
400:
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Ronen, Yigal; Shwageraus, E. (2000). "Ultra-thin 241mAm fuel elements in nuclear reactors".
2100:
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and channeled to produce thrust. Numerous technological challenges still remain, however.
858:
Ronen, Y.; Raitses, G. (2004). "Ultra-thin 242mAm fuel elements in nuclear reactors. II".
8:
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Ronen, Y.; Fridman, E.; Shwageraus, E. (2006). "The smallest thermal nuclear reactor".
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decelerated for power, allowed to be emitted for thrust, or a combination of the two.
774:
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813:. Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire: Atomic Weapons Establishment plc. Archived from
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387:), about 10x the next highest cross section across all known isotopes. Am is
198:
2138:
2090:
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789:"Extremely Efficient Nuclear Fuel Could Take Man To Mars In Just Two Weeks"
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450:
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are not readily available. Detailed analysis of Am production in existing
344:
In 1987, Ronen & Leibson published a study on applications of Am (an
2029:
1712:
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1513:
384:
318:
1064:
631:
532:. International reactor physics conference. Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA.
1732:
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and related designs, the nuclear energy is generated in some form of
145:
while still being well within the abilities of current technologies.
16:
Type of nuclear propulsion method with an ultra high specific-inpulse
795:(Press release). Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. 3 January 2001.
24:
589:
414:
of Am is very high, the best way to obtain Am is by the capture of
1938:
1508:
1141:
571:
Gahl, J.; Gillespie, A. K.; Duncan, R. V.; Lin, C. (2023-10-13).
475:
388:
234:
fibres, arranged radially in wheels. The wheels are normally sub-
181:
due to the high energy of the reaction, they can then be handled
178:
2039:
1131:
1109:
523:
Chapline, G.; Dickson, P.; Schnitzler, B. (18 September 1988).
231:
182:
134:
376:
mass of U or Pu to reach its critical state. Ronen's group at
1891:
715:
Chapline, George (1988). "Fission fragment rocket concept".
162:
of the exhausted working fluid, and in the case of the most
454:
573:"The fission fragment rocket engine for Mars fast transit"
1948:
1026:
Benetti, P.; et al. (2006). "Production of 242mAm".
522:
230:
uses fuel placed on the surface of a number of very thin
922:
903:
626:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
570:
755:
264:
C. fission fragments decelerated for power generation
972:
624:
Dusty Plasma Based
Fission Fragment Nuclear Reactor
554:
Dusty Plasma Based Fission Fragment Nuclear Reactor
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
526:Fission fragment rockets: A potential breakthrough
367:Fission-fragment rocket using Am was proposed by
2136:
884:
806:Dias, Hemanth; Tancock, Nigel; Angela, Clayton.
752:
141:. The design can, in theory, produce very high
808:"Critical Mass Calculations for Am, Am and Am"
710:
708:
1816:Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
1782:
1080:
1047:"Aerogel Core Fission Fragment Rocket Engine"
805:
622:Clark, Rodney; Sheldon, Robert (2005-07-10).
857:
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672:
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258:A. fission fragments ejected for propulsion
129:design that directly harnesses hot nuclear
1789:
1775:
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1073:
1045:Hall, Loura; Weed, Ryan (9 January 2023).
955:
551:Clark, R.; Sheldon, R. (10–13 July 2005).
339:
137:, as opposed to using a separate fluid as
1094:
897:
878:
657:Transactions – the Israel Nuclear Society
598:
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1499:Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
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941:
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457:further extended the work by Ronen and
206:fissionable filaments arranged in disks
174:overall temperature of a few thousand.
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373:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
228:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
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224:Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
1984:Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2020:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program
615:
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202:Fission-fragment propulsion concept
13:
1404:Field-emission electric propulsion
378:Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
14:
2161:
1478:Microwave electrothermal thruster
444:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
442:resistance of Am was reported by
329:, or even 40 kN at 5,000 seconds
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2118:
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23:
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945:Nuclear Science and Engineering
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925:Nuclear Science and Engineering
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906:Nuclear science and engineering
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679:Nuclear Science and Engineering
577:Frontiers in Space Technologies
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245:
34:needs additional citations for
1608:Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket
1504:High Power Electric Propulsion
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544:
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270:e. containment field generator
1:
2150:Nuclear spacecraft propulsion
1463:Helicon double-layer thruster
1432:Electrodeless plasma thruster
1427:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
996:(Report). Warp Drive Metrics.
775:10.1016/s0168-9002(00)00506-4
509:
499:Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket
737:10.1016/0168-9002(88)91148-5
352:, noting its extremely high
7:
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10:
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872:10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.421
841:Progress in Nuclear Energy
600:10.3389/frspt.2023.1191300
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1974:Nuclear marine propulsion
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1861:Nuclear salt-water rocket
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1422:Pulsed inductive thruster
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994:Advanced propulsion study
494:Nuclear salt-water rocket
267:d. moderator (BeO or LiH)
164:advanced gas-core engines
58:"Fission-fragment rocket"
2004:Nuclear-powered aircraft
1856:Nuclear pulse propulsion
1596:Nuclear pulse propulsion
1355:Electric-pump-fed engine
1255:Hybrid-propellant rocket
1245:Liquid-propellant rocket
504:Fission fragment reactor
412:absorption cross section
300:. As the nanoparticles
254:Dusty plasma bed reactor
1851:Nuclear photonic rocket
1846:Nuclear electric rocket
1841:Gas core reactor rocket
1826:Fission-fragment rocket
1652:Beam-powered propulsion
1625:Fission-fragment rocket
1580:Nuclear photonic rocket
1548:Nuclear electric rocket
1314:Staged combustion cycle
1250:Solid-propellant rocket
992:Davis, Eric W. (2004).
340:Am-242m as nuclear fuel
123:fission-fragment rocket
1866:Nuclear thermal rocket
1703:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1553:Nuclear thermal rocket
1453:Pulsed plasma thruster
350:space nuclear reactors
277:
219:
170:of about 7000 s.
166:, it corresponds to a
155:nuclear thermal rocket
1944:TOPAZ nuclear reactor
1369:Electrical propulsion
1096:Spacecraft propulsion
699:10.13182/NSE88-A28998
432:fast neutron reactors
399:. It has a very high
354:thermal cross section
348:) as nuclear fuel to
253:
201:
194:Rotating fuel reactor
149:Design considerations
2101:Ford Seattle-ite XXI
1601:Antimatter-catalyzed
1399:Hall-effect thruster
1212:Solar thermal rocket
346:isotope of americium
273:f. RF induction coil
43:improve this article
1871:Radioisotope rocket
1543:Direct Fusion Drive
1458:Vacuum arc thruster
1345:Pressure-fed engine
1324:Gas-generator cycle
1231:Chemical propulsion
1168:Physical propulsion
767:2000NIMPA.455..442R
729:1988NIMPA.271..207C
691:1988NSE....99..278R
632:10.2514/6.2005-4460
1907:Project Prometheus
1798:Nuclear propulsion
1757:Spaceflight portal
1723:Reactionless drive
1688:Aerogravity assist
1528:Nuclear propulsion
1009:Nuclear Technology
887:Nuclear Technology
410:Since the thermal
296:) and an external
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2066:9M730 Burevestnik
1962:
1961:
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1718:Atmospheric entry
1673:Orbital mechanics
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1639:
1522:
1521:
1473:Resistojet rocket
1363:
1362:
1338:Intake mechanisms
1271:Liquid propellant
1175:Cold gas thruster
975:Acta Astronautica
641:978-1-62410-063-5
438:was provided in.
215:fragments exhaust
119:
118:
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93:
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2061:Myasishchev M-60
1997:
1996:
1923:Project Daedalus
1897:Project Longshot
1809:
1808:
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1768:
1767:
1754:
1738:Alcubierre drive
1728:Field propulsion
1678:Orbital maneuver
1666:Related concepts
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1532:
1384:Colloid thruster
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1234:
1137:Specific impulse
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426:irradiated in a
395:, comparable to
222:A design by the
168:specific impulse
143:specific impulse
131:fission products
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1415:Electromagnetic
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1350:Pump-fed engine
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1154:Rocket equation
1120:Reaction engine
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820:on 22 July 2011
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369:George Chapline
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209:revolving shaft
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1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1037:
1018:
999:
984:
965:
954:
934:
915:
896:
877:
866:(3): 558–567.
850:
831:
798:
780:
761:(2): 442–451.
742:
723:(1): 207–208.
704:
685:(3): 278–284.
666:
647:
640:
614:
563:
543:
514:
513:
511:
508:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
484:
481:
471:
468:
405:nuclear rocket
391:and has a low
358:energy density
341:
338:
333:
326:
313:
298:electric field
290:magnetic field
275:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
255:
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217:
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150:
147:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2162:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Ford FX-Atmos
2089:
2087:
2086:Chrysler TV-8
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:Project Pluto
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Project Rover
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:Project Orion
1885:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:Fusion rocket
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Oberth effect
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:
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1649:
1647:
1643:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:Fusion rocket
1611:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:Closed system
1534:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1468:Arcjet rocket
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1437:Plasma magnet
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:Electrostatic
1375:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1329:Tap-off cycle
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1298:Tripropellant
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Photon rocket
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1207:Magnetic sail
1205:
1203:
1202:Electric sail
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:Reaction mass
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:Rocket engine
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1003:
995:
988:
981:(2): 153–158.
980:
976:
969:
958:
950:
946:
938:
930:
926:
919:
911:
907:
900:
893:(3): 407–417.
892:
888:
881:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
846:
842:
835:
816:
809:
802:
794:
793:Science Daily
790:
784:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
747:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
711:
709:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
671:
662:
658:
651:
643:
637:
633:
629:
625:
618:
610:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
567:
556:
555:
547:
539:
535:
528:
527:
519:
515:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
480:
477:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
440:Proliferation
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:Americium-241
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
401:cross section
398:
394:
393:critical mass
390:
386:
381:
379:
374:
370:
365:
363:
362:nuclear fuels
359:
355:
351:
347:
337:
332:
325:
320:
316:
312:
306:
303:
299:
295:
292:(acting as a
291:
288:
284:
283:nanoparticles
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
256:
252:
243:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
200:
186:
184:
180:
175:
171:
169:
165:
160:
156:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:rocket engine
124:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2106:Simca Fulgur
2096:Ford Nucleon
1979:Nuclear navy
1831:Fission sail
1825:
1755:
1698:Space launch
1630:Fission sail
1624:
1558:Radioisotope
1389:Ion thruster
1307:Power cycles
1293:Bipropellant
1185:Steam rocket
1180:Water rocket
1051:. Retrieved
1040:
1034:(1): 48–485.
1031:
1027:
1021:
1015:(1): 97–101.
1012:
1008:
1002:
987:
978:
974:
968:
957:
948:
944:
937:
928:
924:
918:
909:
905:
899:
890:
886:
880:
863:
859:
853:
844:
840:
834:
822:. Retrieved
815:the original
801:
792:
783:
758:
754:
720:
716:
682:
678:
660:
656:
650:
623:
617:
580:
576:
566:
553:
546:
525:
518:
489:Fission sail
473:
470:Aerogel core
451:Carlo Rubbia
448:
446:2008 study.
428:fast reactor
422:neutrons in
409:
382:
366:
343:
330:
323:
310:
307:
279:
246:Dusty plasma
240:
221:
212:reactor core
183:magnetically
176:
172:
152:
139:working mass
122:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2049:USSR/Russia
2030:Convair X-6
1967:Sea vessels
1932:USSR/Russia
1713:Aerocapture
1708:Aerobraking
1589:Open system
1573:"Lightbulb"
1514:Mass driver
1264:Propellants
1195:Diffractive
951:(1): 56–82.
931:(1): 23–36.
912:(1): 90–92.
430:. However,
319:afterburner
2139:Categories
1805:Spacecraft
1733:Warp drive
1563:Salt-water
1281:Hypergolic
1190:Solar sail
847:(1): 1–65.
824:3 February
590:2308.01441
510:References
420:epithermal
261:B. reactor
69:newspapers
2145:Americium
1276:Cryogenic
609:2673-5075
449:In 2000,
2124:Category
1993:Aircraft
1568:Gas core
1103:Concepts
483:See also
459:Chapline
236:critical
189:Research
99:May 2011
1939:RD-0410
1657:Tethers
1509:MagBeam
1394:Gridded
1149:Staging
1142:Delta-v
1053:21 July
763:Bibcode
725:Bibcode
687:Bibcode
663:: V-42.
538:6868318
476:aerogel
389:fissile
179:ionized
159:reactor
83:scholar
2079:Ground
2040:WS-125
1483:VASIMR
1132:Thrust
1110:Rocket
1049:. NASA
638:
607:
536:
302:ionize
232:carbon
135:thrust
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1892:NERVA
1492:Other
1238:State
818:(PDF)
811:(PDF)
585:arXiv
558:(PDF)
530:(PDF)
385:barns
287:axial
125:is a
90:JSTOR
76:books
1222:WINE
1055:2024
826:2011
636:ISBN
605:ISSN
534:OSTI
455:CERN
436:PWRs
416:fast
356:and
226:and
133:for
121:The
62:news
1954:TEM
1949:TMK
1032:564
1013:148
949:159
929:168
910:153
891:129
868:doi
864:522
771:doi
759:455
733:doi
721:271
695:doi
628:doi
595:doi
463:NTR
453:at
418:or
371:at
45:by
2141::
2013:US
1916:UK
1880:US
1030:.
1011:.
979:82
977:.
947:.
927:.
908:.
889:.
862:.
845:30
843:.
791:.
769:.
757:.
745:^
731:.
719:.
707:^
693:.
683:99
681:.
669:^
661:14
659:.
634:.
603:.
593:.
583:.
579:.
575:.
407:.
397:Pu
364:.
336:.
334:sp
327:sp
314:sp
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1783:t
1776:v
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1057:.
874:.
870::
828:.
777:.
773::
765::
739:.
735::
727::
701:.
697::
689::
644:.
630::
611:.
597::
587::
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540:.
331:I
324:I
311:I
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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