Fish farming - Knowledge

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within these habitats by multiple mesh enclosures which also function as trapping nets during harvest (Figure 3) (4). Since fish are susceptible to the elements, site placement is essential to ensure the rapid growth of the targeted species. The drawback of these facilities is that they depend on the surrounding area for good water quality in order to reduce mortality and increase the survivorship and growth rate of the fish (19). Fish chosen for extensive aquaculture are very hardy and often do well in high densities. Seaweed, prawns, mussels, carp, tilapia, tuna and salmon are the most prominent forms of extensive aqua cultured seafood. Extensive aquaculture facilities have negative impacts on the environment as well. Natural habitats are destroyed in the development of man made ponds used for extensive aquaculture. In the Philippines, shrimp aquaculture is responsible for the destruction of thousands of acres of mangrove fields which serve as nurseries and living habitats for many marine organisms. Benthic habitats are being depleted due to the high amount of organic waste produced by the fish which settles below their pens(4). Phytoplankton and algae break down fecal matter and residual fish meal reducing the amount of available oxygen in the water column, which chokes and kills the Benthic organisms. Another serious problem acquainted with extensive aquaculture is the introduction of invasive species into ecosystems (10). Escaped fish increase the competition between organisms for limited resources. Also, when foreign fish interbreed with wild species, they upset the genetic variability of the species, making them more prone to disease and infection. The high density of fish in these mesh tanks is very tempting for predators of the sea and air (19). To protect the harvest from predators protective netting is set up at a high cost. Often times predatorial fish and mammals like seals, sharks, and tuna get caught in these barrier nets and die. Some farmers protect their stocks from predatorial birds such as pelicans and albatross by shooting these sometimes endangered creatures.

185: 2424:. The concerns and critiques of cultivating this genetically engineered fish in aquaculture are that the fish will escape and interact with other fish ultimately leading to the reproduction with other fishes. However, the FDA, has determined that while net pens would not be the most appropriate to prevent escapes, raising the salmon in Panama waters would effectively prevent escape because the water conditions there would fail to support long-term survival of any escaped salmon. Another method of preventing Aqua Advantage fish from impacting the ecosystems in the case they escape suggested by the FDA was to create sterile triploid females. This way concerns on reproducing with other fishes would be out of the question. The genetically engineered fish crowded out the wild fish in spawning beds, but the offspring were less likely to survive. The colorant used to make pen-raised salmon appear rosy like the wild fish has been linked with retinal problems in humans. 1305: 2476:, such as the incorporation of hydroponically grown plants and denitrification. Both methods reduce the amount of nitrate in the water, and can potentially eliminate the need for water exchanges, closing the aquaculture system from the environment. The amount of interaction between the aquaculture system and the environment can be measured through the cumulative feed burden (CFB kg/M3), which measures the amount of feed that goes into the RAS relative to the amount of water and waste discharged. The environmental impact of larger indoor fish farming system will be linked to the local infrastructure, and water supply. Areas which are more drought-prone, indoor fish farms might flow out wastewater for watering agricultural farms, reducing the water affliction. 2336: 546: 2636: 6161: 2596: 31: 2692: 2676: 2656: 2608: 2238:), was investigated pertaining the effects of functional feeds with reduced lipid content and increased eicosapentaenoic acid levels in controlling CMS in salmon after infection with Piscine Myocarditis Virus (PMCV). Functional feeds are defined as high-quality feeds that beyond purposes of nutrition, they are formulated with health promoting features that could be beneficial in supporting disease resistance, such as CMS. Choosing a clinical nutrition approach using functional feeds could potentially move away from 2624: 1049:, especially at high population densities. However, animal husbandry is a larger and more technologically mature area of human agriculture and has developed better solutions to pathogen problems. Intensive aquaculture has to provide adequate water quality (oxygen, ammonia, nitrite, etc.) levels to minimize stress on the fish. This requirement makes control of the pathogen problem more difficult. Intensive aquaculture requires tight monitoring and a high level of expertise of the fish farmer. 2711: 7462: 1076:), although theoretically much more profitable due to the higher income per weight of fish produced, has been successfully carried out only in the 21st century. The increased incidences of dangerous viral diseases of koi carp, together with the high value of the fish, has led to initiatives in closed-system koi breeding and growing in a number of countries. Today, a few commercially successful intensive koi-growing facilities are operating in the UK, Germany, and Israel. 2304:, the louse-induced mortality of pink salmon in some regions is commonly over 80%. In Scotland, official figures show that more than nine million fish were lost to disease, parasites, botched treatment attempts and other problems on fish farms between 2016 and 2019. One of the treatments for parasite infestations involved bathing fish in hydrogen peroxide, which can harm or kill farmed fish if they are in a weak condition or if the chemical concentration is too strong. 2319:. There, juvenile wild salmon must "run a gauntlet" of large fish farms located off-shore near river outlets before making their way to sea. The farms allegedly cause such severe sea lice infestations that one study predicted in 2007 a 99% collapse in the wild salmon population by 2011. This claim, however, has been criticized by numerous scientists who question the correlation between increased fish farming and increases in sea lice infestation among wild salmon. 9168: 8454: 8436: 7325: 988:, that is, kg of feed per kg of animal produced). Fish such as salmon have an FCR around 1.1 kg of feed per kg of salmon whereas chickens are in the 2.5 kg of feed per kg of chicken range. Fish do not use energy to keep warm, eliminating some carbohydrates and fats in the diet, required to provide this energy. This may be offset, though, by the lower land costs and the higher production which can be obtained due to the high level of input control. 7029: 9180: 2583:

higher current and may lead to operator safety issues. An advantage could be that in-water stunning allows fish to be rendered unconscious without stressful handling or displacement. However, improper stunning may not induce insensibility long enough to prevent the fish from enduring exsanguination while conscious. Whether the optimal stunning parameters that researchers have determined in studies are used by the industry in practice is unknown.

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a result of these interactions is still unknown. Some of these fauna may be attracted or demonstrate repulsion. The attraction/repulsion mechanism has various direct and indirect effects on wild organisms at individual and population levels. The interactions that wild organisms have with aquaculture may have implications on the management of fisheries species and the ecosystem in relation to how the fish farms are structured and organized.

7313: 1396: 1113: 582: 1053: 9204: 8466: 2204:, etc.). Vegetable-derived proteins have successfully replaced fish meal in feeds for carnivorous fishes, but vegetable-derived oils have not successfully been incorporated into the diets of carnivores. Research is underway to try to change this, such that even salmon and other carnivores could be successfully fed with vegetable products. The F3 Challenge (Fish-Free Feed Challenge), as explained by a report from 2484:

production, research animal production, specific pathogen-free animal production, and caviar and ornamental fish production. As such, research and design work by Chowdhury and Graff remains difficult to implement. Although the use of RAS for other species is considered by many aquaculturalists to be currently impractical, some limited successful implementation of RAS has occurred with high-value product such as

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difference in the immune and inflammatory responses and pathology in heart tissue as the fish were infected with PMCV. Fish fed with functional feeds with low lipid content demonstrated milder and delayed inflammatory response and therefore, less severe heart lesions at earlier and later stages after PMCV infection.

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Tanks saturated with carbon dioxide have been used to make fish unconscious. Their gills are then cut with a knife so that the fish bleed out before they are further processed. This is no longer considered a humane method of slaughter. Methods that induce much less physiological stress are electrical

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If aquaculture farms are placed in an area with strong current, pollutants can be flushed out of the area fairly quickly. This helps manage the pollution problem and also aids in overall fish growth. Concern remains that resultant bacterial growth fertilised by fish faeces strips the water of oxygen,

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larval stages, which can persist for several days. Large numbers of highly populated, open-net salmon farms can create exceptionally large concentrations of sea lice; when exposed in river estuaries containing large numbers of open-net farms, many young wild salmon are infected, and do not survive as

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or fingerlings and then trucked to streams and released. Normally, the fry are raised in long, shallow, concrete tanks, fed with fresh stream water. The fry receive commercial fish food in pellets. While not as efficient as the New Alchemists' method, it is also far simpler and has been used for many

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clay. In small systems, the fish are often fed commercial fish food, and their waste products can help fertilize the fields. In larger ponds, the pond grows water plants and algae as fish food. Some of the most successful ponds grow introduced strains of plants, as well as introduced strains of fish.

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Marine Scotland has kept records of caged fish escapes since 1999. They have recorded 357 fish escape incidents with 3,795,206 fish escaping into fresh and salt water. One company, Dawnfresh Farming Limited has been responsible for 40 incident and 152,790 Rainbow Trout escaping into freshwater lochs.

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Aquaculture not only impacts the fish on the farm, but it also influences other species, which in return are attracted to or repelled by the farms. Mobile fauna, such as crustaceans, fish, birds, and marine mammals, interact with the process of aquaculture, but the long-term or ecological effects as

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Cage farming of fishes in open seas is also gaining in popularity. Given concerns of disease, poaching, poor water quality, etc., generally pond systems are considered simpler to start and easier to manage. Also, the past occurrences of cage-failures leading to escapes, have raised concern regarding

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Not only do the feeds for carnivorous fish, like certain salmon species, remain controversial due to the containment of wild caught fish like anchovies, but they are not helping the health of the fish, as is the case in Norway. Between 2003 and 2007, Aldrin et al. examined three infectious diseases

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The open net pens system is a method that takes place in natural waters, such as rivers, lakes, near the coast or offshore. The breeders rear the fish in large cages floating in the water. The fish are living in natural water but are isolated with a net. Because the only barrier separating the fish

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Electric stunning can be humane when a proper current is made to flow through the fish brain for a sufficient period of time. Electric stunning can be applied after the fish has been taken out of the water (dry stunning) or while the fish is still in the water. The latter generally requires a much

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The lice and pathogen problems of the 1990s facilitated the development of current treatment methods for sea lice and pathogens, which reduced the stress from parasite/pathogen problems. However, being in an ocean environment, the transfer of disease organisms from the wild fish to the aquaculture

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alone provides 62% of the world's farmed fish production. As of 2016, more than 50% of seafood was produced by aquaculture. In the last three decades, aquaculture has been the main driver of the increase in fisheries and aquaculture production, with an average growth of 5.3 percent per year in the

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Secondly, farmed fish are kept in concentrations never seen in the wild (e.g. 50,000 fish in a 2-acre (8,100 m) area.). However, fish tend also to be animals that aggregate into large schools at high density. Most successful aquaculture species are schooling species, which do not have social

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in the 1970s. In this system, of both local and imported fish, a combination of five or six fish species is used in a single fish pond. These species are selected so that they do not compete for food among them by having different types of food habitats. As a result, the food available in all the

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trade. The vast majority of freshwater fish in the aquarium trade originate from farms in Eastern and Southern Asia, eastern Europe, Florida and South America that use either indoor tank systems or outdoor pond systems, while farming of fish for the marine aquarium trade happens at a much smaller

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Copper-zinc brass alloys are deployed in commercial-scale aquaculture operations in Asia, South America, and USA (Hawaii). Extensive research, including demonstrations and trials, are being implemented on two other copper alloys: copper-nickel and copper-silicon. Each of these alloy types has an

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project is the world's first deep-sea aquaculture project, and includes 61-meter (200 ft)-high by 91-meter (300 ft)-diameter pen made from a series of mesh-wire frames and nets. It is designed to disperse wastes better than more conventional farms in sheltered coastal waters, therefore

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Very-high-intensity recycle aquaculture systems (RAS, also Recirculating Aquaculture Systems), where all the production parameters are controlled, are being used for high-value species. By recycling water, little is used per unit of production. However, the process has high capital and operating

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Aldrin, Magne; Storvik, Bård; Frigessi, Arnoldo; Viljugrein, Hildegunn; Jansen, Peder A. (January 2010). "A stochastic model for the assessment of the transmission pathways of heart and skeleton muscle inflammation, pancreas disease and infectious salmon anaemia in marine fish farms in Norway".

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Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare explained: "Many existing commercial killing methods expose fish to substantial suffering over a prolonged period of time. For some species, existing methods, whilst capable of killing fish humanely, are not doing so because operators don't have the

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Other treatments such as ultraviolet sterilization, ozonation, and oxygen injection are also used to maintain optimal water quality. Through this system, many of the environmental drawbacks of aquaculture are minimized including escaped fish, water usage, and the introduction of pollutants. The

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Extensive aquaculture is the other form of fish farming. Extensive aquaculture is more basic than intensive aquaculture in that less effort is put into the husbandry of the fish. Extensive aquaculture is done in the ocean, natural and man-made lakes, bays, rivers, and Fiords. Fish are contained

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treatments, which could lower the costs of disease treatment and management in fish farms. In this investigation three fishmeal-based diets were served—one made of 31% lipid and the other two made of 18% lipid (one contained fishmeal and the other krill meal. Results demonstrated a significant

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balance. Current growers use a variety of proprietary tricks to keep fish healthy, reducing their expenses for salt and wastewater discharge permits. Some veterinary authorities speculate that ultraviolet ozone disinfectant systems (widely used for ornamental fish) may play a prominent part in

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Farmed fish are usually raised in overcrowded environments, making them susceptible to stress, injuries, aggression and diseases. These conditions prevent them from engaging in natural behaviors such as nesting or migration. Overcrowding often leads to poor water quality due to fish waste and

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One problem with such composite fish culture is that many of these fish breed only during monsoon. Even if fish are collected from the wild, they can be mixed with other species, as well. Thus, a major problem in fish farming is the lack of availability of good-quality stock. To overcome this

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Because of the ocean's water flow and other reasons, open net pen culture is seen as a high-risk method for the environment. The flow allows chemicals, parasites, waste and diseases to spread in the enclosed environment, and this is not beneficial for the natural environment. Another negative

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Fish cages are placed in lakes, bayous, ponds, rivers, or oceans to contain and protect fish until they can be harvested. The method is also called "off-shore cultivation" when the cages are placed in the sea. They can be constructed of a wide variety of components. Fish are stocked in cages,

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Exsanguination without stunning is a process in which fish are taken up from water, held still, and cut so as to cause bleeding. According to references in Yue, this can leave fish writhing for an average of four minutes, and some catfish still responded to noxious stimuli after more than 15

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led by Tahbit Chowdhury and Gordon Graff examined vertical RAS aquaculture designs aimed at producing protein-rich fish species. However, because of its high capital and operating costs, RAS has generally been restricted to practices such as broodstock maturation, larval rearing, fingerling

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artificially fed, and harvested when they reach market size. A few advantages of fish farming with cages are that many types of waters can be used (rivers, lakes, filled quarries, etc.), many types of fish can be raised, and fish farming can co-exist with sport fishing and other water uses.

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are the most commonly cited reasons for such decreases. Some species of sea lice have been noted to target farmed coho and Atlantic salmon. Such parasites have been shown to have an effect on nearby wild fish. One place that has garnered international media attention is British Columbia's

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The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive. Traditional netting involves regular and labor-intensive cleaning. In addition to its antifouling benefits, copper netting has strong structural and

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Ice baths or chilling of farmed fish on ice or submerged in near-freezing water is used to dampen muscle movements by the fish and to delay the onset of post-death decay. However, it does not necessarily reduce sensibility to pain; indeed, the chilling process has been shown to elevate

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Because of parasite problems, some aquaculture operators frequently use strong antibiotic drugs to keep the fish alive, but many fish still die prematurely at rates up to 30%. Additionally, other common drugs used in salmonid fish farms in North America and Europe include anesthetic,

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in February 2017, "is a race to sell 100,000 metric tons of fish food, without the fish. Earlier this month, start-ups from places like Pakistan, China, and Belgium joined their American competition at the Google headquarters in Mountain View, California, showing off feed made from

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The site of the fish farm is crucial for the farm to be a success or not. Before any fish farm is settled, it is highly recommended to be selective with the site location of the farm. The site must be examined on some essential elements. Important conditions on the location are:

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chemotherapeutic, and anthelmintic agents. In some cases, these drugs have entered the environment. Additionally, the residual presence of these drugs in human food products has become controversial. Use of antibiotics in food production is thought to increase the prevalence of

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A 2008 meta-analysis of available data shows that salmon farming reduces the survival of associated wild salmon populations. This relationship has been shown to hold for Atlantic, steelhead, pink, chum, and coho salmon. The decrease in survival or abundance often exceeds 50%.

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inherent ability to reduce biofouling, cage waste, disease, and the need for antibiotics, while simultaneously maintaining water circulation and oxygen requirements. Other types of copper alloys are also being considered for research and development in aquaculture operations.

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costs. The higher cost structures mean that RAS is economical only for high-value products, such as broodstock for egg production, fingerlings for net pen aquaculture operations, sturgeon production, research animals, and some special niche markets such as live fish.

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in human diseases. At some facilities, the use of antibiotic drugs in aquaculture has decreased considerably due to vaccinations and other techniques. However, most fish-farming operations still use antibiotics, many of which escape into the surrounding environment.

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According to T. Håstein of the National Veterinary Institute (Oslo, Norway), "Different methods for slaughter of fish are in place and it is no doubt that many of them may be considered as appalling from an animal welfare point of view." A 2004 report by the

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Morton, A.; Routledge, R.; Peet, C.; Ladwig, A. (2004). "Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infection rates on juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (Oncorhynchus keta) salmon in the nearshore marine environment of British Columbia, Canada".

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A number of large, well-capitalized ventures in this area have failed. Managing both the biology and markets is complicated. One future development is the combination of integrated recycling systems with urban farming as tried in Sweden by the

2412:, concern has been raised over their proven reproductive advantage and how it could potentially decimate local fish populations, if released into the wild. Biologist Rick Howard did a controlled laboratory study where wild fish and 4253:"Effects of functional feeds on the lipid composition, transcriptomic responses and pathology in heart of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) before and after experimental challenge with Piscine Myocarditis Virus (PMCV)" 1377:(bottom feeders). Other fish also feed on the excreta of the common carp, and this helps contribute to the efficiency of the system which in optimal conditions produces 3000–6000 kg of fish per hectare per year. 1324:

ditches or farm ponds to raise fish. The basic requirement is to have a ditch or pond that retains water, possibly with an above-ground irrigation system (many irrigation systems use buried pipes with headers).

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Proper stunning renders the fish unconscious immediately and for a sufficient period of time such that the fish is killed in the slaughter process (e.g. through exsanguination) without regaining consciousness.

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infestations are common and can cause painful lesion, but are typically treated with harsh chemicals. Additionally, fish are genetically engineered to grow larger and faster, leading to health problems such as

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Morton, A.; Routledge, R.; Krkošek, M. (2008). "Sea louse infestation in wild juvenile salmon and Pacific herring associated with fish farms off the east-central coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia".

5853:"Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare on a request from the Commission related to welfare aspects of the main systems of stunning and killing the main commercial species of animals" 2256:

problems at high density. Aquaculturists feel that operating a rearing system above its design capacity or above the social density limit of the fish will result in decreased growth rate and increased

3133:"Towards Sustainable Aquafeeds: Complete Substitution of Fish Oil with Marine Microalga Schizochytrium sp. Improves Growth and Fatty Acid Deposition in Juvenile Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus )" 1511:

breeding grounds, for their farms. The European eel is threatened with extinction because of the excessive catch of glass eels by Spanish fishermen and overfishing of adult eels in, e.g., the Dutch

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The issue of feeds in fish farming has been a controversial one. Many cultured fishes (tilapia, carp, catfish, many others) can be raised on a strictly herbivorous diet. Top-level carnivores (most

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reducing or killing off the local marine life. Once an area has been so contaminated, fish farms are typically moved to new, uncontaminated areas. This practice has angered nearby fishermen.

3632:"Acute Stress and an Electrolyte- Imbalanced Diet, but Not Chronic Hypoxia, Increase Oxidative Stress and Hamper Innate Immune Status in a Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Isogenic Line" 184: 5110:

Callier, Myriam D.; Byron, Carrie J.; Bengtson, David A.; Cranford, Peter J.; Cross, Stephen F.; Focken, Ulfert; Jansen, Henrice M.; Kamermans, Pauline; Kiessling, Anders (2017-09-19).

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bed is placed near, above or between them. When tilapia are raised in the tanks, they are able to eat algae, which naturally grow in the tanks when the tanks are properly fertilized.

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This system, properly tuned, produces more edible protein per unit area than any other. A wide variety of plants can grow well in the hydroponic beds. Most growers concentrate on

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The tank water is slowly circulated to the hydroponic beds, where the tilapia waste feeds commercial plant crops. Carefully cultured microorganisms in the hydroponic bed convert

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the culture of non-native fish species in dam or open-water cages. On August 22, 2017, there was a massive failure of such cages at a commercial fishery in Washington state in

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Magnoni, Leonardo J.; Novais, Sara C.; Eding, Ep; Leguen, Isabelle; Lemos, Marco F. L.; Ozório, Rodrigo O. A.; Geurden, Inge; Prunet, Patrick; Schrama, Johan W. (2019-04-24).

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Despite these important site conditions, the open net pen method was very popular in Norway and China. This is because of the cost friendliness and efficiency of this method.

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Avnimelech, Y; Kochva, M; et al. (1994). "Development of controlled intensive aquaculture systems with a limited water exchange and adjusted carbon to nitrogen ratio".

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of the nearby areas. The high concentrations of fish produce a significant amount of condensed faeces, often contaminated with drugs, which again affects local waterways.

1092:. When compared to a control group raised on regular food, they exhibited higher weight gain and better food-to-growth conversion, plus their flesh was higher in healthy 1139:

Though the cage-industry has made numerous technological advances in cage construction in recent years, the risk of damage and escape due to storms is always a concern.

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can breathe atmospheric air and can tolerate much higher levels of pollutants than trout or salmon, which makes aeration and water purification less necessary and makes

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Air asphyxiation amounts to suffocation in the open air. The process can take upwards of 15 minutes to induce death, although unconsciousness typically sets in sooner.

3903:"What Goes Wrong during Early Development of Artificially Reproduced European Eel Anguilla anguilla? Clues from the Larval Transcriptome and Gene Expression Patterns" 1381:

problem, ways have now been worked out to breed these fish in ponds using hormonal stimulation. This has ensured the supply of pure fish stock in desired quantities.

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a result. Adult salmon may survive otherwise critical numbers of sea lice, but small, thin-skinned juvenile salmon migrating to sea are highly vulnerable. On the

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as "bending the rules" about organic labeling. In the European Union, fish labeling as to species, method of production and origin has been required since 2002.

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One of the drawbacks to recirculating aquaculture systems is the need for periodic water exchanges. However, the rate of water exchange can be reduced through

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One of the largest problems with freshwater pisciculture is that it can use a million gallons of water per acre (about 1 m of water per m) each year. Extended

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of the water is essential, as fish need a sufficient oxygen level for growth. This is achieved by bubbling, cascade flow, or aqueous oxygen. Catfish in genus

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Within intensive and extensive aquaculture methods, numerous specific types of fish farms are used; each has benefits and applications unique to its design.

953:, see below. The exception to this rule are cages which are placed in a river or sea, which supplements the fish crop with sufficient oxygenated water. Some 5582:

Martins, C. I. M.; Eding, E. H.; Verdegem, M. C. J.; Heinsbroek, L. T. N.; Schneider, O.; Blancheton, J. P.; d'Orbcastel, E. R.; Verreth, J. A. J. (2010).

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consequence is the high escape rate of the cultured fish from these open net pens. These escaped fish also pose a high risk to the surrounding ecosystems.

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allowed farmed fish to be labeled as organic provided less than 25% of their feed came from wild fish. This decision was criticized by the advocacy group

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Burka, J. F.; Hammell, K. L.; Horsberg, T. E.; Johnson, G. R.; Rainnie, D. J.; Speare, D. J. (October 1997). "Drugs in salmonid aquaculture – A review".

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Martinez-Rubio, Laura; Evensen, Øystein; Krasnov, Aleksei; Jørgensen, Sven; Wadsworth, Simon; Ruohonen, Kari; Vecino, Jose LG; Tocher, Douglas R (2014).

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Some producers have adapted their intensive systems in an effort to provide consumers with fish that do not carry dormant forms of viruses and diseases.

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At all depths should be a good current condition. This is necessary because the organic particles should be able to be carried away using the current.

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Cabello, Felipe C.; Godfrey, Henry P.; Tomova, Alexandra; Ivanova, Larisa; Dölz, Humberto; Millanao, Ana; Buschmann, Alejandro H. (2013-05-26).

3205:"Growing, losing or introducing? Cage aquaculture as a vector for the introduction of non-native fish in Furnas Reservoir, Minas Gerais, Brazil" 9153: 8808: 8771: 4771: 2388:

Other potential problems faced by aquaculturists include the obtaining of various permits and water-use rights, profitability, concerns about

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composition, as well. These higher protein-level requirements are a consequence of the higher feed efficiency of aquatic animals (higher

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Jéhannet, Pauline; Palstra, Arjan P.; Heinsbroek, Leon T. N.; Kruijt, Leo; Dirks, Ron P.; Swinkels, William; Komen, Hans (2021-06-08).

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A gravel and sand bottom are qualified for fish farming, although bottoms with silt and mud are not qualified. These should be avoided.

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In 2014, Martinez-Rubio et al. conducted a study in which cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS), a severe cardiac disease in Atlantic salmon (

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Concerns continue over the labeling of salmon as farmed or wild-caught, as well as about the humane treatment of farmed fish. The

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species in particular) on the other hand, depend on fish feed, of which a large portion is usually derived from wild-caught fish (

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Sarker, Pallab K.; Kapuscinski, Anne R.; Lanois, Alison J.; Livesey, Erin D.; Bernhard, Katie P.; Coley, Mariah L. (2016-06-03).

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Weaver, D E (2006). "Design and operations of fine media fluidized bed biofilters for meeting oligotrophic water requirements".

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from the surrounding environment is a net, this allows the water to flow from the ‘natural’ surrounding through the fish farms.

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Krkošek, Martin; et al. (2007). "Report: "Declining Wild Salmon Populations in Relation to Parasites from Farm Salmon".

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which feed on mucus, blood, and skin, and migrate and latch onto the skin of wild salmon during free-swimming, planktonic

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By Dr. BiIl Krise at Bozeman Technology Center, and Dr. Gary Wedemeyer at Western Fisheries Research Center. January 2002

1507:) aquaculturalists procure a limited supply of glass eels, juvenile stages of the European eel which swim north from the 5375: 5271: 4893:"Antimicrobial use in aquaculture re-examined: its relevance to antimicrobial resistance and to animal and human health" 4337: 2432:

In 2005, Alaska passed legislation requiring that any genetically altered fish sold in the state be labeled. In 2006, a

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Although fish farming for food is the most widespread, another major fish farming industry provides living fish for the

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in Norwegian salmon fish farms—heart and skeletal muscle inflammation, pancreas disease, and infectious salmon anemia.

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The cost of inputs per unit of fish weight is higher than in extensive farming, especially because of the high cost of

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has established the Freedom Food label to indicate humane treatment of farmed salmon, as well as other food products.

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dos Santos, Ana Paula; Hage Seta, Jéssica Helena; Kuhnen, Vanessa Villanova; Sanches, Eduardo Gomes (2020-11-01).

1212:, which can briefly be described as the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, 9101: 9086: 9081: 8858: 7419: 7356: 6837: 4020:

Michael Clark; Tilman, David (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health".

2716: 5584:"New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe: A perspective on environmental sustainability" 9148: 9143: 9091: 8838: 6924: 5969: 3240: 603: 5248: 4133: 934:

In these kinds of systems fish production per unit of surface can be increased at will, as long as sufficient

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Huntingford, F. A; Adams, C; Braithwaite, V. A; Kadri, S; Pottinger, T. G; Sandoe, P; Turnbull, J. F (2006).

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or percussive stunning and this has led to the phasing out of the carbon dioxide slaughter method in Europe.

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Naylor, RL; Goldburg, RJ; Mooney, H; et al. (1998). "Nature's Subsidies to Shrimp and Salmon Farming".

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Coalition of environmental groups, scientists and First Nations opposed to current salmon farming practices

4953: 4081:"Pescatarians warned they are eating 'sentient animals' who form friendships, after landmark study on fish" 1313: 1167: 17: 5961: 5183: 2916: 1344:

is prevented and oxygen levels stay high. Yields can be low if the fish grow ill from electrolyte stress.

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service, and easier harvesting when needed, while being separate from and thus do not usually impact the

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Upton, H. F., & Buck, E. H. (2010). Open Ocean Culture. Congressional Research Service. Published.

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This is also called a "flow through system" . Trout and other sport fish are often raised from eggs to

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Torrissen, Ole; et al. (2011). "Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar): The 'Super-Chicken' Of The Sea?".

1445:.Other wastes are strained out by the hydroponic media, which double as an aerated pebble-bed filter. 8605: 8429: 8422: 8389: 8131: 7803: 7484: 7306: 7301: 7184: 6812: 6787: 6655: 6524: 2802: 2517: 1972:. Despite the vast number of fish consumed, fish welfare has historically received little attention. 938:, fresh water and food are provided. Because of the requirement of sufficient fresh water, a massive 5736: 4775: 3457: 2777:"Fishfarming, Aquaculture Consulting, Aquaculture Articles, Aquaculture Consultancy, Fisheries News" 1524: 545: 9116: 8702: 8615: 8600: 8555: 8439: 8198: 6998: 6802: 6767: 6706: 6452: 6406: 6396: 4475:"Effects of host migration, diversity, and aquaculture on disease threats to wild fish populations" 2729: 1730: 5775: 5158: 5112:"Attraction and repulsion of mobile wild organisms to finfish and shellfish aquaculture: a review" 4988: 1475:. The main environmental impact is discharge of water that must be salted to maintain the fishes' 152:

and even complete depletion in some regions. Fish farming allows establishment of artificial fish

9043: 8766: 8761: 8652: 8620: 8417: 8399: 7961: 7710: 7461: 7278: 6807: 6499: 4789: 3879: 2761:"World aquaculture production of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, etc., by principal species in 2013" 2417: 2301: 1898: 1460:), which command premium prices in small quantities all year long. The most common customers are 592: 4948: 1273:

A net should be at least 10 metres (33 ft) or more above the bottom, so depth is important.

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Tlusty, M. (2002). "The benefits and risks of aquacultural production for the aquarium trade".

2724: 2480: 898: 204:, however, does not always reduce pressure on wild fisheries, such farmed fish are usually fed 5426: 5303: 9229: 8927: 8707: 8409: 8394: 7903: 7720: 6880: 6867: 6772: 6721: 6622: 6554: 6437: 6018: 2646: 2456:

has established an Eco label to distinguish between farmed and wild-caught salmon, while the

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Krkošek, M.; Gottesfeld, A.; Proctor, B.; Rolston, D.; Carr-Harris, C.; Lewis, M.A. (2007).

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Immersion in salt followed by gutting or other processing such as smoking is applied to eel.

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The largest-scale pure fish farms use a system derived (admittedly much refined) from the

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Using this method, water allotments can be stored in ponds or ditches, usually lined with

8: 9196: 8625: 8193: 8136: 7936: 7823: 7612: 7008: 6797: 6736: 6726: 6711: 6549: 6421: 6290: 6150: 3263:"Please go fishing, Washington state says after farmed Atlantic salmon escape broken net" 2421: 2393: 2369: 2348: 98: 5602: 5111: 5075: 4908: 4630: 4575: 4536: 4356: 4033: 3980: 3801: 3372: 3203:

Azevedo-Santos, Valter Monteiro de; Rigolin-Sá, Odila; Pelicice, Fernando Mayer (2011).

3148: 3065: 2953: 2549:. In addition, reduced body temperature extends the time before fish lose consciousness. 2469:

practices also increased feed-use efficiency growth by providing optimum water quality.

9184: 9106: 8932: 8848: 7775: 7317: 7204: 7161: 7146: 7088: 7060: 6442: 6401: 6135: 6085: 5583: 5226: 5087: 4748: 4721: 4650: 4594: 4559: 4499: 4474: 4368: 4287: 4252: 4181: 4061: 3937: 3902: 3666: 3631: 3582:"Factors to Consider in Selecting a Farm Irrigation System | UGA Cooperative Extension" 3394: 3175: 3132: 3034: 2892: 2850: 2760: 1412: 1205: 1093: 939: 495: 39: 5227:

Relating to labeling and identification of genetically modified fish and fish products

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The amount of organic waste produced by fish farms is also alarming. A salmon farm in

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Percussive stunning involves rendering the fish unconscious with a blow on the head.

9013: 8971: 8863: 8754: 8662: 8647: 7863: 7808: 7770: 7725: 7683: 7607: 7394: 7329: 7189: 7136: 7070: 6358: 6280: 6130: 6077: 5864: 5606: 5550: 5209:"AquAdvantage Salmon - Response to Public Comments on the Environmental Assessment" 5126: 5079: 4912: 4857: 4743: 4733: 4634: 4589: 4579: 4540: 4494: 4486: 4430: 4360: 4282: 4264: 4217: 4065: 4037: 3984: 3932: 3914: 3661: 3643: 3376: 3357:"Antifouling alternatives for aquaculture in tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean" 3216: 3170: 3152: 3069: 3026: 2957: 2874: 2832: 2739: 2682: 2434: 2389: 2356: 1472: 1142: 1046: 954: 809: 537:

production (extensive) or fish that are fed with external food supply (intensive).

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knowledge to evaluate them." Following are some less humane ways of killing fish.

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system must be integrated in the fish farm. One way to achieve this is to combine

8988: 8724: 8080: 8060: 7888: 7875: 7858: 7813: 7695: 7634: 7558: 7553: 7489: 7476: 7446: 7283: 7103: 6680: 6670: 6353: 6169: 6115: 6008: 5984: 5973: 5915: 5083: 4738: 4186: 3412: 3157: 3030: 3004: 2642: 2287:, can cause deadly infestations of both farm-grown and wild salmon. Sea lice are 2206: 2063: 1615: 1042: 950: 909: 787: 387: 70: 6363: 6335: 5888: 5683: 5681: 5508: 3864:

Freshwater Aquaculture: A Handbook for Small Scale Fish Culture in North America

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in the 1970s. Basically, large plastic fish tanks are placed in a greenhouse. A

635:

Optimal water parameters for cold- and warm-water fish in intensive aquaculture

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The large number of fish kept long-term in a single location contributes to

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The composite fish culture system is a technology developed in India by the

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marine technology is beginning to impact fish farming. In 2018, 1.5 million

188:

World capture fisheries and aquaculture production by production mode, from

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Sea Lice and Salmon: Elevating the dialogue on the farmed-wild salmon story

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investigation revealed that farm-raised salmon is frequently sold as wild.

2288: 2239: 1969: 1508: 1400: 946: 557: 511: 371: 338: 322: 169: 137: 6023: 5249:"Consumer Reports reveals that farm-raised salmon is often sold as "wild"" 4877: 109:

or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a

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Proceedings of the Global Conference on Animal Welfare: an OIE Initiative

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https://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/RL32694.pdf

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Krkošek, M.; Lewis, M.A.; Morton, A.; Frazer, L.N.; Volpe, J.P. (2006).

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A good interchange of water and also a high replacement of bottom water.

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are in the middle of a year-long trial at Ocean Farm 1 off the coast of

8739: 8687: 8682: 8565: 8384: 8183: 8151: 8085: 8075: 7996: 7986: 7671: 7639: 7624: 7570: 7543: 7526: 7174: 6577: 6504: 6368: 6295: 6197: 6192: 3965:"Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers" 3714: 2614: 2485: 2473: 2340: 2243: 2224: 2193: 1512: 1468: 1461: 1427: 1390: 1321: 1209: 1026: 981: 943: 718: 712: 668: 606: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 479: 403: 274: 90: 7028: 5131: 4989:"Chile's Antibiotics Use on Salmon Farms Dwarfs That of a Top Rival's" 4544: 8949: 8677: 8141: 8126: 8111: 7941: 7602: 7548: 7533: 7511: 7494: 7441: 7273: 7237: 7169: 7050: 6632: 6275: 5326:"MSC eco-label helps consumers identify certified wild Alaska salmon" 4722:"A Global Assessment of Salmon Aquaculture Impacts on Wild Salmonids" 4250: 2878: 2836: 2661:

Fish farming traditionally takes place in purpose-built tanks in the

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of wild fish populations. While fish farming is practised worldwide,

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Håstein, T (2004), "Animal welfare issues relating to aquaculture",

5272:"USDA Panel Approves First Rules For Labeling Farmed Fish 'Organic'" 4434: 3690:"Lecture Notes on Composite Fish Culture and its Extension in India" 1471:, it adapts to almost all temperate climates, and may also adapt to 1395: 1112: 581: 8642: 8344: 8285: 8231: 8226: 8045: 7913: 7575: 7521: 7436: 7199: 6373: 6315: 6285: 6100: 5910:

Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, FAO, Rome.

5184:"Purdue scientists: Genetically modified fish could damage ecology" 3532: 2826: 2666: 2546: 2489: 2268: 2201: 1982: 1977: 1786: 1754: 1340:

control of the water can increase yields substantially, as long as

1290: 1225: 1208:, the antimicrobial/algaecidal properties of copper alloys prevent 1201: 1185: 1089: 1069: 1031: 991: 888: 758: 748: 561: 419: 228: 209: 205: 161: 4967: 3606:"Fish Farming In Nigeria - Fish Species In Nigeria | Agri Farming" 3433:"Death of the (Fish) Salesmen: The Last Kelongs in Southeast Asia" 3312:"The $ 300 Million Plan to Farm Salmon in the Middle of the Ocean" 1336:

Control of water quality is crucial. Fertilizing, clarifying, and

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In 2016, juvenile Nile tilapia were given a food containing dried

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depending on what species are involved, and interaction with the

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species especially suited for intensive fish production. In some

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period 2000–2018, reaching a record 82.1 million tonnes in 2018.

157: 130: 122: 114: 94: 82: 5937:"Fish Farming News – Aquaculture production reaches new heights" 4335: 4106:"Fish are nothing like us, except that they are sentient beings" 3354: 3202: 8976: 8902: 8570: 8560: 8236: 6330: 6255: 6227: 4472: 4206: 3900: 2734: 2662: 2505: 2031: 1599: 1370: 1244: 1150: 1146: 977: 935: 869: 768: 201: 126: 35: 8482: 5850: 5687: 5581: 3130: 1015:

The risk of infections by parasites such as fish lice, fungi (

8993: 8339: 8268: 7678: 6001: 4463:) in British Columbia. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Victoria. 2501: 2457: 2220: 2216: 1930: 1914: 1850: 1457: 1358: 1213: 1197: 1193: 960: 354: 221: 177: 5109: 4790:"Fish Farms Drive Wild Salmon Populations Toward Extinction" 2355:. Since their introduction in the 1930s, trout have been an 1357:

parts of the pond is used. Fish used in this system include

8884: 8672: 8241: 7828: 7381: 7372: 5468:. 4 March 2009. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 4890: 4847: 3481:

Braaten, Bjørn; Aure, Jan; Ervik, Arne; Boge, Erik (1983).

2533: 2175: 2159: 2047: 2015: 1818: 1711: 1695: 1631: 1551: 1449: 1366: 923: 829: 819: 216:. The 2008 global returns for fish farming recorded by the 118: 62: 58: 8280: 7848: 6310: 6265: 5823:"An HSUS Report: The Welfare of Farmed Fish at Slaughter" 5020:

Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists

4419: 2493: 1534:(water pollution) of different foods per 100g of protein 1073: 1057: 1008:

farms, about 10% of the water volume can consist of fish

248: 217: 101:

or pseudo-natural environments. A facility that releases

6013: 4557: 3629: 7341: 5666: 5039:"What Are North American Trout Doing in Lake Titicaca?" 5036: 4157: 3827:"What are the Different Types of Restaurant Suppliers?" 2629:

Transport boats moored at fish processing plant, Mỹ Tho

2613:

Houseboat rafts with cages under for rearing fish near

1998:(air pollution) of different foods per 100g of protein 1337: 1232:

corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments.

5547:"MIT Outreach Database - Aquaculture in the Classroom" 4521: 2870:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021

2828:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020

1501:

years to stock streams with sport fish. European eel (

6946: 5645:

Salmon farming comes ashore in land-based aquaculture

4401:

Bravo, S (2003). "Sea lice in Chilean salmon farms".

3413:"Aquaculture – Copper Development Association Africa" 1480:

keeping the tilapia healthy with recirculated water.

247:

Top 15 cultured fish species by weight, according to

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Magazine, Smithsonian; Bloudoff-Indelicato, Mollie.

4836:

In Too Deep – The Welfare of Intensively Farmed Fish

4479:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B

3851:

Aquaculture in Sweden towards a sustainable future?"

3480: 2706: 1441:, and the plants are fertilized by the nitrates and 5997:

Ethical concerns about the conditions on fish farms

5270:Eilperin, Juliet; Black, Jane (November 20, 2008). 4850:

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

4019: 1299: 5797:"Advancing Aquaculture: Fish Welfare at Slaughter" 5156: 4423:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 4173: 3958: 3956: 1243:, the traditional cage farming platform is called 5693: 4696:"Use of Hydrogen Peroxide in Finfish Aquaculture" 4447:Peet, C. R. 2007. Interactions between sea lice ( 4182:"Inside the race to invent a fish-free fish food" 1296:Today 50% of the world's seafood is farm-raised. 9221: 5755: 5753: 5486:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3086: 6019:Nature's Subsidies to Shrimp and Salmon Farming 4564:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3953: 2398:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1384: 5294: 5292: 5207:Medicine, Center for Veterinary (2019-04-12). 5159:"Salmon Virus Indicts Chile's Fishing Methods" 4560:"Epizootics of wild fish induced by farm fish" 4525:North American Journal of Fisheries Management 4311:"Fuss over Farming Fish, Alaska Science Forum" 3729:"INTEGRATED LIVESTOCK-FISH PRODUCTION SYSTEMS" 3458:"Salmon Aquaculture • Georgia Strait Alliance" 2697:Fish farm Högtind in Norway with feeding barge 8498: 7357: 6932: 6039: 5750: 5737:"Slaughter of farmed fish – fishcount.org.uk" 5717: 5705: 5647:The Vancouver Sun, Retrieved 21 February 2013 5269: 5013:"Trends in therapy and prophylaxis 1991–2001" 4972:. University of New Hampshire. Archived from 1119:is often raised in cages in central Thailand. 4150: 4134:"The next frontier for animal welfare: Fish" 3962: 3483:Pollution problems in Norwegian fish farming 3198: 3196: 3194: 2601:Fish farming in the fjords of southern Chile 1280: 7079:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight 7004:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 6096:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight 6053: 5401:"Is high rise farming in Toronto's future?" 5376:"The Future of Fish Farming May Be Indoors" 5289: 4986: 4968:Atlantic Marine Aquaculture Center (2007). 3108:"Scientists take the fish out of fish food" 2977:"An introduction to ornamental aquaculture" 1308:These fish-farming ponds were created as a 1176:have become important netting materials in 964:Expressing eggs from a female rainbow trout 242:List of commercially important fish species 8505: 8491: 7364: 7350: 6939: 6925: 6046: 6032: 5729: 4661: 81:, which is the controlled cultivation and 7909:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 5868: 5346:(Timmons et al., 2002; Piedrahita, 2003). 5130: 4916: 4747: 4737: 4719: 4593: 4583: 4498: 4286: 4268: 3988: 3936: 3918: 3665: 3647: 3380: 3220: 3191: 3174: 3156: 3016: 2765:FAO Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics 2014 1347: 972:. It must contain a much higher level of 622:Learn how and when to remove this message 5427:"Sky Farm Proposed for Downtown Toronto" 5206: 4131: 4103: 4078: 3105: 2974: 2334: 2263: 1394: 1303: 1158:supporting higher fish packing density. 1111: 1051: 959: 571: 544: 540: 183: 29: 5991:Coastal Alliance for Aquaculture Reform 5920:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 5877: 5851:European Food Safety Authority (2004). 5672: 5634:The Scotsman, Retrieved 22 January 2013 5152: 5150: 4667: 4616: 4179: 3288:"Scotland's Aquaculture | Fish Escapes" 3089:Israeli Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh 2800: 1354:Indian Council of Agricultural Research 148:, resulting in significant decrease in 27:Raising fish commercially in enclosures 14: 9222: 5565:"Marine GMO Briefs-Issue One-Hotlinks" 5531:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3824: 3051: 2939: 2569: 2463: 2403: 2359:endangering the local fish population. 1491: 1250: 8486: 7345: 6920: 6473: 6063: 6027: 5913: 5632:Sea-change as farm grows fish on land 5398: 5229:(Alaskan Senate Bill 25). 19 May 2005 5202: 5200: 5105: 5103: 5101: 4987:Barrionuevo, Alexei (July 26, 2009). 4400: 4127: 4125: 3963:Nemecek, T.; Poore, J. (2018-06-01). 3853:Master's Thesis, Stockholm University 2756: 2754: 2410:genetically engineered, farmed salmon 113:. Worldwide, the most important fish 9191: 5466:"Fish Farming Recirculating systems" 5157:The New York Times (27 March 2008). 5147: 2511: 2363: 1161: 604:adding citations to reliable sources 575: 9203: 8465: 7736:Electroreception and electrogenesis 5830:Humane Society of the United States 5688:European Food Safety Authority 2004 5448:"Recirculating Aquaculture Systems" 5373: 3557:"50% of our seafood is farm raised" 3237:"Offshore fish farming legislation" 2526: 2508:is planned in Scotland and Canada. 2250: 1525:Aquaculture of salmon § Issues 1068:Raising ornamental coldwater fish ( 776:< 0.0006 mg/L in soft water 140:, which has resulted in widespread 24: 9054:Environmental impact of irrigation 6064: 5887:, pp. 219–231, archived from 5794: 5768: 5699: 5567:. October 25, 2009. Archived from 5197: 5098: 4122: 3338:"ഓരുവെള്ളത്തിലെ രുചിയേറും വരുമാനം" 2751: 1968:There is a growing consensus that 1312:project in a rural village in the 156:that are provided with sufficient 25: 9241: 6520:Geothermal energy and aquaculture 6379:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers 5955: 5934: 4365:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.001046.x 4104:Woodruff, Michael (3 July 2020). 2917:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture" 2819: 1021:spp.), intestinal worms (such as 779:< 0.03 mg/L in hard water 9202: 9190: 9178: 9167: 9166: 8464: 8453: 8452: 8435: 8434: 7460: 7324: 7323: 7311: 7027: 6159: 6014:Tropical Fish Farming in Florida 6002:The Pure Salmon Campaign website 5650: 5643:Shore, Randy (17 November 2012) 5637: 4862:10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00094.x 4834:Lymbery, P. CIWF Trust report, " 4338:"Current issues in fish welfare" 2975:Leingang, A. (25 October 2021). 2709: 2690: 2674: 2654: 2634: 2622: 2606: 2594: 2443:National Organic Standards Board 2416:were allowed to breed. In 1989, 1300:Irrigation ditch or pond systems 580: 235: 136:Global demand is increasing for 9122:Agriculture and the environment 8859:British Agricultural Revolution 8512: 7420:Environmental impact of fishing 7312: 5820: 5759: 5723: 5711: 5663:Oxford University Press, p. 180 5630:Merrit, Mike (13 January 2013) 5624: 5575: 5557: 5549:. June 26, 2010. Archived from 5539: 5494: 5458: 5450:. March 2, 2012. Archived from 5440: 5419: 5392: 5367: 5358: 5349: 5340: 5318: 5263: 5241: 5219: 5176: 5055: 5030: 5005: 4980: 4961: 4941: 4884: 4841: 4828: 4807: 4782: 4764: 4713: 4688: 4610: 4551: 4515: 4466: 4441: 4413: 4394: 4379: 4329: 4303: 4244: 4222:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.010 4200: 4097: 4072: 4013: 3894: 3868: 3856: 3843: 3818: 3794: 3769: 3745: 3721: 3703: 3682: 3623: 3598: 3574: 3549: 3525: 3501: 3489: 3474: 3450: 3425: 3405: 3348: 3330: 3304: 3280: 3255: 3229: 3222:10.1590/S1679-62252011000400024 3124: 3099: 3080: 3045: 3010: 2717:Agriculture and Agronomy portal 798:< 103% for salmonid eggs/fry 591:needs additional citations for 533:Aquaculture makes use of local 9066:Climate change and agriculture 8839:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 6793:Federated States of Micronesia 4772:"Sea Lice Information Bullets" 4389:Watershed Watch Salmon Society 4210:Preventive Veterinary Medicine 4132:Torrella, Kenny (2021-03-02). 3106:Coxworth, Ben (June 6, 2016). 2991: 2968: 2933: 2909: 2861: 2794: 2769: 2681:Pisciculture Complex, outside 2492:, and live tilapia in the US, 2332:fish is an ever-present risk. 1741:Greenhouse gas emissions (g CO 1107: 880:4 mg/L for warmwater fish 877:6 mg/L for coldwater fish 13: 1: 5611:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.09.002 5355:(Corpron and Armstrong, 1983) 4403:Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol 4180:Molteni, Megan (2017-02-05), 3825:Pap, Dawn; rea (2019-05-22). 3806:www.environmentalleverage.com 3074:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.07.004 2962:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00683-4 2745: 1803:Non-recirculating aquaculture 1415:systems allow for the reuse ( 1099: 1041:spp.), and protozoa (such as 528: 117:produced in fish farming are 77:. It is a particular type of 8844:Arab Agricultural Revolution 7505:intramembranous ossification 5987:on fisheries and aquaculture 5476:– via www.youtube.com. 5399:Whyte, Murray (2008-07-27). 5084:10.1126/science.282.5390.883 4954:Food and Drug Administration 4739:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060033 4720:Ford, JS; Myers, RA (2008). 4079:Johnston, Ian (2017-04-10). 3533:"Facts | Seaspiracy Website" 3158:10.1371/journal.pone.0156684 3031:10.1080/10641262.2011.597890 3019:Reviews in Fisheries Science 2779:. 2014-11-08. Archived from 1467:Since the system lives in a 1385:Integrated recycling systems 1168:Copper alloys in aquaculture 795:< 100% total gas pressure 224:worth about US$ 60 billion. 192:'s Statistical Yearbook 2021 34:A fish farm on the coast of 7: 6979:Fish diseases and parasites 6593:Fish diseases and parasites 5917:Aquaculture Training Manual 5907:Introduction to Aquaculture 4668:Edwards, Rob (2019-04-14), 4159:F3 Fish-Free Feed Challenge 3849:Berggren, Alexandra (2007) 3382:10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100477 3292:aquaculture.scotland.gov.uk 2702: 2479:From 2011, a team from the 2427: 2414:genetically engineered fish 1985:and abnormal heart shapes. 1542:Eutrophying emissions (g PO 10: 9246: 8804:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 7884:Fin and flipper locomotion 7854:Sequential hermaphroditism 7741:Jamming avoidance response 7458: 6666:Microalgal bacterial flocs 4897:Environmental Microbiology 3711:"Ornamental Fish Breeding" 2587: 2515: 2454:Marine Stewardship Council 2006:Acidifying emissions (g SO 1988: 1963: 1522: 1388: 1165: 673:> 20 mg/L (as CaCO 239: 160:, protection from natural 9163: 9154:Universities and colleges 9130: 9074: 9022: 8883: 8787: 8772:Universities and colleges 8584: 8577: 8543: 8520: 8448: 8372: 8305: 8212: 8174: 8165: 8104: 8035: 7922: 7874: 7784: 7709: 7469: 7379: 7297: 7266: 7213: 7185:Gathering seafood by hand 7160: 7122: 7069: 7036: 7025: 6959: 6760: 6689: 6646: 6568: 6490: 6486: 6469: 6430: 6387: 6344: 6236: 6168: 6157: 6076: 6072: 6059: 5300:"Environmental Labelling" 3777:"Tank culture of tilapia" 2518:Fish welfare at slaughter 2379: 2341:North American lake trout 2174: 2158: 2142: 2126: 2110: 2094: 2078: 2062: 2046: 2030: 2014: 2005: 2002: 1945: 1929: 1913: 1897: 1881: 1865: 1849: 1833: 1817: 1801: 1785: 1771:Recirculating aquaculture 1769: 1753: 1740: 1737: 1733:for different food types 1710: 1694: 1678: 1662: 1646: 1630: 1614: 1598: 1582: 1566: 1550: 1541: 1538: 1518: 1399:Aerators in a fish farm ( 1281:Negative external effects 957:object to this practice. 711:< 0.0005 mg/L in 9139:Agriculturist profession 8616:Agricultural engineering 8601:Agricultural cooperative 7371: 6999:Individual fishing quota 6530:Integrated multi-trophic 5967:FAO Fisheries Department 5962:NOAA Aquaculture Website 5591:Aquacultural Engineering 4270:10.1186/1471-2164-15-462 3649:10.3389/fphys.2019.00453 3054:Aquacultural Engineering 2801:Aquaculture, Office of. 2730:Aquaculture of salmonids 1731:greenhouse gas emissions 1184:, that is, they destroy 1045:) is similar to that in 801:< 102% for lake trout 717:< 0.005 mg/L in 9044:Agricultural wastewater 8767:Sustainable food system 8762:Sustainable agriculture 8653:Animal-free agriculture 8621:Agricultural technology 8400:Glossary of ichthyology 7962:Diel vertical migration 6500:Aquaculture engineering 6054:Fishing industry topics 4918:10.1111/1462-2920.12134 4639:10.1126/science.1148744 4585:10.1073/pnas.0603525103 4449:Lepeophtheirus salmonis 4345:Journal of Fish Biology 3990:10.1126/science.aaq0216 3636:Frontiers in Physiology 3462:Georgia Strait Alliance 3209:Neotropical Ichthyology 2998:"Stress and Physiology" 2418:AquaBounty Technologies 2302:Pacific coast of Canada 2273:Lepeophtheirus salmonis 1369:(a column feeder), and 1228:, and other organisms. 1153:. The semi-submersible 9144:Agricultural machinery 9102:History of agriculture 9087:Agriculture by country 9082:Agricultural machinery 9039:Agricultural pollution 9034:Agricultural expansion 8809:Austronesian expansion 8720:Mechanised agriculture 7766:Surface wave detection 7731:Hydrodynamic reception 7405:Diseases and parasites 5870:10.2903/j.efsa.2004.45 5119:Reviews in Aquaculture 4815:"Northwest Fishletter" 4491:10.1098/rspb.2007.1122 4461:Oncorhynchus gorbuscha 2725:Aquaculture of catfish 2481:University of Waterloo 2447:Food & Water Watch 2360: 2312:Diseases and parasites 1408: 1348:Composite fish culture 1317: 1120: 1061: 965: 899:Total dissolved solids 844:< 0.0002 mg/L 564: 193: 43: 9149:Government ministries 9092:Agriculture companies 8928:Convertible husbandry 8606:Agricultural supplies 8556:Agricultural Engineer 7904:Undulatory locomotion 7721:Ampullae of Lorenzini 6438:World fish production 4949:"Public Health Focus" 4455:) and juvenile chum ( 3561:Carolina Coast Online 3509:"Aquaculture Methods" 2338: 2325:antibiotic resistance 2317:Broughton Archipelago 2264:Parasites and disease 2258:feed conversion ratio 2010:eq per 100g protein) 1546:eq per 100g protein) 1532:eutrophying emissions 1424:New Alchemy Institute 1398: 1307: 1115: 1055: 986:feed conversion ratio 963: 928:< 0.005 mg/L 814:< 0.003 mg/L 763:< 0.003 mg/L 687:< 0.075 mg/L 572:Intensive aquaculture 548: 541:Extensive aquaculture 251:statistics for 2013 220:totaled 33.8 million 187: 33: 8799:Neolithic Revolution 8658:Cellular agriculture 8611:Agricultural science 8132:Genetically modified 6989:Fisheries management 5657:Victoria Braithwaite 5043:Smithsonian Magazine 2500:in the Netherlands, 1996:acidifying emissions 1867:Non-trawling fishery 1486:Greenfish Initiative 1180:. Copper alloys are 980:feed and a balanced 918:over ambient levels 893:< 0.01 mg/L 834:< 0.02 mg/L 743:< 5–10 mg/L 698:< 0.02 mg/L 600:improve this article 212:extracted from wild 138:dietary fish protein 107:recreational fishing 53:involves commercial 7937:Aquatic respiration 7824:Life history theory 7147:Fishing tournaments 7009:Sustainable fishery 6291:Fish protein powder 5904:Jhingran VG (1987) 5603:2010AqEng..43...83M 5571:on 25 October 2009. 5380:Scientific American 5364:(Klas et al., 2006) 5276:The Washington Post 5076:1998Sci...282..883N 5026:(2): 117–125. 2002. 4909:2013EnvMi..15.1917C 4631:2007Sci...318.1772K 4625:(5857): 1772–1775. 4576:2006PNAS..10315506K 4570:(42): 15506–15510. 4537:2008NAJFM..28..523M 4485:(1629): 3141–3149. 4459:) and pink salmon ( 4357:2006JFBio..68..332H 4042:10.1038/nature13959 4034:2014Natur.515..518T 3981:2018Sci...360..987P 3920:10.3390/ani11061710 3373:2020AqRep..1800477D 3361:Aquaculture Reports 3149:2016PLoSO..1156684S 3066:2006AqEng..34..303W 2954:2002Aquac.205..203T 2831:. Rome: FAO. 2020. 2665:region in northern 2570:More humane methods 2464:Indoor fish farming 2422:AquAdvantage salmon 2404:Genetic engineering 2394:genetic engineering 2370:habitat destruction 2279:species, including 1999: 1734: 1535: 1492:Classic fry farming 1365:(surface feeders), 1251:Open net pen system 1094:omega-3 fatty acids 1029:), bacteria (e.g., 903:< 200 mg/L 864:< 0.1 mg/L 854:< 1.0 mg/L 824:< 0.1 mg/L 788:Gas supersaturation 753:> 4.0 mg/L 663:< 440 μg/L 636: 252: 166:competitive threats 8933:Rotational grazing 8849:Columbian exchange 7776:Weberian apparatus 7089:Commercial fishing 7061:History of fishing 6443:Fishing by country 6086:Commercial fishing 6007:2010-05-27 at the 5983:2010-06-10 at the 5972:2008-07-06 at the 5661:Do fish feel pain? 5328:. January 15, 2004 4993:The New York Times 4796:. 16 December 2007 4702:. 13 February 2009 3882:on January 6, 2012 3862:McLarney, William 3831:Restaurant Insider 3610:www.agrifarming.in 3243:on 4 February 2016 3003:2011-08-16 at the 2361: 2080:Farmed crustaceans 1993: 1970:fish can feel pain 1728: 1584:Farmed crustaceans 1529: 1419:) of local water. 1413:water purification 1409: 1318: 1206:marine environment 1121: 1062: 966: 940:water purification 634: 565: 556:) at Loch Ainort, 496:Northern snakehead 246: 194: 174:sustainable yields 105:into the wild for 44: 40:South Euboean Gulf 9217: 9216: 8777:Urban agriculture 8750:Rice-duck farming 8698:Intensive farming 8668:Extensive farming 8480: 8479: 8390:Fish common names 8301: 8300: 7932:Aquatic predation 7756:Capacity for pain 7485:Age determination 7339: 7338: 7142:Catch and release 7046:Artisanal fishing 6994:Fisheries science 6974:Diversity of fish 6914: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6707:Freshwater prawns 6465: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6188:Fish preservation 6111:Midwater trawling 5927:978-0-85238-194-6 5306:on March 25, 2010 5132:10.1111/raq.12208 5070:(5390): 883–884. 4545:10.1577/m07-042.1 4457:Oncorhynchus keta 4028:(7528): 518–522. 3975:(6392): 987–992. 3753:"SEED PRODUCTION" 3586:extension.uga.edu 3267:The Seattle Times 2888:978-92-5-134332-6 2846:978-92-5-133394-5 2807:www.nmfs.noaa.gov 2512:Slaughter methods 2364:Ecosystem impacts 2190: 2189: 1976:antibiotics use. 1961: 1960: 1748: 1744: 1726: 1725: 1504:Anguilla anguilla 1473:tropical climates 1162:Copper-alloy nets 976:(up to 60%) than 955:environmentalists 932: 931: 733:> 5 mg/L 632: 631: 624: 526: 525: 61:, most often for 16:(Redirected from 9237: 9206: 9205: 9194: 9193: 9182: 9170: 9169: 9014:Wildlife farming 8864:Green Revolution 8815:Ancient history 8755:Rice-fish system 8663:Contract farming 8648:Animal husbandry 8507: 8500: 8493: 8484: 8483: 8468: 8467: 8456: 8455: 8438: 8437: 8172: 8171: 7464: 7395:Ethnoichthyology 7366: 7359: 7352: 7343: 7342: 7327: 7326: 7315: 7314: 7284:Fishing villages 7223:Artificial flies 7190:Handline fishing 7137:Big-game fishing 7031: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6918: 6917: 6838:Papua New Guinea 6818:Marshall Islands 6488: 6487: 6480:farmed fisheries 6471: 6470: 6359:Shrimp marketing 6281:Fish hydrolysate 6163: 6078:Fishing industry 6074: 6073: 6061: 6060: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6025: 6024: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5939:. Archived from 5931: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5893: 5886: 5874: 5872: 5857:The EFSA Journal 5847: 5845: 5844: 5838: 5832:. Archived from 5827: 5821:Yue, Stephanie. 5817: 5815: 5814: 5808: 5802:. Archived from 5801: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5763: 5757: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5635: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5588: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5553:on 26 June 2010. 5543: 5537: 5536: 5530: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5513: 5507:. Archived from 5506: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5454:on 2 March 2012. 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5374:Poppick, Laura. 5371: 5365: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5302:. Archived from 5296: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5204: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5154: 5145: 5144: 5134: 5116: 5107: 5096: 5095: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5017: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4920: 4903:(7): 1917–1942. 4888: 4882: 4881: 4845: 4839: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4774:. Archived from 4768: 4762: 4761: 4751: 4741: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4597: 4587: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4502: 4470: 4464: 4453:Caligus clemensi 4445: 4439: 4438: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4398: 4392: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4342: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4313:. 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Archived from 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3200: 3189: 3188: 3178: 3160: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3014: 3008: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2948:(3–4): 203–219. 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2879:10.4060/cb4477en 2865: 2859: 2858: 2837:10.4060/cb1329en 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2773: 2767: 2758: 2740:Rice-fish system 2719: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2694: 2678: 2658: 2647:Ixtlán de Juárez 2638: 2626: 2610: 2598: 2527:Inhumane methods 2441:In 2008, the US 2435:Consumer Reports 2390:invasive species 2357:invasive species 2343:fishing farm on 2285:C. rogercresseyi 2251:Stocking density 2240:chemotherapeutic 2185: 2184: 2169: 2168: 2153: 2152: 2137: 2136: 2121: 2120: 2105: 2104: 2089: 2088: 2073: 2072: 2057: 2056: 2041: 2040: 2025: 2024: 2000: 1992: 1956: 1955: 1940: 1939: 1924: 1923: 1908: 1907: 1892: 1891: 1876: 1875: 1860: 1859: 1844: 1843: 1828: 1827: 1812: 1811: 1796: 1795: 1787:Trawling Fishery 1780: 1779: 1764: 1763: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1705: 1704: 1689: 1688: 1673: 1672: 1657: 1656: 1641: 1640: 1625: 1624: 1609: 1608: 1593: 1592: 1577: 1576: 1561: 1560: 1536: 1528: 1156: 1143:Semi-submersible 1047:animal husbandry 910:suspended solids 810:Hydrogen sulfide 637: 633: 627: 620: 616: 613: 607: 584: 576: 269:(US$ billions) 253: 245: 198:carnivorous fish 21: 9245: 9244: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9220: 9219: 9218: 9213: 9159: 9158: 9157: 9126: 9117:Poultry farming 9070: 9025: 9018: 8989:Poultry farming 8879: 8855:Modern history 8835:Post-classical 8783: 8782: 8781: 8725:Organic farming 8580: 8579: 8575: 8539: 8516: 8511: 8481: 8476: 8444: 8368: 8297: 8208: 8161: 8100: 8031: 7924: 7918: 7870: 7814:Ichthyoplankton 7780: 7712: 7705: 7701:Digital Library 7696:Teleost leptins 7635:Shark cartilage 7559:pharyngeal slit 7554:pharyngeal arch 7490:Anguilliformity 7475: 7473: 7465: 7456: 7375: 7370: 7340: 7335: 7293: 7289:Marine habitats 7262: 7233:Bite indicators 7209: 7156: 7118: 7065: 7032: 7023: 6955: 6945: 6915: 6902: 6848:Solomon Islands 6756: 6685: 6671:Photobioreactor 6642: 6564: 6482: 6457: 6426: 6383: 6354:Live fish trade 6340: 6232: 6170:Fish processing 6164: 6155: 6146:Fishing vessels 6116:Bottom trawling 6068: 6055: 6052: 6009:Wayback Machine 5985:Wayback Machine 5974:Wayback Machine 5958: 5946: 5944: 5928: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5825: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5785: 5783: 5782:. February 2021 5774: 5771: 5769:Further reading 5766: 5758: 5751: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5679: 5675:, pp. 224. 5671: 5667: 5655: 5651: 5642: 5638: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5586: 5580: 5576: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5524: 5523: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5502:"Archived copy" 5500: 5499: 5495: 5479: 5478: 5471: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5432: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5411: 5409: 5397: 5393: 5384: 5382: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5298: 5297: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5205: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5155: 5148: 5114: 5108: 5099: 5060: 5056: 5047: 5045: 5035: 5031: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4997: 4995: 4985: 4981: 4966: 4962: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4889: 4885: 4846: 4842: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4799: 4797: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4703: 4700:thefishsite.com 4694: 4693: 4689: 4680: 4678: 4666: 4662: 4615: 4611: 4556: 4552: 4520: 4516: 4471: 4467: 4446: 4442: 4435:10.1139/f04-016 4418: 4414: 4399: 4395: 4384: 4380: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4249: 4245: 4205: 4201: 4192: 4190: 4178: 4174: 4165: 4163: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4142: 4140: 4130: 4123: 4114: 4112: 4102: 4098: 4089: 4087: 4085:The Independent 4077: 4073: 4018: 4014: 3961: 3954: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3848: 3844: 3835: 3833: 3823: 3819: 3810: 3808: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3784: 3783:. November 2005 3781:thefishsite.com 3775: 3774: 3770: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3735: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3628: 3624: 3615: 3613: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3566: 3564: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3539: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3479: 3475: 3466: 3464: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3353: 3349: 3344:(in Malayalam). 3336: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3294: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3272: 3270: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3201: 3192: 3143:(6): e0156684. 3129: 3125: 3116: 3114: 3104: 3100: 3085: 3081: 3050: 3046: 3015: 3011: 3005:Wayback Machine 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2973: 2969: 2938: 2934: 2925: 2923: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2901: 2899: 2889: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2847: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2809: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2784: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2759: 2752: 2748: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2698: 2695: 2686: 2679: 2670: 2659: 2650: 2639: 2630: 2627: 2618: 2611: 2602: 2599: 2590: 2572: 2556: 2529: 2520: 2514: 2504:in Denmark and 2466: 2430: 2406: 2382: 2366: 2271:, particularly 2266: 2253: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2064:Lamb and mutton 2058: 2054: 2053: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2009: 1991: 1966: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1749:per g protein) 1722: 1718: 1717: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1616:Lamb and mutton 1610: 1606: 1605: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1545: 1527: 1521: 1494: 1393: 1387: 1350: 1302: 1283: 1253: 1170: 1164: 1155:US$ 300 million 1154: 1110: 1102: 1043:dinoflagellates 951:water treatment 883: 804: 782: 723: 676: 628: 617: 611: 608: 597: 585: 574: 543: 531: 452: 388:Atlantic salmon 268: 263: 244: 238: 87:aquatic animals 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9243: 9233: 9232: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9200: 9188: 9176: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9030: 9028: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8947: 8945:Insect farming 8942: 8937: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8889: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8826: 8824:Ancient Greece 8821: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8793: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8780: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8752: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8547: 8545: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8510: 8509: 8502: 8495: 8487: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8462: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8442: 8432: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8349: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8218: 8216: 8214:Wild fisheries 8210: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8180: 8178: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8137:Hallucinogenic 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8042: 8040: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8012:Schooling fish 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7972:Filter feeders 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7947:Bottom feeders 7944: 7939: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7880: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7790: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7717: 7715: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7593:Leydig's organ 7590: 7589: 7588: 7586:pharyngeal jaw 7583: 7573: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7539:branchial arch 7531: 7530: 7529: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7492: 7487: 7481: 7479: 7467: 7466: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7386: 7384: 7377: 7376: 7369: 7368: 7361: 7354: 7346: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7321: 7309: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7219: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7166: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7075: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7056:Fishing vessel 7053: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7019:Wild fisheries 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6965: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6944: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6921: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6877:United States 6875: 6873:United Kingdom 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6652: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6574: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6540:Antimicrobials 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6510:Best practices 6507: 6502: 6496: 6494: 6484: 6483: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6431:Area fisheries 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6412:English Market 6409: 6404: 6399: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6350: 6348: 6346:Fish marketing 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6213:Salmon cannery 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6174: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6091:Fish slaughter 6088: 6082: 6080: 6070: 6069: 6066:Wild fisheries 6057: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6011: 5999: 5994: 5988: 5964: 5957: 5956:External links 5954: 5953: 5952: 5932: 5926: 5914:D. R. (1993). 5911: 5902: 5875: 5848: 5818: 5795:Benson, Tess. 5792: 5780:Just Economics 5770: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5749: 5728: 5716: 5704: 5702:, pp. 23. 5692: 5690:, pp. 22. 5677: 5665: 5649: 5636: 5623: 5574: 5556: 5538: 5493: 5457: 5439: 5418: 5391: 5366: 5357: 5348: 5339: 5317: 5288: 5262: 5251:. July 5, 2006 5240: 5218: 5196: 5175: 5146: 5125:(4): 924–949. 5097: 5054: 5029: 5004: 4979: 4976:on 2009-08-10. 4960: 4940: 4883: 4856:(5): 333–349. 4840: 4827: 4806: 4781: 4778:on 2010-05-21. 4763: 4712: 4687: 4660: 4609: 4550: 4531:(2): 523–532. 4514: 4465: 4440: 4429:(2): 147–157. 4412: 4393: 4378: 4351:(2): 332–372. 4328: 4302: 4243: 4199: 4172: 4149: 4121: 4096: 4071: 4012: 3952: 3893: 3867: 3855: 3842: 3817: 3793: 3768: 3744: 3720: 3717:on 2017-03-09. 3702: 3681: 3622: 3597: 3573: 3548: 3524: 3500: 3488: 3473: 3449: 3424: 3404: 3347: 3342:ManoramaOnline 3329: 3303: 3279: 3254: 3228: 3215:(4): 915–919. 3190: 3123: 3112:www.gizmag.com 3098: 3079: 3060:(3): 303–310. 3044: 3025:(3): 257–278. 3009: 2990: 2967: 2932: 2908: 2887: 2860: 2845: 2818: 2793: 2768: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2689: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2671: 2660: 2653: 2651: 2640: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2621: 2619: 2612: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2528: 2525: 2516:Main article: 2513: 2510: 2465: 2462: 2429: 2426: 2420:developed the 2408:In regards to 2405: 2402: 2381: 2378: 2365: 2362: 2265: 2262: 2252: 2249: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2164: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2116: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2100: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2052: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2036: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2020: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2004: 1990: 1987: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1855: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1839: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1739: 1724: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1668: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1572: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1520: 1517: 1493: 1490: 1389:Main article: 1386: 1383: 1349: 1346: 1342:eutrophication 1301: 1298: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1252: 1249: 1241:Southeast Asia 1166:Main article: 1163: 1160: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1085:Schizochytrium 930: 929: 926: 920: 919: 912: 905: 904: 901: 895: 894: 891: 885: 884: 882: 881: 878: 874: 872: 866: 865: 862: 856: 855: 852: 846: 845: 842: 836: 835: 832: 826: 825: 822: 816: 815: 812: 806: 805: 803: 802: 799: 796: 792: 790: 784: 783: 781: 780: 777: 773: 771: 765: 764: 761: 755: 754: 751: 745: 744: 741: 739:Carbon dioxide 735: 734: 731: 725: 724: 722: 721: 715: 708: 706: 700: 699: 696: 689: 688: 685: 679: 678: 674: 671: 665: 664: 661: 655: 654: 651: 645: 644: 643:Optimal value 641: 630: 629: 588: 586: 579: 573: 570: 550:Salmon farming 542: 539: 535:photosynthetic 530: 527: 524: 523: 520: 517: 514: 508: 507: 504: 501: 498: 492: 491: 488: 485: 482: 476: 475: 472: 469: 466: 460: 459: 456: 453: 451: 450: 447: 444: 440: 438: 432: 431: 428: 425: 422: 416: 415: 412: 409: 406: 400: 399: 396: 393: 390: 384: 383: 380: 377: 374: 368: 367: 364: 361: 358: 357:(Indian carp) 351: 350: 347: 344: 341: 335: 334: 331: 328: 325: 319: 318: 315: 312: 309: 303: 302: 299: 296: 293: 287: 286: 283: 280: 277: 271: 270: 265: 260: 257: 237: 234: 146:wild fisheries 97:and so on, in 89:such as fish, 69:or artificial 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9242: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9211: 9210: 9201: 9199: 9198: 9189: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9177: 9175: 9174: 9165: 9162: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9112:Meat industry 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9097:Biotechnology 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9064: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9024:Environmental 9021: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9004:Sheep farming 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8908:Dairy farming 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8885:Farming Types 8882: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8819:Ancient Egypt 8817: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8786: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8730:Paludiculture 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8631:Biotechnology 8629: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8589: 8587: 8583: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8551:Agriculturist 8549: 8548: 8546: 8542: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8519: 8515: 8508: 8503: 8501: 8496: 8494: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8473: 8472: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8441: 8440:more lists... 8433: 8431: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8395:Fish families 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8380:Aquarium life 8378: 8377: 8375: 8371: 8363: 8362:fleshy-finned 8360: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8330:Cartilaginous 8328: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8034: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7967:Electric fish 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7598:Mauthner cell 7596: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7517:Chromatophore 7515: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7472: 7468: 7463: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7378: 7374: 7367: 7362: 7360: 7355: 7353: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7332: 7331: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7279:Fishing banks 7277: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6937: 6935: 6930: 6928: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6899: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6722:Marine shrimp 6720: 6718: 6717:Hirudiculture 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690:Other species 6688: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6638:US hatcheries 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6613:Fish stocking 6611: 6609: 6608:Fish hatchery 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6560:Recirculating 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6525:Inland saline 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6515:Copper alloys 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6468: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6448:Fishing banks 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6271:Fish emulsion 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6261:Cod liver oil 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6238:Fish products 6235: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6203:Filleted fish 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6106:Pair trawling 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6037: 6035: 6030: 6029: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5943:on 2014-07-01 5942: 5938: 5935:Manci, Bill. 5933: 5929: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5894:on 2012-03-25 5890: 5883: 5882: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5839:on 2010-07-13 5835: 5831: 5824: 5819: 5809:on 2011-07-21 5805: 5798: 5793: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5762:, pp. 7. 5761: 5756: 5754: 5738: 5732: 5726:, pp. 6. 5725: 5720: 5714:, pp. 4. 5713: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5682: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5627: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5534: 5528: 5514:on 2010-10-11 5510: 5503: 5497: 5489: 5483: 5467: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5428: 5422: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5395: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5361: 5352: 5343: 5327: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5250: 5244: 5228: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5201: 5185: 5179: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5008: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4831: 4816: 4810: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4387: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4317:on 2012-04-19 4316: 4312: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4161: 4160: 4153: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4126: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3957: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3881: 3877: 3876:"Aquaculture" 3871: 3865: 3859: 3852: 3846: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3807: 3803: 3802:"Aquaculture" 3797: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3691: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3563:. 11 May 2013 3562: 3558: 3552: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3484: 3477: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3438: 3437:Modern Farmer 3434: 3428: 3414: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3317: 3316:Bloomberg.com 3313: 3307: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3095:(3): 119–131. 3094: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2994: 2979:. TheFishSite 2978: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2783:on 2014-11-08 2782: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2750: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2707: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2645:fish farm in 2644: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2564: 2560: 2558: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2524: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2377: 2373: 2371: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345:Lake Titicaca 2342: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289:ectoparasites 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2261: 2259: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2001: 1997: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1973: 1971: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1899:Starchy roots 1896: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1755:Ruminant meat 1752: 1736: 1732: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1537: 1533: 1526: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1489: 1487: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1464:wholesalers. 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1323: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1287: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182:antimicrobial 1179: 1175: 1174:copper alloys 1169: 1159: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1125: 1118: 1117:Giant gourami 1114: 1105: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 998: 993: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 962: 958: 956: 952: 948: 945: 941: 937: 927: 925: 922: 921: 917: 913: 911: 907: 906: 902: 900: 897: 896: 892: 890: 887: 886: 879: 876: 875: 873: 871: 868: 867: 863: 861: 858: 857: 853: 851: 848: 847: 843: 841: 838: 837: 833: 831: 828: 827: 823: 821: 818: 817: 813: 811: 808: 807: 800: 797: 794: 793: 791: 789: 786: 785: 778: 775: 774: 772: 770: 767: 766: 762: 760: 757: 756: 752: 750: 747: 746: 742: 740: 737: 736: 732: 730: 727: 726: 720: 716: 714: 710: 709: 707: 705: 702: 701: 697: 695:(non-ionized) 694: 691: 690: 686: 684: 681: 680: 672: 670: 667: 666: 662: 660: 657: 656: 652: 650: 647: 646: 642: 639: 638: 626: 623: 615: 612:February 2021 605: 601: 595: 594: 589:This section 587: 583: 578: 577: 569: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 538: 536: 521: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 505: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 489: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 473: 470: 467: 465: 464:Wuchang bream 462: 461: 457: 454: 448: 445: 442: 441: 439: 437: 436:Rainbow trout 434: 433: 429: 426: 423: 421: 418: 417: 413: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 397: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 381: 378: 375: 373: 370: 369: 365: 362: 359: 356: 353: 352: 348: 345: 342: 340: 337: 336: 332: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 316: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 300: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 284: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 266: 261: 258: 255: 254: 250: 243: 236:Major species 233: 230: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 191: 186: 182: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 111:fish hatchery 108: 104: 103:juvenile fish 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 41: 37: 32: 19: 9230:Fish farming 9207: 9195: 9183: 9171: 9059:Overdrafting 8918:Goat farming 8829:Ancient Rome 8735:Permaculture 8693:Horticulture 8638:Agroforestry 8596:Agribusiness 8469: 8457: 8357:spiny-finned 8306:Major groups 8175: 8027:Intelligence 8007:Scale eaters 7952:Cleaner fish 7834:Mouthbrooder 7786:Reproduction 7761:Schreckstoff 7746:Lateral line 7662:Swim bladder 7652:Spiral valve 7581:hyomandibula 7564:pseudobranch 7447:Hypoxia in - 7328: 7316: 7195:Spearfishing 6984:Fish farming 6983: 6853:South Africa 6742:Sea cucumber 6697:Brine shrimp 6676:Raceway pond 6618:Spawning bed 6598:Fish farming 6597: 6570:Fish farming 6569: 6479: 6407:Maine Avenue 6397:Billingsgate 6389:Fish markets 6364:Chasse-marée 6336:Surströmming 6326:Shrimp paste 6251:Fish as food 6183:Factory ship 6178:Fish factory 5978:SOFIA report 5945:. Retrieved 5941:the original 5916: 5906: 5896:, retrieved 5889:the original 5880: 5860: 5856: 5841:. Retrieved 5834:the original 5811:. Retrieved 5804:the original 5784:. Retrieved 5779: 5740:. Retrieved 5731: 5719: 5707: 5695: 5673:Håstein 2004 5668: 5660: 5652: 5639: 5626: 5614:. Retrieved 5597:(3): 83–93. 5594: 5590: 5577: 5569:the original 5559: 5551:the original 5541: 5516:. Retrieved 5509:the original 5496: 5470:. Retrieved 5460: 5452:the original 5442: 5431:. Retrieved 5429:. TreeHugger 5421: 5410:. Retrieved 5406:Toronto Star 5404: 5394: 5383:. Retrieved 5379: 5369: 5360: 5351: 5342: 5330:. Retrieved 5320: 5308:. Retrieved 5304:the original 5279:. Retrieved 5275: 5265: 5253:. Retrieved 5243: 5231:. Retrieved 5221: 5212: 5187:. Retrieved 5178: 5166:. Retrieved 5162: 5122: 5118: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5046:. Retrieved 5042: 5032: 5023: 5019: 5007: 4996:. Retrieved 4992: 4982: 4974:the original 4963: 4952: 4943: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4830: 4818:. Retrieved 4809: 4798:. 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