First Italian War of Independence

1280: 1475: 386: 332: 268: 1574: 2719: 166: 2387: 3546: 6464: 3168: 196: 2654: 2882: 2797: 254: 176: 2862: 2769: 226: 1756: 2571: 2481: 3831: 2815: 2140: 1820: 2806: 3691: 3112: 353: 308: 299: 290: 141: 1388: 2853: 2751: 3373: 52: 2411: 3241: 2560: 3385: 848: 3742: 1911: 376: 320: 243: 3483:, 4 km north of Novara, the Duke of Savoy, who had become King Victor Emmanuel II met with Radetzky and agreed to the armistice. The Austrians forced him to agree that a force of 20,000 men would remain in Lomellina and that Alessandria would be occupied by them until the conclusion of a final peace, although they allowed a Piedmontese garrison to remain as well. The Armistice of Vignale was followed by the Peace of Milan on 6 August 1849, in which Piedmont-Sardinia was forced to pay an indemnity of 65 million francs to Austria. 2779: 2873: 2788: 2844: 2735: 186: 3616:. On account of the strong resistance that they encountered, the Austrians stopped the attack and called in reinforcements. When these arrived on 14 May, the besieging force totaled 20,000 men with plenty of artillery, that began an intense bombardment which continued for 48 hours. On the morning of 16 May, an envoy sent by General Wimpffen was rebuffed by the people and the bombardment continued until the Bolognese surrendered at 2pm and the city was occupied. On 8 August, the Austrians executed 3846: 2358: 2027: 2087: 3276:. As the Austrian 1st Corps approached Sforzesca it faced two attacks from Bes' troops. Despite the arrival of enemy reinforcements and clogged streets which impeded the movement of the Piedmontese forces, Bes attacked a third time around 6 km from Sforzesca, but his attack was rebuffed. At nightfall he ordered his troops to fall back to the villa. On the road from Gambolò to Vigevano, the Austrians also attacked and were forcefully rebuffed and counterattacked. 3009:. Although the element of surprise was lost, Mazzini decided to invade anyway and three columns containing a total of 850 men descended from Switzerland into the Val d'Intelvi, heading for Lake Como and for Luino. At Como, Mazzini's men were not welcomed by the population and a conflict with the military commanders of the expedition probably caused its failure. Between the end of October and the middle of November, the Austrians regained control of the territory. 2074:

sustained counterattack of the Piedmontese second line and also came under artillery fire. Fresh Austrian forces were sent in support but were insufficient. Then Radetzky, who had lost contact with his 2nd Corps, ordered his troops to withdraw. Two Piedmontese cavalry charges helped make the Austrian withdrawal more like a retreat. The battle was over by 7pm. The Italians had suffered 43 dead and 253 wounded, the Austrians 68 dead, 331 wounded, and 223 fled.

1396: 8513: 2148: 1965:. The rest of the men were in reserve positions. The attack was launched by the Austrians at Curtatone around 10:30. Initially rebuffed, the attack was renewed with artillery fire, and then rebuffed again. At Montanara, there was fierce fighting and the front line of the defenders was not broken until around 2pm. After 2pm, the attack was renewed at Curtatone too; the defenders remained firm in the centre but collapsed at the sides and after 4pm, general 3396: 3448: 968: 2441:, the defensive line was collapsing. In the zone of the 1st Division, in fact, the commandant Sommariva decided to abandon the right bank of the river, as a result of the impossibility of stationing artillery in the marshy land, a misunderstanding of the enemy's intentions and an overestimation of his own forces. Thus the Austrians were able to cross. Sommariva, who had already been responsible for the disengagement on 27 July, pulled back to 2470: 2248: 3183: 1320: 1299:, a man whose past experience had earned him exceptional autonomy from the Viennese bureaucracy. He had organised the army in Italy according to his own ideas, including the idea that army training was necessary even in times of peace – a theory that few followed in this period. The result was that when the war broke out his soldiers were ready and, in particular, were familiar with the territory in which they would need to fight. 2314: 3360:(southeast of Novara), the 2nd Division under Bes in the centre, and the 1st Division under Durando at right (south of Novara), with the 4th Division under the Duke of Genoa behind the 3rd Division and the reserve division under the Duke of Savoy behind the 1st Division. The whole Piedmontese force contained 45,000 infantry, 2,500 cavalry and 109 cannons. Two and a half divisions remained, uselessly, on the other side of the Po. 2893: 2826: 1100: 361: 151: 2761: 8502: 3930: 3297: 1112: 6352: 3633: 216: 206: 1704: 2303: 1747:

reinforcements and began to turn about from Feltre towards Cornuda. There were now 6,000 Austrian troops facing 2,000 very tired Papal soldiers, who were in danger of being surrounded. At 5pm, after the battle had been going on for 12 hours without any reinforcements from Durando, Ferrari decided to order the troops to withdraw. The retreat was disordered and continued all the way to Treviso.

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other troops and attempted to reach the reserve division by moving through the villages to the south of the settlement. Here his soldiers were stopped by von Benedek and most of them (2,000 men) were captured. La Marmora and a few other men who were at the head of the column managed to escape the enemy and rejoined the forces of the reserve division, which was already retreating towards

2279:. The 1st and 2nd Corps led the advance and encountered a tenacious but doomed resistance. By noon, the Austrians had gained the strongpoints that the Italians had been holding for the last three months or so. Thus, in the afternoon of 23 July, the 2nd Army Corps of de Sonnaz was all in retreat. In the evening almost all of them gathered at Cavalcaselle, a little east of Peschiera. 2399:, was sent to the Austrian camp. Eusebio Bava, however, gave orders to the troops to deploy to the north of Goito, but not all of them obeyed. Following the recent defeat, there were many instances of indiscipline and demoralisation. The general Claudio Seyssel d'Aix di Sommariva, a commandant of the 1st Division at Custoza, ignored the orders, disengaged and set off with the 3408:

the early afternoon, an attack by Archduke Albrecht's division was followed by a counterattack of the Piedmontese 3rd Division which was turned back in turn. At Bicocca, the Piedmontese attacked again and the Austrians were forced to pull back to the farmhouse of the Cavallotta (3 km southeast of the centre of Novara). At 2 pm there was a break in the fighting.

3092:. At the same time, various commanders from the first campaign were dismissed: Ettore de Sonnaz, Eusebio Bava (who had published an account of the king's interventions in the decision making process of the high command), and Carlo Salasco. A number of different men served as Minister of War during the months of the armistice, one after another: Dabormida, 3232:. In contravention of his orders, Ramorino retreated with all his troops to the right bank of the Po and not to the north. As a result, his division was isolated. Because of this decision, which substantially weakened the position of the Piedmontese army, Ramorino was convicted by a court martial at Turin after the defeat and was executed on 22 May 1849. 2224:(southeast of Mantua, at the confluence of the Mincio and the Po) on 16 July, leaving five companies there and then withdrawing to the Quadrilateral. Eusebio Bava, who had been left with a brigade to counter any further Austrian raids, decided to attack Governolo. On 18 July, he initiated a lively fire of fusiliers and artillery from the Mincio, when a 1566: 999:) which formed the defensive nucleus of the Habsburg army in Lombardy–Venetia. To the east, west, and south of the Quadrilateral, forces of volunteers from the Italian states began to gather in order to fight against the Austrians. The Austrian forces were only able to maintain links to the motherland via a corridor to the north, running through the 3420:

the Austrian 3rd Corps attacked and, after an initial success, it was forced to pull back. Chrzanowski then attempted a counterattack with the 2nd Division supported by the 1st Division, but had to abandon it because of the threat from the Austrian 4th Corps, which had been recalled from its advance on Vercelli and was now moving in from the west.

1452:. Meanwhile, on 26 April, half the Piedmontese army crossed the Mincio. Two days later, another two divisions crossed and the whole army was deployed in an arc to blockade Peschiera, which the Piedmontese began to besiege on 27 April, and to simultaneously threaten Verona. The disposition also threatened the Austrian army, arrayed along the 3818:(he had sworn to maintain a truce until 4 June). After they took Villa Pamphili, the French deployed their artillery and began to bombard Rome. Fighting continued until 1 July and the day after that, the Roman Republic surrendered. Pius IX returned to Rome on 12 April 1850 and cancelled the constitution that he had conceded in March 1849. 1802:, which now contained 11,000 men in addition to the National Guard and the citizens. The battle took place between the night of 23 May and the morning of 24 May. The Austrians attacked the city from the west but were blocked by flooding caused by the defenders who resisted and counter-attacked tenaciously. An Austrian force sent via the 2620:, he encountered a column of around 450–500 Austrians, who fled, leaving 2 dead and 14 wounded on the field. Another 37 were taken prisoner. This was the first real military action of Garibaldi in Italy and his first victory. However, Radetzky sent another force against him, which fought two brief engagements with Garibaldi at 1303:

were also 35 squadrons of cavalry and 100 pieces of artillery. Given that the average force of the Austrian battalions was around 1,000 men, Radetzky had a total of around 50,000 men at the start of the war. He further ordered that a reserve force of 20,000 soldiers be gathered in a hurry under the command of

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modified by Franzini, for an "armed reconnaissance" in the direction of Verona in order to provoke a battle in the open. The 1st Army, the reserve division and the 3rd Division of the 2nd Army (i.e. 4/5 of the whole Piedmontese army) were to take part in the attack, whose principal target was the village of

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Garibaldi left Rome with a small group of volunteers a little before the capture of the city in a vain attempt to reach Venice. Although pursued by the Austrians, he managed to reach Piedmontese territory, where he was expelled on 16 September 1849. He thus began his second exile, which would see him

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The repercussions of the defeat at Novara reverberated throughout the whole of Italy. In Tuscany, the restoration took place spontaneously, when the moderate party recalled Grand Duke Leopold II. This did not prevent the Austrian 2nd Corps under D'Aspre from entering Tuscan territory and imposing the

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Just as the Duke of Genoa was forcing the Austrian 2nd Corps to retreat, Chrzanowski ordered him to turn around, also instructing the 2nd Division under Bes to maintain a defensive attitude. This allowed the Austrian troops to reorganise. After an hour of quiet, the battle resumed at 4 pm. This time,

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The advance of the Austrian troops of the 2nd Corps was spotted at around 11 am from the bell tower of the village of Bicocca, around 2 km southeast of the centre of Novara. The morning was cold and wet. Konstantin d'Aspre immediately attacked with his men, but withdrew with heavy casualties. In

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In Venice, the only city in Lombardy–Venetia which remained in the hands of the insurgents, the parliament had decided to accept annexation by the Kingdom of Sardinia on 5 July 1848. On 7 August, three Savoyard commissioners were appointed to administer the city, but when the Armistice of Salasco was

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Simultaneously, in Naples, Ferdinand II decided, as a result of riots in the capital on 15 May, to withdraw from the war – before his troops had even encountered the enemy. This decision arose from political considerations (such as the failure to form an Italian League), the departure of Pope Pius IX

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It seemed to the Piedmontese that they could pretty easily defeat the Austrian forces in front of Verona, ignoring or underestimating the fact that the villages had been skillfully and systematically fortified by the Austrians. At Charles Albert's request, General Bava prepared a plan, which was then

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Before the insurrections at Milan and Venice, Radetzky had 70,000 men in two armies: the 1st in Lombardy and the 2nd in Venetia, containing a total of 61 battalions of infantry. After the revolt, as a result of casualties, surrenders, and desertions, this was reduced to 41 effective battalions. There

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The Piedmontese army, which had abandoned the groupings by Corps in advance of the resumption of hostilities, consisted of the five original divisions (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and reserves), as well as three new divisions: the 5th Division (the Lombards), the 6th Division (led by Alfonso La Marmora) and

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The population of Milan, however, expressed its strong opposition to this turn of events and called for the defense of the city to the death. At Palazzo Greppi, Charles Albert found himself besieged by a mob calling for the continued defense of the city. He appeared on the balcony for the first time

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With the left and right wings of the Piedmontese formation in retreat, the centre came under renewed attack at 6:30 pm and was forced to withdraw to Custoza. At 7:30 pm, after a final Austrian assault, it withdrew towards the Po river. Thus ended the Battle of Custoza on 25 July 1848, with 212 dead,

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The armies facing each other along the long front line on 20 July 1848 were nearly equal in size: 75,000 men on the Italian side, 76,000 on the Austrian side. The front line of the Piedmontese army was divided into two groups: one near Mantua and one near the Adige, facing Verona, where the Austrian

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Radetzky attacked with the 1st Corps, intending to occupy the hilly area to the south of the city. At dawn on 10 June, the Austrian vanguard encountered the advance forces of the Italians. To the east of the city, the 2nd Austrian Corps met strong resistance, but the crux of the battle turned out to

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After the Battle of Cornuda, the situation in Veneto was very grave for the Italians. However, Josef Radetzky insisted that Nugent immediately bring his forces to Verona in order to join up with his army. But on 17 May, the aggravation of an old wound forced Nugent to hand command of his forces over

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from the reserve division arrive to assist. With this, he was able to flank the village. Parts of the Brigade "Re" and the 2nd Division of the 1st Army began to arrive between 12 and 1:30 pm, at which point Bava launched an assault, which was focused on the cemetery of Santa Lucia, doggedly defended

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The Papal troops and their commander, Giovanni Durando, ignored the wishes of the Pope and continued the campaign, but the impact of Pius' action was considerable. Report of the speech reached the Piedmontese general staff on 2 May, producing great concern. Charles Albert was most affected of all by

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Alessandro La Marmora, Chrzanowski's chief of staff, who had coordinated the action of the two divisions opposing the Austrian 2nd Corps, only now realised that Mortara had been occupied and that the troops that he was commanding had been cut off. He led a column made up of the Brigade "Regina" and

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At 7pm, the retreat of the Piedmontese army within the walls of Milan was practically over. It had suffered 42 dead, 228 wounded and 142 captured in the day's fighting. The Austrians had lost 40 dead, 198 wounded, and 73 fled. A little after 8pm, Charles Albert called a council of war which decided

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East of the Mincio (on the left bank), Bava's forces were now split on the Valeggio-Sommacapagna line (southwest-northeast). Between 11am and 12:30pm, the Duke of Genoa at Sommacampagna (the right-wing) rebuffed three Austrian assaults, but at 1:30pm, after another attack by the 2nd Austrian Corps,

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In the afternoon of 24 July, the Austrians occupied the crossings over the Mincio at Salionze, Monzambano, and Veleggio. Simultaneously, at 4:30pm, Piedmontese forces under Bava returned to the left bank of the Mincio from Mantua and attacked the left flank of the Austrian advance force. The battle

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After sending the reserves into the battle, with almost no success, Durando decided that the battle was lost and made a proclamation at 7pm, declaring that it was necessary to surrender, despite the opposition of many of the citizens. The Austrians started negotiations, allowing the ex-Papal troops

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Radetzky's grand strategic manoeuvre had failed. He had only managed to bring 14 battalions into contact with the enemy, keeping the cavalry inactive. Further, at the moment of the final Piedmontese counterattack, Charles Albert had received news that the fortress of Peschiera had been taken, and a

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In Romagna, the decision was not easy for the various Bourbon officials. The case of colonel Carlo Francesco Lahalle was particularly dramatic – split between his duty to his king and his ideals, he committed suicide. In this context, a small portion of the Neapolitan forces under the leadership of

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hill, the last natural obstacle between the enemy and the plain. On the morning of 9 May, the battle began anew: 2,000 Austrians with 6 cannons attacked the Papal troops, who had not yet received any reinforcements from Ferrari or Durando. The latter hesitated for some time before sending a note at

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In a few hours, the rebels had overcome the Piedmontese garrison, but Alfonso La Marmora advanced with the 6th Division from Parma which had been recalled to suppress the riot. The rebels quickly surrendered. Nevertheless, to quash any thought of independence, La Marmora ordered the bombardment of

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The result of the Battle of Sforzesca was unclear. The Piedmontese had suffered 21 dead, 94 wounded and around a hundred desertions; the Austrians suffered 25 dead, 180 wounded and 120 desertions. From a tactical point of view, the Piedmontese had prevented the Austrians from marching on Vigevano,

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who were tied up at Venice and the troops in garrisons (at Piacenza, these consisted of a whole brigade). With respect to the commanders, Radetzky had preferred wherever possible to keep the same people in the same positions as in 1848. Eugen Wratislaw von Mitrowitz was in charge of the 1st Corps,

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spontaneously elected Ferdinand of Savoy, Duke of Genoa, as their new king. He decided that he had to refuse the offer, given the serious military situation in Savoy at the time. The refusal of the Duke of Genoa led to serious weakening of the Sicilian government, even as a military force departed

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Having been beaten at Custoza, at 10pm on 25 July 1848, Charles Albert sent orders to Bava for a general retreat to Goito. An hour and a half later, he sent an order to De Sonnaz to hold firm at Volta and hold the enemy at the Mincio. De Sonnaz had probably already decided to abandon Volta at this

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to withdraw south of the Po, so long as they stayed out of the fighting for three months. The next day, 11 June, around 9,000 defenders departed from Vicenza. The Italian casualties amounted to 293 dead and 1,665 wounded, while on the Austrian side 141 were dead, 541 wounded, and 140 had deserted.

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On the other side, the Piedmontese scouts did not report a rapid advance of the enemy and Bava, who was in command of the 1st Corps, which was the most exposed to an attack from the south, decided to concentrate his forces near Goito. At 3pm on 30 May he had stationed 21 battalions of infantry, 23

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While Charles Albert was fighting in the Quadrilateral, another conflict took place in parallel in Veneto, which remained completely separate from the Piedmontese campaign. The government of the Republic of San Marco barely managed to keep the various local committees co-ordinated. Searching for a

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had failed. The news led Charles Albert to order a retreat. Simultaneously, an energetic Austrian counter-offensive was launched, in which Radetzky's men made it to Santa Lucia, which they found abandoned by the Piedmontese. At 6 pm the battle was over. The Austrians had rebuffed the enemy attack,

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on the west bank of the Adige. On 30 April, the 2nd Army under De Sonnaz advanced to eliminate the enemy bridgehead (14,000 Piedmontese against 8,000 Austrians). For three hours, from 11 am until 2 pm, the advance was slow and difficult. Charles Albert, growing impatient, pushed forward with three

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advanced against Bologna first with two precious advantages compared to the earlier attack by Welden in July–August 1848: the Austrians no longer came as invaders, but "in the name of the Pope King" and he had 7,000 soldiers and 13 cannons with steady reinforcements available from the moment that

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Reinforcements reached d'Aspre from the rear of his 2nd Corps and he attacked twice with these, bringing his troops almost all the way to Bicocca. Ettore Perrone di San Martino then attempted another counterattack, managing to stop the enemy advance, but suffering a fatal wound to the head in the

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The Austrian forces consisted of the 2nd Corps under d'Aspre, the 3rd Corps under Appel, and the reserve Corps under Wocher. The 4th Corps under Thurn, which was advancing on Vercelli with the 1st Corps under Wratislaw, was partially involved too. Radetzky's five Corps contained a total of 70,000

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This marked the end of the Battle of Mortara. The Austrians had committed 13,000 men, the Piedmontese around 7,000. The former had suffered 118 dead or wounded and the latter 121, but whereas 71 Austrians had fled, the Piedmontese had lost around 2,000 fled or captured. The most serious aspect of

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were released from battle array. Around 4:30 pm, the vanguard of the Austrian 2nd Corps made contact with the enemy. At 6 pm, although it was late in the day, General d'Aspre ordered an attack on the Piedmontese which immediately met with success in the centre. On either side of the centre of the

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At this point, the defensive line on the Adda was lost and against the wishes of almost all his generals, Charles Albert wanted to concentrate his whole army in Milan, so as not to lose the dynastic advantages that he had acquired there. The provisional government of Milan had actually voted in a

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Meanwhile, Charles Albert abandoned the blockade of Mantua and sent a brigade to Volta, which led the Piedmontese assault on 27 July, which failed in the face of a massive Austrian counterattack. The pressure was so great that de Sonnaz already ordered them to retreat at 6am. They had withdrawn a

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After the battle of Goito and the surrender of Peschiera, Radetzky did not retreat to Verona. Instead, on 5 June 1848, he moved on Vicenza. The forces employed for the attack were the 1st and 2nd Corps and two brigades of the 3rd Corps (the former reserve Corps). Radetzky advanced from the south,

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On 25 May 1848 at Verona, Thurn's forces reached Radetzky's forces and the reunited army left the city two days later. The plan was to outflank the Piedmontese army from the south, raise the siege of Pescheria, and obtain a decisive victory. Charles Albert's army was marshalled against him, along

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Having reached the Adige, the Piedmontese were stopped by Radetzky, who had responded to the enemy advance with an attack on the centre of the Piedmontese formation. The attack was easily parried but succeeded in diverting Charles Albert from attempting to cross the Adige. The Battle of Pastrengo

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12 July the Austrians launched hot air balloons with bombs attached to them from a frigate in the Venetian lagoon, but the wind blew in such a way that none of them hit the city. Artillery bombardment of Venice began on 28 July. The defenders were short of food and on 1 August, the Lombard Major

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That evening, at Novara, the soldiers, who were exhausted, disheartened, and starving as a result of chronic provisioning failures, caused numerous serious disturbances. During the night and the following morning, the soldiers were joined by locals and the situation degenerated into violence and

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came to protect Charles Albert who now left Milan in a carriage, protected by soldiers. That night, the whole army began their retreat, followed by a crowd of exiles, which consisted of around a third of Milan's population. On 6 August, the army crossed the Ticino and that same day the Austrians

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At 9pm, a general retreat towards the Oglio began and at 12 on 28 July, the Piedmontese army collected itself beyond the river. Bava realised that the Oglio was not a viable defensive position and after ten hours of break he continued the march to the west. The Austrians followed the Piedmontese

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However, Radetzky foresaw the Piedmontese action, turned around at Valeggio and attacked the Piedmontese for the northwest at Custoza and Sommacampagna. The 20,000 Italians on the spot were met by 40,000 Austrians. Radetzky was, therefore, able to split the forces of Charles Albert and defeat de

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Half an hour later, the 1st Austrian Corps began its attack on the 1st Piedmontese Corps. The right-wing of the Austrians, next to the River Mincio, advanced very quickly and was targeted by the Italian artillery. The centre overwhelmed the Piedmontese front line but was not able to overcome the

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While Nugent further reinforced his soldiers, Ferrari sent a battalion to his men from Montebelluna and ordered 50 dragoons to charge the Austrians in order to buy some time. They were nearly all killed, but they managed to stall the Austrian advance. Subsequently, the Austrians received further

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The Austrians then marched on Ancona, which had joined the Roman Republic and had promised Garibaldi that it would provide concrete aid in the defence of the Republic. The Austrians encountered fierce resistance. The siege began on 25 May 1849. A total of around 5,000 Italians from the whole of

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The Tuscans and Neapolitans had suffered 166 dead, 518 wounded, and 1,178 captured. The Austrians had suffered 95 dead, 516 wounded and 178 deserters. Despite being defeated, the battle had given the Piedmontese command time to bring in reinforcements to the south and to prepare for the planned

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On 23 March, one day after the end of the Five Days of Milan, King Charles Albert of Sardinia declared war on Austria. He was probably spurred to this by the desire to avoid a revolution in his own country, which was itself a liberal monarchy, and by the hope that he could use the rebellions in

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Meanwhile, at Bicocca, the final, decisive Austrian attack was launched, while to the west the 4th Corps began to attack the Piedmontese forces in that area (portions of the 1st Division and of the reserves). Around 6 pm, the whole Piedmontese line was in crisis and allowed the enemy to occupy

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to abandon the defense of the city because of the absence of munitions, food and cash. At 6am on 5 August, they were notified that Radetzky had accepted the requests of the Piedmontese: Milan would be ceded and in return Charles Albert's army would be allowed to retreat peacefully to Piedmont.

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and Montanara – the weak point in the Piedmontese lines. At this location, there were 5,400 troops, including Tuscan and Neapolitans, made up of volunteers and members of the 2nd battalion of the 10th Regiment "Abruzzo", who had not yet received the news of Ferdinand's withdrawal from the war.

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The Austrian army which continued its advance towards Vercelli and Novara on 23 March 1849 now had a notable numerical advantage: 5 Austrian Corps faced 5 Piedmontese divisions. The latter, which had all regrouped to protect Novara were arranged with the 3rd Division under Perrone to the left

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Charles Albert then ordered de Sonnaz, who had been asked not to intervene until 6pm, to come from Goito with part of his force, leaving the rest at Volta Mantovana with orders not to abandon their station except in extreme emergency situations. But de Sonnaz, discouraged by the events of the

1950:(15 km southeast of Mantua on the Mincio) to face the Parmans and Modenese. Another two columns attacked the nearby settlements of Curtatone and Montanara, and a fourth column attacked the nearby village of San Silvestro in order to outflank the Tuscans and Neapolitans from the south. 3227:

led his division over the Gravellone (a tributary of the Ticino outside Pavia), opening the crossing for the whole Austrian army. At La Cava Radetzky's troops had an overwhelming numerical advantage over the Piedmontese, who nevertheless resisted for 6 hours under the tenacious Major

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At 4pm, near Valeggio (the Piedmontese left-wing) further assaults of the Austrian 1st Corps took place. The battle revived in the centre as well as on the Piedmontese right-wing, the Duke of Genoa was in danger of being outflanked, so at 5:30 pm, he ordered a retreat to Villafranca.

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carried out a raid on the mainland to get flour and livestock. But another raid carried out a few days later had to be abandoned without any success. Meanwhile, the news of events elsewhere in Italy had sapped the morale of the defenders, who were also suffering from an outbreak of

3729:, the port of the capital, where there was some fighting between 8 May and 10 May. News then arrived that the king had granted an amnesty and on 15 May 1849, the Bourbon troops entered Palermo, while the 43 Sicilian leaders, who were excluded from the armistice, fled into exile in 3918:. By 22 August, the city had been reduced to extremes: 2,788 Venetians had died of cholera. Manin was therefore forced to agree to surrender. Two days later, the Austrians entered Venice. With the end of the Siege of Venice, the last holdout of the Italian cause was defeated. 1250:

However, the anti-Austrian coalition could rely on other forces. There were Lombard volunteers (4,500 men), Neapolitan volunteers (1,600 men), and Venetian volunteers from the Republic of San Marco. The last group consisted of around 9,000 men, organised as regular units by

3316:(1st Division) to retreat south to Mortara to reorganise itself. Von Benedeck managed to occupy the settlement and to hold it against an attack of the Brigade "Aosta" (1st Division). In the darkness, a new Austrian attack forced the defenders to abandon the bridge over the 1227:, who promised to send a Corps of 25,000 men. This contingent did not leave on time and when it was sent in March it contained around 11,000 men. King Ferdinand II was politically very far from the Piedmontese liberal ideology and his highest priority was the reconquest of 2173:

On learning of the Austrian attack on Vicenza on 8 June, Charles Albert held a council of war. Franzini wanted to take advantage of the situation to make an immediate assault on Verona, but the council decided instead to attack Peschiera from the northeast and to occupy

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An Austrian army of 30,000 men and 124 cannons advanced on Vicenza in a crescent formation stretching from the south to the east. The distant commanders of the Piedmontese army did not take any action, confident that the city would be able to resist for several days.

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the provisional reserve division. On paper, Charles Albert's army contained 150,000 men, but when the men who were sick or on leave are discounted, that number was reduced to 115,000, of which only 62,000 were front line troops. At the last moment, moreover, General

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couple of kilometres when the Austrian cavalry attempted to disrupt their retreat. In response, the Piedmontese cavalry made a number of charges which effectively rebuffed the Austrians. At 10 am, de Sonnaz's troops arrived in Goito. The Battle of Custoza was over.

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The Battle of Novara was the last and bloodiest battle of the First Italian War of Independence. On the Piedmontese side there were 578 dead, 1,405 wounded and 409 fled or captured. On the Austrian side, 410 were dead, 1,850 wounded, and 963 were captured or fled.

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Around 11 am, the vanguard of the 1st Austrian Corps, which was advancing along the right bank of the Ticino in order to protect the bulk of the Austrian army which was heading for Mortara, encountered a unit of the Piedmontese 2nd Division on reconnaissance near

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over the Austrians. Radetzky's men withdrew, allowing the Piedmontese to reach their objective. The occupation of Rivoli strengthened the left-wing of the Piedmontese formation, but was a bad move for the war effort as a whole since it left them over-extended.

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and consisted of two campaigns. In both campaigns, the Kingdom of Sardinia attacked the Austrian Empire and after initial victories, Sardinia was decisively defeated and so lost the war. The decisive events of the first and second campaigns were the Battles of

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After Rivoli and various failed attempts to regain the initiative, there was another month of inactivity on the Piedmontese side, during which the blockade of Mantua was begun. Meanwhile, Charles Albert considered an attack across the Adige and relocated from

1609:

Since Charles Albert was in an exposed forward position, General Bava contravened the plan which required him to wait for the other units and attacked Santa Lucia at 10 am with the Brigade "Aosta", exposing it to intense Austrian fire. Only at 11 am, did the

1581:

As a result of Pastrengo, Charles Albert had brought his left-wing up to the Adige. Now he sought to push the Austrians back to Verona with a spectacular battle, so that he could announce a brilliant success in time for the start of the new session of the

1332:

On 23 March, the Kingdom of Sardinia declared war on the Austrian Empire. On 25 and 26 March, two advance guards crossed the River Ticino, entering enemy territory. The body of the army crossed on 29 March. That same day, the first three divisions entered

1852:

Despite the resistance of General Pepe, the withdrawal was inevitable. Only a single body of the Bourbon expedition remained, the 10th Regiment "Abruzzo", which had already linked up with the Piedmontese troops. This regiment withdrew to Naples after the

2374:.An Austrian advance guard, which had occupied Volta in the meanwhile, came under attack from De Sonnaz and resisted tenaciously. The combat lasted in the night and at 2am de Sonnaz ordered Piedmontese troops to withdraw until reinforcements arrived. 887: 2294:, whose high points were all occupied by the Piedmontese. In his efforts to cross the Mincio quickly, Radetzky thus came under threat on both banks, but as soon as he noticed the situation, he recalled the columns that had already crossed the river. 2430:(still in Venetian hands at this point) and the duchies of Modena and Parma (the latter had voted for annexation by the Kingdom of Sardinia in the spring) to Austria. When he heard these conditions, Charles Albert exclaimed, "I would rather die!". 2332:

On 25 July, at Valeggio, at 11am, the Piedmontese offensive began and was soon stalled by an energetic counter-offensive. On the right bank of the Mincio, there was no sign of the 2nd Corps of de Sonnaz, which had not arrived at the ordained time.

3669:

distinguished themselves in the fighting. The young men had established the "Drappello della Morte" (Death Squad) which carried out a number of daring acts. During one sortie from the wall to attack an Austrian encampment on 21 June, the captain

3268:(10 km south of Vigevano). Despite their superior numbers, the Austrians only managed to move past them after hours of combat in the town. At 1 pm, Charles Albert and Chrzanowski arrived at a spot a little south of Vigevano, at the villa of 821:

In the popular war with the internal revolutionaries, the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and the Papal States found themselves on the side opposite to the one on which they had been on during the royal war, when they had initially supported Piedmont.

2011:

to lead the men, but in May they were attacked from the south by General Karl Freiherr von Culoz and other forces which far outnumbered the rebels, until the rebellion was finally suppressed around 6–9 June and Calvi had to retreat to Venice.

1953:

The three columns converging on Curtatone, Montanara and San Silvestro contained some 20,000 soldiers in all and 52 cannons. Curtatone was defended by 2,500 men under the Piedmontese colonel Campia, Montanara by 2,300 under the Lucian colonel

1359:

Only one of the advance guards was sent to Brescia – this consisted of a brigade of infantry, a regiment of cavalry, and a battery of cannons and was commanded by general Michele Giuseppe Bes (1794–1853), who had already crossed the Ticino at

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point and only received the order when he arrived at Goito at 5am on 26 July. At noon Charles Albert ordered him to return to Volta with the 3rd Division. At 6pm Austrians and Piedmontese clashed in what would become the opening phase of the

2267:

At dawn on 22 July 1848, the Austrian 3rd Corps of Thurn attacked from the north of Rivoli, at the extreme left of the Piedmontese formation. They were met by the forces of de Sonnaz from the south, which stood firm and then counterattacked.

2228:

company traveled up the river, attacked the Austrians on the left bank, and managed to lower the drawbridge. The Piedmontese cavalry immediately crossed over, followed by the artillery, prompting the Austrians to retreat – 400 were captured.

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on 2 August, where the king relieved Sommariva and Di Ferrere of their commands as a result of their actions over the preceding week. On 3 August, at 12 o'clock, the advance guard of the Piedmontese army reached the outskirts of Milan.

3660:

The siege was undertaken on land and sea simultaneously. After the arrival of reinforcements (the siege equipment and another 5,000 men) on 6 June, the Austrians began intense bombardment on 15 June. Two close associates of Garibaldi,

1768:. On 18 May, with no more than 4,000 men in the field, Durando returned to Treviso with a few units to defend it from the Austrians. Thurn took advantage of the withdrawal of Durando's troops from Piazzola in order to cross the river 1514:

thus ended in a Piedmontese victory which raised the morale of the Savoyard troops, but their success in eliminating the Austrian bridgehead was incomplete since the east bank of the Adige remained firmly under Radetzky's control.

1270:

All these armies were completely uncoordinated with one another and were motivated by very different political ideals, ranging from those who sought to unite with the Kingdom of Sardinia, to those who desired an Italian republic.

3255:

The Piedmontese hesitation continued for some time, until around 3am on 21 March, Chrzanowski decided to counter the enemy attack on Mortara with two divisions near the town (1st Division and reserve division) and three more at

2394:

At 8 am on 27 July 1848, a council of war at Goito presided over by Charles Albert, decreed that it was necessary to open negotiations with the enemy for an eventual truce. A small Piedmontese delegation, which included colonel

3293:

Piedmontese front line, some battalions struggled to plug the gap. In the wings, however, the Piedmontese resisted the Austrians and d'Aspre's orders stated that the Austrian forces should not proceed further if they did that.

3029:

as prime minister on 27 October 1848, whose policy was to seek union with the other Italian states and to restart the war with Austria. But events overtook them. In Rome on 15 November 1848, the Roman minister of the interior,

3064:, Savoy attempted to have Leopold II return to Florence rather than lose an ally in the forthcoming renewal of war with Austria. But under the influence of Catholic clergy, Leopold refused this and joined the Pope at Gaeta. 2232:

The Battle of Governolo was a brilliant victory for the Savoyard forces, but they were now stretched out over 70 km, from Rivoli to Governolo. This line was very weak as a line of resistance and weak at every point.

1119:

All the other monarchies of the peninsula that had been forced to join the war against Austria due to public sentiment in their respective countries sent military contingents to Lombardy–Venetia, but without conviction.

2324:

The Piedmontese command organised an offensive by the 1st Corps towards Mincio on 25 July, in order to make contact with the 2nd Corps on the right bank and cut the supply line to the Austrians from the Quadrilateral.

1586:. The army he faced was divided into three parts: the first on the east bank of the Adige up to Pastrengo to the north, the second in the villages west of Verona, and the third part inside the walls of Verona itself. 3467:

and Alessandria. At 9:15 pm on 23 March 1849, the king called a council of war, with Chrzanowski, Alessandro La Marmora, the Duke of Savoy, and the Duke of Genoa, as well as the king's two aides de campe, generals

3435:, 1 km from the walls of Novara. Here they met intense Piedmontese resistance led by the Duke of Genoa, which enabled the troops under Charles Albert to withdraw into the city in a relatively orderly manner. 3280:

but strategically, Radetzky had succeeded in advancing the three Corps that were not involved in the battle (2nd, 3rd, and 1st reserve) along the road to Mortara, which was the principal objective of the attack.

1134:, with a contingent of 17–18,000 men (including roughly 900 cavalry soldiers and 22 cannons). It consisted of a regular division (10–11,000 men including 3–4,000 volunteers) under the command of the Piedmontese 1530:

on 29 April 1848, in which he disavowed his army's invasion of Veneto. The change of position resulted from the impossibility of fighting a major Catholic power like Austria. Pius feared the possibility of a

2613:), Garibaldi had no more than a thousand men at his disposal. Here, Duke Ferdinand of Genoa asked him to respect the terms of the armistice, but he refused and crossed the border back into Lombardy–Veneto. 1535:

with the Austrian Catholics, declaring, "We have learnt also that some enemies of the Catholic religion have taken this opportunity to inflame the minds of the Germans against the unity of this Holy See."

2449:

referendum to accept annexation by Piedmont on 8 June. There was, however, the danger of the proclamation in Lombardy of a republic, which would likely be followed by a sustained intervention from the

1776:, which repelled the attack. There were 5,000 men defending the city, mostly Papal forces. They were reinforced by forces from various parts of Veneto, forces from Durando and the battalion of General 1510:

spurred on the three squadrons of carabinieri against the enemy, with the king and his bodyguard joining the charge. The Austrian line was broken; the Piedmontese infantry forced the enemy to retreat.

3208:, from which it would be possible to watch over the final section of the Ticino River down to its confluence with the Po. In the event of difficulty, the division was to retreat to the north through 3725:, including a Sicilian parliament with a chamber of peers and a chamber of commons, as well as the appointment of a viceroy. Nevertheless, the war continued. On 5 May, the Neapolitan troops reached 1623:

suffering 72 dead, 190 wounded, and 87 captured. The Piedmontese had lost 110 men and suffered 776 wounded. The failure marked the loss of Piedmontese initiative, which now passed to the Austrians.

892: 3879:

was stationed. On 28 April, he placed the fort of Marghera under siege and on 4 May the bombardment began. Marghera resisted for twenty-two days. On 26 May, the defenders escaped back to Venice.

3701:

In Sicily, hostilities had resumed in March 1849. General Filangieri, Prince of Satriano denounced the armistice of October and the Bourbon advance against the Sicilian militias set out from the

2038:

After the victories at Curtatone and Montanara, Radetzky split his forces into two columns: Wratislaw's 1st Corps and a reserve force under Wocher (a total of 26,000 men) were sent north towards

1594:. On 6 May 1848, the Piedmontese army began its advance. The movement of the various units was not synchronised. At the village of San Massimo, where the main attack was to be concentrated, the 3150:

On the other hand, the Austrian army, which was given eight days warning before the resumption of hostilities, in accordance with the terms of the Armistice of Salasco, was all concentrated in

3100:, who made various attempts to improve the quality of the army: some groups were sent to rest, soldiers with families were moved into the reserves, other groups were recalled, the Corps of the 2949:

then took control of the besieged city and established a triumvirate. Command of the troops was given to the former Neapolitan general Guglielmo Pepe, who managed to drive the Austrians out of

1618:

The Piedmontese stalled rather than taking advantage of the situation. At 2pm they received notice that the 3rd Division of the 2nd Piedmontese Army's attack on the hamlets of Croce Bianca and

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and arranged for it to be defended by the 2nd Division under Michele Giuseppe Bes on the road from Borgo San Siro and by the 3rd Division under Ettore Perrone di San Martino on the road from

2422:

In the afternoon, the delegation sent to the Austrian camp returned and reported that Radetzky was willing to allow a truce, on the condition that the Piedmontese withdraw their army to the

3042:. Montanelli demanded that Grand Duke Leopold II make common cause with the Romans, but he decided instead to leave the capital on 30 January 1849 and take refuge aboard an English ship at 3537:

the city and then an assault, followed by a sack. At dawn on 6 April, Genoa surrendered and an American ship took 450 Genoese into exile, including those most implicated in the revolt.

3472:

and Giacomo Durando. Everyone at the meeting spoke in negative terms about the possibility of resuming hostilities. At this point, Charles Albert declared that he intended to abdicate.

2738: 1832: 1323:

King Charles Albert of Sardinia with his bicorne hat in his hand, at left, greets the Piedmontese troops after they have crossed the Ticino. Painting by Stanislao Grimaldi (1825–1903).

3425: 2434:

since they did not want to lose contact and in order to give the impression of imminent danger, thereby speeding up the retreat and causing Charles Albert's troops to get strung out.

3216:. However, Ramorino was convinced that the Austrians intended to seize Alessandria and the attack across the Ticino River on 20 March was just a feint. As a result, he left only the 1426:).Around 4pm the work of the Piedmontese engineers, enabled the passage of another 3 battalions, while the Austrians withdrew to Villafranca. In this first clash of the war, Colonel 1150: 1124: 3412:

process. At this point, the Duke of Genoa intervened with the 4th Division and the Austrians withdrew almost all the way to Cavallotta. At 3 pm, the Austrian 2nd Corps withdrew to

2078:

little after this, the Austrian retreat at Goito was announced. The news of the double victory was greeted by those who were present with cheers of "Long live the King of Italy!".

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At Vignale on 24 March 1849, the new king of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II loses his temper in front of Radetzky, upon reading the Austrian peace terms, as depicted in a fresco by

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feared the expansion of Austrian influence in Italy and wanted to win the loyalty of France's Catholics, so he organised an expedition to restore Pius IX to the papal throne.

3709:. The Sicilians under Mierosławski numbered around 6,000 and could do little against the 13,500 men under Filangieri. On 7 April, after fierce fighting, these troops occupied 1500: 1406:

Since all the bridges over the Mincio were still held by the Austrian rear-guard, on 8 April, General Bava ordered the divisions of General d'Arvillars to seize the Bridge at

654: 6329:Šedivý, M. (2019). The Path to the Austro-Sardinian War: The Post-Napoleonic States System and the End of Peace in Europe in 1848. European History Quarterly, 49(3), 367–385. 617: 1777: 600: 1279: 3808: 3649:

and from Lombardy joined in the defense of the city, against a besieging force of over 16,000 men. The government of the Roman Republic had placed the Bolognese colonel

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entered Milan. Three days later, on 9 August, Radetzky and Salasco concluded an armistice which stated that Charles Albert's troops would withdraw from the whole of the

1175:

entered the war on 21 March and sent a Corps of around 6,400 men to Mantua, partially regular troops and partially volunteers. The contingent was commanded initially by

659: 546: 498: 6724: 2207: 1695:

on 29 April, while La Marmora was ordered to defend eastern Venetia. Pius IX's order to withdraw was made the same day, but Durando and the troops chose to ignore it.

1688: 1675:

La Marmora had just 1,300 men at the river against the Austrian force, which had grown to 16–17,000 men. After destroying a bridge, he decided to withdraw west to the

1176: 1139: 1660:

and crossed the Soča into Veneto on 17 April 1848 with 12–13,000 men. He substantially outnumbered the forces opposing his passage. That same day, Nugent locked down

2517: 2103:

which dominate the southern approach of the city. Vicenza was defended by a total of 11,000 men, consisting of ex-Papal troops under general Durando and volunteers.

1997: 1765: 1541: 595: 6225: 3876: 1892: 1220:, had abandoned the throne in the face of popular riots, allowing the formation of provisional governments. A few hundred volunteers set out for Lombardy-Veneto. 6235: 3882:

Once Marghera had fallen, the other Venetian strongholds on the mainland no longer had any purpose and they were all evacuated. In June, von Haynau departed for

2543:

Radetzky's victory was met with great emotion in Vienna, capital of an empire that was still troubled by revolutionary movements. For the occasion, the musician

2403:

in a southerly direction, towards the lower course of the River Oglio, along with general Vittorio Garretti di Ferrere (commander of the 2nd Division), with the

541: 1942:(2nd Corps) and Gustav Wocher (reserve). The army reached Mantua the next day. Alarmed, the Piedmontese general staff arranged for a concentration of forces at 5360: 3804: 1955: 491: 3791:. Oudinot attempted to take Rome on 30 April, but was soundly defeated by Garibaldi. In the meantime, an expeditionary force from Naples had invaded southern 3714: 2965: 5927:

There were 55 votes in favour and 33 against. Francesco Crispi, "Ultimi casi della rivoluzione siciliana esposti con documenti da un testimone oculare", in

1021:

The army of the Kingdom of Sardinia was mobilized on 1 March 1848, at the beginning of the revolt in Milan, and was at 4/5 strength, with about 65,000 men.

3671: 1158: 556: 2181:

Thus, on 10 June, while the majority of the Austrian army was concentrated at Vicenza, the Piedmontese 2nd Corps advanced on the plain of Rivoli, site of

1914:

The battle of Curtatone and Montanara, during which the Tuscan and Neapolitan volunteers bravely defended the Italian formation. Painting by Pietro Senna.

3856:

After he had suppressed the Ten Days of Brescia, General Julius Jacob von Haynau advanced on Venice with an army of 30,000 men in April 1849. In Venice,

2115:, where the Austrian 1st Corps managed to defeat the Roman volunteers. Around 2pm, the defenders launched a counter-attack that failed, in which Colonel 578: 2070:

squadrons of cavalry, and 56 Piedmontese cannons, as well as a battalion of the Neapolitan 10th Regiment "Abruzzo" and a thousand Tuscans, in the area.

1845:

On 21 May 1848, a few hours after the departure of the first brigade of the Neapolitan expedition from Bologna to Ferrara, the commander of the troops,

1197:. These troops had little technical training but were highly enthusiastic, especially the so-called "Battalion of Students", led by Astronomy professor 8562: 6356: 2995: 2583: 2500:, Radetzky began what would prove to be the final attack of the first campaign. The Piedmontese at first made a successful stand near Ca' Verde and at 2317: 1611: 1051: 1025: 6112: 3902: 3721:

voted to accept the proposal of King Ferdinand II in the decree of 28 February which they had previously refused. This was a statute inspired by the

3031: 2590:

put himself at the disposal of the provisional government of Milan. He managed to form a volunteer Corps of 5000 men and on 30 July 1848, he entered

1881: 1866: 551: 6245: 3143:

to the south. Further afield, there was a brigade opposite Piacenza (in the Duchy of Parma, occupied by the Austrians) and the 6th Division was at

2485: 2473: 2217:. The king greeted him icily and referred him to Franzini, writing that it would have been dishonorable to give the rank of general to such a man. 1077: 1247:

from the south, they received the order to return home. Only a few units loyal to Guglielmo Pepe entered Veneto and participated in the fighting.

7572: 4404: 3125: 3054: 2505: 1992:, from 29 April 1848 for over a month, a small armed rebellion of around 4,000 poorly armed men clashed with hostile forces sent from Austria to 1062: 3592:, openly request armed intervention by the Austrians in the Papal State. The Austrian invasion began on 18 February 1849 with the occupation of 3666: 3662: 3637: 3596:. Bologna and Ancona did not admit the occupying forces and were placed under siege; Bologna resisted for a week; Ancona for twenty five days. 3108:

voted for the resumption of the war, with 94 votes in favour and 24 against. Charles Albert decided that hostilities would resume on 20 March.

17: 3197:, the Piedmontese did not move. Radetzky, on the other hand, used Pavia as the bridgehead for a surprise invasion of the Kingdom of Sardinia. 3159:

Konstantin d'Aspre of the 2nd, Christian von Appel of the 3rd, Georg Thurn Valsassina of the 4th, and Gustav Wocher of the 1st reserve Corps.

7604: 6157:

Relazione delle operazioni militari dirette dal generale Bava comandante il primo corpo d'armata in Lombardia nel 1848. Con documenti e piani

6100: 2601:

He was not at all discouraged by the rumours of an armistice and decided to continue waging a 'war of the people.' From Monza he moved on to

2212: 1474: 5940: 8235: 7587: 3088:, who wanted to place a Frenchman in command of the Piedmontese army, Charles Albert decided to appoint a less experienced Polish general, 2496:

The Piedmontese were closely followed by the Austrians all the way and on 4 August 1848, in the area to the south of Milan, on the road to

1087:

river, which marked the border between the Kingdom of Sardinia and Lombardy–Venetia, Charles Albert decided that the war flag would be the

3288:

Meanwhile, at Mortara, around 4 pm on 21 March, the 1st Piedmontese division under Giovanni Durando and the reserve division under Prince

3174:

commanded the division whose victory at La Cava on the Ticino River opened the road to Lomellina for the whole Austrian army. Painting by

2516:

and answered the questions of the people through an official. A little letter, he handed over the ratification of the armistice agreed by

1551:, "The Pope's speech is an act which could have immense consequences. Certainly, it will do damage to the cause of Italian independence." 3463:

Charles Albert asked the Austrians on what terms he could seek an armistice and they stated that they would demand the occupation of the

1668:

which surrendered on 22 April after an artillery bombardment. On 23 April, the Austrians occupied the city. Nugent then moved on towards

189: 1919:

both banks of the River Mincio, from Pescheria to Mantua. Radetzky decided to begin the manoeuvre as soon as he was out of Mantua, near

1437:

to the north. On 11 April, the Austrians finally abandoned the east bank of the Mincio and withdrew to Verona. The Piedmontese occupied

8537: 8199: 7129: 3814:

Only after the arrival of 30,000 reinforcements did Oudinot reopen hostilities on 3 June, launching a surprise attack on the Romans at

3588:

The Roman Republic had declared that the temporal power of the Church was abolished. Only then did Pius IX, from his place of exile in

3507:, but was forced to give in after two days of bitter fighting (10–11 May 1849). Leopold II cautiously returned to Florence on 28 June. 1734:

On the afternoon of 8 May, however, Nugent's vanguard of 1,000 men made contact with an advance force of Ferrari, 300 men stationed at

1615:

by the Austrians. However, the latter were overcome by the enemy and eventually had to abandon their positions and withdraw to Verona.

2937:

crossed the Po near Ferrara on 28 July and then, perhaps on his own initiative, diverted 7,000 men from the Siege of Venice to occupy

8333: 6515: 3943: 3105: 3059: 1583: 842: 807: 671: 154: 3376:

The Battle of Novara. The fighting near the Villa Visconti, between the Bicocca and the farmhouse of the Cavallotta, as depicted by

1499:. At that moment, the Piedmontese advance revived and some carabinieri came under Austrian fire. After a moment of confusion, Major 8542: 8240: 3413: 3682:

to the defenders. During the subsequent military occupation of the city, Antonio Elia was executed as an example to the populace.

7805: 6933: 6602: 6463: 3217: 1902:, and others, arrived in Venice, where they contributed to the Republic of San Marco's war effort until the end of the conflict. 1735: 3733:. General Filangieri became governor of Sicily, with the title of Lieutenant general of the King, which he retained until 1855. 3529:

until its annexation by the House of Savoy 35 years earlier, revolted on 1 April 1849. Rumours spread through the city that the

2349:

657 wounded, and 270 captured on the Italian side and 175 dead, 723 wounded, and 422 captured or deserted on the Austrian side.

7017: 6389: 3115:

The Austrians crossing the Ticino at Pavia on 20 March 1849, to create a bridgehead for an invasion of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

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The geographic arrangement of the forces was as follows: the five original divisions were around Novara, with a brigade near

1806:

and no better luck. At 9 am Thurn ordered a retreat to Verona. Thurn's forces finally met up with Radetzky's on 25 May 1848.

1794:

On 22 May, Radetzky changed his mind about the urgency of linking up the forces in light of the changed situation after the

8547: 8280: 7555: 7363: 6597: 3756:

For the forces of restoration, the problem of the Roman Republic was not yet resolved, since Rome under the triumvirate of

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and its surroundings by 20 March 1849. Radetzky's forces amounted to 73,000 men, not including the 25,000 men commanded by

1129: 2220:

Meanwhile, at the front, after an attempt to reinforce and resupply the garrison at Ferrara, an Austrian brigade occupied

1573: 7609: 7472: 6938: 6897: 6418: 2743: 2362: 1837: 829:, but he was defeated, as was King Charles Albert, who abdicated at the end of the war in favour of his eldest son, King 726: 144: 86: 2718: 2524:

convinced the king to go out again to calm the crowd, but someone fired a rifle and the king thus withdrew immediately.

1072:

commanding its two divisions. The 5th Division, containing the reserves, was under the command of Charles Albert's heir

165: 8328: 7913: 7540: 7373: 7134: 6912: 6902: 6577: 3968: 3883: 3678:

was killed. On the same day, after twenty-six days of fighting, Ancona was occupied by the Austrians, who conceded the

3224: 3171: 1723:. Meanwhile, the first divisions of Ferrari's force arrived at Treviso. Convinced that the Austrians were advancing on 791:, which withdrew after they had barely participated in any of the fighting. However, volunteers from the Papal and the 3220:

at La Cava and ordered the regiment to retreat to the south, over the Po River, in the event of serious difficulties.

3200:

On the Sardinian side the area of the Austrian attack was the responsibility of the Lombard Division, whose commander

3193:

At noon on 20 March 1849, hostilities officially resumed. Aside from a reconnaissance expedition over the Ticino near

1927:

The Austrian army left Verona on the morning of 27 May with a contingent of 45,000 men in three columns, commanded by

1577:

The Battle of Santa Lucia. The Piedmontese grenadiers attack and are opposed by effectively stationed Austrian forces.

7560: 7378: 6907: 6612: 6582: 5702: 3973: 3896: 3022: 2609:. Sick of marching, the volunteers began to desert, such that when he entered Piedmontese territory on 10 August (at 2437:

On 31 July 1848, the whole Piedmontese army had crossed the Adda and was ready to resist. But only one day later, at

2386: 1971: 1192: 1045: 583: 5980: 3312:

had a sense of the disordered curve of the enemy forces, despite the darkness, and advanced resolutely, forcing the

2206:, who had returned from South America where he had been in exile after being condemned to death for his part in the 947:, was forced to abandon the city. As a result of this, other revolts broke out in Lombardy–Venetia, such as that at 7932: 7213: 7099: 6410: 3545: 3245: 2727: 2371: 1823: 867: 627: 1138:

and a second division (around 7,000 men) made up of the Mobile Civic Guard and of volunteers under the republican

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was proclaimed, which was also governed by Giuseppe Mazzini and which Giuseppe Garibaldi fought for strenuously.

2722: 2537: 2112: 2091: 1505: 257: 1727:

from the north, Durando stationed his troops there and arranged for Ferrari and his forces to be stationed near

959:

Lombardy–Venetia as an opportunity to expand his own kingdom. Thus began the first Italian war of independence.

8004: 7592: 7069: 6871: 6780: 6679: 6627: 6203: 3533:

was to be abolished and that Genoa and Alessandria were to be ceded to Austria as part of the peace agreement.

3320:

southeast of Mortara, as well. All this was achieved even though the troops of d'Aspre had stopped as ordered.

1691:

was also on the way with volunteers and the Papal national guard (7,000 men). Durando and his men proceeded to

6240:

La rivoluzione siciliana del 1848 considerata nelle sue ragioni e nei suoi rapporti con la rivoluzione europea

5296:

AA.VV. 'Dizionario della musica e dei musicisti. I titoli e i personaggi', Torino, Utet, 1999, Vol II, p. 629.

4008:

The Roman Republic of 1849: With Accounts of the Inquisition, and the Siege of Rome, And Biographical Sketches

3612:

On 8 May 1849, the assault of the city began. It was defended by around 2,000 men, led by the Anconan colonel

814:

ideals of Piedmont. Historiography treats those revolutions and the Sicilian Revolution of 23 March 1848 as a

8255: 8086: 7973: 7504: 7499: 6525: 3963: 3574: 3388: 3167: 3121: 3068: 2914: 2906: 2772: 1928: 1782: 1259:

from the east in order to reinforce the Habsburg troops in Lombardy–Venetia. They were commanded by generals

745: 693: 229: 2286:). The next morning they defeated the troops of de Sonnaz, which were very tired from the march, once more. 8014: 7953: 7938: 7790: 7651: 7104: 6795: 6490: 3887: 3769: 2653: 1469: 1224: 1144: 568: 6147:

La prima guerra d'indipendenza vista da un soldato. Le lettere del biellese Pietro Antonio Boggio Bertinet

5914:

There were "12,916 infantrymen, 468 officer, 40 cannons and 610 cavalry". Filangieri Fieschi Ravaschieri,

1598:

from the 1st Division of the 1st Army came under heavy enemy fire. The other brigade in its division, the

979:

As a result of the revolts of Milan and Venice, from 23 March 1848, the Austrians had to retreat into the

818:. It also failed, ended in the restoration of traditional institutions and forced many rebels into exile. 8358: 8076: 7922: 7704: 7614: 7514: 7400: 7368: 7053: 6974: 6552: 6428: 3452: 2964:, following the armistice, around 350 patriots ensconced themselves in the fortress under the command of 2800: 2659: 1232: 1198: 1181: 910: 788: 741: 678: 219: 6338: 862:

In 1848 revolutionary riots broke out in many parts of Europe, including numerous places in what is now

8557: 8552: 8413: 8041: 7861: 7768: 7741: 7676: 7550: 7084: 7010: 6881: 6632: 6587: 6453: 6382: 6215: 6172: 3905:, one of the Neapolitan officers who had disobeyed Ferdinand II's order to retreat was among the dead. 3209: 2566:

made his first contributions to the cause of Risorgimento during the First Italian War of Independence.

2396: 1641: 1606:, which became the focus of the Piedmontese assault, as a result, the breakdown of the plan of attack. 1304: 1243:, the Neapolitan troops arrived in the theatre of war only in mid-May, when, as they were crossing the 1209: 972: 875: 324: 311: 293: 209: 195: 2508:

attempted a counterattack – in vain since Bava had already decided to withdraw to the fortifications.

8443: 8209: 8132: 8096: 7114: 7079: 7074: 6866: 6592: 3953: 2606: 2158:

The conquest of Vicenza removed the troops of General Durando from the Veneto and led to the fall of

2002: 1946:. On 29 May at 1pm, the Austrians crossed the Mincio in a number of columns. One of these headed for 1546: 1496: 1410:. After sharp clashes, during which the Austrian engineers managed to partially demolish the bridge, 1217: 1213: 917: 898: 815: 768: 6220:

Memorie ed osservazioni sulla guerra dell'indipendenza d'Italia, raccolte da un ufficiale piemontese

1897: 1831:

from the war, and the need to reconquer Sicily, which had declared itself an independent state, the

8458: 8448: 8428: 8398: 8353: 8051: 7893: 7825: 7795: 7775: 7656: 7332: 7297: 7094: 6500: 3570: 2910: 2610: 2242: 1937: 1788: 792: 773: 611: 2282:

At 4pm on 23 July, the Austrians cautiously crossed the Mincio at Salionze (between Peschiera and

2058:. This was intended to out-flank the Piedmontese army on the Mincio, which was spread out between 854:

carried in triumph following the liberation of Venice on 17 March 1848 (detail from a painting by

253: 8338: 8101: 7958: 7928: 7903: 7820: 7780: 7719: 7618: 7383: 7353: 6845: 6835: 6567: 6328: 3605: 3349: 3313: 3155: 2881: 2796: 2404: 1960: 1755: 1569:

The Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, theatre of operations for the first campaign of the war

777: 643: 561: 175: 57: 6572: 6363:

Map of Europe and the Mediterranean during the First Italian War of Independence (omniatlas.com)

3657:

was also among the defenders. The commander of the Austrian forces was Franz Graf von Wimpffen.

2480: 8036: 8024: 7800: 7785: 7477: 7119: 6876: 6443: 3901:. There were numerous attacks and counter-attacks around Marghera and Venice, in which Colonel 3773: 3050: 3018: 2830: 2818: 2631: 2450: 2400: 1599: 1492: 1479: 1419: 1371:. On 8 April, the majority of his troops (the 1st Army), was stationed in the Quadrilateral at 1361: 1260: 1172: 1039:. The latter directly commanded the 1st Army Corps, consisting of two divisions under Generals 803: 536: 385: 331: 272: 267: 199: 119: 4071: 4048: 2847: 2414:

Flag donated by the women of Milan to Charles Albert in spring/summer 1848, on display in the

8343: 8270: 8250: 8164: 8113: 7871: 7851: 7661: 7255: 7223: 7109: 7089: 7003: 6917: 6689: 6520: 6375: 6269:

Barone, Enrico. "Le campagne per l'indipendenza e l'Unità d'Italia (1848–49, 1859, 1866)" in

5692: 5364: 5356: 4026:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000

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In the following days, Radetzky decisively defeated the Lombard patriots by snuffing out the

2754: 2570: 2488:

in Milan, attempts to calm the crowds protesting the armistice on 5 August 1848. Painting by

2453:. This outcome would have been unwelcome for the Kingdom of Sardinia as much as for Austria. 2306: 2008: 1932: 1795: 1560: 1427: 1399: 1372: 1264: 1163: 929: 871: 688: 573: 179: 5954: 3830: 3403:

commanded the Piedmontese army in the second campaign of the war, along with Charles Albert.

3260:, to threaten the right flank of the Austrian invasion force (2nd, 3rd, and 4th Divisions). 3189:

was court martialed at Turin and shot for his negligence in command of the Lombard division.

2861: 2814: 2768: 1819: 225: 8194: 8009: 7898: 7876: 7530: 7428: 7312: 7180: 6669: 6398: 5900: 3875:, where a strong Venetian garrison of around 2,000 men commanded by the Neapolitan colonel 3690: 3400: 3111: 3089: 3049:

A few days later, on 8 February, Giuseppe Mazzini swept into Florence and on 15 February a

2124: 1976:, commander of the Tuscan division, ordered a retreat, which marked the end of the battle. 1603: 1415: 1295:

The multiethnic Austrian army in Lombardy–Venetia was commanded by the 81-year-old General

1016: 940: 811: 664: 82: 43: 4097: 3336:

Charles Albert's defeat, however, was the rapid flight of the entire army, all the way to

2139: 1448:

with two goals: to reinforce Radetzky and to reoccupy Veneto. On 23 April, Nugent entered

1327: 8: 8478: 8468: 8423: 8189: 8154: 8149: 7866: 7487: 7423: 7343: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6750: 6557: 6510: 6495: 6480: 5969: 3948: 3487: 3391:, commander of the Piedmontese 3rd Division, was motally wounded in the Battle of Novara. 3175: 3043: 3026: 3000: 2941:. This city rose in revolt on 8 August and the Austrians had to abandon it the next day. 2918: 2852: 2750: 2645: 2195: 2059: 1595: 1438: 1387: 1056: 1030: 984: 718: 649: 39: 6207: 3372: 3104:

was augmented and new recruits were excluded from the front lines. On 1 March 1849, the

2551:

in honour of the victor and it was performed for the first time in Vienna at 31 August.

2143:

The Battle of Governolo, seen from the Piedmontese side. Contemporary French lithograph.

51: 8453: 8438: 8418: 8275: 8216: 8169: 8091: 7948: 7918: 7908: 7883: 7856: 7763: 7756: 7692: 7448: 7443: 7160: 6815: 6805: 6734: 6699: 6542: 6274: 3745: 3309: 3301: 3289: 3240: 3093: 3085: 2865: 2805: 2587: 2563: 2559: 2532: 2464: 2410: 2203: 1886: 1871: 1724: 1650: 1073: 925: 830: 826: 753: 683: 530: 302: 169: 6760: 6367: 3992: 3384: 2271:

However, at 7:30 on 23 July, Radetzky launched a massive attack on the Mincio between

1738:, which was 10 km northwest of Montebelluna. Ferrari pulled back a little bit to 847: 8403: 8393: 8265: 8179: 8144: 8071: 8061: 7839: 7709: 7623: 7453: 7433: 7407: 7395: 7190: 7185: 7170: 7165: 7150: 6979: 6969: 6790: 6770: 6622: 6120: 5850:

Italian Workers of the World: Labor Migration and the Formation of Multiethnic States

5698: 4064: 4041: 3741: 3621: 3585:

which had already expelled the Austrians who had occupied the city on 8 August 1848.

3581:, which had joined on 16 February, eleven days after the Republic's proclamation and 3554: 3530: 3526: 3503:. This city had not accepted the decision made by the moderate party in the capital, 3213: 3201: 3194: 3186: 2934: 2598:, where he received news of the negotiations for the surrender of Milan on 5 August. 1910: 933: 879: 798:

Besides the royal war, revolutionary movements took place in various Italian states (

734: 637: 605: 2945:

reported in the city, they had to abandon Venice, along with the Piedmontese fleet.

1486:

In the face of the Piedmontese threat, Radetzky had occupied an advance position at

352: 307: 298: 289: 140: 8473: 8295: 8245: 8226: 8221: 8174: 8081: 8019: 7999: 7987: 7943: 7746: 7726: 7714: 7577: 7458: 7175: 7038: 7030: 6800: 6714: 6709: 6694: 6674: 6648: 6562: 6547: 6311: 5803:

Ancona was awarded the gold medal for military valour in 1899: A. Gustavo Morelli,

3910: 3765: 3654: 3650: 3249: 2976: 2972: 2923: 2885: 2778: 2476:

distinguished himself in the conflict as commander of the 4th Piedmontese division.

2438: 2186: 1826:

abandoned the campaign against Austria in order to settle the revolution in Sicily.

1708: 1680: 1527: 1418:

managed to break through to the other bank. The engagement came to be known as the

1135: 1088: 1067: 710: 632: 483: 7545: 2381: 1402:, founder of the bersaglieri, was seriously wounded at the Battle of Goito Bridge. 1375:. The Piedmontese army, on the other hand, was arrayed along the west bank of the 939:

The battles were particularly heated in Milan, where the commander of the army of

8383: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8260: 8184: 8046: 7565: 7463: 7348: 7248: 7155: 6840: 6810: 6729: 6617: 3784: 3761: 3702: 3675: 3516: 3097: 2897: 2791: 2605:

and when he was not able to increase the size of his forces there, he went on to

2175: 2119:

was seriously wounded. Around 5pm, the outer defenses of Vicenza withdrew to the

2116: 2063: 2031: 2021: 1862: 1854: 1656:

On the other side, the Austrian general Laval Nugent, concentrated his forces at

1236: 952: 870:

was forced to grant a constitution on 23 January and his example was followed by

730: 589: 375: 319: 247: 242: 2872: 2843: 2787: 2734: 2521: 2504:, but then were forced to retreat from Cascina Pismonte. The brigade of General 783:

At the beginning of the royal war, the Kingdom of Sardinia was supported by the

185: 8516: 8463: 8433: 8378: 8285: 8159: 8106: 8066: 7736: 7731: 7582: 7482: 7438: 7390: 7338: 7292: 7260: 7218: 7195: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6775: 6765: 6607: 6448: 6422: 6192: 6182: 6162: 5845: 3857: 3850: 3815: 3679: 3377: 3265: 3229: 3204:

had received an order on 16 March to move forward and hold the strong point at

2876: 2856: 2548: 2544: 2457: 1849:, received the order to return immediately to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. 1846: 1769: 1296: 1284: 1240: 1205: 944: 921: 863: 855: 764: 3845: 2015: 8531: 8388: 8029: 7599: 7287: 7265: 7124: 6719: 6704: 6684: 6653: 6505: 6362: 4348: 3865: 3838: 3800: 3788: 3757: 3132: 3006: 2946: 2575: 2489: 2415: 2357: 2276: 1877: 1676: 1252: 851: 2632:

The 'war of the people' during the armistice (9 August 1848 – 20 March 1849)

2574:

The expulsion of the Austrians from Bologna on 8 August 1848, as painted by

2365:

at Volta Mantovana on 27 July 1848. Painting by Felice Cerruti Bauduc, 1858.

2086: 2026: 1024:

The Piedmontese army was headed by Charles Albert, Minister for War General

8506: 8313: 8118: 7888: 7492: 7358: 7307: 7282: 6861: 6755: 6532: 6438: 6152: 4352: 3935: 3777: 3613: 3035: 2968:, until they were forced to surrender to the Austrians on 13 October 1848. 2423: 2272: 2151: 2147: 2120: 2100: 1809: 1803: 1728: 1314: 1288: 1104: 1036: 980: 924:. In March, the revolts also spread into the Austrian Empire, where Milan ( 883: 799: 784: 336: 2933:

marched on Modena and Parma to restore their deposed dukes, while General

1649:

commander to organise their troops, they obtained the Piedmontese general

1444:

Further east, on 17 April, the new Austrian army under Nugent crossed the

1367:

That same day, Radetzky retreated to Peschiera and two days after that to

733:

and other conservative states from 23 March 1848 to 22 August 1849 in the

8408: 8348: 8318: 7671: 7302: 6785: 5453: 3834: 3205: 3136: 3101: 2809: 2528: 2251: 2225: 1669: 1591: 1411: 6285: 6222:, Stamperia Reale, Turin, 1848 (immediately withdrawn from circulation). 6199:, Pavesi, Genoa, 1851. Critical edition: Edizioni Avanti!, Milano, 1961. 1463: 1395: 1255:

and directed principally against the enemy forces which had crossed the

1099: 760:, which rebelled against Austria and established their own governments. 7666: 7275: 6984: 3825: 3395: 2628:

on 25 and 26 August. Garibaldi eluded capture and fled to Switzerland.

2554: 2283: 2199: 2051: 1434: 1328:

Piedmontese advance towards the Quadrilateral (23 March – 7 April 1848)

1244: 1004: 795:

armies joined the other Italian volunteers and fought against Austria.

3685: 3447: 3273: 967: 6485: 5916:

Il generale Carlo Filangieri, principe di Satriano e duca di Taormina

5449: 3736: 3617: 3550: 3464: 3317: 3269: 2980: 2625: 2497: 2221: 2167: 1947: 1920: 1661: 1487: 1308: 1050:

and Vittorio Garretti di Ferrere. The 2nd Army Corps was directed by

5876:

Ancona attraverso i secoli: Dal periodo napoleonico al nostri glorni

4098:

The First Italian War of Independence (1848–49) – A Military History

3182: 2469: 2465:

The surrender of Milan and the Salasco armistice (4 – 9 August 1848)

2247: 1319: 8323: 8308: 8303: 8204: 7238: 7233: 4019: 4017: 3872: 3796: 3726: 3504: 3329: 3257: 2621: 2442: 2313: 2182: 2047: 2034:, seen from the rear. Painted by Felice Cerruti Bauduc (1817–1896). 1703: 1684: 1391:

Course of the first phase of the first campaign (up to 25 May 1848)

1345: 5836:, Istituto per la storia del risorgimento italiano, (2008) p. 133. 1905: 1287:, commander of the Austrian army in Lombardy–Venetia, portrait by 7270: 6995: 5128: 4344: 3915: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3695: 3593: 3582: 3566: 3500: 3480: 3162: 3144: 3140: 3012: 2938: 2905:

At the beginning of 1848, all of Sicily had revolted against the

2591: 2291: 2163: 1993: 1799: 1773: 1759:

Commemorative plaque for the troops who fought at Vicenza in 1848

1739: 1716: 1692: 1657: 1341: 1154: 996: 906: 6250:

Memorie storiche e critiche della rivoluzione siciliana del 1848

6209:

Der Feldzug der oesterreichischen Armee in Italien im Jahre 1848

4014: 2341:

previous day, abandoned Volta too at midnight, without a fight.

2178:. The memory of the Battle of Santa Lucia was still very fresh. 2081: 1644:, who led the Austrian reinforcements from the Soča to the Piave 1445: 1256: 360: 215: 205: 150: 7963: 6351: 5805:

Per la difesa d'Ancona nel cinquantenario (1849–1899): discorsi

3646: 3632: 3578: 3562: 3337: 3325: 3304:

was decisive for the Austrian victory at the Battle of Mortara.

3296: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2892: 2825: 2692:

Restoration of the monarchies and defeat of the revolutionaries

2501: 2427: 2382:

The Piedmontese retreat towards Milan (27 July – 3 August 1848)

2055: 2043: 2042:; D'Aspre's 2nd Corps (14,000 men) were sent northwest through 1989: 1720: 1619: 1532: 1457: 1376: 1368: 1353: 1228: 1084: 992: 988: 902: 757: 6306:

Lo sconcertante Duca di Lucca, Carlo Ludovico di Borbone-Parma

6187:

Delle rivoluzioni e delle guerre d'Italia nel 1847, 1848, 1849

6167:

Dell'insurrezione di Milano nel 1848 e della successiva guerra

5759:

Cronaca dell'8 agosto 1848 in Bologna: con documenti officiali

3768:

still resisted. For Austria, which was still tied up with the

1996:, where they were meant to link up with the forces of Nugent. 1631: 1382: 7243: 7026: 6145:

Orazio Boggio Marzet, Paolo Cirri, Mario E. Villa (editors),

3837:

in Venice, struck by Austrian artillery in 1849. Painting by

3792: 3730: 3589: 3522: 3283: 3151: 3039: 2760: 2617: 2595: 2445:

with all his forces, causing the isolation of the remainder.

2390:

The Austrians approach Milan at the beginning of August 1848.

2302: 2159: 2039: 1943: 1750: 1665: 1453: 1449: 1407: 1349: 1334: 1111: 1107:, the defensive core of the Austrian army in Lombardy–Venetia 1000: 749: 3053:

was proclaimed. With the help of the Piedmontese ambassador

2658:

Defenders of Venice during the siege in 1849, as painted by

1636: 962: 7751: 7228: 3074: 2983:. Before this could take place, however, on 28 October the 2602: 2297: 2016:

The Battle of Goito and the fall of Peschiera (30 May 1848)

1791:

who had recruited a diverse group of volunteers in France.

1340:

Charles Albert decided to ignore these and advance towards

1076:, Duke of Savoy. Finally, command of the artillery fell to 948: 6282:

Italy in the Making January 1st 1848 to November 16th 1848

6177:

Autobiografia di un veterano. Ricordi storici e aneddotici

5133: 5131: 4115: 3694:

Clashes between Bourbon troops and Sicilian militiamen at

3627: 3624:, two prominent leaders of the Roman Republic at Bologna. 2953:

at the end of October and take command of it for himself.

2926:, Prince of Satriano, who would reconquer Sicily in 1849. 2134: 1743:

12:30pm, saying "Vengo correndo" (I'm coming in a hurry).

1565: 1433:

On 9 April, the Piedmontese took control of the bridge at

825:

The popular war gave prominence to the military commander

73:(1 year, 4 months, 4 weeks and 2 days) 3442: 1602:, also encountered heavy fire in front of the village of 3748:(in white) defends Rome from French troops. Painting by 3540: 3367: 2123:, with two Austrian brigades on their heels and Colonel 1810:

The second phase of the first campaign (May–August 1848)

1478:

The charge of the Carabinieri at Pastrengo. Painting by

1315:

The initial phase of the first campaign (March–May 1848)

6397: 3493: 3235: 3223:

But Ramorino was wrong. At noon on 20 March, Archduke

2262: 2236: 1094: 6230:

Guerre de l'indépendance italienne en 1848 et en 1849

2639:

First Italian War of Independence (war of the people)

1719:

on 5 May and on 6 May a brigade crossed the Piave at

1687:

on 23 April with the 10–11,000 Papal regulars, while

1626: 1554: 1464:

Piedmontese advance towards the Adige (30 April 1848)

1430:, founder of the Bersaglieri, was seriously wounded. 3925: 3868:, he had arranged them to resist to the bitter end. 3826:

Siege and fall of Venice (28 April – 22 August 1849)

2555:

Garibaldi's first command (30 July – 26 August 1848)

1223:

The major contribution to the war was to be made by

513: 7510:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

6169:, Tipografia della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, 1849. 4120: 4118: 3686:

Fall of the Kingdom of Sicily (March – 15 May 1849)

3599: 3424:Bicocca. The Austrian vanguard pursued them to the 3343: 2030:The moment of the Piedmontese counterattack at the 1149:. The Army Corps entered Lombardy–Venetia from the 4070:. Princeton, Princeton University Press. pp. 4063: 4040: 3737:End of the Roman Republic (24 April – 2 July 1849) 2586:at the beginning of July 1848 as mentioned above, 2290:took place at Staffalo, between Sommacampagna and 1356:, the southernmost fortress of the Quadrilateral. 1115:Italy at the time of the First War of Independence 763:The part of the conflict which was fought by King 5863:Note autobiografiche e storiche di un Garibaldino 5524: 5522: 1980:Austrian attack on Goito, a few kilometres away. 1698: 1522:In this situation, Pope Pius IX gave the address 1517: 740:The conflict was preceded by the outbreak of the 8529: 6318:(University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, 1997). 3993:"Siege of Rome | Summary | Britannica" 2254:face the Austrian attack at Rivoli, 22 July 1848 748:. It was precipitated by riots in the cities of 6292:The origins of the Italian wars of independence 5819:, p. 434 But according to another source ( 5748:, Unione arti grafiche Città di Castello (1960) 3783:On 24 April 1849, a French army led by general 3653:in charge of the fortress of Ancona. The poet 3416:(4 km southeast of the centre of Novara). 1906:Battle of Curtatone and Montanara (29 May 1848) 1157:. A group of around 130 volunteers, called the 6197:Guerra combattuta in Italia negli anni 1848–49 6086:. Vol. I, Part III. Turin: Roux Frassati. 6029: 6027: 5519: 5328: 5326: 5280: 5278: 3803:, but it too was stopped by Garibaldi, in the 3561:Meanwhile, many cities of the Papal States in 3163:Invasion of the Kingdom of Sardinia (20 March) 3013:Proclamation of the Tuscan and Roman Republics 2979:with a group of volunteers to take control of 1491:squadrons of mounted carabinieri, between the 975:, who declared war on Austria on 23 March 1848 729:(Piedmont) and Italian volunteers against the 7011: 6383: 6077:. Vol. I, Part II. Turin: Roux Frassati. 5740: 5738: 5647: 5645: 5448:On 20 March the division was located between 5010: 5008: 4623: 4621: 4291: 4289: 3772:, occupying Rome as well was too onerous. In 3308:But in the front lines, the Austrian colonel 3038:fled the city for the Neapolitan fortress of 3034:was assassinated and on the evening of 24th, 2456:The Piedmontese army marched north, reaching 2154:, commander of the Piedmontese 1st Army Corps 2082:Austrian conquest of Vicenza (5–11 June 1848) 1983: 1861:Pepe and a group of young officers including 499: 5852:, University of Illinois Press (2001) p. 32. 5792:Bologna dall'8 Agosto 1848 all'8 Agosto 1849 5763:Bologna dall'8 Agosto 1848 all'8 Agosto 1849 5761:, Regia Tipografia, 1866; Adolfo Marangoni, 1337:, where they were acclaimed by the people. 1307:from the Austrian side of the Soča and from 6024: 5323: 5275: 3822:visit America and then Asia and Australia. 3479:Between 2 pm and 3 pm on 24 March 1849, at 2337:he had to retreat to Staffalo and Custoza. 1814: 1632:The Crossing of the Soča (17–29 April 1848) 1383:Crossing the Mincio River (8–27 April 1848) 7018: 7004: 6390: 6376: 6256: 5735: 5642: 5005: 4618: 4286: 4023: 3284:Austrian advance on Novara (22 March 1849) 3248:at the Battle of Sforzesca, as painted by 3135:to the north and the 5th Division between 3084:Against the advice of the Minister of War 2652: 1751:Austrian advance to Verona (9–25 May 1848) 836: 506: 492: 8563:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 6516:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 6335:Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic 6308:, editore Maria Pacini Fazzi, Lucca 1986. 4061: 3944:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 3364:infantry, 5,000 cavalry and 205 cannons. 2582:Having been sent away by Minister of War 1235:on 26 March 1848 under the leadership of 963:Summary of strategic situation and forces 843:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 810:, which could not be reconciled with the 808:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 672:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 6299:Political and Social Upheaval, 1832–1852 6093:Il Risorgimento nelle sue fasi di guerra 6084:Gli avvenimenti militari del 1848 e 1849 6075:Gli avvenimenti militari del 1848 e 1849 5957:Gli ultimi Borboni di Napoli (1825–1861) 5690: 4043:Political and Social Upheaval, 1832–1852 3844: 3829: 3740: 3689: 3631: 3544: 3446: 3394: 3383: 3371: 3354: 3295: 3239: 3181: 3166: 3110: 3075:The second campaign (20 – 24 March 1849) 2569: 2558: 2479: 2468: 2409: 2385: 2356: 2329:Sonnaz before moving on to defeat Bava. 2320:, commander of the Piedmontese 2nd Corps 2312: 2301: 2298:Failure of the Piedmontese counterattack 2246: 2146: 2138: 2085: 2025: 1909: 1818: 1754: 1702: 1635: 1572: 1564: 1473: 1394: 1386: 1352:on 7 April, some twenty kilometres from 1318: 1278: 1110: 1098: 966: 846: 767:against Austria in northern Italy was a 6934:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy 6603:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861 6273:, edited by the Historic Office of the 4047:. New York, Harper & Row. pp. 3628:Siege of Ancona (25 May – 21 June 1849) 2922:from Naples, on 30 August 1848, led by 2135:Extension of the Front (June–July 1848) 1344:on the Po. From there they advanced to 1010: 14: 8530: 5823:– n. 43 ) there were 12,000 Austrians. 4038: 4005: 3860:had gathered the modest forces of the 3807:on 9 May and rebuffed for good in the 3510: 3443:Vignale Armistice (23 – 24 March 1849) 3079: 2931:Prince Franz de Paula of Liechtenstein 1091:with the Savoyard arms at the centre. 1061:, with Giovanni Battista Federici and 6999: 6371: 6323:Revolutions of 1848: a social history 6111: 6081: 6057: 5729: 5717: 5257: 4723: 4675: 4651: 4268: 4244: 4172: 4148: 4109: 4084: 4066:Revolutions of 1848: a social history 3541:Austrian invasion of the Papal States 3368:The decisive defeat of Charles Albert 2594:with them. From there he advanced to 2484:Charles Albert on the balcony of the 2309:, commander of the Austrian 2nd Corps 955:, the Austrian Empire was tottering. 487: 7556:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 6898:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna) 6598:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 6117:Le grandi battaglie del Risorgimento 6072: 5931:, Unione cooperative editrice (1890) 4639: 3457:Tower of San Martino della Battaglia 1715:In the north, the Austrians entered 1711:, commander of the ex-Papal regulars 1274: 715:Prima guerra d'indipendenza italiana 6939:National Unity and Armed Forces Day 5984:, in Dizionario biografico Treccani 5944:, in Dizionario biografico Treccani 3494:Aftermath of the Piedmontese defeat 3236:Battle of Sforzesca (21 March 1849) 2263:Beginning of the Austrian offensive 2237:Battle of Custoza (22–27 July 1848) 1683:crossed over the Po and arrived at 1095:Other Italian armies and Volunteers 24: 7025: 6913:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin) 6903:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan) 6578:Second Italian War of Independence 6139: 6134: 6090: 6033: 6018: 6006: 5994: 5678: 5424: 5332: 5305: 5284: 5038: 5014: 4939: 4855: 4747: 4687: 4627: 4420: 4356: 4343:The line of the arc was: Valeggio- 4295: 4256: 4232: 4208: 4196: 4160: 3969:Second Italian War of Independence 3128:as commander of the 3rd Division. 2352: 2094:during the Battle of Monte Berico. 1627:Arrival of Austrian reinforcements 1555:Battle of Santa Lucia (6 May 1848) 102:French victory over Roman Republic 25: 8574: 8538:First Italian War of Independence 6908:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome) 6613:Third Italian War of Independence 6583:United Provinces of Central Italy 6538:First Italian War of Independence 6357:First Italian War of Independence 6344: 6316:Modern Italy: A Political History 6099: 6045: 5816: 5778: 5674: 5662: 5651: 5636: 5624: 5612: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5528: 5513: 5501: 5489: 5477: 5465: 5436: 5412: 5400: 5388: 5376: 5344: 5317: 5269: 5245: 5233: 5221: 5209: 5197: 5185: 5173: 5161: 5149: 5137: 5122: 5110: 5098: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5026: 4999: 4987: 4975: 4963: 4951: 4927: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4879: 4867: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4759: 4735: 4711: 4699: 4663: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4392: 4380: 4368: 4331: 4319: 4307: 4280: 4220: 4184: 4136: 4124: 3974:Third Italian War of Independence 2917:was approved and on 10 July, the 1456:and the main road from Verona to 1078:Ferdinand of Savoy, Duke of Genoa 707:First Italian War of Independence 33:First Italian War of Independence 8512: 8511: 8500: 6462: 6350: 6105:Storia militare del Risorgimento 6051: 6039: 6012: 6000: 5988: 5974: 5963: 5948: 5934: 5921: 5908: 5894: 5881: 5868: 5855: 5839: 5826: 5810: 5797: 5784: 5772: 5751: 5723: 5711: 5684: 5668: 5656: 5630: 5618: 5606: 5594: 5582: 5570: 5558: 5546: 5534: 5507: 5495: 5483: 5471: 5459: 5442: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5394: 5382: 5370: 5350: 5338: 5311: 5299: 5290: 5263: 5251: 5239: 3928: 3600:Siege of Bologna (8–16 May 1849) 3426:Abbey of San Nazzaro della Costa 3344:Battle of Novara (23 March 1849) 2929:After the armistice of Salasco, 2891: 2880: 2871: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2824: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2767: 2759: 2749: 2733: 2717: 868:Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies 384: 374: 359: 351: 330: 318: 306: 297: 288: 266: 252: 241: 224: 214: 204: 194: 184: 174: 164: 149: 139: 50: 8543:1848 in the Kingdom of Sardinia 8241:Orders, decorations, and medals 6212:, Vienna, 1852, I-IV Abschnitt. 6095:. Vol. I. Milan: Vallardi. 6066: 5769:, Touring Editore, (2004) p. 32 5227: 5215: 5203: 5191: 5179: 5167: 5155: 5143: 5116: 5104: 5092: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5044: 5032: 5020: 4993: 4981: 4969: 4957: 4945: 4933: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4885: 4873: 4861: 4849: 4837: 4825: 4813: 4801: 4789: 4777: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4645: 4633: 4606: 4594: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4426: 4414: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4301: 4274: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4226: 4214: 4202: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4130: 2971:In Lombardy in the same month, 2723:Provisional Government of Milan 2426:and return Pescheria, Venetia, 1424:la Battaglia del Ponte di Goito 1003:valley on the eastern coast of 909:, revolted against the Bourbon 170:Provisional Government of Milan 6872:Francis II of the Two Sicilies 6680:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 6628:Italian entry into World War I 5878:, Unione arti grafiche (1960). 4103: 4090: 4078: 4055: 4032: 3999: 3985: 3892:Georg von Thurn und Valsassina 2975:decided to come down from the 2674:23 March 1848 – 22 August 1849 2007:was sent to the rebels by the 1967:Cesare De Laugier de Bellecour 1699:Battle of Cornuda (8 May 1848) 1518:Withdrawal of the Papal States 71:23 March 1848 – 22 August 1849 18:First Italian Independence War 13: 1: 6725:Annibale Santore di Santarosa 5918:(Treves, Milano, 1902) p. 207 4062:Robertson, Priscilla (1952). 3979: 3964:Roman Republic (19th century) 3723:Sicilian constitution of 1812 3389:Ettore Perrone di San Martino 3122:Ettore Perrone di San Martino 1929:Eugen Wratislaw von Mitrowitz 746:House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 6796:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi 6491:Revolutions during the 1820s 6333:Trevelyan, George Macaulay. 6179:, Zanichelli, Bologna, 1897. 5887:Francesco Sforza Benvenuti, 4028:(4th ed.). p. 178. 4024:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 3609:Piedmont had been defeated. 3521:In the Kingdom of Sardinia, 3067:Meanwhile, on 9 February, a 2363:Regiment "Genova Cavalleria" 1798:and ordered Thurn to attack 1501:Alessandro Negri di Sanfront 1470:Skirmish of Pastrengo (1848) 1225:Ferdinand II of Two Sicilies 1123:The first to arrive was the 27:1848–1849 conflict in Europe 7: 8548:1848 in the Austrian Empire 8281:Water supply and sanitation 7705:Italian geographical region 7573:Monarchy and the World Wars 7515:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 7401:War of the Sicilian Vespers 7054:Timeline of Italian history 6975:Revisionism of Risorgimento 6553:Sicilian revolution of 1848 6434:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 6429:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 6264:The Last Bourbons of Naples 6202:Historical Division of the 6149:, Interlinea, Novara, 2005. 5929:Scritti e discorsi politici 4039:Langer, William K. (1969). 3921: 3864:and, with the agreement of 3453:Vittorio Emanuele Bressanin 2801:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 2660:Vittorio Emanuele Bressanin 2538:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1199:Ottaviano-Fabrizio Mossotti 1041:Federico Millet d'Arvillars 911:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 789:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 742:Sicilian Revolution of 1848 679:Sicilian revolution of 1848 258:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 220:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 105:Papal rule restored in Rome 10: 8579: 8200:Inventions and discoveries 7610:Fall of the Fascist regime 7593:Fourth War of Independence 7551:Expedition of the Thousand 7541:Second War of Independence 6882:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz 6588:Expedition of the Thousand 6454:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 6216:Charles Albert of Sardinia 6173:Enrico Morozzo Della Rocca 5904:, in Enciclopedia Treccani 5746:Ancona attraverso i secoli 3890:there and was replaced by 3871:General Haynau focused on 3514: 3490:(23 March – 1 April 1849) 3347: 2397:Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora 2259:forces were concentrated. 2240: 2019: 1984:The insurrection in Cadore 1558: 1467: 1305:Laval Nugent von Westmeath 1014: 973:Charles Albert of Sardinia 876:Charles Albert of Sardinia 866:and other parts of Italy. 840: 325:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz 312:Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora 210:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 8496: 8294: 8140: 8131: 7995: 7986: 7974:Security and intelligence 7847: 7838: 7700: 7691: 7634: 7561:Third War of Independence 7536:First War of Independence 7523: 7416: 7325: 7206: 7143: 7062: 7046: 7037: 6947: 6926: 6890: 6867:Franz Joseph I of Austria 6854: 6744:Literature and philosophy 6743: 6662: 6641: 6593:Dictatorship of Garibaldi 6471: 6460: 6409: 6091:Giglio, Vittorio (1948). 5889:Storia di Crema, Volume 2 5697:. Routledge. p. 55. 4006:Dwight, Theodore (1895). 3954:Royal war and popular war 3470:Carlo Emanuele La Marmora 3300:The intuition of Colonel 3246:Regiment "Piemonte Reale" 2836: 2710: 2666: 2651: 2643: 2638: 2616:Finally, on 15 August at 2372:battle of Volta Mantovana 2090:The Austrians occupy the 918:French Revolution of 1848 899:Charles II, Duke of Parma 584:Curtatone & Montanara 525: 397: 342: 282: 130: 63: 49: 37: 32: 7652:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 7647:Institutional referendum 6082:Fabris, Cecilio (1898). 6073:Fabris, Cecilio (1898). 5942:Ferdinando II di Borbone 5694:The Italian Risorgimento 3499:restoration by force at 2611:Castelletto sopra Ticino 2243:Battle of Custoza (1848) 2202:. On 4 July he met with 2113:Villa Capra "La Rotonda" 2099:intending to occupy the 2092:Villa Capra "La Rotonda" 1815:Ferdinand leaves the war 1540:it, writing to minister 1212:, the respective dukes, 1168:also came from Ferrara. 1105:Quadrilateral fortresses 981:Quadrilateral fortresses 337:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte 8175:Emigration and diaspora 7384:Guelphs and Ghibellines 7369:the Sardinian Judicates 6846:Francesco Saverio Salfi 6836:Gian Domenico Romagnosi 6257:Other secondary sources 6189:, Arnaldi, Turin, 1850. 6159:, Cassone, Turin, 1848. 5765:, L. Cappelli, (1921); 5236:, pp. 261–263, 334 4894:, pp. 228–229, 233 4579:, pp. 378, 383–384 4310:, pp. 199–200, 202 4259:, pp. 159, 175–176 3606:Franz Graf von Wimpffen 3557:are led to the gallows. 3350:Battle of Novara (1849) 3156:Julius Jacob von Haynau 3025:appointed the democrat 2518:Carlo Canera di Salasco 2111:be the south, near the 953:Vienna itself in revolt 932:) rebelled against the 837:The revolutions of 1848 58:Battle of Novara (1849) 8057:Science and technology 8005:Italian regions by GDP 7806:Marine protected areas 7478:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6877:Klemens von Metternich 6444:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6399:Unification of Italy ( 6321:Robertson, Priscilla. 6204:Austrian General Staff 3853: 3842: 3753: 3698: 3641: 3558: 3460: 3404: 3392: 3381: 3305: 3252: 3218:21st Infantry Regiment 3190: 3179: 3116: 3019:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2837:Commanders and leaders 2819:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2702:Status quo ante bellum 2579: 2567: 2493: 2477: 2451:Second French Republic 2419: 2391: 2366: 2321: 2310: 2255: 2155: 2144: 2095: 2035: 1998:Pietro Fortunato Calvi 1915: 1827: 1766:Georg Thurn Valsassina 1760: 1712: 1645: 1578: 1570: 1542:Ottavio Thaon di Revel 1483: 1480:Sebastiano De Albertis 1420:Battle of Goito Bridge 1403: 1392: 1324: 1292: 1173:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1116: 1108: 976: 859: 714: 427:Unknown disease deaths 283:Commanders and leaders 200:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 155:Italian Volunteer Army 120:status quo ante bellum 8256:Public administration 7364:the Holy Roman Empire 6918:Tricolour Flag Museum 6690:Federico Confalonieri 6521:Republic of San Marco 6304:Lucarelli, Giuliano. 6284:(3 vol. 1940); 542pp 6236:Francesco Paolo Perez 5959:(Giunti, 1997) p. 320 5365:Marie-Alphonse Bedeau 5357:Thomas Robert Bugeaud 4411:, vol. 4, Bari, 2007. 3959:Republic of San Marco 3862:Republic of San Marco 3848: 3833: 3750:George Housman Thomas 3744: 3693: 3635: 3604:The Austrian general 3548: 3450: 3398: 3387: 3375: 3299: 3243: 3185: 3170: 3114: 2755:Republic of San Marco 2573: 2562: 2483: 2472: 2413: 2389: 2360: 2316: 2305: 2250: 2166:on 13 June, and then 2150: 2142: 2089: 2029: 2009:Republic of San Marco 1913: 1822: 1796:Battle of Santa Lucia 1758: 1706: 1640:The Austrian general 1639: 1576: 1568: 1561:Battle of Santa Lucia 1477: 1428:Alessandro La Marmora 1400:Alessandro La Marmora 1398: 1390: 1322: 1282: 1265:Alberto della Marmora 1177:Ulisse d'Arco Ferrari 1114: 1102: 970: 930:Republic of San Marco 872:Leopold II of Tuscany 850: 806:, etc.), part of the 725:), was fought by the 689:Republic of San Marco 470:2,000+ disease deaths 398:Casualties and losses 180:Republic of San Marco 8484:World Heritage Sites 7939:Council of Ministers 7677:Coronavirus pandemic 7075:Currency and coinage 6573:Plombières Agreement 6359:at Wikimedia Commons 5865:, Zanichelli, (1898) 5848:, Fraser Ottanelli, 5832:Giuseppe Garibaldi, 5794:, L. Cappelli (1921) 5677:, pp. 311–312; 5361:Nicholas Changarnier 3805:Battle of Palestrina 3770:Hungarian revolution 3527:independent republic 3525:, which had been an 3401:Wojciech Chrzanowski 3096:, Ettore de Sonnaz, 3090:Wojciech Chrzanowski 2985:spontaneous uprising 2531:troops commanded by 1956:Giuseppe Giovannetti 1526:("Not once") to the 1416:Royal Sardinian Navy 1364:and entered Milan. 1186:and subsequently by 1083:Before crossing the 1017:Royal Sardinian Army 1011:The Piedmontese army 916:On 23 February, the 878:on 17 February (the 461:1,145 killed/missing 444:4,872 killed/missing 44:Unification of Italy 8015:Automotive industry 7954:Metropolitan cities 7500:Early Modern period 7473:Kingdom of Sardinia 7424:Italian city-states 6965:Italian nationalism 6960:Italian irredentism 6955:Altare della Patria 6751:Giovanni Arrivabene 6558:Ten Days of Brescia 6511:Revolutions of 1848 6496:Revolutions of 1830 6481:Rimini Proclamation 6419:Kingdom of Sardinia 6325:(1952). pp 309–401. 6297:Langer, William K. 6280:Berkeley, G. F.-H. 6226:Girolamo Calà Ulloa 5902:Ludwik Mieroslawski 4371:, pp. 204, 209 3949:Italian unification 3877:Girolamo Calà Ulloa 3715:Sicilian parliament 3511:Kingdom of Sardinia 3488:Ten Days of Brescia 3399:The Polish general 3355:Forces in the field 3147:and then at Parma. 3106:Chamber of Deputies 3080:Forces in the field 3044:Porto Santo Stefano 3027:Giuseppe Montanelli 2966:Leonardo Andervolti 2919:Sicilian Parliament 2913:of Ferdinand II. A 2848:Ludwik Mierosławski 2646:Revolutions of 1848 2196:Valeggio sul Mincio 1893:Girolamo Calà Ulloa 1584:Chamber of Deputies 1414:battalions and the 888:Fundamental Statute 727:Kingdom of Sardinia 719:Italian Unification 518:War of Independence 294:King Charles Albert 145:Kingdom of Sardinia 40:Revolutions of 1848 8077:Telecommunications 7444:Maritime republics 6816:Alessandro Manzoni 6806:Francesco Lomonaco 6735:Victor Emmanuel II 6700:Giuseppe Garibaldi 6543:Five Days of Milan 6411:Pre-unitary states 6119:. Milan: Rizzoli. 6060:, pp. 226–227 6021:, pp. 231–232 5807:A.G. Morelli, 1899 5790:Adolfo Marangoni, 5732:, pp. 205–206 5720:, pp. 203–204 5639:, pp. 309–310 5627:, pp. 307–308 5615:, pp. 305–306 5579:, pp. 302–303 5555:, pp. 297–298 5543:, pp. 294–296 5531:, pp. 293–294 5468:, pp. 287–288 5439:, pp. 286–288 5391:, pp. 280–282 5379:, pp. 264–280 5347:, pp. 350–354 5308:, pp. 208–209 5260:, pp. 161–162 5248:, pp. 335–336 5224:, pp. 260–261 5212:, pp. 257–258 5200:, pp. 256–257 5188:, pp. 254–256 5176:, pp. 252–253 5140:, pp. 249–250 5113:, pp. 248–249 5101:, pp. 246–247 5077:, pp. 244–246 5002:, pp. 241–242 4990:, pp. 239–241 4978:, pp. 236–237 4954:, pp. 235–236 4918:, pp. 233–234 4834:, pp. 388–389 4822:, pp. 387–388 4798:, pp. 385–387 4762:, pp. 222–223 4738:, pp. 390–397 4702:, pp. 220–221 4690:, pp. 182–183 4654:, pp. 119–120 4591:, pp. 384–385 4567:, pp. 382–383 4543:, pp. 379–380 4531:, pp. 376–378 4507:, pp. 371–373 4495:, pp. 369–370 4483:, pp. 217–218 4471:, pp. 215–216 4459:, pp. 214–215 4447:, pp. 212–213 4435:, pp. 211–212 4383:, pp. 210–211 4355:-Sandrà-Colà. See 4322:, pp. 202–203 4247:, pp. 137–138 4211:, pp. 157–158 4187:, pp. 374–375 4163:, pp. 165–166 4139:, pp. 207–208 4100:The Victorian Web. 4087:, pp. 101–102 3854: 3843: 3809:Battle of Velletri 3754: 3746:Giuseppe Garibaldi 3713:. On 14 April the 3699: 3672:Giovanni Gervasoni 3642: 3559: 3461: 3405: 3393: 3382: 3310:Ludwig von Benedek 3306: 3302:Ludwig von Benedek 3253: 3191: 3180: 3117: 3094:Alfonso La Marmora 3086:Giuseppe Dabormida 2866:Giuseppe Garibaldi 2782:Italian volunteers 2588:Giuseppe Garibaldi 2580: 2568: 2564:Giuseppe Garibaldi 2533:Alfonso La Marmora 2494: 2478: 2420: 2392: 2367: 2361:The charge of the 2322: 2311: 2307:Konstantin d'Aspre 2256: 2204:Giuseppe Garibaldi 2156: 2145: 2096: 2036: 1933:Konstantin d'Aspre 1916: 1828: 1761: 1725:Bassano del Grappa 1713: 1651:Alberto La Marmora 1646: 1579: 1571: 1497:Brigade "Piemonte" 1484: 1404: 1393: 1325: 1293: 1159:Bersaglieri del Po 1151:Apostolic legation 1117: 1109: 977: 926:Five Days of Milan 920:broke out against 860: 831:Victor Emmanuel II 827:Giuseppe Garibaldi 684:Five Days of Milan 303:Victor Emmanuel II 8558:Conflicts in 1849 8553:Conflicts in 1848 8525: 8524: 8492: 8491: 8127: 8126: 8062:Southern question 7982: 7981: 7914:Political parties 7862:Foreign relations 7834: 7833: 7687: 7686: 7408:Kingdom of Naples 7396:Kingdom of Sicily 6993: 6992: 6980:Southern question 6791:Vincenzo Gioberti 6771:Felice Cavallotti 6670:Massimo d'Azeglio 6623:Law of Guarantees 6355:Media related to 6312:Mack Smith, Denis 6301:(1969) pp 371–86. 6126:978-88-17-04611-4 6107:. Turin: Einaudi. 5874:Mario Natalucci, 5846:Donna R. Gabaccia 5744:Mario Natalucci, 5691:M. Clark (2013). 3636:The execution of 3622:Giovanni Livraghi 3577:. These included 3555:Giovanni Livraghi 3531:Albertine Statute 3202:Girolamo Ramorino 3187:Girolamo Ramorino 3172:Archduke Albrecht 2935:Ludwig von Welden 2909:and defeated the 2903: 2902: 2739:Kingdom of Sicily 2706: 2705: 2125:Massimo d'Azeglio 1833:Kingdom of Sicily 1275:The Austrian army 1188:Cesare de Laugier 934:House of Habsburg 886:on 14 March (The 880:Albertine Statute 735:Italian Peninsula 702: 701: 482: 481: 190:Kingdom of Sicily 126: 125: 98:Austrian victory 16:(Redirected from 8570: 8515: 8514: 8507:Italy portal 8504: 8503: 8444:National symbols 8138: 8137: 7993: 7992: 7845: 7844: 7698: 7697: 7578:Kingdom of Italy 7505:Napoleonic Italy 7044: 7043: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6997: 6996: 6801:Giacomo Leopardi 6781:Giuseppe Ferrari 6715:Bettino Ricasoli 6710:Giuseppe Mazzini 6695:Francesco Crispi 6675:Agostino Bertani 6649:Cockade of Italy 6633:Impresa di Fiume 6563:Belfiore martyrs 6548:Sortie on Mestre 6466: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6369: 6368: 6354: 6290:Coppa, Frank J. 6266:, Methuen, 1961. 6130: 6113:Scardigli, Marco 6108: 6096: 6087: 6078: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5982:Giuseppe La Masa 5978: 5972: 5967: 5961: 5952: 5946: 5938: 5932: 5925: 5919: 5912: 5906: 5898: 5892: 5885: 5879: 5872: 5866: 5859: 5853: 5843: 5837: 5830: 5824: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5795: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5755: 5749: 5742: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5688: 5682: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5649: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5456:and the Po River 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4642:, pp. 73–74 4637: 4631: 4625: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4069: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4046: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4012: 4011: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3989: 3938: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3911:Giuseppe Sirtori 3900: 3886:to suppress the 3766:Giuseppe Mazzini 3655:Luigi Mercantini 3651:Livio Zambeccari 3434: 3314:Brigade "Regina" 3250:Giovanni Fattori 3063: 3004: 2993: 2977:Canton of Ticino 2973:Giuseppe Mazzini 2924:Carlo Filangieri 2915:new constitution 2896: 2895: 2886:Carlo Filangieri 2884: 2875: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2829: 2828: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2771: 2764: 2763: 2753: 2747: 2737: 2731: 2721: 2668: 2667: 2656: 2636: 2635: 2584:Antonio Franzini 2474:Prince Ferdinand 2405:Brigade "Casale" 2318:Ettore De Sonnaz 2216: 2208:uprising of 1834 2006: 1975: 1964: 1941: 1901: 1890: 1875: 1841: 1786: 1778:Giacomo Antonini 1709:Giovanni Durando 1681:Giovanni Durando 1550: 1528:Papal consistory 1509: 1348:and crossed the 1196: 1185: 1167: 1148: 1136:Giovanni Durando 1133: 1089:Italian tricolor 1071: 1060: 1052:Ettore De Sonnaz 1049: 1034: 1026:Antonio Franzini 941:Lombardy–Venetia 896: 874:on 17 February, 565: 520: 508: 501: 494: 485: 484: 389: 388: 379: 378: 363: 355: 335: 334: 323: 322: 310: 301: 292: 271: 270: 256: 246: 245: 228: 218: 208: 198: 188: 178: 168: 153: 143: 83:Lombardy–Venetia 65: 64: 54: 30: 29: 21: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8521: 8501: 8488: 8459:Public holidays 8290: 8236:Life expectancy 8123: 7978: 7894:Law enforcement 7830: 7683: 7630: 7619:Social Republic 7583:Colonial Empire 7566:Capture of Rome 7519: 7412: 7321: 7214:Ancient peoples 7202: 7139: 7100:Historic states 7058: 7033: 7024: 6994: 6989: 6943: 6922: 6886: 6850: 6841:Antonio Rosmini 6811:Goffredo Mameli 6761:Giosuè Carducci 6739: 6730:Ruggero Settimo 6658: 6637: 6618:Capture of Rome 6467: 6458: 6405: 6396: 6347: 6262:Acton, Harold. 6259: 6142: 6140:Primary sources 6137: 6135:Further reading 6127: 6069: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6032: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5964: 5953: 5949: 5939: 5935: 5926: 5922: 5913: 5909: 5899: 5895: 5886: 5882: 5873: 5869: 5860: 5856: 5844: 5840: 5831: 5827: 5815: 5811: 5802: 5798: 5789: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5757:Vincenzo Peri, 5756: 5752: 5743: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5705: 5689: 5685: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4409:Il Risorgimento 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096:Avery, Robert. 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4060: 4056: 4037: 4033: 4022: 4015: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3934: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3903:Cesare Rosaroll 3894: 3828: 3795:, advancing to 3787:disembarked at 3785:Charles Oudinot 3762:Carlo Armellini 3739: 3703:Real Cittadella 3688: 3630: 3602: 3573:had joined the 3543: 3519: 3517:Revolt of Genoa 3513: 3496: 3445: 3428: 3370: 3357: 3352: 3346: 3290:Victor Emmanuel 3286: 3238: 3165: 3124:took over from 3098:Agostino Chiodo 3082: 3077: 3057: 3051:Tuscan Republic 3032:Pellegino Rossi 3015: 2998: 2987: 2898:Charles Oudinot 2890: 2888: 2879: 2859: 2850: 2823: 2821: 2812: 2803: 2794: 2792:Austrian Empire 2775: 2766: 2765:Tuscan Republic 2758: 2757: 2748: 2741: 2732: 2725: 2698: 2684: 2657: 2634: 2557: 2467: 2401:Brigade "Aosta" 2384: 2355: 2353:Volta Mantovana 2300: 2265: 2245: 2239: 2210: 2176:Rivoli Veronese 2137: 2117:Enrico Cialdini 2084: 2032:Battle of Goito 2024: 2022:Battle of Goito 2018: 2000: 1986: 1969: 1958: 1935: 1908: 1895: 1884: 1882:Cesare Rosaroll 1869: 1867:Carlo Mezzacapo 1863:Luigi Mezzacapo 1855:Battle of Goito 1835: 1817: 1812: 1780: 1753: 1701: 1664:, moving on to 1634: 1629: 1600:Brigade "Aosta" 1563: 1557: 1544: 1520: 1503: 1493:Brigade "Cuneo" 1472: 1466: 1385: 1330: 1317: 1277: 1239:. Commanded by 1237:Ruggero Settimo 1190: 1179: 1161: 1142: 1127: 1097: 1074:Victor Emmanuel 1065: 1054: 1043: 1028: 1019: 1013: 965: 890: 845: 839: 731:Austrian Empire 717:), part of the 703: 698: 628:Volta Mantovana 559: 521: 517: 514: 512: 475: 432: 424:10,000 captured 393: 383: 373: 367: 329: 328: 317: 305: 296: 277: 273:French Republic 265: 262: 248:Austrian Empire 240: 234: 159: 113: 89: 72: 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8576: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8509: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8300: 8298: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8067:Stock exchange 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7969:Municipalities 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7929:Prime Minister 7926: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7816:Regional parks 7813: 7811:National parks 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7720:Climate change 7712: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7585: 7580: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7485: 7483:Duchy of Savoy 7480: 7475: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7393: 7391:Lombard League 7388: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7313:Western Empire 7305: 7300: 7298:Roman conquest 7295: 7290: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7219:Italic peoples 7210: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7050: 7048: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7023: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7000: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6831:Carlo Pisacane 6828: 6826:Silvio Pellico 6823: 6821:Ippolito Nievo 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6776:Vincenzo Cuoco 6773: 6768: 6766:Carlo Cattaneo 6763: 6758: 6753: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6608:Roman Question 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6526:Roman Republic 6523: 6518: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6449:Duchy of Parma 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6423:House of Savoy 6415: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6395: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6346: 6345:External links 6343: 6342: 6341: 6331: 6326: 6319: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6278: 6277:, Turin, 1930. 6267: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6252:, London, 1851 6246:Pasquale Calvi 6243: 6242:, Turin, 1849. 6233: 6232:, Paris, 1859. 6223: 6213: 6200: 6193:Carlo Pisacane 6190: 6183:Guglielmo Pepe 6180: 6170: 6163:Carlo Cattaneo 6160: 6150: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6125: 6109: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6050: 6038: 6023: 6011: 5999: 5987: 5973: 5970:www.150anni.it 5962: 5955:Harold Acton, 5947: 5933: 5920: 5907: 5893: 5880: 5867: 5861:Augusto Elia, 5854: 5838: 5825: 5821:Le cento città 5809: 5796: 5783: 5771: 5750: 5734: 5722: 5710: 5703: 5683: 5667: 5655: 5641: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5533: 5518: 5506: 5494: 5482: 5470: 5458: 5441: 5429: 5417: 5405: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5367:were proposed. 5349: 5337: 5322: 5310: 5298: 5289: 5274: 5262: 5250: 5238: 5226: 5214: 5202: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5154: 5142: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5055: 5043: 5031: 5019: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4944: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4906:, p. 234. 4896: 4884: 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Radetzky 2868: 2857:Guglielmo Pepe 2839: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2783: 2773:Roman Republic 2713: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2664: 2663: 2649: 2648: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2556: 2553: 2549:Radetzky March 2545:Johann Strauss 2527:That evening, 2486:Palazzo Greppi 2466: 2463: 2383: 2380: 2354: 2351: 2299: 2296: 2264: 2261: 2241:Main article: 2238: 2235: 2136: 2133: 2083: 2080: 2020:Main article: 2017: 2014: 1985: 1982: 1907: 1904: 1847:Guglielmo Pepe 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1787:, a member of 1752: 1749: 1700: 1697: 1689:Andrea Ferrari 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1612:Guards Brigade 1559:Main article: 1556: 1553: 1519: 1516: 1468:Main article: 1465: 1462: 1384: 1381: 1329: 1326: 1316: 1313: 1297:Josef Radetzky 1285:Josef Radetzky 1276: 1273: 1241:Guglielmo Pepe 1140:Andrea Ferrari 1096: 1093: 1035:, and General 1015:Main article: 1012: 1009: 964: 961: 945:Josef Radetzky 928:) and Venice ( 922:Louis Philippe 864:Emilia-Romagna 856:Napoleone Nani 841:Main article: 838: 835: 780:respectively. 765:Charles Albert 700: 699: 697: 696: 694:Roman Republic 691: 686: 681: 675: 674: 668: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 608: 603: 598: 593: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 526: 523: 522: 511: 510: 503: 496: 488: 480: 479: 477:Total: 15,580+ 474: 473: 472: 471: 468: 465: 462: 453: 452: 451: 448: 445: 435: 433: 431: 430: 429: 428: 425: 422: 419: 410: 403: 400: 399: 395: 394: 392: 391: 381: 370: 368: 366: 365: 357: 348: 345: 344: 340: 339: 314: 285: 284: 280: 279: 276: 275: 261: 260: 250: 237: 235: 233: 232: 230:Roman Republic 222: 212: 202: 192: 182: 172: 161: 158: 157: 147: 136: 133: 132: 128: 127: 124: 123: 117:Return to the 115: 109: 108: 107: 106: 103: 95: 91: 90: 81: 79: 75: 74: 69: 61: 60: 47: 46: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8575: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8518: 8510: 8508: 8499: 8498: 8495: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8130: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7662:Years of Lead 7660: 7658: 7657:Economic Boom 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7600:Fascist Italy 7598: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7546:Niçard exodus 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7266:Magna Graecia 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7016: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927:National days 6925: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6720:Aurelio Saffi 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6705:Daniele Manin 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6685:Celso Ceretti 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6654:Flag of Italy 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6506:Neo-Guelphism 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6465: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6402: 6393: 6388: 6386: 6381: 6379: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6287: 6286:excerpt vol 3 6283: 6279: 6276: 6275:General Staff 6272: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6128: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6059: 6054: 6048:, p. 411 6047: 6042: 6036:, p. 232 6035: 6030: 6028: 6020: 6015: 6009:, p. 231 6008: 6003: 5997:, p. 226 5996: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5937: 5930: 5924: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5903: 5897: 5890: 5884: 5877: 5871: 5864: 5858: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5835: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5806: 5800: 5793: 5787: 5781:, p. 422 5780: 5775: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5731: 5726: 5719: 5714: 5706: 5704:9781317862642 5700: 5696: 5695: 5687: 5681:, p. 224 5680: 5676: 5671: 5665:, p. 312 5664: 5659: 5653: 5648: 5646: 5638: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5603:, p. 305 5602: 5597: 5591:, p. 304 5590: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5567:, p. 298 5566: 5561: 5554: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5523: 5516:, p. 293 5515: 5510: 5504:, p. 292 5503: 5498: 5492:, p. 291 5491: 5486: 5480:, p. 288 5479: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5427:, p. 217 5426: 5421: 5415:, p. 286 5414: 5409: 5403:, p. 285 5402: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5335:, p. 209 5334: 5329: 5327: 5320:, p. 339 5319: 5314: 5307: 5302: 5293: 5287:, p. 208 5286: 5281: 5279: 5272:, p. 337 5271: 5266: 5259: 5254: 5247: 5242: 5235: 5230: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5170: 5164:, p. 251 5163: 5158: 5152:, p. 250 5151: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5132: 5125:, p. 249 5124: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5100: 5095: 5089:, p. 246 5088: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5065:, p. 245 5064: 5059: 5053:, p. 244 5052: 5047: 5041:, p. 202 5040: 5035: 5029:, p. 243 5028: 5023: 5017:, p. 201 5016: 5011: 5009: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4966:, p. 236 4965: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4942:, p. 197 4941: 4936: 4930:, p. 235 4929: 4924: 4917: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4893: 4888: 4882:, p. 228 4881: 4876: 4870:, p. 227 4869: 4864: 4858:, p. 193 4857: 4852: 4846:, p. 226 4845: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4810:, p. 387 4809: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4786:, p. 224 4785: 4780: 4774:, p. 223 4773: 4768: 4761: 4756: 4750:, p. 184 4749: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4726:, p. 120 4725: 4720: 4714:, p. 221 4713: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4666:, p. 220 4665: 4660: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4630:, p. 181 4629: 4624: 4622: 4615:, p. 454 4614: 4609: 4603:, p. 451 4602: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4578: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4555:, p. 380 4554: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4519:, p. 374 4518: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4423:, p. 179 4422: 4417: 4410: 4406: 4405:Lucio Villari 4401: 4395:, p. 211 4394: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4370: 4365: 4359:, p. 170 4358: 4354: 4350: 4349:Sommacampagna 4346: 4340: 4334:, p. 203 4333: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4298:, p. 166 4297: 4292: 4290: 4283:, p. 196 4282: 4277: 4271:, p. 139 4270: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4241: 4235:, p. 158 4234: 4229: 4223:, p. 453 4222: 4217: 4210: 4205: 4199:, p. 157 4198: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4175:, p. 101 4174: 4169: 4162: 4157: 4151:, p. 117 4150: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4127:, p. 198 4126: 4121: 4119: 4112:, p. 126 4111: 4106: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4081: 4073: 4068: 4067: 4058: 4050: 4045: 4044: 4035: 4027: 4020: 4018: 4010:. p. 18. 4009: 4002: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3926: 3919: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3866:Daniele Manin 3863: 3859: 3852: 3847: 3840: 3839:Luigi Querena 3836: 3832: 3823: 3819: 3817: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3789:Civitavecchia 3786: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3758:Aurelio Saffi 3751: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3639: 3634: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3538: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3471: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3417: 3415: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3374: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3281: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3233: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3133:Lago Maggiore 3129: 3127: 3126:Maria Broglia 3123: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3072: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3055:Salvatore Pes 3052: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 3007:Andrea Brenta 3002: 2997: 2996:Val d'Intelvi 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2947:Daniele Manin 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2701: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2576:Antonio Muzzi 2572: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2547:composed the 2546: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2506:Mario Broglia 2503: 2499: 2491: 2490:Carlo Bossoli 2487: 2482: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2439:Crotta d'Adda 2435: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2416:Armeria Reale 2412: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2364: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2293: 2287: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2277:Sommacampagna 2274: 2269: 2260: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2132: 2128: 2127:was wounded. 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2093: 2088: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2066:, and Goito. 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2013: 2010: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1962: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1934: 1931:(1st Corps), 1930: 1925: 1922: 1912: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1878:Enrico Cosenz 1873: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1825: 1821: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1757: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1710: 1705: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1679:. Meanwhile, 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1643: 1638: 1624: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1585: 1575: 1567: 1562: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1461: 1460:and Austria. 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1389: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1321: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1253:Daniele Manin 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1194: 1189: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1113: 1106: 1101: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1064: 1063:Mario Broglia 1058: 1053: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 974: 969: 960: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 894: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 857: 853: 852:Daniele Manin 849: 844: 834: 832: 828: 823: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 676: 673: 670: 669: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 645: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 613: 609: 607: 604: 602: 601:2nd Governolo 599: 597: 594: 592: 591: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 563: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 547:1st Governolo 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 532: 528: 527: 524: 519: 516:First Italian 509: 504: 502: 497: 495: 490: 489: 486: 478: 469: 466: 464:2,944 wounded 463: 460: 459: 457: 454: 449: 447:3,348 wounded 446: 443: 442: 440: 437: 436: 434: 426: 423: 421:5,000 wounded 420: 417: 416: 414: 411: 408: 405: 404: 402: 401: 396: 387: 382: 377: 372: 371: 369: 362: 358: 354: 350: 349: 347: 346: 341: 338: 333: 327: 326: 321: 315: 313: 309: 304: 300: 295: 291: 287: 286: 281: 274: 269: 264: 263: 259: 255: 251: 249: 244: 239: 238: 236: 231: 227: 223: 221: 217: 213: 211: 207: 203: 201: 197: 193: 191: 187: 183: 181: 177: 173: 171: 167: 163: 162: 160:Supported by: 156: 152: 148: 146: 142: 138: 137: 135: 134: 129: 122: 121: 116: 111: 110: 104: 101: 100: 99: 96: 93: 92: 88: 84: 80: 77: 76: 70: 67: 66: 62: 59: 53: 48: 45: 41: 36: 31: 19: 8344:Architecture 8314:Quattrocento 8271:Social class 8251:Prostitution 8165:Demographics 8087:Trade unions 8030:Central Bank 7872:Human rights 7852:Constitution 7635:Contemporary 7605:World War II 7535: 7493:Italian Wars 7417:Early modern 7359:Papal States 7337:Italy under 7283:Ancient Rome 6862:Pope Pius IX 6756:Cesare Balbo 6663:Main leaders 6537: 6533:Quadrilatero 6439:Papal States 6401:Risorgimento 6400: 6334: 6322: 6315: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6281: 6270: 6263: 6249: 6239: 6229: 6219: 6208: 6196: 6186: 6176: 6166: 6156: 6153:Eusebio Bava 6146: 6116: 6104: 6101:Pieri, Piero 6092: 6083: 6074: 6067:Bibliography 6053: 6041: 6014: 6002: 5990: 5981: 5976: 5965: 5956: 5950: 5941: 5936: 5928: 5923: 5915: 5910: 5901: 5896: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5870: 5862: 5857: 5849: 5841: 5833: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5804: 5799: 5791: 5786: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5745: 5725: 5713: 5693: 5686: 5670: 5658: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5596: 5584: 5572: 5560: 5548: 5536: 5509: 5497: 5485: 5473: 5461: 5444: 5432: 5420: 5408: 5396: 5384: 5372: 5352: 5340: 5313: 5301: 5292: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5217: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5157: 5145: 5118: 5106: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5058: 5046: 5034: 5022: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4947: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4755: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4678:, p. 29 4671: 4659: 4647: 4635: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4512: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4464: 4452: 4440: 4428: 4416: 4408: 4400: 4388: 4376: 4364: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4303: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4192: 4180: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4105: 4092: 4080: 4065: 4057: 4042: 4034: 4025: 4007: 4001: 3987: 3936:Italy portal 3907: 3881: 3870: 3855: 3820: 3813: 3782: 3755: 3700: 3667:Augusto Elia 3665:and his son 3663:Antonio Elia 3659: 3643: 3638:Antonio Elia 3614:Angelo Pichi 3611: 3603: 3587: 3560: 3535: 3520: 3497: 3485: 3478: 3474: 3462: 3437: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3362: 3358: 3334: 3322: 3307: 3287: 3278: 3262: 3254: 3222: 3199: 3192: 3149: 3130: 3118: 3083: 3066: 3048: 3036:Pope Pius IX 3016: 2970: 2955: 2943: 2928: 2904: 2870: 2785: 2716: 2711:Belligerents 2615: 2600: 2581: 2542: 2526: 2522:Cesare Cantù 2514: 2510: 2495: 2455: 2447: 2436: 2432: 2421: 2393: 2376: 2368: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2288: 2281: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2231: 2219: 2192: 2180: 2172: 2170:on 24 June. 2157: 2152:Eusebio Bava 2129: 2109: 2105: 2101:Berici Hills 2097: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2037: 1987: 1978: 1952: 1926: 1917: 1859: 1851: 1844: 1829: 1824:Ferdinand II 1804:Berici Hills 1793: 1762: 1745: 1733: 1729:Montebelluna 1714: 1674: 1655: 1647: 1642:Laval Nugent 1617: 1608: 1596:Brigade "Re" 1588: 1580: 1538: 1523: 1521: 1512: 1485: 1443: 1432: 1423: 1405: 1366: 1358: 1339: 1331: 1301: 1294: 1289:Georg Decker 1269: 1261:Carlo Zucchi 1249: 1231:, which had 1222: 1203: 1170: 1122: 1118: 1082: 1037:Eusebio Bava 1023: 1020: 978: 957: 938: 915: 905:, excepting 901:was ousted. 884:Pope Pius IX 861: 824: 820: 800:Papal States 797: 785:Papal States 782: 762: 744:against the 739: 723:Risorgimento 722: 706: 704: 642: 623:Papal States 610: 596:Monte Berico 588: 537:Goito Bridge 529: 515: 476: 467:352 captured 455: 450:919 captured 438: 418:2,400 killed 412: 406: 316: 131:Belligerents 118: 97: 38:Part of the 8409:Italophilia 8369:Coat of arm 8319:Cinquecento 8195:Immigration 8145:Aristocracy 8010:Agriculture 7904:Nationality 7877:LGBT rights 7791:Earthquakes 7672:Mani pulite 7588:World War I 7531:Unification 7524:Late modern 7488:Renaissance 7333:Middle Ages 7326:Middle Ages 7303:Roman Italy 7070:Citizenship 6786:Ugo Foscolo 6568:Crimean War 6501:Young Italy 6339:online free 6271:Opera omnia 5834:Epistolario 5454:Barbianello 3895: [ 3835:San Geremia 3811:on 19 May. 3429: [ 3137:Alessandria 3102:Bersaglieri 3058: [ 2999: [ 2988: [ 2810:Papal State 2742: [ 2726: [ 2697:Territorial 2578:(1815–1894) 2529:Bersaglieri 2252:Bersaglieri 2226:Bersaglieri 2211: [ 2001: [ 1970: [ 1959: [ 1936: [ 1896: [ 1885: [ 1870: [ 1836: [ 1789:Young Italy 1781: [ 1772:and attack 1764:to General 1670:Tagliamento 1604:Santa Lucia 1592:San Massimo 1545: [ 1504: [ 1412:Bersaglieri 1373:Villafranca 1291:(1818–1894) 1191: [ 1180: [ 1162: [ 1143: [ 1128: [ 1066: [ 1055: [ 1044: [ 1029: [ 891: [ 816:popular war 574:Santa Lucia 560: [ 542:Castelnuovo 380:100,000 men 356:115,000 men 112:Territorial 8532:Categories 8479:Traditions 8469:Television 8454:Philosophy 8419:Literature 8359:Cathedrals 8329:Settecento 8190:Healthcare 8155:Corruption 8150:Censorship 7909:Parliament 7867:Government 7667:Maxi Trial 7615:Resistance 7344:Ostrogoths 7276:Messapians 7161:Villanovan 7151:Prehistory 7144:Prehistory 6985:Third Rome 3980:References 3888:revolution 3515:See also: 3210:Sannazzaro 3023:Leopold II 2284:Monzambano 2200:Roverbella 2052:Guidizzolo 2050:, towards 1435:Monzambano 1214:Charles II 1125:Papal Army 1005:Lake Garda 943:, Marshal 793:Neapolitan 390:40,000 men 364:22,000 men 8439:Mythology 8414:Libraries 8334:Ottocento 8276:Terrorism 8217:Languages 8170:Education 8092:Transport 8042:Companies 7949:Provinces 7919:President 7884:Judiciary 7857:Elections 7769:Volcanoes 7764:Volcanism 7757:Apennines 7742:Mountains 7710:Peninsula 7693:Geography 7624:Civil War 7349:Byzantium 7256:Etruscans 7191:Canegrate 7186:Golasecca 7171:Rinaldone 7166:Terramare 7156:Neolithic 6970:Redshirts 6855:Opponents 6486:Carbonari 6058:Scardigli 5730:Scardigli 5718:Scardigli 5450:Casteggio 5258:Scardigli 4724:Scardigli 4676:Fabris-II 4652:Scardigli 4269:Scardigli 4245:Scardigli 4173:Scardigli 4149:Scardigli 4110:Scardigli 4085:Scardigli 3776:however, 3640:at Ancona 3618:Ugo Bassi 3551:Ugo Bassi 3549:Bologna: 3476:looting. 3465:Lomellina 3318:Erbognone 3270:Sforzesca 3005:, led by 2981:Lake Como 2626:Morazzone 2607:San Fermo 2498:Melegnano 2222:Governolo 2168:Palmanova 1948:Governolo 1921:Curtatone 1662:Palmanova 1524:Non-semel 1488:Pastrengo 1362:Boffalora 1309:Carinthia 1218:Francis V 985:Peschiera 769:royal war 754:Five Days 569:Pastrengo 557:Peschiera 8517:Category 8404:Internet 8394:Folklore 8324:Seicento 8309:Trecento 8304:Duecento 8266:Religion 8227:Regional 8205:Italians 8180:Gambling 8072:Taxation 7899:Military 7840:Politics 7642:Republic 7429:Florence 7354:Lombards 7293:Republic 7239:Samnites 7234:Picentes 7176:Apennine 7135:Railways 7115:Military 7063:By topic 7047:Overview 7031:articles 6473:Timeline 6115:(2011). 6103:(1962). 4640:Fabris-I 3922:See also 3873:Marghera 3849:General 3797:Frascati 3727:Bagheria 3505:Florence 3330:Vercelli 3258:Vigevano 3225:Albrecht 2907:Bourbons 2679:Location 2662:(detail) 2644:Part of 2622:Arcisate 2443:Piacenza 2418:in Turin 2185:'s 1797 2183:Napoleon 2121:basilica 2060:Valeggio 2048:Ceresara 1707:General 1685:Ostiglia 1439:Valeggio 1346:Marcaria 1283:General 1233:revolted 787:and the 660:Velletri 618:Trentino 415:17,400+ 343:Strength 87:Piedmont 78:Location 8474:Theatre 8449:Palaces 8429:Museums 8399:Gardens 8384:Fashion 8374:Cuisine 8354:Castles 8296:Culture 8246:Poverty 8222:Italian 8133:Society 8114:Welfare 8082:Tourism 8052:Exports 8020:Banking 8000:Economy 7988:Economy 7944:Regions 7826:Valleys 7796:Islands 7776:Beaches 7747:Prealps 7727:Geology 7715:Climate 7379:Normans 7339:Odoacer 7288:Kingdom 7271:Ligures 7207:Ancient 7181:Nuragic 7130:Postage 7105:Judaism 7095:Genetic 7085:Fashion 7080:Economy 7039:History 6891:Museums 6642:Symbols 6337:(1907) 6294:(1992). 5767:Bologna 4345:Custoza 4072:309–401 4049:371–386 3916:cholera 3884:Hungary 3719:Palermo 3711:Catania 3707:Messina 3696:Catania 3594:Ferrara 3583:Bologna 3567:Romagna 3501:Livorno 3481:Vignale 3455:in the 3274:Gambolò 3214:Mortara 3206:La Cava 3195:Magenta 3145:Sarzana 3141:Voghera 3017:In the 2994:of the 2939:Bologna 2699:changes 2592:Bergamo 2520:. Then 2292:Custoza 2187:victory 2164:Treviso 1994:Belluno 1800:Vicenza 1774:Vicenza 1740:Cornuda 1717:Belluno 1693:Treviso 1658:Gorizia 1342:Cremona 1155:Ferrara 997:Legnago 951:. 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First Italian War of Independence

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