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1386:) that was home to many of the city's poorest. Worcester ordered the burning of hundreds of houses and forced quarantine of many frightened and homeless Filipinos. Despite these draconian measures taken by Worcester and public health officials, 109,461 people died in Manila and elsewhere in the Philippines. Failure to effectively control this major outbreak and subsequent cholera outbreaks in 1905 and 1908 were major embarrassments for Worcester and drew the ire of the Philippine press often claiming that the public health measures were primarily aimed at clearing slums for the redevelopment of the valuable Manila seaport area. In response, the Insular Department of Interior, primarily under the authorship of Worcester, published a history of these cholera outbreaks with an account of the agency's attempts to control them. In the monograph, he said that he went too far by ordering the burning of the houses in the Farola district.
269:(A.B., 1889). Worcester's involvement with the Philippines began in 1887 when he joined a scientific expedition to the region as a junior member. This experience laid the groundwork for his controversial career in the early American colonial government, which commenced in 1899. He held firm beliefs in the colonial mission and vehemently opposed Philippine independence. Worcester's influence extended as he served as the Secretary of the Interior of the Philippine Islands until 1913. Afterward, he shifted his focus to business endeavors, particularly in coconut farming and processing, cattle raising, and maritime shipping lines. He died in the Philippines, leaving behind a legacy of both public service and entrepreneurial success.
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Act was passed into law and the coconut oil exports were beginning to substantially fuel the local economy in Cebu. Historians Rodney J. Sullivan and
Michael Culinane have both pointed out that this later muted response toward American businesses in Cebu was largely because some of the leading families such as the
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for the use by large-scale agribusinesses. After resignation from public service, he became more involved in the operations of the
American-Philippine Company (AMPHILCO) and its three subsidiaries in which he was an investor: the Insular Transportation Company, the Bukidnon Plantation Company and the
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in which he again used the power of his photography to depict "primitive" Filipinos juxtaposed with photos of the modern infrastructure brought by the
Americans, particularly during his own tenure as Secretary of the Interior. But the protests against Worcester subsided in late 1916 once the Jones
1597:, which was then managed by his son Frederick after his death. With Worcester's scientific approach to cattle ranching, the business became highly profitable and provided enough supply to greatly diminish cattle imports from as far away as China and Australia that had been occurring since the
1418:("Birds of Prey"), which denounced an American official for using his office to exploit the resources of the country for his personal gains. The article dealt with corruption in the colonial government. Worcester was alleged to have used his anthropological research to seek out gold in
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Bourns, Frank Swift; Dean Conant
Worcester (1894). "Preliminary Notes on the Birds and Mammals Collected by the Menage Scientific Expedition to the Philippine Islands." The Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences at Minneapolis, Minn. Occasional Papers (Harrison & Smith) 1 (1):
1494:(1914) made for a favorable economic climate for importation of Philippine products, including coconut oil, to the industrial centers of the East Coast of the United States. Beginning in 1908, in his capacity as Secretary of Interior, Worcester acquired large tracts of lands in
1363:. In this capacity he oversaw the founding of a number of agencies, including the Bureau of Agriculture, Bureau of Science, Bureau of Government Laboratories and the Bureau of Health. In 1907, he founded the Philippine Medical School and in 1908 laid the cornerstone of the
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broke out in 1898, Worcester was very quick to capitalize on his first-hand knowledge of the
Philippines by engaging in public lectures and establishing himself as a leading authority on the country with the October 1898 publication of his
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The lower court sentenced Ocampo to six months imprisonment and a fine of ₱2,000 and Kalaw to twelve months imprisonment and ₱3,000 fine and a verdict for moral and punitive damages for ₱25,000. The defendants appealed to the
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in which they collected over 300 zoological specimens, of which 53 were deemed new to science. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in zoology in 1889. Shortly thereafter in
September 1890, Worcester and fellow zoologist
1336:. Worcester was an avid photographer during his time in the Philippines and his published photographs had a profound influence in shaping public opinion in the United States about the "exotic" Filipinos.
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In 1914, Worcester also had become involved in the cattle ranching operations at the Diklum Ranch (another subsidiary of AMPHILCO), a 10,000 hectare tract of grasslands on the
Bukidnon Plateau in
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if early
Americans were presented to the British public as mostly Indian savages that were incapable of self-government. At issue according to Kalaw was that Worcester had published in 1914
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but acknowledged that he was an outstanding entrepreneur and major contributor to the three
Philippine businesses of coconut farming and processing, cattle ranching and seagoing transport.
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to Ezra Carter
Worcester (1816-1887) and Ellen Hunt (Conant) Worcester (1826–1902), the youngest of nine children. He attended public schools in Vermont. He attended high school in
1569:, but Worcester had taken what had been learned from experiments undertaken by the Bureau of Agriculture to crossbreed cattle from different parts of the world, including the
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Despite Worcester's resignation from public office, Worcester remained as a focus of Filipino animosity largely for his unfavorable depiction of Filipinos in
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into the Philippines as well. Worcester also had close relations with Dr. William Hutchins Boynton (1881–1959) the chief veterinary pathologist with the
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from India for better performance and disease resistance in a tropics. And later in the early 1920s he promoted the introduction of the newly developed
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Culinane, Michael. (1982). "The Changing Nature of the Cebu Urban Elite in the 19th Century." pp. 251–296 In: A.W. McCoy and Ed.C. deJesus (eds.),
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in which Worcester was denounced as the coconut agribusiness company manager, demanding his replacement. And in early 1916, Philippine nationalist
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that restructured the Insular Government and began a process for full Philippine independence. On 24 July 1915, a popular protest broke out in
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to make recommendations on how the U.S. should proceed after the sovereignty of the Philippines was ceded to the United States by Spain by the
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1706:. Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia No. 36, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 395pp
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titled "Mr. Worcester and the Filipinos must part forever" in which he asserted that the Cebu protests were like the protests against
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2059:. Asian Studies Association of Australia, Southeast Asian Publication Series No. 7, Ateneo de Manila University Press, Quezon City.
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American-Philippine Relations: A Guide to the Resources in the Michigan Historical Collections (Article with Dean Conant Worcester)
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254:
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Boynton, W.H. (1918). "Use of organ extracts instead of virulent blood in immunization and hyperimmunization against rinderpest".
1805:
Patrick M. Kirkwood (Fall 2014). "Michigan Men' in the Philippines and the Limits of Self-Determination in the Progressive Era".
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1486:. By 1914, this publication had become a standard reference for investors interested in coconut products, and the passage of the
1351:. He was again appointed on 16 March 1900 by McKinley as the only member from the Schurman Commission to serve on the successor
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and the Kalaws themselves were major beneficiaries of the economic development brought by Worcester and the other Americans.
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Minutes of the June 10, 1890 & July 2, 1890 Meetings of the Trustees of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, IN:
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pardoned Ocampo and Kalaw in 1914 after Worcester left public office in September 1913. Nevertheless, the fines forced
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284:(bottom row center) and his students including Worcester (top, 2nd from left) prior to their 1887 Philippine expedition
1784:"Photography and Power in the Colonial Philippines -- 2 Dean Worcester's Ethnographic Images of Filipinos (1898-1912)"
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in which he analysed the farming technology and economics of plantation culture of coconuts for production of
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and his high-profile public opposition of the 1912 and 1914 "Jones Bills" that were eventually passed by the
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and other Philippine cities was highly criticized. The epidemic was particularly severe in the district of
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Page 4 of the Year 8, Number 49 issue of the newspaper containing the infamous editorial "Aves de rapiña"
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in October 1884, and he was part of the 1887–1888 zoological expedition to the Philippines organized by
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2002:"MARTIN OCAMPO and Teodoro M. Kalaw, Plffs. in Err., v. UNITED STATES U.S. Supreme court Decision"
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257:(October 1, 1866 – May 2, 1924) was an American zoologist, public official, and authority on the
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Visayan Refining Company. Considerable American investments were being made in these companies.
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Lao, Mardonio M (1987). "The economy of the Bukidnon Plateau during the American Period".
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Worcester died on 2 May 1924 in Manila. In the reports of his death the Manila newspapers
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businessman who was the major benefactor of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences.
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In 1911, while serving as Secretary of the Interior, Worcester published a monograph
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Dean Worcester's Fantasy Islands: Photography, Film, and the Colonial Philippines
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Worcester had a keen interest in public health, but his response to a major
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1843:. Bureau of Printing, Insular Government of the Philippines, Manila. 1912.
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Governor of the Cordillera: John C. Early among the Philippine Highlanders
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returned to the Philippines on a two-year zoological expedition funded by
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1841:"Philippine General Hospital History 1900–1911. by John E. Snodgrass MD"
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Secretaries of the interior and local government of the Philippines
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Exemplar of Americanism: The Philippine Career of Dean C. Worcester
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Public service in the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
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Philippine Social History: Global Trade and Local Transformations
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2148:. Veterinary Science Department, University of California, Davis
2126:
Philippines, American Chamber of Commerce of the (August 1922).
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American Involvement in the Philippines 1880-1930: An Exhibition
1786:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Visualizing Cultures
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recognized his shortcomings as a public official and political
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1453:, which sustained the decision of the Philippine tribunals.
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His publications include, besides various academic papers:
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537:
1561:. Cattle ranching began in Bukidnon in the mid-1900s from
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On 20 January 1899, Worcester was appointed by President
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Journal of the American Chamber of Commerce, Philippines
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Dean C, Worcester Collection of Philippine Photographs
1855:
A History Of Asiatic Cholera In The Philippine Islands
1469:
2022:
1770:
Bulletin of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences
1928:"Volcanoes and love in the time of the Corona virus"
1804:
1441:and publisher Martin Ocampo, among several others.
234:Dean C. Worcester Papers at University of Michigan
1781:
1601:had reduced cattle production by as much as 90%.
1369:University of the Philippines College of Medicine
1345:Schurman Commission (First Philippine Commission)
288:Dean Conant Worcester was born 1 October 1866 in
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157:Pleasant Ridge Cemetery, North Thetford, Vermont
2029:. United States Bureau of Insular Affairs,31pp.
1585:who by 1918 had developed an early vaccine for
1355:where he served until 1913. As a member of the
1353:Taft Commission (Second Philippine Commission)
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2043:, p.163–167 The Century Company, New York.
1926:Nakpil, Lisa Guerrero (February 10, 2020).
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2128:"Cattle Industry Discussed Before Chamber"
2004:. Legal Information Institute. 24 May 1914
1853:Philippines. Dept. Of The Interior. 1909.
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1639:The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon
1422:and exploit untapped natural resources in
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40:
2448:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
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1533:wrote an editorial in the Cebu newspaper
1476:Coconut Growing in the Philippine Islands
759:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization
1730:. Cornell University Press. p. 53.
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1506:A poster advertising the passage of the
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1395:
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276:
2458:People of American colonial Philippines
2433:American expatriates in the Philippines
2336:First Philippine Commission (1898–1900)
2249:Works by or about Dean Conant Worcester
2204:The Philippine Islands and their People
2166:
2074:
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1633:The Philippine Islands and Their People
1515:The Philippine Islands and Their People
498:Historically documented states/polities
14:
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2100:
2079:Edward Weber and Kathryn Beam (1998).
2026:Coconut Growing the Philippine Islands
1958:
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1866:
1647:(two volumes, 1913; new edition, 1914)
330:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
2301:
1954:
1952:
1921:
1919:
1723:
1376:1902–04 outbreak of cholera in Manila
2211:
2069:
1959:Ocampo, Ambeth R. (August 2, 2019).
1867:Ocampo, Ambeth R. (March 25, 2020).
54:Philippine Secretary of the Interior
27:American zoologist and ornithologist
2146:"William Hutchins Boynton Obituary"
2106:
2097:
1665:"Dean Conant Worcester — Biography"
1470:Post-government and business career
1334:Philippine Islands and their People
24:
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1949:
1916:
1451:Supreme Court of the United States
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25:
2469:
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1989:"G.R. No. L-57 December 24, 1909"
1869:"When cholera and war ravaged PH"
1389:
699:Voyage of Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
412:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
2329:
2218:. University of Michigan Press.
2039:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat. (1916).
1645:The Philippines Past and Present
1583:Philippine Bureau of Agriculture
1543:The Philippines Past and Present
1447:Supreme Court of the Philippines
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2016:
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1971:from the original on 2019-08-01
1938:from the original on 2020-02-10
1890:
1879:from the original on 2020-08-03
1860:
1565:stock originally imported from
2290:New International Encyclopedia
2284:"Worcester, Dean Conant"
2240:Works by Dean Conant Worcester
2023:Dean Conant Worcester (1911).
1847:
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1827:10.5342/michhistrevi.40.2.0063
1819:10.5342/michhistrevi.40.2.0063
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1490:(1909) and the opening of the
1105:2000 campaign against the MILF
610:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
464:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery
13:
1:
2453:People from Thetford, Vermont
2398:University of Michigan alumni
2169:Philippine Journal of Science
1857:. Manila: Bureau Of Printing.
1651:
1371:and a hospital for the poor.
769:Battles of La Naval de Manila
217:Philippine Insular Government
2418:American non-fiction writers
1702:Sullivan, Rodney J. (1991).
1382:in Manila (near present-day
620:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik
7:
2201:Worcester, Dean C. (1898).
1365:Philippine General Hospital
1110:2nd People Power Revolution
1100:1997 Asian financial crisis
834:Declaration of Independence
10:
2474:
2041:The Case for the Filipinos
1807:Michigan Historical Review
839:American capture of Manila
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1904:. Manila. 26 January 1927
1667:. University of Michigan.
719:Spanish capture of Manila
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1898:"Martin Ocampo Obituary"
1557:, near the port city of
1555:Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon
1488:Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act
1179:Administrative divisions
894:American colonial period
814:Republic of Biak-na-Bato
650:Butuan Silver Paleograph
635:Batanes Ijang fortresses
578:Sultanate of Maguindanao
449:Cordillera Rice Terraces
273:Early life and education
2413:American ornithologists
1782:Christopher Capozzola.
1724:Woods, Shelton (2023).
1599:Philippine–American War
1460:Francis Burton Harrison
1433:According to historian
1410:, a daily newspaper in
1074:People Power Revolution
854:Philippine–American War
688:Spanish colonial period
2443:American photographers
1991:. The LawPhil Project.
1519:United States Congress
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1349:Treaty of Paris (1898)
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1283:Philippines portal
1259:Science and technology
876:UST Baybayin Documents
824:Treaty of Paris (1898)
402:Austronesian expansion
387:Early hominin activity
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301:University of Michigan
299:Worcester entered the
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267:University of Michigan
265:, and educated at the
213:University of Michigan
170:University of Michigan
2377:Dean Conant Worcester
2273:Dean Conant Worcester
1624:Selected publications
1505:
1404:On October 30, 1908,
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1357:Philippine Commission
1322:
1204:Cultural achievements
1028:Filipino First policy
1018:Mutual Defense Treaty
972:Philippine resistance
804:Philippine Revolution
764:Spanish–Moro conflict
754:Revolts and uprisings
640:Golden Tara of Agusan
362:
294:Newton, Massachusetts
280:
251:Dean Conant Worcester
34:Dean Conant Worcester
2372:Jacob Gould Schurman
2362:Charles Harvey Denby
2346:Jacob Gould Schurman
2344:Head of Commission:
1736:10.7591/j.ctv2v88fsg
1329:Spanish–American War
1264:World Heritage Sites
1130:Territorial disputes
1033:North Borneo dispute
1023:Hukbalahap Rebellion
987:Philippines campaign
982:Battle of Leyte Gulf
962:Battle of Corregidor
937:Tydings–McDuffie Act
829:Battle of Manila Bay
819:Spanish–American War
427:Precolonial barangay
88:Severino de las Alas
2408:American zoologists
2367:Elwell Stephen Otis
2212:Rice, Mark (2014).
1343:as a member of the
1125:Philippine drug war
1087:Contemporary period
1054:Communist rebellion
952:Japanese occupation
917:Military Government
871:Doctrina Christiana
779:Propaganda Movement
734:Spanish East Indies
724:Battle of Bangkusay
670:Magellan expedition
588:Sultanates of Lanao
583:Sultanate of Buayan
77:William Howard Taft
2403:American diplomats
2109:Philippine Studies
1511:
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1361:Insular Government
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927:Insular Government
912:Zamboanga Republic
809:Tejeros Convention
799:Cry of Pugad Lawin
784:1872 Cavite mutiny
492:Precolonial period
432:Maritime Silk Road
407:Angono Petroglyphs
379:Prehistoric period
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310:Frank Swift Bourns
305:Joseph Beal Steere
286:
148:Philippine Islands
99:Winfred T. Denison
2385:
2384:
2244:Project Gutenberg
2225:978-0-472-05218-9
1961:"'Birds of Prey'"
1745:978-1-5017-6995-5
1523:Jones Act of 1916
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1316:
1164:Ancient religions
1145:COVID-19 pandemic
1000:Post-independence
739:Captaincy General
615:Butuan Ivory Seal
593:Sultanate of Sulu
474:Prehistoric beads
290:Thetford, Vermont
263:Thetford, Vermont
261:. He was born at
248:
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177:Scientific career
127:Thetford, Vermont
18:Dean C. Worcester
16:(Redirected from
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2268:Newberry Library
2260:by Thomas Powers
2253:Internet Archive
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1457:Governor-General
1416:"Aves de Rapiña"
1341:William McKinley
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1013:Treaty of Manila
957:Battle of Bataan
902:Tagalog Republic
844:Malolos Congress
789:La Liga Filipina
774:British invasion
744:Tondo Conspiracy
714:Blockade of Cebu
675:Battle of Mactan
599:Events/Artifacts
502:(north to south)
438:Events/Artifacts
422:Sa Huỳnh culture
352:
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1531:Maximo M. Kalaw
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1464:El Renacimiento
1407:El Renacimiento
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392:Homo luzonensis
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2134:. p. 17.
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154:Resting place
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38:
31:
19:
2376:
2357:George Dewey
2288:
2277:Find a Grave
2214:
2203:
2186:Manila Times
2185:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2140:
2131:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2081:
2056:
2051:
2040:
2035:
2025:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
1996:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1964:
1940:. Retrieved
1931:
1906:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1881:. Retrieved
1872:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1835:
1813:(2): 63–86.
1810:
1806:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1777:
1769:
1764:
1754:
1726:
1719:
1703:
1659:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1613:Manila Times
1611:
1605:
1603:
1552:
1542:
1535:El Precursor
1534:
1514:
1512:
1492:Panama Canal
1475:
1473:
1463:
1455:
1443:
1432:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1390:
1373:
1338:
1333:
1326:
947:World War II
942:Commonwealth
859:
858:
693:
660:Barter rings
598:
597:
501:
500:
497:
459:Kalanay Cave
437:
436:
417:Jade culture
316:, a wealthy
298:
287:
250:
249:
209:Institutions
176:
139:(1924-05-02)
94:Succeeded by
72:Appointed by
61:
2428:1924 deaths
2423:1866 births
2207:. New York.
2188:4 May 1924.
2045:web version
1772:, Volume 3.
1579:South Texas
1577:breed from
1384:San Nicolas
1189:Archaeology
1184:Agriculture
1064:Martial law
1048:(1965–1986)
1002:(1946–1965)
896:(1898–1946)
881:Velarde map
866:Boxer Codex
690:(1565–1898)
479:Shell tools
454:Grave goods
349:History of
318:Minneapolis
259:Philippines
200:Businessman
137:May 2, 1924
84:Preceded by
2392:Categories
2065:9710200062
1975:2020-05-27
1942:2020-05-27
1883:2020-05-27
1712:0891480609
1652:References
1618:polemicist
1587:rinderpest
1539:George III
1140:Bangsamoro
1046:Marcos era
977:Hukbalahap
655:Piloncitos
494:(900–1565)
120:1866-10-01
1607:El Debate
1563:shorthorn
1508:Jones Law
1327:When the
1234:Languages
1224:Geography
1214:Education
1199:Conflicts
932:Jones Law
860:Artifacts
794:Katipunan
729:New Spain
397:Tabon Man
381:(pre-900)
253:, D.Sc.,
66:1901–1913
62:In office
2152:21 March
2008:28 March
1969:Archived
1965:Inquirer
1936:Archived
1932:Philstar
1908:23 March
1877:Archived
1873:Inquirer
1790:21 March
1595:Valencia
1496:Bukidnon
1428:Mindanao
1254:Politics
1244:Military
1239:Medicine
1157:By topic
1115:EDSA III
630:Baybayin
605:Maragtas
573:Sanmalan
553:Madja-as
508:Caboloan
444:Balangay
370:Timeline
340:a series
338:Part of
2293:. 1905.
2251:at the
1548:Osmeñas
1521:as the
1424:Mindoro
1420:Benguet
1412:Spanish
1219:Economy
704:Sandugo
665:Luzones
558:Dapitan
528:Maynila
523:Namayan
190:Zoology
2222:
2063:
1825:
1759:10–11.
1742:
1710:
1641:(1906)
1635:(1898)
1380:Farola
1169:Rulers
694:Events
568:Butuan
548:Sandao
543:Pulilu
533:Ibalon
513:Cainta
342:on the
183:Fields
144:Manila
129:, U.S.
1823:JSTOR
1610:and
1567:Texas
1480:copra
1249:Names
518:Tondo
227:Notes
2220:ISBN
2154:2015
2061:ISBN
2010:2015
1910:2015
1792:2015
1740:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1571:zebu
1527:Cebu
1482:and
1426:and
563:Cebu
538:Ma-i
255:FRGS
134:Died
114:Born
2275:at
2266:at
2242:at
2087:hdl
1815:doi
1732:doi
1484:oil
2394::
2287:.
2173:13
2171:.
2130:.
2113:35
2111:.
2099:^
2071:^
1967:.
1963:.
1951:^
1934:.
1930:.
1918:^
1900:.
1875:.
1871:.
1821:.
1811:40
1809:.
1738:.
1673:^
1593:,
296:.
215:,
146:,
2321:e
2314:t
2307:v
2228:.
2156:.
2093:.
2089::
2012:.
1978:.
1945:.
1912:.
1886:.
1829:.
1817::
1794:.
1748:.
1734::
1714:.
1308:e
1301:t
1294:v
122:)
118:(
20:)
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