1267:' Should our power by any fatality be withdrawn, the commission believe that the government of the Philippines would speedily lapse into anarchy, which would excuse, if it did not necessitate, the intervention of other powers and the eventual division of the islands among them. Only through American occupation, therefore, is the idea of a free, self-governing, and united Philippine commonwealth at all conceivable. And the indispensable need from the Filipino point of view of maintaining American sovereignty over the archipelago is recognized by all intelligent Filipinos and even by those insurgents who desire an American protectorate. The latter, it is true, would take the revenues and leave us the responsibilities. Nevertheless, they recognize the indubitable fact that the Filipinos cannot stand alone. Thus the welfare of the Filipinos coincides with the dictates of national honor in forbidding our abandonment of the archipelago. We cannot from any point of view escape the responsibilities of government which our sovereignty entails, and the commission is strongly persuaded that the performance of our national duty will prove the greatest blessing to the peoples of the Philippine Islands.'
1087:
occupation, therefore, is the idea of a free, self-governing, and united
Philippine commonwealth at all conceivable. And the indispensable need from the Filipino point of view of maintaining American sovereignty over the archipelago is recognized by all intelligent Filipinos and even by those insurgents who desire an American protectorate. The latter, it is true, would take the revenues and leave us the responsibilities. Nevertheless, they recognize the indubitable fact that the Filipinos cannot stand alone. Thus the welfare of the Filipinos coincides with the dictates of national honour in forbidding our abandonment of the archipelago. We cannot from any point of view escape the responsibilities of government which our sovereignty entails; and the commission is strongly persuaded that the performance of our national duty will prove the greatest blessing to the peoples of the Philippine Islands.
1871:
33:
1018:
long as insurgent representatives were within
American lines. After some discussions, Arguelles left and returned with a letter from Mabini expressing continuing confidence in the "friendship, justice, and magnanimity of the North American nation". expressing a desire to seek peace, and requesting that a commission with full power to negotiate be appointed. This convinced the commission that Filipinos wanted concrete information on the governmental role they would be allowed to play, and the commission requested authorization from McKinley to offer a specific plan. McKinley responded as follows:
1025:
elected by the people; the qualifications of electors to be carefully considered and determined; and the governor-general to have absolute veto. Judiciary strong and independent; principal judges appointed by the
President. The cabinet and judges to be chosen from natives and Americans, or both, having regard to fitness. The President earnestly desires cessation of bloodshed, and that the people of the Philippines Islands at an early date shall have the largest measure of local self-government consistent with peace and good order.
128:
780:
1014:
enlightened system of government under which the
Philippine people may enjoy the largest measure of home rule and the amplest liberty." The revolutionary government counterproposed a three-month armistice during which representatives of the two governments would meet and arrange terms for the settlement of the war. President McKinley's instructions to the Commission issued in Washington before the outbreak of hostilities had not authorized it to discuss an armistice.
1689:
Papers by the various members of the commission on existing and desired conditions, e.g. "Efforts toward conciliation and the establishment of peace" "Peoples of the islands" "Education" "Government" "Condition and needs of the United States in the
Philippines from a naval and maritime standpoint",
1086:
Should our power by any fatality be withdrawn, the commission believe that the government of the
Philippines would speedily lapse into anarchy, which would excuse, if it did not necessitate, the intervention of other powers and the eventual division of the islands among them. Only through American
1065:
to cable
Schurman that he wanted peace "preferably by kindness and conciliation," but the preference was contradicted by a threat to "send all the force necessary to suppress the insurrection if Filipino resistance continued." McKinley also polled the other commission members, receiving a response
1060:
Following these developments, Aguinaldo withdrew his support from the "peace" cabinet, and Mabini and his cabinet returned to power. Schurman, after proposing unsuccessfully to the commission that they urge McKinley to revise his plan to enlarge
Filipino participation, cabled the suggestion to the
1017:
In April, the commission met with
Colonel Manuel Arguelles, an emissary from the insurgents, who requested a suspension of hostilities. The commission explained that it had no power to arrange that, and such a request would need to be put to General Otis but, in fact, hostilities were suspended as
1056:
Arguelles was replaced as
Aguinaldo's representative by new emissaries who after meeting with the Commission on May 19, said that they had larger powers than what Arguelles had, discussed the Commission proclamation and proposal in detail, and departed. The Commission was given to understand that
1024:
Yours 4th received. You are authorized to propose that under the military power of the President, pending action of Congress, government of the Philippine Islands shall consist of a Governor-General appointed by the President,; Cabinet appointed by the Governor-General; a general advisory council
1013:
The commission published a proclamation containing assurances that the U.S. did not intend exploitation of Filipinos, but their "advancement to a position among the most civilized peoples of the world", and announced "that the United States is ... anxious to establish in the Philippine Islands an
842:, to investigate conditions in the islands and make recommendations. In the report that they issued to the president the following year, the commissioners acknowledged Filipino aspirations for independence. They declared, however, that the Philippines was not ready for it.
1045:. After a meeting of the Revolutionary Congress and military commanders, Aguinaldo advised the commission that he was being advised by a new cabinet "which is more moderate and conciliatory", and appointed a delegation to meet with the commission. At this point, General
1074:
The commission concluded that "the United States cannot withdraw. ... We are there and duty binds us to remain. The Filipinos are wholly unprepared for independence ... there being no Philippine nation, but only a collection of different peoples."
1091:
Specific recommendations included the establishment of civilian government as rapidly as possible (the American chief executive in the islands at that time was the military governor), including establishment of a
845:
Specific recommendations included the establishment of civilian government as rapidly as possible (the American chief executive in the islands at that time was the military governor), including establishment of a
2085:
1032:
A session of the Revolutionary Congress convened by Aguinaldo voted unanimously to cease fighting and accept peace based on McKinley's proposal as reported by Arguelles. The revolutionary cabinet headed by
1078:
In the report that they issued to the president the following year, the commissioners acknowledged Filipino aspirations for independence; they declared, however, that the Philippines was not ready for it.
997:
and other documents of Aguinaldo's revolutionary government. Meanwhile, with U.S. forces under Otis advancing northwards from Manila, the seat of Aguinaldo's revolutionary government had been moved from
347:
573:
568:
326:
1837:
1949:
985:. General Otis viewed the arrival of his fellow commission members as an intrusion and boycotted commission meetings. The commission spent a month meeting with
1337:
817:
2371:
2156:
1382:
1482:
1227:
1049:, field commander of the revolutionary army, arrested Paterno and most of his cabinet. On his return, Arguelles was accused of having become an
2133:
98:. The report also recommended the establishment of a system of public education. Following on this report, President McKinley established the
2366:
2268:
1859:
2258:
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1942:
596:
1442:
2376:
1985:
1115:
673:
318:
17:
2233:
2173:
2015:
1867:
342:
301:
810:
2113:
2108:
248:
188:
157:
1970:
1935:
1397:
467:
790:
1798:
1777:
1756:
1731:
1605:
1583:
1561:
1539:
1149:
691:
649:
503:
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803:
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419:
255:
242:
639:
563:
1427:
1852:
1676:
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708:
634:
485:
217:
90:
Its final report was submitted on January 3, 1900, and recommended the establishment of a civil government having a
2342:
2336:
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2316:
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2301:
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548:
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284:
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2241:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2161:
2143:
2095:
1096:, autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels, and a system of free public elementary schools.
850:, autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels, and a system of free public elementary schools.
765:
619:
458:
149:
1469:
583:
141:
1352:
1845:
1693:. Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, January 31, 1900-. U.S. Government Printing Office.
698:
654:
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434:
391:
208:
196:
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1975:
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659:
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175:
118:
1809:
2125:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
1705:
Elliott, Charles Burke (1917). "Appendix B: Instructions of the President to the Schurman Commission".
1617:
752:
686:
681:
238:
1066:
that "indecision now would be fatal" and urging "prosecution of the war until the insurgents submit."
2251:
2246:
1997:
1980:
1110:
703:
293:
1082:
On November 2, 1899, The commission issued a preliminary report containing the following statement:
977:
The three civilian members of the commission arrived in Manila on March 4, 1899, a month after the
834:
appointed the First Philippine Commission (the Schurman Commission), a five-person group headed by
362:
32:
1712:
1265:
On November 2, 1899, the Commission submitted a preliminary report containing following statement:
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978:
444:
165:
84:
2028:
1007:
367:
308:
170:
1824:
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1141:
1916:
1638:
958:
893:
357:
91:
1911:
1901:
1885:
994:
932:
906:
869:
835:
439:
424:
377:
229:
45:
41:
8:
1927:
1906:
1706:
945:
53:
1723:
Jacob Gould Schurman—scholar, political activist, and ambassador of good will, 1892–1942
1708:
The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy
839:
784:
629:
609:
410:
1794:
1773:
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1727:
1672:
1652:
1601:
1579:
1557:
1535:
1528:
1145:
1042:
1034:
372:
37:
2005:
1813:
990:
982:
831:
494:
329:
304:
68:
127:
2023:
1828:
1788:
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1721:
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1666:
1595:
1573:
1551:
1135:
204:
99:
1626:(4th ed.), Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
1483:"The Philippines : As viewed by President McKinley's Special Commissioners"
1228:"The Philippines : As viewed by President McKinley's Special Commissioners"
476:
1166:
2360:
1038:
981:
which had begun armed conflict between U.S. forces and Filipino forces under
614:
512:
429:
333:
95:
1793:. Philippine Historical Association in cooperation with New Day Publishers.
1896:
1093:
1046:
919:
847:
225:
49:
1621:
1959:
1870:
1646:
1250:
1053:, expelled from the army, and sentenced to twelve years of imprisonment.
76:
72:
1170:
1029:
Arguelles said that, in his opinion, the plan would meet much approval.
1006:. When Malolos fell at the end of March, it was moved further north to
986:
721:
1489:. Vol. 7, no. 2214. Fredericksburg, VA. November 3, 1899.
1234:. Vol. 7, no. 2214. Fredericksburg, Va. November 3, 1899.
1062:
714:
75:
and make recommendations on how the U.S. should proceed after the
999:
604:
1769:
The Presidents of the Senate of the Republic of the Philippines
71:
on January 20, 1899, and tasked to study the situation in the
1830:
The Life of Admiral Dewey and the Conquest of the Philippines
1553:
Face of empire: United States-Philippine relations, 1898-1946
1061:
President as his own. McKinley instructed Secretary of State
735:
728:
80:
36:
Composition of the Schurman Commission. From left to right:
1057:
they would return in three weeks, but they did not return.
1957:
1810:"Philippine affairs; a retrospect and outlook; an address"
1037:
was replaced on May 8 by a new "peace" cabinet headed by
1825:"Agitation for Peace Ends in Renewal of Hostilities"
1594:
Sagmit, Rosario S.; Sagmit-Mendosa, Lourdes (2007).
1593:
1459:
1193:
1317:
1315:
1175:. Washington, D.C.: GPO for the Library of Congress
1618:"The First Phase of United States Rule, 1898–1935"
1527:
1502:
972:
2358:
1447:
1312:
48:(president), Mr. John R. MacArthur (secretary),
1648:The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2)
1407:
1405:
1284:
1252:The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2)
1164:
1943:
1853:
1822:
1499:Report Philippine Commission, Vol. I, p. 183.
811:
67:, was established by United States President
1402:
79:of the Philippines was ceded to the U.S. by
1812:. New York: C. Scribner's sons – via
1245:Chapter XI: The First Philippine Commission
1222:
1220:
1218:
1116:House of Representatives of the Philippines
94:and being financially independent from the
2372:History of the Congress of the Philippines
1950:
1936:
1860:
1846:
818:
804:
1685:
1525:
1438:
1423:
1393:
1378:
1363:
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1302:
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1807:
1215:
31:
1876:First Philippine Commission (1898–1900)
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1615:
1508:
14:
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1571:
1209:
1133:
1931:
1841:
1786:
1765:
1740:
1719:
1664:
1637:
1597:The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed
1556:. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
1549:
1465:
1453:
1411:
1321:
1306:
1290:
1278:
2367:Political history of the Philippines
1823:Young, L.S.; Northrop, H.D. (1899).
1022:Washington, May 6, 1899--10:20 p.m.
83:on December 10, 1898 following the
24:
2377:United States national commissions
1698:
1158:
927:Admiral of the United States Navy
25:
2388:
1790:Philippine legislature, 100 years
1748:Oriental America and Its Problems
1741:Noyes, Theodore Williams (2008).
218:Vice President of the Philippines
1869:
1668:The Philippines: A Unique Nation
1575:William McKinley and his America
1194:Sagmit & Sagmit-Mendosa 2007
778:
400:Supreme Court of the Philippines
126:
1651:, Macmillan, pp. 168–184,
1578:. Kent State University Press.
1493:
1475:
1432:
1417:
1387:
1372:
1357:
1342:
1327:
1249:Worcester, Dean Conant (1914).
973:Survey visit to the Philippines
150:Constitution of the Philippines
27:US Commission from 1899 to 1900
1808:Schurman, Jacob Gould (1902).
1530:History of the Filipino people
1526:Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990).
1296:
1272:
1238:
1203:
1187:
1140:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p.
1127:
1069:
13:
1:
1671:. All-Nations Publishing Co.
1620:, in Dolan, Ronald E. (ed.),
1572:Morgan, Howard Wayne (2003).
1519:
1165:Ronald E. Dolan, ed. (1991).
989:who had deserted Aguinaldo's
853:
109:
1643:"IX, The conduct of the war"
1623:Philippines: A Country Study
1172:Philippines: A Country Study
993:government and studying the
889:
197:President of the Philippines
104:Second Philippine Commission
7:
1958:Legislative periods of the
1743:"XXI. The Schurman Paradox"
1616:Seekins, Donald M. (1993),
1106:Congress of the Philippines
1099:
966:Philippines Affairs Expert
277:Congress of the Philippines
119:Politics of the Philippines
65:First Philippine Commission
18:First Philippine Commission
10:
2393:
1766:Paras, Corazon L. (2000).
1137:My Country and My People 6
877:
459:Constitutional commissions
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2259:Constitutional Commission
2232:
2224:Constitutional Convention
2172:
2142:
2124:
2094:
2086:Constitutional Convention
2024:2nd Philippine Commission
2014:
1996:
1966:
1892:
1882:
1111:Senate of the Philippines
940:Former Minister to China
348:Party-list representation
1986:House of Representatives
1787:Pobre, Cesar P. (2000).
1686:Worcester, D.C. (1900).
1665:Zaide, Sonia M. (1994).
1550:Golay, Frank H. (1997).
1121:
674:Administrative divisions
468:Civil Service Commission
319:House of Representatives
1720:Moser, Maynard (1982).
1534:. Garotech Publishing.
1004:San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
1002:to new headquarters in
914:Head of the Commission
504:Commission on Elections
85:Treaty of Paris of 1898
2029:Philippine Legislature
2016:U.S. insular territory
1639:Worcester, Dean Conant
1600:. Rex Bookstore, Inc.
1089:
1027:
1008:San Fernando, Pampanga
901:Administrative office
785:Philippines portal
56:
1917:Dean Conant Worcester
1751:. BiblioBazaar, LLC.
1094:bicameral legislature
1084:
1020:
848:bicameral legislature
830:On January 20, 1899,
440:Regional Trial Courts
358:Bangsamoro Parliament
249:Executive departments
92:bicameral legislature
42:Colonel Charles Denby
35:
1912:Jacob Gould Schurman
1902:Charles Harvey Denby
1886:Jacob Gould Schurman
1884:Head of Commission:
1167:"United States Rule"
995:Malolos Constitution
870:Jacob Gould Schurman
425:Court of Tax Appeals
102:, also known as the
63:, also known as the
50:Admiral George Dewey
46:Jacob Gould Schurman
38:Mr Dean C. Worcester
1907:Elwell Stephen Otis
1726:. Ayer Publishing.
486:Commission on Audit
106:on March 16, 1900.
61:Schurman Commission
1309:, pp. 49, 51.
1293:, pp. 48, 49.
953:Military Governor
840:Cornell University
836:Dr. Jacob Schurman
832:President McKinley
692:Autonomous regions
411:Alexander Gesmundo
373:Municipal councils
57:
2354:
2353:
2242:Batasang Pambansa
2134:National Assembly
2104:National Assembly
1925:
1924:
1800:978-971-92245-0-1
1779:978-971-8832-24-0
1772:. Giraffe Books.
1758:978-0-554-52946-2
1733:978-0-405-14100-3
1607:978-971-23-4154-0
1585:978-0-87338-765-1
1563:978-971-550-254-2
1541:978-971-8711-06-4
1456:, pp. 50–51.
1324:, pp. 49–50.
1151:978-971-23-2255-6
1043:Felipe Buencamino
1035:Apolinario Mabini
970:
969:
959:Dean C. Worcester
907:Jacob G. Schurman
828:
827:
761:Foreign relations
597:Political parties
378:Barangay councils
363:Provincial boards
54:General E.S. Otis
16:(Redirected from
2384:
2006:Malolos Congress
1952:
1945:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1833:. P. W. Ziegler.
1817:
1814:Internet Archive
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1155:
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991:Malolos Republic
983:Emilio Aguinaldo
979:Battle of Manila
933:Charles H. Denby
890:
820:
813:
806:
783:
782:
781:
495:Gamaliel Cordoba
445:Barangay justice
420:Court of Appeals
330:Martin Romualdez
305:Francis Escudero
256:Local government
130:
114:
113:
69:William McKinley
21:
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2387:
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2234:Fourth Republic
2228:
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2126:Second Republic
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2010:
1992:
1962:
1956:
1926:
1921:
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1801:
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1699:Further reading
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838:, president of
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791:Other countries
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205:Bongbong Marcos
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100:Taft Commission
28:
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22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2269:Fifth Republic
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2176:
2174:Third Republic
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1998:First Republic
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1850:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1820:
1818:
1805:
1799:
1784:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1738:
1732:
1717:
1700:
1697:
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1695:
1683:
1677:
1662:
1657:
1635:
1613:
1606:
1591:
1584:
1569:
1562:
1547:
1540:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1492:
1487:The Daily Star
1474:
1466:Worcester 1914
1458:
1446:
1439:Worcester 1900
1431:
1424:Worcester 1900
1416:
1401:
1394:Worcester 1900
1386:
1379:Worcester 1900
1371:
1364:Worcester 1900
1356:
1349:Worcester 1900
1341:
1334:Worcester 1900
1326:
1311:
1303:Agoncillo 1990
1295:
1283:
1281:, p. 279.
1271:
1237:
1232:The Daily Star
1214:
1202:
1186:
1157:
1150:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1071:
1068:
974:
971:
968:
967:
964:
961:
955:
954:
951:
948:
946:Elwell S. Otis
942:
941:
938:
935:
929:
928:
925:
922:
916:
915:
912:
909:
903:
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873:
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864:
863:
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826:
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823:
822:
815:
808:
800:
797:
796:
794:
793:
787:
774:
773:
769:
768:
763:
757:
756:
753:Related topics
751:
750:
747:
746:
742:
741:
740:
739:
732:
725:
711:
709:Municipalities
706:
701:
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695:
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684:
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489:
480:
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477:Karlo Nograles
472:
471:
463:
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457:
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161:
160:
158:Charter Change
154:
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145:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
123:
122:
117:
111:
108:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2389:
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2250:
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2240:
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2110:
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2032:
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2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1918:
1915:
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1703:
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1692:
1691:
1684:
1680:
1678:971-642-071-4
1674:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:1-4191-7715-X
1654:
1650:
1649:
1644:
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1609:
1603:
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1524:
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1505:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1414:, p. 50.
1413:
1408:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1354:
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1330:
1323:
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1268:
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1241:
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1219:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Pedro Paterno
1036:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
885:
882:
881:
871:
868:
867:
866:
865:
861:
858:
857:
851:
849:
843:
841:
837:
833:
821:
816:
814:
809:
807:
802:
801:
799:
798:
792:
789:
788:
786:
776:
775:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
754:
749:
748:
738:
737:
733:
731:
730:
726:
724:
723:
719:
718:
717:
716:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
675:
670:
669:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
593:
592:
585:
582:
581:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
559:
558:
551:
550:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
533:
532:
528:
523:
522:
514:
513:George Garcia
510:
509:
506:
505:
501:
500:
496:
492:
491:
488:
487:
483:
482:
478:
474:
473:
470:
469:
465:
464:
460:
455:
454:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
430:Sandiganbayan
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
412:
409:
408:Chief Justice
406:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
393:
388:
387:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
368:City councils
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
335:
331:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
303:
300:
299:
296:
295:
291:
290:
286:
285:19th Congress
283:
282:
279:
278:
274:
273:
270:
265:
264:
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
244:
240:
237:
236:
231:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
215:
214:
210:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
194:
193:
190:
185:
184:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
147:
146:
143:
138:
137:
134:
133:
129:
125:
124:
120:
116:
115:
107:
105:
101:
97:
96:United States
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2341:
2144:Commonwealth
2096:Commonwealth
1897:George Dewey
1875:
1829:
1789:
1768:
1747:
1722:
1707:
1688:
1667:
1647:
1630:December 25,
1628:, retrieved
1622:
1596:
1574:
1552:
1529:
1515:
1509:Seekins 1993
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1461:
1449:
1434:
1419:
1389:
1374:
1359:
1344:
1329:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1264:
1257:. Retrieved
1251:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1205:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1171:
1160:
1136:
1134:E. Marquez.
1129:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1059:
1055:
1051:Americanista
1050:
1047:Antonio Luna
1031:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1012:
976:
920:George Dewey
883:
859:
844:
829:
766:Human rights
734:
727:
720:
713:
630:Nacionalista
547:
511:Chairperson
502:
493:Chairperson
484:
475:Chairperson
466:
398:
317:
292:
275:
226:Sara Duterte
216:
195:
148:
103:
89:
64:
60:
58:
29:
1960:Philippines
1711:. pp.
1441:, pp.
1351:, pp.
1336:, pp.
1259:January 21,
1255:. Macmillan
1210:Morgan 2003
1070:Conclusions
584:Referendums
309:Independent
269:Legislature
171:Legal codes
77:sovereignty
73:Philippines
2361:Categories
1520:References
1468:, p.
1454:Golay 1997
1426:, p.
1412:Golay 1997
1396:, p.
1381:, p.
1366:, p.
1322:Golay 1997
1307:Golay 1997
1291:Golay 1997
1279:Zaide 1994
1196:, p.
1179:January 5,
987:Ilustrados
898:Appointed
854:Leadership
722:Poblacions
142:Government
110:Background
860:President
715:Barangays
699:Provinces
560:Barangay
527:Elections
435:Ombudsman
392:Judiciary
343:Districts
302:President
189:Executive
2277:Congress
2182:Congress
2152:Congress
1976:Congress
1641:(1914),
1100:See also
1063:John Hay
534:General
176:Taxation
2252:Regular
2247:Interim
1713:484-485
1000:Malolos
884:Members
878:Members
687:Regions
682:Capital
650:Reporma
625:Liberal
605:Akbayan
327:Speaker
239:Cabinet
1981:Senate
1797:
1776:
1755:
1730:
1675:
1655:
1604:
1582:
1560:
1538:
1148:
894:Member
736:Puroks
729:Sitios
704:Cities
610:Aksyon
294:Senate
1247:, in
1122:Notes
963:1899
950:1899
937:1899
924:1899
911:1899
615:Lakas
334:Lakas
243:lists
81:Spain
2343:20th
2337:19th
2332:18th
2327:17th
2322:16th
2317:15th
2312:14th
2307:13th
2302:12th
2297:11th
2292:10th
2079:10th
1971:List
1795:ISBN
1774:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1632:2007
1602:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1472:Ch.9
1443:9-10
1261:2008
1181:2008
1146:ISBN
1041:and
574:2023
569:2018
564:2013
549:2025
543:2022
538:2019
166:Laws
59:The
52:and
2287:9th
2282:8th
2217:7th
2212:6th
2207:5th
2202:4th
2197:3rd
2192:2nd
2187:1st
2162:2nd
2157:1st
2114:2nd
2109:1st
2074:9th
2069:8th
2064:7th
2059:6th
2054:5th
2049:4th
2044:3rd
2039:2nd
2034:1st
1690:etc
1470:199
1368:187
1353:6-7
1338:3-5
1198:197
1142:218
660:UNA
655:PDP
645:PFP
640:NUP
635:NPC
620:LDP
230:HNP
209:PFP
2363::
1827:.
1745:.
1645:,
1485:.
1404:^
1314:^
1263:.
1230:.
1217:^
1169:.
1144:.
1010:.
87:.
44:,
40:,
1951:e
1944:t
1937:v
1861:e
1854:t
1847:v
1816:.
1803:.
1782:.
1761:.
1736:.
1715:.
1681:.
1612:.
1610:.
1590:.
1588:.
1568:.
1566:.
1546:.
1544:.
1428:9
1398:8
1383:9
1212:.
1200:.
1183:.
1154:.
886::
862::
819:e
812:t
805:v
336:)
332:(
311:)
307:(
245:)
241:(
232:)
228:(
211:)
207:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
