Finnish language - Knowledge

2657:); it may have connotations of pedantry, exaggeration, moderation, weaseling or sarcasm (somewhat like heavy use of Latinate words in English, or more old-fashioned or "pedantic" constructions: compare the difference between saying "There's no children I'll leave it to" and "There are no children to whom I shall leave it"). More common is the intrusion of typically literary constructions into a colloquial discourse, as a kind of quote from written Finnish. It is quite common to hear book-like and polished speech on radio or TV, and the constant exposure to such language tends to lead to the adoption of such constructions even in everyday language. 5855: 9628: 1744: 446: 1340: 305: 969: 1785: 518: 62: 6450: 4306: 1966: 2601:

from the colloquial varieties and, as its main application is writing, it features complex syntactic patterns that are not easy to handle when used in speech. The colloquial language develops significantly faster, and the grammatical and phonological changes also include the most common pronouns and suffixes, which amount to frequent but modest differences. Some sound changes have been left out of the formal language. For example, irregular verbs have developed in the spoken language as a result of the

1236: 9363: 957: 1331:. This meant that Finnish speakers could use their mother tongue only in everyday life. Finnish was considered inferior to Swedish, and Finnish speakers were second-class members of society because they could not use their language in any official situations. There were even efforts to reduce the use of Finnish through parish clerk schools, the use of Swedish in church, and by having Swedish-speaking servants and maids move to Finnish-speaking areas. 7359: 7373: 4128: 9312: 278: 5692: 2388: 9380: 9346: 291: 2485: 1719:, he acted as an arbiter in disputes about the development of standard Finnish between the proponents of western and eastern dialects, ensuring that the western dialects preferred by Agricola retained their preeminent role, while many originally dialect words from Eastern Finland were introduced to the standard language, thus enriching it considerably. The first novel written in Finnish (and by a Finnish speaker) was 9329: 2132: 5887:) reserved for words of non-Finnish origin. The Finnish orthography follows the phoneme principle: each phoneme (meaningful sound) of the language corresponds to exactly one grapheme (independent letter), and each grapheme represents almost exactly one phoneme. This enables an easy spelling and facilitates reading and writing acquisition. The rule of thumb for Finnish orthography is 5789: 1354: 5293:

Duchy. Swedish was retained as the official language and language of the upper class even after this. When Finnish was accepted as an official language, it gained legal equal status with Swedish. During the period of autonomy, Russian did not gain much ground as a language of the people or the government. Nevertheless, quite a few words were subsequently acquired from

5417:

in Finnish. Unlike previous geographical borrowing, the influence of English is largely cultural and reaches Finland by many routes, including international business, music, film and TV (foreign films and programmes, excluding ones intended for a very young audience, are shown subtitled), literature,

3996:

The main stress is always on the first syllable, and is in average speech articulated by adding approximately 100 ms more length to the stressed vowel. Stress does not cause any measurable modifications in vowel quality (very much unlike English). However, stress is not strong and words appear evenly

1771:

in Russia and Meänkieli in Sweden, the speakers of which are often considered oppressed minorities. Karelian is different enough from standard Finnish to have its own orthography. Meänkieli is a northern dialect almost entirely intelligible to speakers of any other Finnish dialect, which achieved its

1024:

No language census exists for Norway, neither for Kven, standard Finnish, or combined. As of 2023, 7,454 first- or second-generation immigrants from Finland were registered as having Norwegian residency, while as of 2021, 235 Finns were registered as foreigners studying at Norwegian higher education.

2600:

The colloquial language has mostly developed naturally from earlier forms of Finnish, and spread from the main cultural and political centres. The standard language, however, has always been a consciously constructed medium for literature. It preserves grammatical patterns that have mostly vanished

2518:), is used in nearly all written texts, not always excluding even the dialogue of common people in popular prose. The spoken language, on the other hand, is the main variety of Finnish used in popular TV and radio shows and at workplaces, and may be preferred to a dialect in personal communication. 8146:

Recent research (Sammallahti 1977, Terho Itkonen 1983, Viitso 1985, 2000 etc., Koponen 1991, Salminen 1998 etc.) operates with three or more hypothetical Proto-Finnic proto-dialects and considers the evolution of present-day Finnic languages (partly) as a result of interference and amalgamation of

5292:

More recently, Swedish has been a prolific source of borrowings, and also, the Swedish language acted as a proxy for European words, especially those relating to government. Present-day Finland was a part of Sweden from the 12th century and was ceded to Russia in 1809, becoming an autonomous Grand

1102:

speaking Finnish have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable to any interpretation or translation costs. However, concerns have been expressed about the future status of Finnish in Sweden, for example, where

4022:

Vowel harmony is a redundancy feature, which means that the feature is uniform within a word, and so it is necessary to interpret it only once for a given word. It is meaning-distinguishing in the initial syllable, and suffixes follow; so, if the listener hears in any part of the word, they can

1690:

ideas of Finnish as a fully-fledged national language gained considerable support. Concerted efforts were made to improve the status of the language and to modernize it, and by the end of the century Finnish had become a language of administration, journalism, literature, and science in Finland,

5902:

Long vowels and consonants are represented by double occurrences of the relevant graphemes. This causes no confusion, and permits these sounds to be written without having to nearly double the size of the alphabet to accommodate separate graphemes for long sounds. If a sequence of two identical

1751:

The dialects of Finnish are divided into two distinct groups, Western and Eastern. The dialects are largely mutually intelligible and are distinguished from each other by changes in vowels, diphthongs and rhythm, as well as in preferred grammatical constructions. For the most part, the dialects

1146:

Current models assume that three or more Proto-Finnic dialects evolved during the first millennium BCE. These dialects were defined geographically, and were distinguished from one another along a north–south split as well as an east–west split. The northern dialects of Proto-Finnic, from which

1528:

became . The sound was written ⟨d⟩ or ⟨dh⟩ by Agricola. This sound was lost from most varieties of Finnish, either losing all phonetic realization or being pronounced as , , , or instead (depending on dialect and the position in the word). However, Agricola's spelling ⟨d⟩ prevailed, and the

976:

Finnish is spoken by about five million people, most of whom reside in Finland. There are also notable Finnish-speaking minorities in Sweden, Norway, Russia, Estonia, Brazil, Canada, and the United States. The majority of the population of Finland (90.37% as of 2010) speak Finnish as their

929:. The strong case for Proto-Uralic is supported by common vocabulary with regularities in sound correspondences, as well as by the fact that the Uralic languages have many similarities in structure and grammar. Despite having overlapping geographical distributions, Finnic languages and 699:. Finnic languages form a dialect continuum, where for instance Finnish and Estonian are not separated by any single isogloss that would separate dialects considered "Finnish" from those considered "Estonian", despite the two standard languages being not mutually intelligible. 7734: 6503: 4042:('into his product'), where the final vowel becomes the back vowel "a" (rather than the front vowel "ä") because the initial syllable contains the back vowels "uo". This is especially notable because vowels "a" and "ä" are different, meaning-distinguishing 2586:). Standard Finnish is used in official texts and is the form of language taught in schools. Its spoken form is used in political speech, newscasts, in courts, and in other formal situations. Nearly all publishing and printed works are in standard Finnish. 5488:

However, this does not mean that Finnish is threatened by English. Borrowing is normal language evolution, and neologisms are coined actively not only by the government, but also by the media. Moreover, Finnish and English have a considerably different

7789: 5120:

of very basic and neutral words exists in Finnish and other Finnic languages that are absent from other Uralic languages, but without a recognizable etymology from any known language. These words are usually regarded as the last remnant of the

5115:

can be found, Finnic languages, including Finnish, have borrowed in particular from Baltic and Germanic languages, and to a lesser extent from Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages (all of which are subgroupings of Indo-European). Furthermore,

2031:, a common feature of Uralic languages, had been lost in the Finnic branch, but it has been reacquired by most of these languages, including Eastern Finnish, but not Western Finnish. In Finnish orthography, this is denoted with a "j", e.g. 3488:

Finnish has a small consonant inventory, in which voicing is mostly not distinctive and fricatives are scarce. In the table below, consonants in parentheses are either found only in a few recent loans or are allophones of other phonemes.

3997:

stressed. In some cases, stress is so weak that the highest points of volume, pitch and other indicators of "articulation intensity" are not on the first syllable, although native speakers recognize the first syllable as being stressed.

2650:

The literary language certainly still exerts a considerable influence upon the spoken word, because illiteracy is nonexistent and many Finns are avid readers. In fact, it is still not entirely uncommon to meet people who "talk book-ish"

2678:. It has been reinforced by the spelling "ts" for the dental fricative , used earlier in some western dialects. The spelling and the pronunciation this encourages however approximate the original pronunciation, still reflected in e.g. 7742: 1937:

to Russia in 1809. The categorization of Meänkieli as a separate language is controversial among some Finns, who see no linguistic criteria, only political reasons, for treating Meänkieli differently from other dialects of Finnish.

6500: 1671:'in the EU'. (This contrasts with some other alphabetic writing systems, which would use other symbols, such as e.g. apostrophe, hyphen.) Since suffixes play a prominent role in the language, this use of the colon is quite common. 4232:'I eat a fish (completely)' must denote a future event, since there is no way to completely eat a fish at the current moment (the moment the eating is complete, the simple past tense or the perfect must be used). By contrast, 4095:'of the precise'. There is also another gradation pattern, which is older, and causes simple elision of T and K in suffixes. However, it is very common since it is found in the partitive case marker: if V is a single vowel, V+ 6306:, following German usage, is rarer and usually considered incorrect, but formally used in passports and equivalent situations. Both conversion rules have minimal pairs which would no longer be distinguished from each other. 6502: 6468: 1185:). While the eastern dialects of Proto-Finnic (which developed in the modern-day eastern Finnish dialects, Veps, Karelian, and Ingrian) formed genitive plural nouns via plural stems (e.g., eastern Finnish 6343:. This is a deviation from the phonetic principle, and as such is liable to cause confusion, but the damage is minimal as the transcribed words are foreign in any case. Finnish does not use the sounds 3355:

There are noticeable differences between dialects. Here the formal language does not mean a language spoken in formal occasions but the standard language which exists practically only in written form.

1683:

and others began to stress the need to improve the status of Finnish. Ever since the days of Mikael Agricola, written Finnish had been used almost exclusively in religious contexts, but now Snellman's

4226:(past + perfective aspect). No morphological future tense is needed; context and the telicity contrast in object grammatical case serve to disambiguate present events from future events. For example, 1767:

The classification of closely related dialects spoken outside Finland is a politically sensitive issue that has been controversial since Finland's independence in 1917. This concerns specifically the

1752:

operate on the same phonology and grammar. There are only marginal examples of sounds or grammatical constructions specific to some dialect and not found in standard Finnish. Two examples are the

5527:, rarely being used in a negative mood or in formal language. Since English and Finnish grammar, pronunciation and phonetics differ considerably, most loan words are inevitably sooner or later 6037:(as in German, for example), and they are considered independent graphemes; the letter shapes have been copied from Swedish. An appropriate parallel from the Latin alphabet are the characters 1540:: geminate and short) in some of the earliest written records. Though these developed into a variety of other sounds depending on dialect (, , , , , or ), the standard language has arrived at 519: 63: 6466: 1772:

status as an official minority language in Sweden for historical and political reasons, although Finnish is an official minority language in Sweden, too. In 1980, many texts, books and the

5638:

Neologisms are actively generated by the Language Planning Office and the media. They are widely adopted. One would actually give an old-fashioned or rustic impression using forms such as

8034: 1524:. The sounds and disappeared from the language, surviving only in a small rural region in Western Finland. In the standard language, however, the effect of the lost sounds is thus: 8808: 6317:

are not a part of the Finnish language itself and have been introduced by the Finnish national languages body for more phonologically accurate transcription of loanwords (such as

9759: 6501: 5429:, to adopt English as their official operating language. Recently, it has been observed that English borrowings are also ousting previous borrowings, for example the switch from 4273:). There is a so-called "passive voice" (sometimes called impersonal or indefinite) which differs from a true passive in various respects. Transitivity is distinguished in the 6467: 6406:

Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä.

1273:" English: "I want to speak Finnish, I am not able to"). According to the travel journal, the words are those of a Finnish bishop whose name is unknown. The erroneous use of 1103:

reports produced for the Swedish government during 2017 show that minority language policies are not being respected, particularly for the 7% of Finns settled in the country.

7913: 6411:"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." 3374:

The phoneme inventory of Finnish is moderately small, with a great number of vocalic segments and a restricted set of consonant types, both of which can be long or short.

8739: 8501: 7624: 1001:), or another language as their first language. Finnish is spoken as a second language in Estonia by about 167,000 people. The varieties of Finnish found in Norway's 9985: 1926:. The dialects spoken in the western parts of Lapland are recognizable by retention of old "h" sounds in positions where they have disappeared from other dialects. 6437:

Hyväntahtoinen aurinko katseli heitä. Se ei missään tapauksessa ollut heille vihainen. Kenties tunsi jonkinlaista myötätuntoakin heitä kohtaan. Aika velikultia.

7971:[Convention between Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway on the right of Nordic citizens to use their own language in another Nordic country]. 1929:

One form of speech related to Northern dialects, Meänkieli, which is spoken on the Swedish side of the border, is taught in some Swedish schools as a distinct

9971: 8897: 4612: 1360:

as depicted in a 19th-century caricature – Lönnrot made several journeys to Karelia and Eastern Finland to collect folklore, from which he compiled the

8315:

Nordlund, Taru (13 January 2012). "Standardization of Finnish orthography: From reformists to national awakeners". In Baddeley, Susan; Voeste, Anja (eds.).

5104:. Owing to the different grammatical, phonological and phonotactic structure of the Finnish language, loanwords from Indo-European have been assimilated. 4327: 631:

word order, although the extensive use of inflection allows them to be ordered differently. Word order variations are often reserved for differences in

5304:

Especially words dealing with administrative or modern culture came to Finnish from Swedish, sometimes reflecting the oldest Swedish form of the word (

7346:"like discovering a complete wine-cellar filled with bottles of an amazing wine of a kind and flavour never tasted before. It quite intoxicated me..." 5966:) and all consonant clusters do not have distinctive length, and consequently their allophonic variation is typically not specified in spelling; e.g. 5403:, which indicates language contact preceding the Swedish era. This is mainly believed to be result of trade with Novgorod from the 9th century on and 3386:

is quite restricted. All vowels are possible in both initial and non-initial syllables, whether long or short. Long and short vowels are shown below.

9750: 913:

Several theories exist as to the geographic origin of Finnish and the other Uralic languages. The most widely held view is that they originated as a

4011:

Finnish has several morphophonological processes that require modification of the forms of words for daily speech. The most important processes are

8859:"Modulation of the mismatch negativity (MMN) to vowel duration changes in native speakers of Finnish and German as a result of language experience" 1036:, around 1000 people in Russia claimed to speak Finnish natively; however, a larger amount of 14,000 claimed to be able to speak Finnish in total. 6442:"The sun smiled down on them. It wasn't angry – no, not by any means. Maybe it even felt some sort of sympathy for them. Rather dear, those boys." 7882: 2527: 1013:) have the status of official minority languages, and thus can be considered distinct languages from Finnish. However, since these languages are 8611: 3977:

had only "a", "ä" and "i" in non-initial syllables; modern Finnish allows other vowels in non-initial syllables, although they are less common.

11090: 10166: 3869:

Finnish is somewhat divergent from other Uralic languages in two respects: it has lost most of its fricatives and lost the distinction between

7969:"Konvention mellan Sverige, Danmark, Finland, Island och Norge om nordiska medborgares rätt att använda sitt eget språk i annat nordiskt land" 4415:

Here are some of the more common such suffixes. Which of each pair is used depends on the word being suffixed in accordance with the rules of

10548: 10358: 8769: 8026: 6294:, respectively. This is common in e-mail addresses and other electronic media where there may be no support for characters outside the basic 9016: 948:, United States, classifies Finnish as a level III language (of four levels) in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers. 9159: 8812: 7999: 5100:

Over the course of many centuries, the Finnish language has borrowed many words from a wide variety of languages, most from neighbouring

2231: 1201:), the western dialects of Proto-Finnic (today's Estonian, Livonian and western Finnish varieties) used the non-plural stems (e.g., Est. 1029:

estimates Kven speakers at 2,000-8,000. Altogether, this results in a total amount of Finnish-speakers roughly between 7,200 and 15,600.

202: 5798:(1543), the first book written in the Finnish language. The spelling of Finnish in the book had many inconsistencies: for example, the 11013: 9417: 4069:

process for P, T and K in inherited vocabulary, with the oblique stem "weakened" from the nominative stem, or vice versa. For example,

1866:), the change of d to l (mostly obsolete) or trilled r (widespread, nowadays disappearance of d is popular) and the personal pronouns ( 545:

language family, spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside of Finland. Finnish is one of the two

11018: 7481: 8527: 2617:), but only when the second syllable of the word is short. The result is that some forms in the spoken language are shortened, e.g. 2512:). The standard language is used in formal situations like political speeches and newscasts. Its written form, the "book language" ( 7392: 1830:. They are closest to the standard language, but feature some slight vowel changes, such as the opening of diphthong-final vowels ( 1820:. Their typical feature is abbreviation of word-final vowels, and in many respects they resemble Estonian. The Tavastian dialects ( 11005:

In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required.

7968: 7905: 7712: 7647: 5016:'without jumping around'. The diversity and compactness of both derivation and inflectional agglutination can be illustrated with 2046:

The language spoken in those parts of Karelia that have not historically been under Swedish or Finnish rule is usually called the

5659: 5301:) but not to the same extent as with Swedish. In all these cases, borrowing has been partly a result of geographical proximity. 10325: 8418: 5756: 2452: 1404: 350: 8129: 10391: 9263: 9244: 9225: 8991: 8590:

The official minority languages of Sweden: Finnish, Meänkieli, Sámi, Romani, Yiddish, and sign language: a short presentation

8566: 8334: 8288: 8113: 7952: 7687: 6397: 5728: 2424: 8747: 8505: 8257: 8189: 7437: 5224:

occurs only in restricted contexts. There are other close-kinship words that are loaned from Baltic and Germanic languages (

1706:

conducted ethnographic research and, among other topics, he documented the geographic distribution of the Finnish dialects.

8100:, Studies in Language Companion Series, vol. 54, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. clxxix–ccxii, 3904:, characteristic of Uralic languages, the eastern dialects and the Karelian language have redeveloped it. For example, the 2551: 2080:

by young Santeri Ivalo (words that do not exist in, or deviate from, the standard spoken Finnish of its time are in bold):

1713:. His impact on the development of modern vocabulary in Finnish was particularly significant. In addition to compiling the 1392:

still relies on his innovations with regard to spelling, though Agricola used less systematic spelling than is used today.

9300: 3697: 1516:

Others revised Agricola's work later, striving for a more systematic writing system. Along the way, Finnish lost several

479: 8790:

Hakulinen, Auli et al. (2004): Iso suomen kielioppi. SKS:n toimituksia 950. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

5735: 3815:, and thus in inherited vocabulary only occurs medially. Especially when spoken by older people, it is often more of an 2431: 10159: 8585:

Sveriges officiella minoritetsspråk: finska, meänkieli, samiska, romani, jiddisch och teckenspråk: en kort presentation

5125:

language spoken in Fennoscandia before the arrival of the proto-Finnic language. Words included in this group are e.g.

4172: 3967:

A feature of Finnic phonology is the development of labial and rounded vowels in non-initial syllables, as in the word

9133: 10541: 10351: 9196: 9084: 8950: 8795: 8605: 8485: 8393: 7576: 6459: 5775: 5709: 5425:

The importance of English as the language of global commerce has led many non-English companies, including Finland's

3840:

Consonant clusters are mostly absent from native Finnish words, except for a small set of two-consonant sequences in

2471: 2405: 2022: 8359: 8214: 4323: 2050:, and it is considered to be more distant from standard Finnish than the Eastern dialects. Whether this language of 11085: 11050: 3666: 1132:, which themselves continued to change and diverge, yielding yet more descendants. One of these descendants is the 8916: 5742: 2979: 2610: 2438: 9289: 8637: 5841: 5485:'one cannot'. This construct, however, is limited to colloquial language, as it is against the standard grammar. 5212:), which is interesting because borrowing of close-kinship vocabulary is a rare phenomenon. The original Finnish 3755:

in native vocabulary (where it could alternatively be analysed as an allophone of /n/), and the long velar nasal

3650: 2674:, as this pattern was originally (1940) found natively only in the dialects of the southern Karelian isthmus and 469: 8835: 8450: 7765:"05183: Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, in total, by sex and country background 1970 - 2023" 6355:, but for the sake of exactitude, they can be included in spelling. (The recommendation cites the Russian opera 9410: 9335: 5713: 5375:

Some Slavic loanwords are old or very old, thus hard to recognize as such, and concern everyday concepts, e.g.

3690: 2740:

The orthography of informal language follows that of the formal. However, in signalling the former in writing,

2409: 1827: 1150: 17: 5199:—they display a remarkable tendency towards phonological conservation within the language. Another example is 4253:

with subject nouns in person and number by way of suffixes. The (dictionary form) infinitive bears the suffix

3816: 2660:

A prominent example of the effect of the standard language is the development of the consonant gradation form

1120:

of languages, of which Finnish is a member, are hypothesized to derive from a single ancestor language termed

11065: 11060: 10309: 10152: 9470: 7843: 7544:

Haspelmath, Martin Dryer; Gil, Matthew S; Comrie, David; Bickel, Bernard; Balthasar Nichols, Johanna (2005).

7317: 5724: 4310: 3881:. All other fricatives are recognized as foreign, of which Finnish speakers can usually reliably distinguish 2420: 1992: 1953:, in Norway. Its speakers are descendants of Finnish emigrants to the region in the 18th and 19th centuries. 436: 371: 389: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11008: 10534: 10344: 9106: 7821: 7604:. Congressus Nonus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum I: Orationes plenariae & Orationes publicae. Tartu. 7509:Öst, Heidi (2013). "Recent Legal Developments in Sweden: What Effect for Finnish and Meänkieli Speakers?". 7387: 3658: 1091: 1026: 6165: 6136: 6128: 6081: 6073: 5999: 5917: 5799: 5422: – the latter is now probably the most important source of all non-face-to-face exposure to English. 3943: 3915: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3808: 3804: 3792: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3460: 3453: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3294: 2724: 2710: 2696: 2682: 2661: 2327: 1899: 1619: 9187: 8665:"Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic" 6422: 5981: 5972: 5954: 5929: 5825: 4270: 4006: 3676: 2493: 2226: 1885: 1537: 628: 344: 197: 10949: 9796: 8477: 3901: 3870: 3704: 3579: 2152: 2028: 1803: 1476: 1308: 1254:. The first known written example of Finnish itself is found in a German travel journal dating back to 1095: 1072: 941: 867:

Shared basic vocabulary displaying regular sound correspondences with the other Uralic languages (e.g.

187: 7874: 11055: 11045: 9980: 9403: 8597: 8583: 5939: 5925: 5839: 5823: 5815: 5117: 4179: 1502: 1474: 1446: 1426: 1247: 1239: 1148: 1133: 961: 4171:, its morpheme-to-word ratio being somewhat lower than a prototypical polysynthetic language (e.g., 1407:) should correspond to one letter, he failed to achieve this goal in various respects. For example, 1071:

since 1995. However, the Finnish language did not have an official status in the country during the

10942: 10866: 10859: 10092: 9875: 9870: 9564: 9435: 6105: 5921: 5817: 5122: 3586: 3468:

The quality of long vowels mostly overlaps with the quality of short vowels, with the exception of

3189: 2983: 2614: 1980: 1798:" looks like it means "So we don't go for a coffee?" but actually means "Shall we go for a coffee?" 430: 8761: 6092:) can be seen as an exception to the general one-to-one correspondence between sounds and letters. 5854: 4167:

of affixes to verbs, nouns, adjectives and numerals. However, Finnish is not generally considered

10913: 10892: 10873: 10777: 10617: 10610: 9912: 9880: 9581: 5996: 5702: 5112: 5101: 4250: 3622: 3614: 3595: 2398: 2351: 1753: 1448: 1428: 676: 253: 217: 9007: 4214:

perfective aspect, which in addition to the two inflectional tenses (past and present), yield a

2244: 207: 10906: 10899: 10655: 10005: 10000: 9898: 9464: 9369: 8663:

Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (8 June 2022).

7417: 5407: 4168: 4143:

can mean either "should I return" or "should I burn" depending on whether it is inflected from

3512: 3105: 3063: 1933:. The speakers of Meänkieli became politically separated from the other Finns when Finland was 1680: 1541: 1530: 1504: 1301: 1076: 1014: 624: 592: 589: 562: 10244: 10087: 9658: 9155: 8372:"θ on sama äänne kuin th englannin sanassa thing. ð sama äänne kuin th englannin sanassa this. 8003: 5749: 3822:

than a true voiced stop, and the dialectal realization varies widely; see the main article on

2445: 994: 10881: 10484: 10451: 10446: 10304: 10223: 10118: 10082: 10077: 10072: 9824: 8858: 8179:"Kielen aika: Valtionhallinnon 200-vuotisnäyttelystä Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskuksessa" 7327: 6030: 5457:(hard disk), and so are grammatical calques, for example, the replacement of the impersonal ( 5354:, 'potato'), and many more survive as informal synonyms in spoken or dialectal Finnish (e.g. 4333: 4274: 4059: 3724: 3684: 3547: 3540: 2544:

dictionary that defined official language. An additional volume for words of foreign origin (

1969:

A sign in Savonian dialect: "You don't get cognac here, but fresh wheat buns and good strong

1913: 1895: 1292: 1033: 934: 914: 632: 612: 6088:. The fact that two spellings correspond to this one sound (putting aside the difference in 6057:

Although Finnish is almost completely written as it is spoken, there are a few differences:

3480:. There are eighteen diphthongs; like vowels, diphthongs do not have significant allophony. 2748:– especially internal – may occasionally amongst other characteristics be transcribed, e.g. 2266: 1300:

are typical of foreign speakers of Finnish even today. At the time, most priests in Finland

10723: 10630: 10500: 10265: 10175: 9791: 8676: 8248:[National identity in Sweden and Finland in the 17th–18th centuries, an overview]. 6053:) but are considered distinct letters, and changing one for the other will change meanings. 5498: 5325: 4137:, meaning "Should I return to my ex or burn in Hell - I don't fucking know". The same word 3632: 2565: 2531: 1909: 1898:. Their most notable feature is the pronunciation of "d" as a tapped or even fully trilled 945: 874: 640: 7616: 7487: 8: 10731: 10557: 10367: 9929: 9819: 9737: 9006:

Kiparsky, Paul (2003). "Finnish noun inflection". In Diane Nelson; Satu Manninen (eds.).

7483:О государственной поддержке карельского, вепсского и финского языков в Республике Карелия 5681: 5519:'headache', 'headshot' or 'headbutt'. Often these loanwords are distinctly identified as 5501:, discouraging direct borrowing. English loan words in Finnish slang include for example 4131:

An example of the versatility of Finnish inflection. The label of this beer bottle reads

4016: 3812: 3768: 3643: 2741: 1654: 1517: 998: 688: 636: 329: 135: 8680: 4238:'I eat a fish (not yet complete)' denotes a present event by indicating ongoing action. 4218:-like system consisting of four tense-aspect combinations: simple present, simple past, 10936: 10802: 10772: 10716: 10670: 10048: 9857: 9847: 9786: 9452: 8699: 8664: 8445: 8056:

Bakro-Nagy, M. (July 2005). "The Uralic Language Family. Facts, Myths and Statistics".

7976: 7662: 4242: 4215: 4187: 4160: 3556: 3507: 2864: 2595: 2503: 2196: 1817: 1743: 1658: 1381: 883: 707: 546: 192: 7708: 2737:). Neither of these forms are identifiable as, or originate from, a specific dialect. 2331: 1776:

were translated into Meänkieli and it has been developing more into its own language.

1124:, spoken sometime between 8,000 and 2,000 BCE (estimates vary) in the vicinity of the 422: 10843: 10757: 10284: 10055: 10012: 9627: 9609: 9593: 9576: 9571: 9458: 9259: 9240: 9221: 9192: 9080: 9058: 8987: 8983: 8956: 8946: 8878: 8791: 8704: 8601: 8562: 8481: 8389: 8330: 8109: 8073: 7948: 7796: 7768: 7582: 7572: 7549: 7526: 7407: 7339: 5494: 4219: 4207: 3905: 3823: 3606: 3527: 3517: 3364: 2679: 2296: 2047: 1930: 1813: 1768: 1545: 1396: 1389: 1339: 1320: 1160: 1156: 1129: 1080: 1064: 1044: 1018: 696: 680: 566: 445: 212: 10409: 10231: 9636: 9284: 8410: 7448: 6218:

is not written in forms derived from words that consist of two syllables and end in

4936:

are found, often combined with each other, often denoting indirection. For example,

3866:, ('ostrich'), they have been integrated to the modern language in varying degrees. 475: 10983: 10973: 10921: 10853: 10818: 10787: 10705: 10650: 10645: 10635: 10571: 10381: 10194: 9995: 9865: 9806: 9559: 9552: 9537: 9443: 9426: 9054: 9050: 8979: 8908: 8874: 8870: 8694: 8684: 8320: 8133: 8101: 8065: 7940: 7518: 7402: 7323: 6416: 6089: 5404: 5294: 4318:

was the first comprehensive dictionary of the Finnish language with 16,000 entries.

4315: 4183: 3502: 3497: 2362: 2006: 1923: 1784: 1695: 1324: 1316: 1251: 1140: 1117: 1099: 1048: 1040: 703: 692: 672: 668: 550: 542: 538: 533: 512: 239: 160: 155: 56: 10434: 10414: 10237: 9718: 9708: 9485: 8280: 6045:(uppercase), which historically have a closer kinship than many other characters ( 1710: 1699: 1357: 968: 10988: 10968: 10926: 10848: 10833: 10823: 10797: 10744: 10685: 10680: 10665: 10660: 10640: 10604: 10594: 10441: 10217: 10023: 10017: 9887: 9839: 9829: 9768: 9615: 9515: 8857:

Kirmse, U; Ylinen, S; Tervaniemi, M; Vainio, M; Schröger, E; Jacobsen, T (2008).

8721:

Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021).

8689: 8245: 8178: 8069: 7364: 6109: 5490: 5400: 4567: 4481: 4122: 4051: 3873:

and non-palatalized consonants. Finnish has only two fricatives in native words,

3716: 3522: 3382:

Finnish monophthongs show eight vowel qualities that contrast in duration. Vowel

2051: 1709:

The most important contributions to improving the status of Finnish were made by

1703: 1373: 1347: 1343: 1312: 1084: 982: 244: 147: 9279: 6188:

is written in forms derived from words that consist of two syllables and end in

4305: 4200:'I shot the/an elk (dead)'), and the partitive case denotes incomplete actions ( 2574:, 1,600 pages) was published in 2004. There is also an etymological dictionary, 1965: 10886: 10792: 10782: 10767: 10762: 10752: 10737: 10695: 10599: 10589: 10259: 10112: 10041: 9966: 9959: 9950: 9943: 9937: 9892: 9745: 9603: 9586: 9502: 9490: 9475: 7378: 7330:, had a keen interest in languages from a young age, and became a professional 6998:

Lit. 'be good', also used when giving someone something to mean 'here you are'

6428: 6324: 5866: 5419: 5298: 5284: 3993:

morphology; owing to the extensive use of the latter, words can be quite long.

3985:

Characteristic features of Finnish (common to some other Uralic languages) are

3819: 3338: 2313: 2186: 2069: 1721: 1218: 1164: 1125: 1068: 1067:

of Finland (the other being Swedish), and has been an official language of the

1052: 986: 978: 930: 922: 731: 711: 573:, which like Meänkieli is mutually intelligible with Finnish, is spoken in the 310: 296: 228: 9677: 9664: 9652: 8325: 7764: 7735:"Ethnic nationality. Mother tongue and command of foreign languages. Dialects" 7522: 7459: 5531: – translated into native Finnish – retaining the semantic meaning. 5413:

Most recently, and with increasing impact, English has been the source of new

972:

Areas in Central and Southern Sweden with a Finnish-speaking population (2005)

11039: 10931: 10828: 10710: 10690: 10625: 10461: 9905: 9814: 9778: 9598: 9542: 9522: 9508: 9495: 9062: 8386:

Spreading the Written Word: Mikael Agricola and the Birth of Literary Finnish

8077: 7691: 7586: 7553: 7530: 7438:

StatFin -Väestörakenne - 11rm - Kieli sukupuolen mukaan kunnittain, 1990-2023

6358: 5903:

vowels in different syllables occurs, it is written with an apostrophe, e.g.

5858: 5159: 4985: 4933: 4921: 4416: 4290: 4164: 4012: 3990: 3986: 3841: 3572: 2279: 2018: 1996: 1954: 1942: 1761: 1757: 1235: 1217:). Another defining characteristic of the east–west split was the use of the 1006: 990: 918: 782: 756: 722: 656: 570: 10251: 10131: 9682: 6900:

for example to mean 'looking forward to seeing you' after arranging a visit

4910: 1995:

and nearby areas, and the South-Eastern dialects now spoken only in Finnish

1388:

for the language, which he based on Swedish, German, and Latin. The Finnish

1376:, a Finnish bishop, in the 16th century. He based his writing system on the 1039:

There are also forms of Finnish spoken by diasporas outside Europe, such as

10992: 10978: 10700: 10675: 9755: 9480: 9129: 8960: 8882: 8708: 8358:(in Finnish). Kotus (The Research Institute for the Languages of Finland). 7648:"Zero-Based Language Aptitude Test Design: Where's the Focus for the Test?" 7397: 5539:

Some modern terms have been synthesised rather than borrowed, for example:

5108: 4332:

Finnish has a smaller core vocabulary than, for example, English, and uses

3974: 3925: 2992:(i.e., personal pronouns are usually mandatory in the colloquial language) 2898:

various alternative, usually shorter, forms of 1st and 2nd person pronouns

2541: 2014: 1732: 1555: 1521: 1510: 1155:. This vowel was found only in the southern dialects, which developed into 1136: 1121: 746: 644: 235: 10429: 10424: 10404: 9713: 9703: 9671: 9547: 9318: 9220:. Routledge Essential Grammars (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Routledge. 8246:"Kansallinen identiteetti Ruotsissa ja Suomessa 1600–1700-luvuilla näkymä" 8105: 7944: 6327:') and foreign names. For technical reasons or convenience, the graphemes 4186:: accusative and partitive. The contrast between accusative and partitive 2252: 1698:

published the first Swedish-Finnish dictionary, and between 1866 and 1880

1010: 956: 558: 406: 10505: 10456: 9182: 8726: 8222: 8025:

Fellman, Fredrika; Makashova, Liliia; Zhuhan, Viktoriia (13 March 2018).

7335: 7331: 6070: 5464: 4246: 4211: 3748: 2561: 1934: 1687: 1558: 1385: 760: 10419: 9723: 9687: 8974:

Kratzer, Angelika (2004), "Telicity and the Meaning of Objective Case",

8528:"Raamattu käännetään meänkielelle – 'Silloin kieli on enemmän olemassa'" 8351: 8159:

Wulf, Christine (1982). "Zwei Finnische Sätze aus dem 15. Jahrhundert".

2496:

of Finnish used throughout the country. One is the "standard language" (

10144: 8912: 8350:

Rekunen, Jorma; Yli-Luukko, Eeva; Yli-Paavola, Jaakko (19 March 2007).

7464: 6483: 6034: 4450: 4223: 3534: 2116: 684: 652: 648: 639:

uses a Latin-script alphabet derived from the Swedish alphabet, and is

620: 10526: 10336: 9352: 8641: 8440: 8287:. Translated by Roderick, Fletcher. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. 6378:

The language may be identified by its distinctive lack of the letters

2560:) was published in an electronic form in 2004 and in print in 2006. A 2054:

is a dialect of Finnish or a separate language is sometimes disputed.

1792:

dialect is famous for its seemingly inverted questions. For example, "

1661:

of a word and its grammatical ending in some cases, for example after

10510: 8856: 8827: 8826:

Maddieson, Ian (2013). Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.).

6961:

are literally 'thanks', but are also used when requesting something,

6335:

are often used in quickly or less carefully written texts instead of

6238:'difference'), words which do not clearly derive from a single word ( 5629: 4929: 4925: 4657: 4294: 4127: 4047: 3894: 3854:. However, as many recently adopted loanwords contain clusters, e.g. 3477: 3383: 2339: 1536:

became . These interdental fricatives were written as ⟨tz⟩ (for both

1400: 933:

are not closely related, and the hypothesis of a separate taxonomic "

847: 604: 415: 399: 381: 363: 9132:[The letters š and ž in Finnish spelling]. Helsinki: KOTUS. 9041:

Shore, Susanna (December 1988). "On the so-called Finnish passive".

7569:

Free word order in Finnish : its syntax and discourse functions

6981:

Lit. 'thank you, the same way' (used as a response to well-wishing)

5948:

is not transcribed; the spelling of morphemes is immutable, such as

5691: 2387: 9395: 7851: 7358: 6898:

is used in a broader range of contexts in Finnish than in English;

6098:

phenomena at word or clitic boundaries involving gemination (e.g.,

5794: 5414: 5001: 4349: 4260: 4194:, where the accusative case denotes actions completed as intended ( 4191: 4066: 4055: 3834: 3777: 3772: 2989: 2975: 2629:('I come'), while others remain identical to the standard language 2606: 2580:, published in 1992–2000, and a handbook of contemporary language ( 2484: 1946: 1715: 1702:

compiled the first Finnish-Swedish dictionary. In the same period,

1363: 1002: 582: 487: 335: 91: 3837:) forms, although length is only contrastive in medial positions. 1985:

The Eastern dialects consist of the widespread Savonian dialects (

1372:

The first comprehensive writing system for Finnish was created by

10515: 10468: 6427:(The Unknown Soldier); these words were also inscribed in the 20 6278:

When the appropriate characters are not available, the graphemes

5249: 4966:'to make someone jump repeatedly' (or 'to boss someone around'), 4043: 3566: 3298: 3185: 3053: 2971: 2846: 2602: 1662: 1653:

Modern Finnish punctuation, along with that of Swedish, uses the

1622:

pronunciation for some English words with "gh", such as "tough"),

608: 500: 483: 283: 119: 75: 9098: 9087:). Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura 1996. See pages 166 and 173. 2550:, 30,000 entries) was published in 1991. An updated dictionary, 8834:. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 8558: 8027:"Sweden's Finns fear minority language rights are under threat" 6823:

is literally 'what (to you) is heard?' or 'what concerns you?'

6474:

Taken from Knowledge article on the Finnish language in Finnish

6095: 5945: 5892: 5528: 5524: 5448: 5182: 5163: 2745: 2675: 2343: 2335: 2010: 1250:

from the early 13th century is the first known document in any

675:; as such, it is one of the few European languages that is not 596: 574: 554: 129: 124: 95: 83: 79: 8356:

Kauden murre (online publication: samples of Finnish dialects)

6149:

is not used in writing words with consonant gradation such as

5920:. In some positions, it has a fricative quality, which can be 4972:'to make someone to cause a third person to jump repeatedly', 4182:

of Finnish is nominative–accusative, but there are two object

2131: 9294: 8662: 6491:(translation from Liesl Yamaguchi's 2015 "Unknown Soldiers") 6295: 5667: 5623: 5568:'computer' (literally: 'knowledge machine' or 'data machine') 5520: 5426: 5271: 4023:

derive for the initial syllable. For example, from the stem

2526:

Standard Finnish is prescribed by the Language Office of the

1950: 1789: 1773: 1684: 1328: 926: 578: 105: 87: 8349: 5022:'I wonder if I should sit down for a while after all' (from 4920:

Verbal derivational suffixes are extremely diverse; several

2114:

tapaamaan, ja jäimme sinne pariksi tunniksi, kunnes ajoimme

8898:"Onko suomen kielen astevaihtelu epäproduktiivinen jäänne?" 7412: 5788: 4336:

suffixes to a greater extent. As an example, take the word

4206:'I shot (at) the/an elk'). Often telicity is confused with 1353: 1167:. The northern variants used third person singular pronoun 616: 600: 9103:

Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja EVE

6024: 6016: 1270:

Minä tahdon kernaasti puhua suomen kielen, en minä taida;

486:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

9386: 7906:"Itäprojekti matkaa siperiansuomalaisten uinuviin kyliin" 7790:"Facts about education in Norway 2023 – key figures 2021" 7543: 6006:

without the fricative ("hissing") quality of the English

9258:. Teach Yourself Books. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 7817: 7661:(1–2). Defense Language Institute: 11–30. Archived from 5279:'man' (the latter probably via similar circumstances as 4210:, but these are distinct notions. Finnish in fact has a 2647:

can be used in spoken language in other forms as well.

9128:

Saukkonen, Pauli; Räikkälä, Anneli (30 January 1998).

8024: 6734:

Lit. 'Until seeing', illative of the third infinitive

5672:, which has also been loaned to many other languages. 4328:

Wiktionary:Category:English terms derived from Finnish

1625:

between a liquid consonant or and a vowel (like in

1075:, which ended in 1809. After the establishment of the 7342:. He described his first encounter with Finnish was: 5091:'I wonder if I should sit down for a while after all' 9130:"Kirjaimet š ja ž suomen kielenoikeinkirjoituksessa" 9009:

Generative Approaches to Finnicand Saami Linguistics

8000:"20th anniversary of the Nordic Language Convention" 7354: 6363:

as an example.) Many speakers pronounce all of them

6184:), but in writing there are quite simple rules: The 6164:

In speech there is no difference between the use of

5242:'whore'). Examples of the ancient Iranian loans are 5206: 5193: 5186: 3833:

Almost all consonants have phonemic short and long (

2530:

and is the language used in official communication.

2135:

Traditional Finnish dialect areas before World War I

1264:

Mÿnna tachton gernast spuho sommen gelen Emÿna daÿda

1242:

is the oldest known document in any Finnic language.

5891:. However, morphemes retain their spelling despite 5716:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5650:(calculator) when the neologism is widely adopted. 5618:'to mould, form or model, e.g. from clay'; compare 4423:Examples of Finnish derivational suffixes on nouns 2412:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2017:and refugees were resettled all over Finland. Most 1083:, the language obtained its official status in the 898: 877: 5932:. This occurs after or between vowels, as in e.g. 5664:The most commonly used Finnish word in English is 4134:Palaisiko eksän luo vai helvetissä - en vittu tiiä 1529:pronunciation in Standard Finnish became through 9127: 7844:"Росстат — Всероссийская перепись населения 2020" 7599: 5479:'one cannot' or impersonal third-person singular 5393:'priest'. Notably, a few religious words such as 5166:, are probably from before the proto-Finnic era. 4978:'to, without aim, make someone jump repeatedly', 2310:East Savonian dialects or North Karelian dialects 2057: 11037: 8943:Language, an introduction to the study of speech 8553:Ristkari, Maiju (2014). "Tavit Turun toreilla". 8096:Laakso, Johanna (2001), "The Finnic languages", 6139:at all, but in writing it is used; for example: 3073:to standard Estonian confirmatory interrogative 1902:. The Central and North Ostrobothnian dialects ( 817:possessive suffixes such as 1st person singular 8127: 7903: 6668:Used on greeting and also when taking farewell 6580:used on greeting and also when taking farewell 6563:used on greeting and also when taking farewell 5473:'you cannot', instead of the proper impersonal 2873:is 3rd person singular in the formal language) 2695:). In the spoken language, a fusion of Western 2528:Research Institute for the Languages of Finland 2025:to various interior areas of the Soviet Union. 960:Share of Finnish speakers in the population of 904: 886: 702:Finnish demonstrates an affiliation with other 683:and a few minority languages spoken around the 9181:Tolkien, J. R. R. (1981). "Letter no. 163 (to 7688:"Tunnuslukuja väestöstä alueittain, 1990-2021" 7646:Lowe, Pardee Jr. (1998). Woytak, Lidia (ed.). 6494: 6208:, 'word'), and in words that are old-stylish ( 4342:"a book", from which one can form derivatives 4065:Consonant gradation is a partly nonproductive 3909: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3074: 2690: 1548:and hence not subject to consonant gradation). 1202: 1180: 1090:Finnish also enjoys the status of an official 10542: 10352: 10160: 10136: 9411: 9290:Finnish phrases for beginners (Public Domain) 9077:Suomalaisten esihistoria kielitieteen valossa 8832:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online 8723:Geographical database of the Uralic languages 8471: 7703: 7701: 7295: 7278: 7270: 7254: 7238: 7222: 7206: 7189: 7180: 7172: 7156: 7140: 7124: 7107: 7098: 7090: 7074: 7058: 7042: 7032: 7020: 7004: 6987: 6970: 6956: 6948: 6936: 6928: 6912: 6893: 6882: 6871: 6865: 6858: 6852: 6837: 6829: 6818: 6803: 6795: 6783: 6776: 6764: 6756: 6740: 6723: 6712: 6700: 6682: 6674: 6656: 6647: 6639: 6627: 6614: 6594: 6586: 6569: 6552: 6536: 6508: 6435: 6420: 6404: 6356: 6318: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6179: 6169: 6156: 6150: 6140: 6119: 6113: 6099: 5976: 5967: 5949: 5933: 5904: 5665: 5645: 5639: 5613: 5607: 5599: 5591: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5563: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5458: 5452: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5200: 5176: 5170: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5086: 5078: 5070: 5062: 5054: 5046: 5038: 5032: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4995: 4989: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4908: 4902: 4892: 4886: 4879: 4873: 4863: 4850: 4844: 4837: 4831: 4821: 4808: 4802: 4795: 4789: 4779: 4766: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4737: 4724: 4718: 4711: 4705: 4695: 4682: 4676: 4669: 4663: 4650: 4637: 4631: 4624: 4618: 4605: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4573: 4560: 4547: 4541: 4534: 4528: 4518: 4505: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4456: 4443: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4343: 4337: 4297:affixes which form new verbs derivationally. 4289:'to solve by itself'. There are also several 4284: 4278: 4264: 4254: 4233: 4227: 4201: 4195: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4080: 4070: 4030: 4024: 3968: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3934: 3928: 3919: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3782: 3342: 3324: 3311: 3302: 3279: 3273: 3259: 3247: 3232: 3223: 3194: 3171: 3158: 3148: 3140: 3125: 3113: 3094: 3085: 3068: 3057: 3034: 3024: 3010: 2998: 2950: 2937: 2919: 2903: 2888: 2879: 2868: 2856: 2850: 2825: 2816: 2800: 2789: 2754:. This never occurs in the standard variety. 2749: 2732: 2718: 2704: 2669: 2652: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2555: 2545: 2535: 2513: 2507: 2497: 2084: 2074: 2059: 2038: 2032: 2000: 1986: 1970: 1917: 1903: 1889: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1821: 1807: 1793: 1726: 1666: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1496: 1490: 1468: 1462: 1440: 1434: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1361: 1295: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1262: 1222: 1208: 1192: 1186: 1174: 1168: 1128:. Over time, Proto-Uralic split into various 892: 868: 856: 850: 837: 831: 824: 818: 808: 801: 795: 789: 775: 769: 763: 749: 740: 734: 725: 526: 505: 40: 9280:Collection of Finnish bilingual dictionaries 7486:(in Russian). Gov.karelia.ru. Archived from 3108:is used in place of the first person plural 2013:. The Karelian Isthmus was evacuated during 1957:is an official minority language in Norway. 691:. The closest relative of Finnish is either 651:are distinguished, and there are a range of 9285:FSI Finnish Language Course (Public Domain) 8895: 7511:European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 6781:is literally 'nice to get acquainted', and 6375:, because Finnish has no voiced sibilants. 5995:. Both correspond to the same phoneme, the 5653: 5107:While early borrowings, possibly even into 5083:'I wonder if I should sit down for a while' 2861:are inanimate in the formal language), and 2126: 1747:Map of Finnish dialects and forms of speech 10549: 10535: 10359: 10345: 10167: 10153: 9418: 9404: 9096: 8737: 8243: 8055: 7877:[The Language of American Finns]. 7698: 1509:. Agricola did not consistently represent 1395:Though Agricola's intention was that each 951: 444: 9191:. George Allen & Unwin. p. 214. 8863:International Journal of Psychophysiology 8825: 8698: 8688: 8629: 8324: 7546:Fusion of selected inﬂectional formatives 5880:⟨b, c, f, q, w, x, z, å, š⟩ 5776:Learn how and when to remove this message 5000:'to be jumping repeatedly and wantonly'. 3188:of between vowels, and subsequent vowel 2472:Learn how and when to remove this message 10174: 9234: 9215: 9005: 8640:(in Finnish). Slangi.net. Archived from 8636:Kauhanen, Erkki Johannes (1 June 2002). 8635: 8552: 8383: 8314: 7934: 7872: 7393:Finnish cultural and academic institutes 6498: 5853: 5787: 4304: 4126: 2483: 2232:Central and North Ostrobothnian dialects 2130: 1964: 1783: 1742: 1352: 1338: 1327:, and religious ceremonies were held in 1234: 1147:Finnish developed, lacked the mid vowel 967: 955: 27:Finnic language mostly spoken in Finland 10556: 10366: 9856: 9253: 9180: 9156:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 9015:. CSLI Publications. pp. 109–161. 8973: 8472:Kuusi, Matti; Anttonen, Pertti (1985). 8408: 7566: 7311: 5987:Pre-1900s texts and personal names use 5660:List of English words of Finnish origin 5596:'email' (literally: 'electricity mail') 5185:, high ranking nobleman' from Germanic 4828:locations (places related to the stem) 4358:'a piece of correspondence, a letter', 3472:, which is centralized with respect to 2377: 1489:, but longer in duration), and between 480:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 11038: 10326:Institute for the Languages of Finland 8727:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188 8095: 7997: 7711:. Statistics Finland. 9 January 2024. 7627:from the original on 30 September 2015 7614: 6262:), and in words that are descriptive ( 6076:, as in English. When not followed by 4870:inhabitants (of places), among others 3946:can vary allophonically between i.e. 3775:) and thus occurs only medially, e.g. 3369: 2540:1951–61), with 201,000 entries, was a 2532:The Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish 1975:-brand coffee you will have. Welcome." 1291:in the partitive, and the lack of the 1285:) in the accusative case, rather than 659:limits which diphthongs are possible. 351:Institute for the Languages of Finland 10530: 10340: 10148: 10135: 9399: 9040: 9022:from the original on 4 September 2020 8940: 8617:from the original on 3 September 2019 8453:from the original on 25 February 2021 8310: 8308: 8306: 8260:from the original on 12 November 2020 8195:from the original on 24 February 2021 8091: 8089: 8087: 6398:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 6118:would usually be pronounced as , and 2867:contrast on verbs in the 3rd person ( 2641:). However, the longer forms such as 2589: 2005:) were previously also spoken on the 1377: 1227:, used only in the eastern dialects. 1017:, one may alternatively view them as 925:region and/or the bend of the middle 627:. Sentences are normally formed with 532: 511: 55: 9425: 9301: 8317:Orthographies in Early Modern Europe 8291:from the original on 7 November 2017 8278: 8158: 8037:from the original on 9 November 2020 7873:Lindfors, Jukka (8 September 2006). 7645: 7571:. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura. 6391: 6244:can be derived either from the stem 6232:'to discern, to differentiate' from 5889:write as you read, read as you write 5714:adding citations to reliable sources 5685: 5560:to make 'an instrument for talking') 4324:Wiktionary:Category:Finnish language 3135:lack of possessive clitics on nouns 2552:The New Dictionary of Modern Finnish 2488:Example of a participle construction 2410:adding citations to reliable sources 2381: 2307:Middle dialects of Savonlinna region 2210:Southern-Eastern Tavastian dialects 846:various derivational suffixes (e.g. 349:Language Planning Department of the 9162:from the original on 30 August 2016 8978:, The MIT Press, pp. 389–424, 7916:from the original on 17 August 2022 7904:Sonja Fogelholm (31 January 2013). 7508: 6381:⟨b, c, f, q, w, x, z⟩ 4406:'to write down, register, record', 3377: 2068:The first known written account in 1960: 1779: 1647:and otherwise it was lost entirely. 326:Sweden (official minority language) 24: 10117:Languages between parentheses are 9239:. London and New York: Routledge. 9209: 8362:from the original on 9 August 2018 8303: 8244:Kemiläinen, Aira (November 2004). 8130:"Omasta ja vieraasta rakentuminen" 8084: 7453: 6448: 5869:including the distinct characters 5861:keyboard with the Finnish alphabet 5604:'bus, coach' (literally: line-car) 5451:from English are also found, e.g. 5004:are also used in such examples as 4222:(present + perfective aspect) and 4000: 2521: 2168:Southwest Finnish middle dialects 1554:if it appeared originally between 1433:. Likewise, he alternated between 1380:. Agricola's ultimate plan was to 1230: 1079:, and against the backdrop of the 1058: 695:, or depending on the definition, 679:. The Finnic branch also includes 585:by a minority of Finnish descent. 203:Central and Northern Ostrobothnian 25: 11102: 9273: 9237:Finnish – A Comprehensive Grammar 9136:from the original on 4 March 2014 8945:. London: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon. 8809:"Yleiskielen ts:n murrevastineet" 8421:from the original on 5 March 2016 8415:The National Biography of Finland 8128:Laakso, Johanna (November 2000). 7998:Kuosma, Arja (22 February 2007). 7935:Karlsson, Fred (30 August 2017). 7715:from the original on 11 June 2020 7615:Branch, Hannele (28 April 2009). 7303:(noun) Finn; (adjective) Finnish 5447:from English 'to go for a date'. 5410:in the east in the 13th century. 4660:indicating the lack of something 3723: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3675: 3665: 3657: 3649: 3631: 3621: 3613: 3594: 3585: 3578: 3555: 3546: 3539: 3101:"we don't say" or "we won't say" 1905:keski- ja pohjoispohjalaismurteet 1618:. A similar process explains the 1384:, but first he had to develop an 1334: 1323:, the language of administration 1009:) and in northern Sweden (namely 714:) in several respects including: 662: 11019:Mass media by language of Russia 11014:Knowledge in languages of Russia 9626: 9378: 9361: 9344: 9327: 9310: 9109:from the original on 7 July 2022 8772:from the original on 12 May 2022 8319:. De Gruyter. pp. 351–372. 7937:Finnish: A Comprehensive Grammar 7885:from the original on 22 May 2020 7371: 7357: 6482:Problems playing this file? See 6464: 5690: 5634:) 'mouldable, fit for moulding') 5075:'should I sit down for a while?' 3900:While standard Finnish has lost 3476:; long vowels do not morph into 3293:unstressed diphthongs ending in 2386: 1886:The South Ostrobothnian dialects 1674: 303: 289: 276: 9174: 9148: 9121: 9090: 9069: 9034: 8999: 8967: 8934: 8889: 8850: 8838:from the original on 4 May 2020 8819: 8801: 8784: 8754: 8731: 8715: 8656: 8576: 8546: 8520: 8494: 8465: 8433: 8402: 8377: 8343: 8272: 8237: 8207: 8171: 8152: 8121: 8049: 8018: 7991: 7961: 7928: 7897: 7866: 7836: 7810: 7782: 7757: 7727: 7680: 7639: 6298:character set. Writing them as 6202:, 'to write song-lyrics', from 5877:, and also several characters ( 5701:needs additional citations for 5169:Often quoted loan examples are 4932:, volitional-unpredictable and 4079:'precise' has the oblique stem 4050:. Finnish front vowels are not 3798: 3741: 2978:before short vowels in certain 2397:needs additional citations for 2098:, ja niin me laskeusimme tänne 2086:Kun minä eilen illalla palasin 2082: 1999:. The South Karelian dialects ( 1405:qualitative consonant gradation 1315:. At the time, the language of 623:depending on their role in the 10812:Languages with official status 10121:of the language on their left. 9055:10.1080/00437956.1988.11435787 8984:10.7551/mitpress/6598.003.0017 8875:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.10.012 8638:"Slangi.net: Slangin historia" 8281:"Agricola, Mikael (1510–1557)" 8188:(in Finnish). 2 October 2009. 7608: 7593: 7560: 7537: 7502: 7474: 7442: 7431: 6870:is an appropriate response to 6857:is an appropriate response to 6625:Used on greeting, modified as 6367:, or distinguish only between 6268:) or workaday by their style ( 5938:, which is pronounced with a 5802:sound could be represented by 5675: 5067:'I would sit down for a while' 4241:Finnish has three grammatical 3242:abbreviated forms of numerals 2965:"I'm coming" or "I will come" 2359:Middle dialects of Lemi region 2356:Proper South Karelian dialects 2236:Central Ostrobothnian dialects 1425:were all used for the phoneme 1309:Finland was under Swedish rule 460: Minority spoken language 13: 1: 11091:Subject–verb–object languages 10392:Recognized minority languages 10310:Finland-Swedish Sign Language 9218:Finnish: An Essential Grammar 8534:(in Finnish). 26 January 2016 8285:National Biography of Finland 7424: 7318:Finnish influences on Tolkien 6104:is pronounced , not ) or the 5916:covers all the allophones of 5534: 5289:in many European languages). 4994:'to jump around repeatedly', 4960:'to make someone jump once', 4539:'a letter' (of the alphabet) 4311:Suomalaisen Sana-Lugun Coetus 3483: 3056:and common use of the clitic 3048:"don't you (pl.) have (it)?" 2613:class (with subsequent vowel 2328:Savonian dialects of Värmland 2072:is from the 1890 short story 1307:During the Middle Ages, when 1255: 1111: 1063:Today, Finnish is one of two 1019:dialects of the same language 454: Primary spoken language 8742:[Finnish dialects]. 8690:10.1371/journal.pone.0269648 8411:"Lönnrot, Elias (1802–1884)" 8221:(in Finnish). Archived from 8070:10.1016/j.lingua.2004.01.008 7975:(in Swedish). Archived from 7875:"Amerikansuomalaisten kieli" 7822:Great Norwegian Encyclopedia 6906:Important words and phrases 6820:Mitä (sinulle/teille) kuuluu 6788:is literally 'nice to meet' 6135:is very weak or there is no 5865:Finnish is written with the 5630: 5399:('Bible') are borrowed from 5158:Also some place names, like 5095: 3751:only occurs in the sequence 3358: 2547:Nykysuomen sivistyssanakirja 2239:North Ostrobothnian dialects 2227:South Ostrobothnian dialects 1637:'to go' that was originally 1501:to represent the allophonic 1445:to represent the allophonic 1346:, a 19th-century drawing by 1027:Great Norwegian Encyclopedia 595:and uses almost exclusively 7: 9188:Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien 9097:Holopainen, Sampsa (2020). 8907:(18). Suomen kielen seura. 8896:Yli-Vakkuri, Valma (1976). 7548:. Oxford University Press. 7350: 6495:Basic greetings and phrases 6256:, or from the related verb 5898:Some orthographical notes: 5554:'talk' + instrument suffix 5548:'telephone' (from the stem 5059:'I'll sit down for a while' 5028:, 'to sit, to be seated'): 4897:'Russian person or thing'. 4412:'a font', and many others. 4007:Finnish consonant gradation 2757: 2207:Southern Tavastian dialects 2177:dialects of Turku highlands 1738: 1631:'I go', a form of the verb 1092:minority language in Sweden 565:with Finnish) are official 10: 11107: 9254:Whitney, Arthur H (1973). 8766:Kotimaisten kielten keskus 8738:Savolainen, Erkki (1998). 8478:Finnish Literature Society 7617:"Who's afraid of Finnish?" 7600:Viitso, Tiit-Rein (2000). 7315: 7132:Good luck/congratulations 6694:Used when taking farewell 5679: 5657: 5624: 4954:'to be jumping wantonly', 4321: 4300: 4277:morphology of verbs, e.g. 4120: 4116: 4004: 3980: 3893:, usually realized as the 3793:/helsiŋki –helsiŋŋin/ 3362: 2593: 2321:Päijänne Tavastia dialects 2153:Southwest Finnish dialects 1978: 1804:Southwest Finnish dialects 1106: 1096:Nordic Language Convention 942:Defense Language Institute 897:'disappear' ~ North Saami 11003: 10961: 10811: 10580: 10564: 10493: 10477: 10390: 10374: 10318: 10297: 10277: 10210: 10203: 10182: 10142: 10137:Links to related articles 10103: 10065: 10033: 9928: 9838: 9805: 9777: 9736: 9696: 9644: 9635: 9624: 9442: 9433: 8326:10.1515/9783110288179.351 8161:Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher 7655:Applied Language Learning 7523:10.1163/22116117-01001026 7388:Finland's language strife 7328:better known as an author 6963:like 'please' in English 6905: 6711:Lit. the passive form of 6529: 6286:are usually converted to 5940:voiceless velar fricative 5463:) with the English-style 5435:'to date' (from Swedish, 5051:'to sit down for a while' 4283:'to solve something' vs. 4180:morphosyntactic alignment 4046:, not interchangeable or 3715: 3683: 3642: 3565: 3533: 3494: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3297:become short vowels, and 2502:), and the other is the " 2102:, jossa oli mahoton hyvä 1795:Ei me mittä kaffelle men? 1240:Birch bark letter no. 292 962:municipalities of Finland 937:" node is controversial. 534:[ˈsuo̯meŋˈkie̯li] 466: 443: 429: 413: 397: 379: 361: 356: 343: 317: 271:Official language in 269: 264: 250: 225: 181: 144: 127:: 200,000-250,000 (2022) 111: 101: 71: 48: 39: 34: 9565:Siberian Ingrian Finnish 9436:List of Uralic languages 8384:Häkkinen, Kaisa (2019). 7482: 7449:Finska språket i Sverige 7334:, becoming Professor of 6460:Sample of spoken Finnish 6250:seen in such adverbs as 6029:, although written with 5654:Loans to other languages 5205:'mother' (from Germanic 4029:('product') one derives 3889:. The alphabet includes 2890:mä(ä)/mie, mun/miun, ... 2566:Large grammar of Finnish 2557:Kielitoimiston sanakirja 2324:Keuruu-Evijärvi dialects 2318:Central Finland dialects 2204:Heart Tavastian dialects 2183:Western Uusimaa dialects 2157:Proper Finnish dialects 2127:Dialect chart of Finnish 1981:Eastern Finnish dialects 1916:. The Lapland dialects ( 11086:Vowel-harmony languages 11051:Agglutinative languages 9235:Karlsson, Fred (2018). 9216:Karlsson, Fred (2008). 8941:Sapir, Edward (1978) . 8828:"Consonant Inventories" 8409:Majamaa, Raija (2014). 8098:Circum-Baltic Languages 7820:(in Norwegian Bokmål). 7567:Vilkuna, Maria (1989). 7470:(subscription required) 5997:labiodental approximant 5963:⟨v, j, d⟩ 5208: 5195: 5188: 5113:Indo-European languages 5102:Indo-European languages 4984:'to jump suddenly' (in 4884:'English person/thing' 4163:that employs extensive 3910: 3763:, is the equivalent of 2967:"I am" or "I will be" 2691: 2577:Suomen sanojen alkuperä 2352:South Karelian dialects 2304:South Savonian dialects 2301:North Savonian dialects 1809:lounaissuomalaismurteet 1754:voiced dental fricative 1640: 1614: 1595: 1592:'ability, skill' from 1576: 1544:(which is treated as a 1210: 1194: 989:languages (for example 952:Geographic distribution 858: 839: 830:), 2nd person singular 826: 810: 803: 777: 751: 667:Finnish belongs to the 561:(which has significant 7418:Swedish-speaking Finns 7296: 7279: 7271: 7255: 7239: 7223: 7207: 7190: 7181: 7173: 7157: 7141: 7125: 7108: 7099: 7091: 7075: 7059: 7043: 7033: 7021: 7005: 6988: 6971: 6957: 6949: 6937: 6929: 6913: 6894: 6883: 6872: 6866: 6859: 6853: 6838: 6830: 6819: 6804: 6796: 6784: 6777: 6765: 6757: 6741: 6724: 6713: 6701: 6683: 6675: 6657: 6648: 6640: 6628: 6615: 6595: 6587: 6570: 6553: 6537: 6513: 6509: 6453: 6436: 6421: 6405: 6357: 6319: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6180: 6170: 6157: 6151: 6141: 6120: 6114: 6100: 5977: 5968: 5950: 5934: 5905: 5862: 5851: 5666: 5646: 5640: 5614: 5608: 5600: 5592: 5584: 5582:'disc' + a diminutive 5578: 5572: 5564: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5459: 5453: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5201: 5177: 5171: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5087: 5079: 5071: 5063: 5055: 5047: 5039: 5033: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5010:'without jumping' and 5006: 4996: 4990: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4909: 4903: 4893: 4887: 4880: 4874: 4864: 4851: 4845: 4838: 4832: 4822: 4809: 4803: 4796: 4790: 4786:adjectives from nouns 4780: 4767: 4761: 4754: 4748: 4744:adjectives from verbs 4738: 4725: 4719: 4712: 4706: 4702:adjectives from nouns 4696: 4683: 4677: 4670: 4664: 4651: 4638: 4632: 4625: 4619: 4606: 4597:'shipper, shipmaster' 4593: 4587: 4580: 4574: 4561: 4548: 4542: 4535: 4529: 4519: 4506: 4500: 4493: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4457: 4444: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4344: 4338: 4319: 4285: 4279: 4265: 4255: 4234: 4228: 4202: 4196: 4156: 4151: 4149:("to return") or from 4145: 4139: 4133: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4081: 4071: 4031: 4025: 3969: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3935: 3929: 3920: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3783: 3343: 3325: 3312: 3303: 3280: 3274: 3260: 3248: 3233: 3224: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3172: 3159: 3149: 3141: 3126: 3114: 3095: 3086: 3075: 3069: 3058: 3035: 3025: 3011: 2999: 2951: 2938: 2920: 2904: 2889: 2880: 2869: 2857: 2851: 2849:contrast in pronouns ( 2826: 2817: 2801: 2790: 2750: 2733: 2719: 2705: 2670: 2653: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2556: 2546: 2536: 2514: 2508: 2498: 2489: 2201:Ylä-Satakunta dialects 2180:Somero region dialects 2174:Ala-Satakunta dialects 2163:Southern dialect group 2160:Northern dialect group 2136: 2124: 2085: 2075: 2060: 2039: 2037:"water", cf. standard 2033: 2001: 1987: 1976: 1971: 1918: 1904: 1890: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1822: 1808: 1799: 1794: 1748: 1727: 1681:Johan Vilhelm Snellman 1667: 1633: 1627: 1607: 1601: 1588: 1582: 1569: 1563: 1542:spelling pronunciation 1531:spelling pronunciation 1497: 1491: 1469: 1463: 1441: 1435: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1369: 1362: 1350: 1317:international commerce 1296: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1243: 1223: 1203: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1169: 1077:Grand Duchy of Finland 1073:period of Swedish rule 981:. The remainder speak 973: 965: 905: 899: 893: 887: 878: 869: 851: 832: 819: 796: 790: 770: 764: 741: 735: 726: 721:case suffixes such as 673:Uralic language family 563:mutual intelligibility 549:of Finland, alongside 527: 506: 468:This article contains 140:US: 26,000 (2020) 122:: 4.75 million (2023) 41: 10485:Swedish Sign Language 10305:Finnish Sign Language 8815:on 27 September 2007. 8106:10.1075/slcs.54.09laa 7945:10.4324/9781315743547 7939:. London: Routledge. 6633:('health continue!') 6506: 6452: 5857: 5791: 5297:(especially in older 4807:'a shop, commerce' → 4533:'to book, to file' → 4525:instruments or tools 4394:'a scribe, a clerk', 4308: 4130: 4005:Further information: 3939:in standard Finnish. 3914:, with a palatalized 3807:is the equivalent of 3199:to standard Estonian 3046:"do you (pl.) have?" 2609:in some verbs of the 2487: 2213:Hollola dialect group 2134: 2002:eteläkarjalaismurteet 1968: 1931:standardized language 1914:Northern Ostrobothnia 1896:Southern Ostrobothnia 1891:eteläpohjalaismurteet 1787: 1746: 1567:'kin, family' : 1356: 1342: 1248:birch bark letter 292 1238: 1015:mutually intelligible 971: 959: 915:Proto-Uralic language 633:information structure 11066:Languages of Finland 11061:Languages of Estonia 10176:Languages of Finland 9471:Northeastern coastal 8750:on 30 December 2005. 8598:Svenska språknämnden 8508:on 27 September 2007 8449:(in Swedish). 1921. 7312:Influence on Tolkien 7246:I don't understand. 6978:Thank you, likewise 6035:phonological umlauts 5830:were represented by 5710:improve this article 5155:(cape (geography)). 5088:istahtaisinkohankaan 5019:istahtaisinkohankaan 4058:⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ feature 3334:"probably will fix" 2583:Nykysuomen käsikirja 2571:Iso suomen kielioppi 2537:Nykysuomen sanakirja 2406:improve this article 2378:Linguistic registers 2245:Peräpohjola dialects 2216:Porvoo dialect group 2171:Pori region dialects 1691:along with Swedish. 1679:In the 19th century 1657:(:) to separate the 1518:fricative consonants 1513:in his orthography. 1173:instead of southern 985:(5.42%), one of the 946:Monterey, California 836:( < Proto-Uralic 823:( < Proto-Uralic 800:( < Proto-Uralic 11081:Languages of Sweden 11076:Languages of Russia 11071:Languages of Norway 11009:Languages of Russia 10583:of federal subjects 10558:Languages of Russia 10368:Languages of Sweden 8681:2022PLoSO..1769648R 8006:on 27 February 2007 7287:Finnish (language) 7031:More informal than 6069:is pronounced as a 6049:is a derivation of 6033:, do not represent 5846:was represented by 5682:Finnish orthography 5622:from Ancient Greek 4424: 4400:'in written form', 4348:'a letter' (of the 4271:consonant gradation 4017:consonant gradation 3813:consonant gradation 3769:consonant gradation 3370:Segmental phonology 3347:'probably' instead 3205:or dialectal forms 2773:colloquial language 2751:menenpä → me(n)empä 2706:mettä : mettän 2671:metsä : metsän 2654:puhuvat kirjakieltä 2635:"he comes", never * 2492:There are two main 2284:in Northern Norway) 2276:Finnmark dialects ( 2219:Iitti dialect group 2106:. Mutta me mentiin 1599:, contrasting with 1382:translate the Bible 1311:, Finnish was only 718:Shared morphology: 689:Republic of Karelia 643:to a great extent. 637:Finnish orthography 629:subject–verb–object 597:suffixal affixation 557:, both Finnish and 319:Recognised minority 198:South Ostrobothnian 86:(in small areas in 10204:Minority languages 10183:Official languages 9453:Bjarmian languages 8976:The Syntax of Time 8922:on 11 October 2017 8913:10.30673/sja.86402 8644:on 3 February 2010 8446:Nordisk familjebok 8441:"Warelius, Anders" 8250:Tieteessä Tapahtuu 8225:on 2 February 2014 7854:on 24 January 2020 7490:on 11 October 2017 6773:Nice to meet you! 6514: 6454: 6423:Tuntematon sotilas 6333:⟨zh⟩ 6329:⟨sh⟩ 6304:⟨oe⟩ 6300:⟨ae⟩ 6106:place assimilation 6086:⟨ng⟩ 6067:⟨nk⟩ 5863: 5852: 5838:respectively, and 5836:⟨ij⟩ 5792:The first page of 5725:"Finnish language" 5366:, 'girl', usually 5111:, from very early 4642:'a piece of work' 4629:'result, outcome' 4431:Used to create... 4422: 4320: 4161:synthetic language 4157: 3918:, is reflected by 3846:⟨rs⟩ 3784:Helsingin kaupunki 3761:⟨ng⟩ 3226:kuusikymmentäviisi 2734:mettä : metän 2723:) has resulted in 2720:mehtä : metän 2692:meččä : mečän 2596:Colloquial Finnish 2590:Colloquial Finnish 2490: 2421:"Finnish language" 2363:Dialects of Ingria 2267:Gällivare dialects 2263:Kemijärvi dialects 2197:Tavastian Dialects 2137: 1977: 1884:('they: their')). 1878:('you: your') and 1800: 1760:, and the Eastern 1749: 1728:Seitsemän veljestä 1615:sika : *siɣan 1611:'pig, pork' from 1596:kükü : *küɣün 1577:suku : *suɣun 1561:vowels and (cf. 1370: 1351: 1267:(Modern Finnish: " 1244: 1130:daughter languages 1098:, citizens of the 1065:official languages 974: 966: 855:< Proto-Uralic 567:minority languages 547:official languages 11033: 11032: 11027: 11026: 10995: 10950:Southern Yukaghir 10943:Northern Yukaghir 10620: 10613: 10524: 10523: 10375:Official language 10334: 10333: 10293: 10292: 10129: 10128: 10113:extinct languages 9924: 9923: 9797:Northwestern Mari 9732: 9731: 9265:978-0-340-05782-7 9246:978-1-138-82104-0 9227:978-0-415-43914-5 9185:, 7 June 1953)". 9075:Häkkinen, Kaisa. 8993:978-0-262-27449-4 8725:(v1.0) . Zenodo. 8568:978-951-32-3847-6 8336:978-3-11-028817-9 8147:(proto-)dialects. 8136:on 26 August 2007 8115:978-90-272-3057-7 7954:978-1-315-74354-7 7797:Statistics Norway 7769:Statistics Norway 7745:on 2 October 2019 7468:(18th ed., 2015) 7408:Finnish profanity 7340:Oxford University 7309: 7308: 6848:Well, thank you. 6846:Fine, thank you. 6748:Goodbye/Farewell 6538:(Hyvää) huomenta! 6504: 6469: 6396:Article 1 of the 6392:Language examples 6386:⟨å⟩ 6373:⟨š⟩ 6369:⟨s⟩ 6365:⟨s⟩ 6353:⟨ž⟩ 6349:⟨š⟩ 6345:⟨z⟩ 6341:⟨ž⟩ 6337:⟨š⟩ 6315:⟨ž⟩ 6311:⟨š⟩ 6292:⟨o⟩ 6288:⟨a⟩ 6284:⟨ö⟩ 6280:⟨ä⟩ 6224:⟨ö⟩ 6220:⟨o⟩ 6216:⟨i⟩ 6194:⟨ä⟩ 6190:⟨a⟩ 6186:⟨i⟩ 6147:⟨j⟩ 6133:⟨i⟩ 6131:after the letter 6078:⟨k⟩ 6063:⟨n⟩ 6051:⟨C⟩ 6047:⟨G⟩ 6043:⟨G⟩ 6039:⟨C⟩ 6008:⟨v⟩ 6004:⟨v⟩ 5993:⟨v⟩ 5989:⟨w⟩ 5960:Some consonants ( 5914:⟨h⟩ 5885:⟨ž⟩ 5875:⟨ö⟩ 5871:⟨ä⟩ 5848:⟨e⟩ 5832:⟨w⟩ 5812:⟨g⟩ 5808:⟨k⟩ 5804:⟨c⟩ 5786: 5785: 5778: 5760: 5576:'diskette' (from 4948:'to be jumping', 4918: 4917: 4865:-lainen / -läinen 4615:nouns from verbs 4552:'a whisk, mixer' 3897:, as in German. 3891:⟨z⟩ 3824:Finnish phonology 3737: 3736: 3466: 3465: 3365:Finnish phonology 3351: 3350: 2982:along with vowel 2482: 2481: 2474: 2456: 2297:Savonian dialects 2048:Karelian language 1814:Southwest Finland 1769:Karelian language 1546:consonant cluster 1390:standard language 1321:Middle Low German 1139:, from which the 1081:Fennoman movement 1045:Finnish Americans 917:somewhere in the 909:'leave (behind)'. 513:[ˈsuo̯mi] 494: 493: 476:rendering support 472:phonetic symbols. 345:Regulated by 57:[ˈsuo̯mi] 16:(Redirected from 11098: 11056:Finnic languages 11046:Finnish language 10987: 10984:Mongolian script 10974:Cyrillic Braille 10952: 10945: 10916: 10909: 10902: 10895: 10876: 10869: 10862: 10747: 10740: 10726: 10719: 10616: 10609: 10565:Federal language 10551: 10544: 10537: 10528: 10527: 10361: 10354: 10347: 10338: 10337: 10268: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10226: 10208: 10207: 10169: 10162: 10155: 10146: 10145: 10133: 10132: 9989: 9975: 9854: 9853: 9763: 9642: 9641: 9630: 9553:Siberian Finnish 9499: 9427:Uralic languages 9420: 9413: 9406: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9383: 9382: 9381: 9374: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9357: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9340: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9323: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9303: 9297:Finnish language 9269: 9250: 9231: 9203: 9202: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9094: 9088: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9021: 9014: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8938: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8921: 8915:. Archived from 8902: 8893: 8887: 8886: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8823: 8817: 8816: 8811:. Archived from 8805: 8799: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8746:. Archived from 8740:"Suomen murteet" 8735: 8729: 8719: 8713: 8712: 8702: 8692: 8660: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8616: 8595: 8580: 8574: 8572: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8504:. Archived from 8502:"Suomen murteet" 8498: 8492: 8491: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8406: 8400: 8399: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8367: 8352:"Eurajoen murre" 8347: 8341: 8340: 8328: 8312: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8279:Heininen, Simo. 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8241: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8219:Svenskfinland.fi 8211: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8194: 8183: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8143: 8141: 8132:. Archived from 8125: 8119: 8118: 8093: 8082: 8081: 8064:(7): 1053–1062. 8053: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8002:. Archived from 7995: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7979:on 18 April 2007 7965: 7959: 7958: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7850:. Archived from 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7794: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7741:. Archived from 7731: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7705: 7696: 7695: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7668:on 19 March 2012 7667: 7652: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7506: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7457: 7451: 7446: 7440: 7435: 7403:Finnish numerals 7381: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7367: 7362: 7361: 7324:J. R. R. Tolkien 7299: 7282: 7274: 7258: 7242: 7226: 7224:(Minä) ymmärrän. 7210: 7193: 7184: 7176: 7160: 7144: 7128: 7111: 7102: 7094: 7078: 7062: 7046: 7036: 7024: 7008: 6991: 6974: 6960: 6952: 6940: 6932: 6916: 6897: 6886: 6875: 6869: 6862: 6856: 6841: 6833: 6822: 6814:How's it going? 6807: 6799: 6787: 6780: 6768: 6760: 6758:Hauska tutustua! 6744: 6727: 6716: 6704: 6686: 6678: 6660: 6651: 6643: 6631: 6622:lit. 'Healthy!' 6618: 6598: 6590: 6577:(Good) evening! 6573: 6556: 6544:(Good) morning! 6540: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6507:Sample sound of 6505: 6471: 6470: 6451: 6439: 6426: 6408: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6322: 6316: 6312: 6305: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6167: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6117: 6103: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6068: 6065:in the sequence 6064: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6028: 6020: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5980: 5975:('I limit') vs. 5974: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5956: 5953: 5937: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5849: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5781: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5761: 5759: 5718: 5694: 5686: 5671: 5649: 5643: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5617: 5612:'plastic' (from 5611: 5603: 5595: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5567: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5462: 5456: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5405:Russian Orthodox 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5204: 5198: 5191: 5183:sovereign prince 5180: 5174: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5090: 5082: 5080:istahtaisinkohan 5074: 5066: 5058: 5050: 5042: 5036: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 4999: 4993: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4928:differentiating 4914: 4906: 4896: 4890: 4883: 4877: 4867: 4854: 4848: 4841: 4835: 4825: 4812: 4806: 4799: 4793: 4783: 4770: 4764: 4757: 4751: 4741: 4728: 4722: 4715: 4709: 4699: 4686: 4680: 4673: 4667: 4654: 4641: 4635: 4628: 4622: 4609: 4596: 4590: 4583: 4577: 4564: 4551: 4545: 4538: 4532: 4522: 4509: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4482:collective nouns 4478: 4466: 4460: 4447: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4347: 4341: 4316:Daniel Juslenius 4288: 4282: 4268: 4258: 4237: 4231: 4205: 4199: 4190:cases is one of 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4078: 4041: 4028: 3972: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3932: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3827: 3811:under weakening 3810: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3794: 3786: 3767:under weakening 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3745: 3727: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3679: 3669: 3661: 3653: 3635: 3625: 3617: 3609: 3598: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3559: 3550: 3543: 3492: 3491: 3462: 3455: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3389: 3388: 3378:Vocalic segments 3346: 3331: 3321: 3306: 3301:of phrase-final 3296: 3283: 3277: 3269: 3257: 3236: 3229: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3175: 3169: 3154: 3146: 3129: 3122: 3098: 3091: 3078: 3072: 3061: 3042: 3032: 3020: 3008: 2961: 2948: 2933: 2917: 2892: 2885: 2882:minä, minun, ... 2872: 2860: 2854: 2835: 2823: 2812: 2798: 2764: 2763: 2753: 2736: 2730: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2673: 2667: 2665: 2656: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2559: 2549: 2539: 2517: 2511: 2501: 2477: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2414: 2390: 2382: 2292:Eastern dialects 2249:Torne dialects ( 2148:Western dialects 2143:Finnish dialects 2122: 2078: 2063: 2058:Helsinki slang ( 2042: 2036: 2007:Karelian Isthmus 2004: 1990: 1974: 1961:Eastern dialects 1922:) are spoken in 1921: 1919:lappilaismurteet 1908:) are spoken in 1907: 1901: 1894:) are spoken in 1893: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1826:) are spoken in 1825: 1812:) are spoken in 1811: 1797: 1780:Western dialects 1731:), published by 1730: 1696:Daniel Europaeus 1670: 1643: 1636: 1630: 1621: 1617: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1572: 1566: 1520:in a process of 1508: 1500: 1494: 1480: 1472: 1466: 1452: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1424: 1418: 1412: 1378:western dialects 1367: 1299: 1290: 1284: 1279:(Modern Finnish 1278: 1272: 1266: 1260: 1257: 1226: 1216: 1206: 1200: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1154: 1141:Finnic languages 1100:Nordic countries 1049:Siberian Finnish 1041:American Finnish 921:belt around the 908: 902: 896: 890: 881: 872: 861: 854: 842: 835: 829: 822: 813: 806: 799: 793: 780: 773: 767: 754: 744: 738: 729: 704:Uralic languages 687:and in Russia's 649:consonant length 536: 530: 523: 522: 521: 515: 509: 459: 453: 448: 439: 425: 409: 402: 393: 392: 384: 375: 374: 366: 321:language in 309: 307: 306: 295: 293: 292: 282: 280: 279: 256: 240:Finnish alphabet 231: 150: 67: 66: 65: 59: 54: 44: 32: 31: 21: 11106: 11105: 11101: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11036: 11035: 11034: 11029: 11028: 11023: 10999: 10957: 10948: 10941: 10912: 10905: 10898: 10891: 10872: 10867:Southern Khanty 10865: 10860:Northern Khanty 10858: 10807: 10743: 10736: 10722: 10715: 10681:Karachay-Balkar 10582: 10581:State languages 10576: 10560: 10555: 10525: 10520: 10494:Other languages 10489: 10473: 10462:Balkan dialects 10386: 10370: 10365: 10335: 10330: 10314: 10289: 10273: 10264: 10250: 10243: 10236: 10222: 10199: 10178: 10173: 10138: 10130: 10125: 10124: 10099: 10093:Proto-Samoyedic 10061: 10029: 9983: 9969: 9920: 9876:Southern Khanty 9871:Northern Khanty 9852: 9834: 9801: 9773: 9753: 9751:Shoksha dialect 9728: 9692: 9631: 9622: 9577:Karelian proper 9493: 9438: 9429: 9424: 9394: 9387:Finnish edition 9384: 9379: 9377: 9373:from Wikivoyage 9367: 9362: 9360: 9350: 9345: 9343: 9333: 9328: 9326: 9322:from Wiktionary 9316: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9302:sister projects 9299:at Knowledge's 9276: 9266: 9247: 9228: 9212: 9210:Further reading 9207: 9206: 9199: 9179: 9175: 9165: 9163: 9154: 9153: 9149: 9139: 9137: 9126: 9122: 9112: 9110: 9095: 9091: 9074: 9070: 9039: 9035: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9012: 9004: 9000: 8994: 8972: 8968: 8953: 8939: 8935: 8925: 8923: 8919: 8900: 8894: 8890: 8855: 8851: 8841: 8839: 8824: 8820: 8807: 8806: 8802: 8789: 8785: 8775: 8773: 8760: 8759: 8755: 8736: 8732: 8720: 8716: 8675:(6): e0269648. 8661: 8657: 8647: 8645: 8634: 8630: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8608: 8593: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8569: 8551: 8547: 8537: 8535: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8511: 8509: 8500: 8499: 8495: 8488: 8470: 8466: 8456: 8454: 8439: 8438: 8434: 8424: 8422: 8407: 8403: 8396: 8382: 8378: 8365: 8363: 8348: 8344: 8337: 8313: 8304: 8294: 8292: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8261: 8242: 8238: 8228: 8226: 8213: 8212: 8208: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8172: 8157: 8153: 8139: 8137: 8126: 8122: 8116: 8094: 8085: 8054: 8050: 8040: 8038: 8023: 8019: 8009: 8007: 7996: 7992: 7982: 7980: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7933: 7929: 7919: 7917: 7902: 7898: 7888: 7886: 7871: 7867: 7857: 7855: 7842: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7825: 7824:. February 2024 7816: 7815: 7811: 7801: 7799: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7773: 7771: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7748: 7746: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7718: 7716: 7707: 7706: 7699: 7686: 7685: 7681: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7650: 7644: 7640: 7630: 7628: 7613: 7609: 7602:Finnic Affinity 7598: 7594: 7579: 7565: 7561: 7542: 7538: 7507: 7503: 7493: 7491: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7458: 7454: 7447: 7443: 7436: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7377: 7372: 7370: 7365:Language portal 7363: 7356: 7353: 7320: 7314: 7214:My condolences 7142:Olen pahoillani 6995:You're welcome 6778:Hauska tutustua 6708:See you later! 6554:(Hyvää) päivää! 6499: 6497: 6489: 6488: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6465: 6462: 6455: 6449: 6394: 6385: 6380: 6379: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6168:in words (like 6146: 6132: 6085: 6077: 6066: 6062: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6022: 6014: 6007: 6003: 5992: 5988: 5962: 5961: 5913: 5884: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5847: 5835: 5831: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5782: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5719: 5717: 5707: 5695: 5684: 5678: 5662: 5656: 5537: 5513:'hot dog', and 5507:'PlayStation', 5401:Old East Slavic 5360:, from Swedish 5118:a certain group 5098: 5037:'to sit down' ( 4752:'to be able' → 4584:'an excavator' 4570:or instruments 4330: 4303: 4125: 4123:Finnish grammar 4119: 4009: 4003: 4001:Morphophonology 3983: 3924:in Finnish and 3890: 3845: 3831: 3830: 3803: 3799: 3760: 3746: 3742: 3605: 3571: 3516: 3506: 3486: 3380: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3337:absence of the 3179:"I don't know" 3143:(minä) en tiedä 2768:formal language 2760: 2726: 2712: 2698: 2684: 2663: 2598: 2592: 2524: 2522:Standardization 2504:spoken language 2478: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2415: 2413: 2403: 2391: 2380: 2375: 2374: 2314:Kainuu dialects 2129: 2066: 2052:Russian Karelia 1988:savolaismurteet 1983: 1963: 1823:hämäläismurteet 1782: 1741: 1704:Antero Warelius 1677: 1374:Mikael Agricola 1348:Albert Edelfelt 1344:Mikael Agricola 1337: 1258: 1252:Finnic language 1233: 1231:Medieval period 1114: 1109: 1061: 1059:Official status 954: 814:, respectively) 788:plural markers 665: 539:Finnic language 517: 516: 474:Without proper 462: 461: 457: 455: 451: 435: 421: 405: 398: 388: 387: 380: 370: 369: 362: 339: 333: 327: 322: 320: 304: 302: 300: 290: 288: 286: 277: 275: 272: 265:Official status 257: 252: 245:Finnish Braille 243: 232: 227: 177: 165:Northern Finnic 151: 148:Language family 146: 139: 133: 132:: 8,000 (Kven) 128: 123: 118: 114: 113:Native speakers 61: 60: 52: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11104: 11094: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11031: 11030: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10997: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10965: 10963: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10953: 10946: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10914:Southern Mansi 10910: 10903: 10896: 10893:Northern Mansi 10884: 10879: 10878: 10877: 10874:Eastern Khanty 10870: 10863: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10815: 10813: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10741: 10729: 10728: 10727: 10720: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10618:Southern Altai 10614: 10611:Northern Altai 10602: 10597: 10592: 10586: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10568: 10566: 10562: 10561: 10554: 10553: 10546: 10539: 10531: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10497: 10495: 10491: 10490: 10488: 10487: 10481: 10479: 10478:Sign languages 10475: 10474: 10472: 10471: 10466: 10465: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10407: 10402: 10396: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10384: 10378: 10376: 10372: 10371: 10364: 10363: 10356: 10349: 10341: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10328: 10322: 10320: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10312: 10307: 10301: 10299: 10298:Sign languages 10295: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10281: 10279: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10257: 10256: 10255: 10248: 10241: 10229: 10228: 10227: 10214: 10212: 10205: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10197: 10192: 10186: 10184: 10180: 10179: 10172: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10149: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10127: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10115: 10105: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10059: 10052: 10045: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10009: 10008: 10003: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9977: 9956: 9955: 9954: 9940: 9934: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9913:Southern Mansi 9909: 9902: 9895: 9893:Northern Mansi 9885: 9884: 9883: 9881:Eastern Khanty 9878: 9873: 9862: 9860: 9851: 9850: 9844: 9842: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9811: 9809: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9783: 9781: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9771: 9766: 9765: 9764: 9742: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9656: 9648: 9646: 9639: 9633: 9632: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9619: 9618: 9613: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9590: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9569: 9568: 9567: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9530: 9529: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9500: 9488: 9483: 9476:South Estonian 9473: 9468: 9456: 9448: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9423: 9422: 9415: 9408: 9400: 9393: 9392: 9375: 9358: 9356:from Wikibooks 9341: 9324: 9295: 9293: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9275: 9274:External links 9272: 9271: 9270: 9264: 9251: 9245: 9232: 9226: 9211: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9197: 9173: 9147: 9120: 9105:(in Finnish). 9089: 9068: 9049:(3): 151–176. 9033: 8998: 8992: 8966: 8951: 8933: 8888: 8869:(2): 131–143. 8849: 8818: 8800: 8783: 8753: 8730: 8714: 8655: 8628: 8606: 8596:(in Swedish). 8575: 8567: 8561:. p. 36. 8555:Ankkojen Suomi 8545: 8519: 8493: 8486: 8474:Kalevala-lipas 8464: 8432: 8401: 8394: 8376: 8342: 8335: 8302: 8271: 8252:(in Finnish). 8236: 8206: 8170: 8151: 8120: 8114: 8083: 8048: 8033:. Gothenburg. 8017: 7990: 7973:Nordic Council 7960: 7953: 7927: 7896: 7865: 7848:rosstat.gov.ru 7835: 7809: 7781: 7756: 7726: 7697: 7694:. 27 May 2022. 7679: 7638: 7607: 7592: 7577: 7559: 7536: 7517:(1): 563–582. 7501: 7473: 7452: 7441: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7379:Finland portal 7368: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7316:Main article: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7230:I understand. 7228: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7126:(Paljon) onnea 7120: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7066:Can you help? 7064: 7060:Voitko auttaa? 7054: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7038: 7037: 7029: 7026: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012:Certainly/yes 7010: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6983: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6972:Kiitos, samoin 6966: 6965: 6946: 6945:Thanks/Please 6943: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6891: 6888: 6878: 6877: 6850: 6844: 6825: 6824: 6816: 6810: 6791: 6790: 6774: 6771: 6766:Hauska tavata! 6752: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6719: 6718: 6709: 6706: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6635: 6634: 6623: 6620: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6601: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6571:(Hyvää) iltaa! 6565: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6510:Hyvää huomenta 6496: 6493: 6479: 6473: 6463: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6393: 6390: 6325:Czech Republic 6276: 6275: 6162: 6145:. Indeed, the 6125: 6093: 6055: 6054: 6011: 5985: 5958: 5943: 5922:voiced glottal 5910: 5867:Latin alphabet 5784: 5783: 5698: 5696: 5689: 5680:Main article: 5677: 5674: 5658:Main article: 5655: 5652: 5644:(computer) or 5636: 5635: 5605: 5597: 5589: 5569: 5561: 5536: 5533: 5330:, 'province'; 5299:Helsinki slang 5248:'hammer' from 5123:Paleo-European 5097: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5084: 5076: 5068: 5060: 5052: 5044: 4922:frequentatives 4916: 4915: 4899: 4881:englantilainen 4871: 4868: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855:'a parsonage' 4829: 4826: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4787: 4784: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4745: 4742: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729:'resourceful' 4703: 4700: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4668:'happiness' → 4661: 4655: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4616: 4610: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4571: 4565: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4526: 4523: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510:'navy, fleet' 4484: 4479: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4454: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4376:'literature', 4302: 4299: 4121:Main article: 4118: 4115: 4002: 3999: 3982: 3979: 3902:palatalization 3842:syllable codas 3829: 3828: 3797: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3721: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3673: 3671: 3662: 3655: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3628: 3626: 3619: 3610: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3592: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3553: 3551: 3544: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3510: 3500: 3495: 3485: 3482: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3363:Main article: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3339:potential mood 3335: 3332: 3322: 3308: 3307: 3291: 3285: 3271: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234:kuuskyt(ä)viis 3230: 3220: 3219: 3183: 3177: 3156: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3123: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3099: 3092: 3088:(me) emme sano 3082: 3081: 3064:interrogatives 3050: 3044: 3022: 2995: 2994: 2980:Type III verbs 2969: 2963: 2935: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2886: 2876: 2875: 2843: 2839:"he/she goes" 2837: 2814: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2759: 2756: 2709:) and Eastern 2594:Main article: 2591: 2588: 2523: 2520: 2480: 2479: 2394: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2274: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2229: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2187:Helsinki slang 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2139: 2138: 2128: 2125: 2070:Helsinki slang 2065: 2056: 2029:Palatalization 1979:Main article: 1962: 1959: 1781: 1778: 1740: 1737: 1722:Seven Brothers 1676: 1673: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1623: 1549: 1534: 1336: 1335:Writing system 1333: 1232: 1229: 1126:Ural Mountains 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1069:European Union 1060: 1057: 1053:Siberian Finns 979:first language 953: 950: 931:Sami languages 923:Ural Mountains 911: 910: 865: 864: 863: 844: 815: 786: 712:Sami languages 671:branch of the 664: 663:Classification 661: 492: 491: 478:, you may see 464: 463: 456: 450: 449: 441: 440: 433: 427: 426: 419: 411: 410: 403: 395: 394: 385: 377: 376: 367: 359: 358: 357:Language codes 354: 353: 347: 341: 340: 325: 323: 318: 315: 314: 311:Nordic Council 297:European Union 273: 270: 267: 266: 262: 261: 260:Signed Finnish 258: 251: 248: 247: 233: 229:Writing system 226: 223: 222: 221: 220: 218:South Karelian 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 183: 179: 178: 176: 175: 174: 173: 172: 171: 154: 152: 145: 142: 141: 115: 112: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 73: 72:Native to 69: 68: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 18:Finnish syntax 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11103: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11002: 10994: 10993:Kalmyk script 10990: 10989:Buryat script 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10960: 10951: 10947: 10944: 10940: 10939: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10915: 10911: 10908: 10907:Eastern Mansi 10904: 10901: 10900:Western Mansi 10897: 10894: 10890: 10889: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10875: 10871: 10868: 10864: 10861: 10857: 10856: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10814: 10810: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10746: 10742: 10739: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10730: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10656:Crimean Tatar 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10619: 10615: 10612: 10608: 10607: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10579: 10573: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10552: 10547: 10545: 10540: 10538: 10533: 10532: 10529: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10492: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10470: 10467: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10457:Vlax dialects 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10389: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10362: 10357: 10355: 10350: 10348: 10343: 10342: 10339: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10317: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10296: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10276: 10267: 10263: 10262: 10261: 10258: 10253: 10249: 10246: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10234: 10233: 10230: 10225: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10170: 10165: 10163: 10158: 10156: 10151: 10150: 10147: 10141: 10134: 10120: 10116: 10114: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10102: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10066:Reconstructed 10064: 10058: 10057: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10046: 10044: 10043: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10007: 10006:Tundra Nenets 10004: 10002: 10001:Forest Nenets 9999: 9998: 9997: 9994: 9990: 9987: 9982: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9968: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9952: 9948: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9915: 9914: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9906:Eastern Mansi 9903: 9901: 9900: 9899:Western Mansi 9896: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9886: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9855: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9804: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9770: 9767: 9761: 9757: 9752: 9749: 9748: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9735: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9695: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9673: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9654: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9634: 9629: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9573: 9570: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9561: 9558: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9535: 9534: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9520: 9518: 9517: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9497: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9466: 9465:Laiuse Romani 9462: 9461: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9454: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9432: 9428: 9421: 9416: 9414: 9409: 9407: 9402: 9401: 9398: 9389: 9388: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9359: 9355: 9354: 9342: 9338: 9337: 9325: 9321: 9320: 9308: 9307: 9304: 9298: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9267: 9261: 9257: 9252: 9248: 9242: 9238: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9219: 9214: 9213: 9200: 9198:0-04-826005-3 9194: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9177: 9161: 9157: 9151: 9135: 9131: 9124: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9085:951-717-855-7 9082: 9078: 9072: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9037: 9018: 9011: 9010: 9002: 8995: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8970: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8952:0-246-11074-0 8948: 8944: 8937: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8899: 8892: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8853: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8822: 8814: 8810: 8804: 8798:. 1,600 pages 8797: 8796:951-746-557-2 8793: 8787: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8757: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8734: 8728: 8724: 8718: 8710: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8643: 8639: 8632: 8613: 8609: 8607:91-7297-611-X 8603: 8599: 8591: 8587: 8586: 8579: 8570: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8549: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8489: 8487:951-717-380-6 8483: 8479: 8475: 8468: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8442: 8436: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8405: 8397: 8395:9789522226747 8391: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8346: 8338: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8318: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8275: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8240: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8191: 8187: 8180: 8174: 8166: 8163:(in German). 8162: 8155: 8148: 8135: 8131: 8124: 8117: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8052: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8021: 8005: 8001: 7994: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7964: 7956: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7900: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7869: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7798: 7791: 7785: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7730: 7714: 7710: 7704: 7702: 7693: 7692:Tilastokeskus 7689: 7683: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7649: 7642: 7626: 7622: 7621:thisisFINLAND 7618: 7611: 7603: 7596: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7578:951-717-558-2 7574: 7570: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7505: 7489: 7485: 7477: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7450: 7445: 7439: 7434: 7430: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7380: 7369: 7366: 7360: 7355: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7275: 7273: 7268: 7267: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7252: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7177: 7175: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7138: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7056: 7055: 7052: 7050:No/it is not 7049: 7047: 7045: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6933: 6931: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6880: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6868: 6861: 6855: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6834: 6832: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6815: 6812:How are you? 6811: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6800: 6798: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6785:hauska tavata 6779: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6761: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6679: 6677: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6644: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6591: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6511: 6492: 6487: 6485: 6461: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6425: 6424: 6418: 6415:Excerpt from 6410: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6389: 6376: 6361: 6360: 6326: 6321: 6307: 6297: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6143: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6072: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6018: 6012: 5998: 5986: 5979: 5970: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5924:or voiceless 5923: 5912:The grapheme 5911: 5909:"hole punch". 5907: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5868: 5860: 5859:Parking meter 5856: 5843: 5827: 5819: 5797: 5796: 5790: 5780: 5777: 5769: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5727: – 5726: 5722: 5721:Find sources: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5699:This article 5697: 5693: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5661: 5651: 5648: 5647:kalkulaattori 5642: 5632: 5621: 5616: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5387:'border' and 5385: 5379: 5373: 5372:in Finnish). 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5269:'slave' from 5267: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5203: 5197: 5190: 5184: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5103: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5072:istahtaisinko 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5043:'I sit down') 5041: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4987: 4986:anticausative 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4935: 4934:anticausative 4931: 4927: 4923: 4913: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4889: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4849:'a priest' → 4847: 4842:'a henhouse' 4840: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4813:'commercial' 4811: 4805: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4763: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4721: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4634: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4546:'to whisk' → 4544: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4502: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4417:vowel harmony 4413: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4370:'an author', 4368: 4364:'a library', 4362: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4291:frequentative 4287: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4236: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4203:Ammuin hirveä 4198: 4197:Ammuin hirven 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4169:polysynthetic 4166: 4165:agglutination 4162: 4159:Finnish is a 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4124: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4085: 4077: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4054:, though the 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4013:vowel harmony 4008: 3998: 3994: 3992: 3991:agglutinative 3988: 3987:vowel harmony 3978: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3896: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3860:from Swedish 3858: 3852: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3801: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3459: 3457: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3375: 3366: 3356: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3276: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3239:"sixty-five" 3238: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3116:(minun) kirja 3112: 3111: 3107: 3106:passive voice 3103: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3029: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3006: 3004: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2895:"I, my, ..." 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2721: 2707: 2693: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2658: 2655: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2567: 2564:grammar (the 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2486: 2476: 2473: 2465: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2423: – 2422: 2418: 2417:Find sources: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2395:This article 2393: 2389: 2384: 2383: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2283: 2281: 2280:Kven language 2275: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2260:Kemi dialects 2259: 2256: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2071: 2062: 2061:Stadin slangi 2055: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2041: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2019:Ingrian Finns 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1997:South Karelia 1994: 1989: 1982: 1973: 1967: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1945:is spoken in 1944: 1943:Kven language 1939: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1872:('we: our'), 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1762:exessive case 1759: 1758:Rauma dialect 1756:found in the 1755: 1745: 1736: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1711:Elias Lönnrot 1707: 1705: 1701: 1700:Elias Lönnrot 1697: 1692: 1689: 1688:nationalistic 1686: 1682: 1675:Modernization 1672: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1629: 1624: 1616: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1573:from earlier 1571: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1506: 1499: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1473:to represent 1471: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1443: 1437: 1430: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1358:Elias Lönnrot 1355: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1302:spoke Swedish 1298: 1294: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1253: 1249: 1241: 1237: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1152: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1134:reconstructed 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:Uralic family 1104: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1034:latest census 1030: 1028: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 970: 963: 958: 949: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919:boreal forest 916: 907: 901: 895: 889: 885: 880: 876: 871: 866: 860: 853: 849: 845: 841: 834: 828: 821: 816: 812: 805: 798: 792: 787: 784: 781:, originally 779: 772: 766: 762: 758: 755:, originally 753: 748: 743: 737: 733: 728: 724: 720: 719: 717: 716: 715: 713: 709: 705: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:Indo-European 674: 670: 660: 658: 657:vowel harmony 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 593:agglutinative 591: 590:typologically 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 531: 529: 520: 514: 510: 508: 502: 498: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 471: 465: 447: 442: 438: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 418: 417: 412: 408: 404: 401: 396: 391: 386: 383: 378: 373: 368: 365: 360: 355: 352: 348: 346: 342: 337: 331: 324: 316: 313: 312: 299: 298: 285: 274: 268: 263: 259: 255: 249: 246: 241: 237: 234: 230: 224: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 184: 180: 170: 167: 166: 164: 163: 162: 159: 158: 157: 153: 149: 143: 137: 131: 126: 121: 116: 110: 107: 104: 100: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 74: 70: 64: 58: 51: 49:Pronunciation 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 10979:Latin script 10882:Komi-Permyak 10838: 10452:Scandoromani 10447:Finnish Kalo 10399: 10278:Unrecognized 10266:Mishar Tatar 10224:Finnish Kalo 10189: 10108: 10083:Proto-Finnic 10073:Proto-Uralic 10054: 10047: 10040: 10022: 9979: 9965: 9958: 9949: 9942: 9911: 9904: 9897: 9825:Komi-Permyak 9697:Western Sámi 9670: 9663: 9651: 9645:Eastern Sámi 9608: 9532: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9463: 9451: 9390:of Knowledge 9385: 9368: 9351: 9339:from Commons 9334: 9317: 9296: 9255: 9236: 9217: 9186: 9176: 9164:. Retrieved 9150: 9138:. Retrieved 9123: 9111:. Retrieved 9102: 9092: 9076: 9071: 9046: 9042: 9036: 9024:. Retrieved 9008: 9001: 8975: 8969: 8942: 8936: 8926:26 September 8924:. Retrieved 8917:the original 8904: 8891: 8866: 8862: 8852: 8840:. Retrieved 8831: 8821: 8813:the original 8803: 8786: 8774:. Retrieved 8765: 8762:"Yleiskieli" 8756: 8748:the original 8743: 8733: 8722: 8717: 8672: 8668: 8658: 8648:30 September 8646:. Retrieved 8642:the original 8631: 8619:. Retrieved 8589: 8584: 8578: 8554: 8548: 8536:. Retrieved 8531: 8522: 8510:. Retrieved 8506:the original 8496: 8473: 8467: 8455:. Retrieved 8444: 8435: 8423:. Retrieved 8414: 8404: 8385: 8379: 8371: 8364:. Retrieved 8355: 8345: 8316: 8293:. Retrieved 8284: 8274: 8262:. Retrieved 8253: 8249: 8239: 8227:. Retrieved 8223:the original 8218: 8209: 8197:. Retrieved 8185: 8173: 8164: 8160: 8154: 8145: 8140:22 September 8138:. Retrieved 8134:the original 8123: 8097: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8039:. Retrieved 8031:The Guardian 8030: 8020: 8008:. Retrieved 8004:the original 7993: 7981:. Retrieved 7977:the original 7972: 7963: 7936: 7930: 7918:. Retrieved 7909: 7899: 7887:. Retrieved 7878: 7868: 7856:. Retrieved 7852:the original 7847: 7838: 7826:. Retrieved 7812: 7800:. Retrieved 7784: 7772:. Retrieved 7759: 7747:. Retrieved 7743:the original 7738: 7729: 7717:. Retrieved 7709:"Population" 7682: 7670:. Retrieved 7663:the original 7658: 7654: 7641: 7629:. Retrieved 7620: 7610: 7601: 7595: 7568: 7562: 7545: 7539: 7514: 7510: 7504: 7492:. Retrieved 7488:the original 7476: 7463: 7455: 7444: 7433: 7398:Finnish name 7321: 7294: 7280:Suomen kieli 7277: 7276: 7269: 7253: 7237: 7221: 7205: 7188: 7187: 7179: 7178: 7171: 7155: 7139: 7123: 7106: 7105: 7097: 7096: 7089: 7073: 7057: 7041: 7019: 7003: 6986: 6969: 6962: 6953: 6935: 6934: 6927: 6911: 6899: 6881: 6873:Miten menee? 6867:Kiitos hyvin 6864: 6860:Mitä kuuluu? 6854:Kiitos hyvää 6847: 6839:Kiitos hyvin 6836: 6835: 6831:Kiitos hyvää 6828: 6813: 6805:Miten menee? 6802: 6801: 6797:Mitä kuuluu? 6794: 6782: 6763: 6762: 6755: 6739: 6722: 6699: 6681: 6680: 6673: 6655: 6654: 6646: 6645: 6638: 6626: 6613: 6604: 6603:Good night! 6593: 6592: 6585: 6568: 6560:(Good) day! 6551: 6535: 6522:Translation 6490: 6481: 6414: 6395: 6377: 6308: 6277: 6172: 6056: 6013:The letters 5897: 5888: 5864: 5793: 5772: 5766:October 2023 5763: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5720: 5708:Please help 5703:verification 5700: 5663: 5637: 5619: 5538: 5499:phonotactics 5487: 5424: 5412: 5374: 5342:, 'bishop'; 5303: 5291: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5168: 5157: 5149:(swamp) and 5109:Proto-Uralic 5106: 5099: 5013:hyppelemättä 4969:hyppyytyttää 4919: 4901:formed from 4885: 4878:'England' → 4843: 4801: 4765:'to lead' → 4759: 4717: 4675: 4630: 4623:'to come' → 4585: 4540: 4498: 4497:'a library' 4461:'to read' → 4414: 4388:'a writer', 4382:'to write', 4373:kirjallisuus 4334:derivational 4331: 4309: 4275:derivational 4240: 4212:periphrastic 4208:perfectivity 4177: 4158: 4155:("to burn"). 4101:→ Va, e.g. * 4083: 4073: 4064: 4037: 4033: 4021: 4010: 3995: 3984: 3975:Proto-Uralic 3966: 3942:The phoneme 3941: 3926:Savo dialect 3899: 3868: 3839: 3832: 3800: 3788: 3776: 3743: 3487: 3473: 3469: 3467: 3381: 3373: 3354: 3326: 3315: 3313: 3288: 3278: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3251: 3249: 3225: 3196:mä en ti(i)ä 3192: 3190:assimilation 3180: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3117: 3115: 3096:me ei sanota 3087: 3066: 3047: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3002: 3000: 2987: 2984:assimilation 2966: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2911: 2907: 2905: 2881: 2862: 2840: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2792: 2791: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2739: 2659: 2649: 2615:assimilation 2599: 2542:prescriptive 2525: 2491: 2468: 2462:October 2009 2459: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2428: 2416: 2404:Please help 2399:verification 2396: 2291: 2277: 2270: 2250: 2147: 2142: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2067: 2045: 2027: 2015:World War II 1991:) spoken in 1984: 1940: 1928: 1801: 1766: 1750: 1733:Aleksis Kivi 1720: 1714: 1708: 1693: 1678: 1652: 1522:sound change 1515: 1511:vowel length 1486: 1482: 1458: 1454: 1394: 1371: 1306: 1245: 1211: 1195: 1145: 1137:Proto-Finnic 1122:Proto-Uralic 1115: 1094:. Under the 1089: 1085:Finnish Diet 1062: 1051:, spoken by 1043:, spoken by 1038: 1031: 1023: 975: 939: 912: 903:~ Hungarian 747:Proto-Uralic 701: 666: 645:Vowel length 587: 577:counties of 528:suomen kieli 525: 504: 496: 495: 467: 431:Linguasphere 414: 301: 287: 254:Signed forms 168: 117:5.0 million 29: 10768:Yakut/Sakha 10631:Azerbaijani 10506:East Danish 10501:Dalecarlian 10049:Meshcherian 9984: [ 9970: [ 9792:Meadow Mari 9754: [ 9494: [ 9319:Definitions 9183:W. H. Auden 8776:8 September 8621:3 September 8532:Yle Uutiset 8199:29 December 7739:pub.stat.ee 7719:17 December 7631:29 December 7336:Anglo-Saxon 7332:philologist 7326:, although 7297:Suomalainen 7240:En ymmärrä. 7198:One moment 7182:Pikku hetki 7174:Pieni hetki 7116:Certainly! 6884:Tervetuloa! 6665:Hi! / Bye! 6629:Terve vaan! 6588:Hyvää yötä! 6417:Väinö Linna 6359:Hovanštšina 6309:The sounds 6084:is written 6071:velar nasal 5984:('I haul'). 5676:Orthography 5641:kompuutteri 5465:generic you 5175:'king' and 5064:istahtaisin 4975:hyppyytellä 4942:'to jump', 4891:'Russia' → 4810:kaupallinen 4800:'childish' 4797:lapsellinen 4758:'skillful' 4723:'advice' → 4697:-kas / -käs 4687:'homeless' 4652:-ton / -tön 4591:'a ship' → 4578:'to dig' → 4562:-uri / -yri 4504:'a ship' → 4491:'a book' → 4476:-sto / -stö 4453:from verbs 4434:Example(s) 4397:kirjallinen 4385:kirjoittaja 4266:-(d)a/-(d)ä 3871:palatalized 3789:of Helsinki 3749:velar nasal 3685:Approximant 3040:teil(lä) oo 2845:loss of an 2562:descriptive 2365:(in Russia) 2271:"Meänkieli" 2108:Studikselle 2088:labbiksesta 1972:Juhla Mokka 1461:), between 1457:in English 1386:orthography 1293:conjunction 1259: 1450 1143:developed. 935:Finno-Samic 875:North Saami 655:, although 588:Finnish is 482:instead of 208:Peräpohjola 11040:Categories 10211:Recognized 10088:Proto-Sámi 9820:Komi-Yazva 9370:Phrasebook 9099:"EVE:orja" 8905:Sananjalka 8744:Internetix 8538:27 January 8457:2 November 8215:"Historia" 7828:5 February 7802:5 February 7774:5 February 7672:6 December 7494:6 December 7465:Ethnologue 7425:References 7322:Professor 7148:I'm sorry 7092:Totta kai! 6920:Excuse me 6895:Tervetuloa 6863:, whereas 6530:Greetings 6484:media help 6158:läksiäiset 6101:tule tänne 5982:/raijjaan/ 5736:newspapers 5601:linja-auto 5593:sähköposti 5535:Neologisms 5444:deittailla 5432:treffailla 5143:(island), 5007:hyppimättä 4997:hypiskellä 4988:meaning), 4963:hyppyyttää 4926:momentanes 4894:venäläinen 4836:'a hen' → 4794:'child' → 4771:'leading' 4716:'selfish' 4674:'unhappy' 4658:adjectives 4636:'to do' → 4379:kirjoittaa 4367:kirjailija 4322:See also: 4314:(1745) by 4235:syön kalaa 4229:syön kalan 4224:pluperfect 4048:allophonic 3759:, written 3747:The short 3484:Consonants 3478:diphthongs 3402:Unrounded 3289:"to time" 3132:"my book" 3017:teillä ole 2863:loss of a 2841:"they go" 2515:kirjakieli 2499:yleiskieli 2432:newspapers 2346:; extinct) 2273:in Sweden) 2257:in Sweden) 2117:Kaisikseen 2100:Espikselle 2090:, tapasin 1881:he: heitin 1875:te: teitin 1869:me: meitin 1112:Prehistory 685:Baltic Sea 653:diphthongs 605:adjectives 10803:Ukrainian 10773:Tabasaran 10671:Kabardian 10511:Elfdalian 10405:Meänkieli 10119:varieties 10111:indicate 9930:Samoyedic 9848:Hungarian 9787:Hill Mari 9738:Mordvinic 9610:Krevinian 9548:Meänkieli 9538:Fingelska 9353:Textbooks 9063:0043-7956 8512:3 January 8295:12 August 8186:Kotus.f i 8078:0024-3841 7858:4 January 7587:997419906 7554:945596278 7531:1570-7865 7208:Otan osaa 7100:Tietysti! 6958:kiitoksia 6938:Kiitoksia 6890:Welcome! 6731:Goodbye! 6717:'to see' 6265:häämöttää 6211:innoittaa 6199:sanoittaa 6142:urheilija 6031:diaereses 5955:/tulempa/ 5631:plastikós 5625:πλᾰστῐκός 5565:tietokone 5504:pleikkari 5495:phonology 5470:sä et voi 5415:loanwords 5345:jordpäron 5316:, 'law'; 5230:'bride', 5196:druhtinaz 5137:(black), 5096:Borrowing 5002:Caritives 4957:hypäyttää 4930:causative 4904:-la / -lä 4823:-la / -lä 4739:-va / -vä 4710:'self' → 4681:'home' → 4607:-os / -ös 4467:'reader' 4295:momentane 4280:ratkaista 4140:palaisiko 4104:tarkka+ta 4056:graphemes 4036:tteeseens 3895:affricate 3835:geminated 3771:(type of 3644:Fricative 3573:voiceless 3384:allophony 3359:Phonology 3341:, use of 3275:punane(n) 3214:ma ei tie 3208:ma ei tia 3202:ma ei tea 3193:(compare 3181:"to eat" 3127:mun kirja 3067:(compare 2976:sonorants 2632:hän tulee 2607:sonorants 2509:puhekieli 2494:registers 2340:Innlandet 2253:Meänkieli 2189:\dialects 2094:kohdalla 2076:Hellaassa 1818:Satakunta 1735:in 1870. 1401:allophone 1219:reflexive 1087:of 1863. 1011:Meänkieli 884:Hungarian 873:'fish' ~ 852:-tta/-ttä 848:causative 732:partitive 708:Hungarian 706:(such as 621:inflected 575:Norwegian 559:Meänkieli 416:Glottolog 400:ISO 639-3 382:ISO 639-2 364:ISO 639-1 193:Tavastian 188:Southwest 138:): 8,500 102:Ethnicity 10969:Cyrillic 10937:Yukaghir 10844:Karelian 10758:Ossetian 10435:Northern 10415:Southern 10285:Karelian 10238:Northern 10078:homeland 10056:Muromian 10013:Nganasan 9858:Ob-Ugric 9719:Southern 9709:Northern 9594:Livonian 9572:Karelian 9459:Estonian 9160:Archived 9134:Archived 9107:Archived 9026:9 August 9017:Archived 8883:18160160 8836:Archived 8770:Archived 8709:35675367 8669:PLOS ONE 8612:Archived 8600:. 2003. 8451:Archived 8419:Archived 8360:Archived 8289:Archived 8258:Archived 8190:Archived 8167:: 90–98. 8041:13 March 8035:Archived 8010:25 April 7983:25 April 7914:Archived 7883:Archived 7818:"Kvener" 7713:Archived 7625:Archived 7351:See also 7262:Finland 7191:Hetkinen 6989:Ole hyvä 6914:Anteeksi 6725:Näkemiin 6684:Hei hei! 6676:Moi moi! 6658:Moi(kka) 6649:Hei(ppa) 6519:Finnish 6271:rehottaa 6241:hajottaa 6181:ehdottaa 6115:sen pupu 6027:⟩ 6023:⟨ 6019:⟩ 6015:⟨ 5973:/rajaan/ 5951:tulen+pa 5906:rei'itin 5810:or even 5795:Abckiria 5476:ei voida 5467:, e. g. 5460:passiivi 5454:kovalevy 5418:and the 5408:missions 5396:Raamattu 5381:'bean', 5348: – 5336: – 5322: – 5310: – 5236:'dear', 5189:kuningaz 5178:ruhtinas 5172:kuningas 5160:Päijänne 5131:(hare), 5056:istahdan 5048:istahtaa 4981:hypähtää 4951:hypeksiä 4875:Englanti 4726:neuvokas 4507:laivasto 4494:kirjasto 4445:ja / -jä 4409:kirjasin 4361:kirjasto 4350:alphabet 4216:Germanic 4192:telicity 4089:, as in 4067:lenition 4060:dieresis 4044:phonemes 3906:Karelian 3817:alveolar 3781: – 3778:Helsinki 3773:lenition 3513:Postalv. 3508:Alveolar 3405:Rounded 3030:teil(lä) 2990:pro-drop 2758:Examples 2680:Karelian 2611:Type III 2332:Värmland 2110:suoraan 2096:Supiksen 2092:Aasiksen 2023:deported 1947:Finnmark 1828:Tavastia 1739:Dialects 1716:Kalevala 1694:In 1853 1685:Hegelian 1665:, as in 1663:acronyms 1605: : 1586: : 1551:became: 1364:Kalevala 1161:Livonian 1157:Estonian 1005:(namely 1003:Finnmark 991:Northern 964:in 2020. 783:locative 757:ablative 723:genitive 697:Karelian 681:Estonian 641:phonemic 625:sentence 613:numerals 609:pronouns 583:Finnmark 488:Help:IPA 437:41-AAA-a 423:nucl1717 336:Finnmark 334:Norway ( 328:Russia ( 213:Savonian 182:Dialects 134:Russia ( 92:Finnmark 10962:Scripts 10839:Finnish 10819:Chukchi 10788:Tsakhur 10732:Mordvin 10651:Chuvash 10646:Chechen 10636:Bashkir 10572:Russian 10516:Gutnish 10469:Yiddish 10400:Finnish 10382:Swedish 10319:Related 10195:Swedish 10190:Finnish 10109:Italics 9981:Karagas 9616:Kukkuzi 9560:Ingrian 9533:Finnish 9516:Kraasna 9256:Finnish 9140:29 June 8961:8692297 8700:9176854 8677:Bibcode 8476:. SKS, 8388:. BoD. 8366:11 July 8264:7 March 8229:5 April 7920:13 June 7889:8 April 7749:7 March 7460:Finnish 6742:Hyvästi 6702:Nähdään 6605:Night! 6253:hajalle 6229:erottaa 6214:). The 5978:raijaan 5930:palatal 5750:scholar 5620:plastic 5615:muovata 5545:puhelin 5529:calqued 5491:grammar 5449:Calques 5295:Russian 5250:Avestan 5227:morsian 4991:hypellä 4852:pappila 4781:-llinen 4768:johtava 4755:taitava 4713:itsekäs 4684:koditon 4671:onneton 4594:laivuri 4581:kaivuri 4549:vatkain 4543:vatkata 4536:kirjain 4530:kirjata 4428:Suffix 4403:kirjata 4391:kirjuri 4345:kirjain 4301:Lexicon 4286:ratketa 4269:due to 4261:lenited 4259:(often 4256:-ta/-tä 4243:persons 4220:perfect 4117:Grammar 4110:tarkkaa 4052:umlauts 3989:and an 3981:Prosody 3857:strutsi 3844:, e.g. 3567:Plosive 3528:Glottal 3518:Palatal 3299:apocope 3281:ajottaa 3186:elision 3054:apocope 2988:and no 2972:elision 2847:animacy 2778:meaning 2742:syncope 2638:hän tuu 2603:elision 2446:scholar 2112:Hudista 2009:and in 1935:annexed 1924:Lapland 1910:Central 1857:kuolisi 1397:phoneme 1325:Swedish 1221:suffix 1188:kalojen 1107:History 1032:In the 983:Swedish 900:guođđit 774:( < 745:( < 693:Ingrian 551:Swedish 541:of the 537:) is a 501:endonym 497:Finnish 484:Unicode 330:Karelia 284:Finland 169:Finnish 136:Karelia 120:Finland 76:Finland 35:Finnish 10927:Selkup 10922:Nenets 10854:Khanty 10849:Kazakh 10834:Evenki 10824:Dolgan 10798:Udmurt 10745:Moksha 10724:Meadow 10706:Lezgin 10686:Khakas 10676:Kalmyk 10666:Ingush 10661:Dargwa 10641:Buryat 10595:Adyghe 10442:Romani 10218:Romani 10034:Others 10024:Yurats 10018:Selkup 9996:Nenets 9951:Koibal 9866:Khanty 9830:Udmurt 9807:Permic 9769:Moksha 9678:Kildin 9665:Kainuu 9653:Akkala 9444:Finnic 9262: 9243: 9224: 9195: 9166:1 June 9113:30 May 9083: 9061: 8990: 8959: 8949: 8881: 8794: 8707: 8697: 8604: 8592:] 8565: 8559:Sanoma 8484: 8392: 8333: 8112: 8076: 8058:Lingua 7951: 7910:yle.fi 7585: 7575: 7552: 7529: 7082:Help! 6950:Kiitos 6930:Kiitos 6525:Notes 6431:note. 6320:Tšekki 6259:hajota 6178:, but 6110:nasals 6096:Sandhi 6090:length 5969:rajaan 5946:Sandhi 5893:sandhi 5752: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5723: 5573:levyke 5551:puhel- 5525:jargon 5516:hedari 5510:hodari 5482:ei voi 5438:träffa 5363:flicka 5351:peruna 5339:piispa 5254:vadžra 5245:vasara 5164:Imatra 4945:hyppiä 4939:hypätä 4888:Venäjä 4839:kanala 4804:kauppa 4762:johtaa 4749:taitaa 4613:result 4575:kaivaa 4568:agents 4464:lukija 4451:agents 4437:Notes 4249:verbs 4247:finite 4188:object 4173:Yup'ik 4146:palata 4092:tarkan 3911:d'uuri 3863:struts 3851:karsta 3787:(city 3607:voiced 3503:Dental 3498:Labial 3410:Close 3394:Front 3329:korjaa 3314:korjan 3287:"red" 3052:vowel 3005:teillä 2865:number 2746:sandhi 2727: 2713: 2699: 2685: 2676:Ingria 2668:as in 2664: 2620:tule-n 2448: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2419: 2344:Norway 2336:Sweden 2104:piikis 2011:Ingria 1863:kualis 1851:miakka 1845:miekka 1668:EU:ssa 1641:kulɣen 1634:kulkea 1628:kuljen 1580:, and 1538:grades 1481:(like 1453:(like 1419:, and 1403:under 1313:spoken 1288:kieltä 1282:kielen 1224:-(t)te 1204:kalade 1179:(Est. 1165:Votian 1163:, and 1047:, and 894:kadota 891:; and 879:guolli 761:essive 669:Finnic 555:Sweden 543:Uralic 458: 452: 308: 294: 281: 161:Finnic 156:Uralic 130:Norway 125:Sweden 96:Russia 84:Norway 80:Sweden 10887:Mansi 10793:Tuvan 10783:Tatar 10763:Rutul 10753:Nogai 10738:Erzya 10696:Kumyk 10605:Altai 10600:Aghul 10590:Abaza 10260:Tatar 10252:Skolt 10245:Inari 10042:Merya 9988:] 9974:] 9967:Taygi 9960:Mator 9944:Kamas 9938:Enets 9888:Mansi 9840:Ugric 9762:] 9746:Erzya 9683:Skolt 9659:Inari 9604:Votic 9587:Ludic 9582:Livvi 9523:Leivu 9509:Ludza 9503:Tartu 9498:] 9491:Mulgi 9336:Media 9020:(PDF) 9013:(PDF) 8920:(PDF) 8901:(PDF) 8842:4 May 8615:(PDF) 8594:(PDF) 8588:[ 8425:1 May 8256:(8). 8193:(PDF) 8182:(PDF) 7793:(PDF) 7666:(PDF) 7651:(PDF) 7272:Suomi 7256:Suomi 7164:Wait 7158:Odota 7109:Toki! 7076:Apua! 7034:kyllä 7028:Yeah 7006:Kyllä 6714:nähdä 6691:Bye! 6616:Terve 6596:Öitä! 6296:ASCII 6247:haja- 5935:lahti 5926:velar 5757:JSTOR 5743:books 5668:sauna 5609:muovi 5521:slang 5441:) to 5427:Nokia 5390:pappi 5369:tyttö 5357:likka 5326:lääni 5283:from 5281:slave 5277:airya 5260:vajra 5239:huora 5233:armas 5209:aiþį̄ 5207:* 5194:* 5187:* 5152:niemi 5140:saari 5134:musta 5128:jänis 5040:istun 5034:istua 5025:istua 4911:-inen 4907:plus 4846:pappi 4791:lapsi 4720:neuvo 4633:tehdä 4626:tulos 4620:tulla 4588:laiva 4501:laiva 4488:kirja 4458:lukea 4355:kirje 4339:kirja 4251:agree 4184:cases 4152:palaa 4026:tuote 3970:tyttö 3955:kahvi 3949:vihko 3921:juuri 3908:word 3717:Trill 3535:Nasal 3523:Velar 3450:Open 3397:Back 3164:en ti 3151:syödä 2924:minä) 2908:minä) 2870:menee 2821:menee 2795:menee 2783:notes 2626:tuu-n 2453:JSTOR 2439:books 2021:were 1951:Troms 1790:Turku 1774:Bible 1655:colon 1639:* 1613:* 1594:* 1589:kyvyn 1575:* 1570:suvun 1559:round 1507:] 1503:[ 1451:] 1447:[ 1399:(and 1329:Latin 1297:mutta 1276:gelen 1209:* 1207:< 1196:kaloi 1193:* 1191:< 1153:] 1149:[ 999:Skolt 997:, or 995:Inari 927:Volga 859:-k-ta 857:* 838:* 827:-n-mi 825:* 809:* 802:* 776:* 750:* 742:-(t)ä 736:-(t)a 617:verbs 601:Nouns 579:Troms 553:. In 507:suomi 236:Latin 106:Finns 88:Troms 42:suomi 10932:Veps 10829:Even 10717:Hill 10711:Mari 10691:Komi 10626:Avar 10430:Lule 10425:Pite 10410:Sámi 10232:Sámi 9815:Komi 9779:Mari 9714:Pite 9704:Lule 9672:Kemi 9637:Sámi 9599:Veps 9543:Kven 9486:Võro 9481:Seto 9260:ISBN 9241:ISBN 9222:ISBN 9193:ISBN 9168:2010 9142:2014 9115:2022 9081:ISBN 9059:ISSN 9043:Word 9028:2020 8988:ISBN 8957:OCLC 8947:ISBN 8928:2017 8879:PMID 8844:2020 8792:ISBN 8778:2020 8705:PMID 8650:2009 8623:2019 8602:ISBN 8563:ISBN 8540:2021 8514:2008 8482:ISBN 8459:2019 8427:2016 8390:ISBN 8368:2007 8331:ISBN 8297:2020 8266:2018 8231:2012 8201:2017 8142:2007 8110:ISBN 8074:ISSN 8043:2018 8012:2007 7985:2007 7949:ISBN 7922:2022 7891:2021 7860:2023 7830:2024 7804:2023 7776:2024 7751:2018 7721:2011 7674:2011 7633:2017 7583:OCLC 7573:ISBN 7550:OCLC 7527:ISSN 7496:2011 7413:Sisu 6641:Moro 6429:mark 6384:and 6371:and 6339:and 6331:and 6313:and 6302:and 6290:and 6282:and 6205:sana 6175:ttaa 6155:and 6152:aion 6127:The 6124:as ) 6121:onpa 6082:/ŋː/ 6061:The 6041:and 6021:and 6002:, a 5991:for 5883:and 5873:and 5834:and 5822:and 5729:news 5579:levy 5497:and 5384:raja 5378:papu 5333:bisp 5313:laki 5286:Slav 5272:arya 5266:orja 5263:and 5218:and 5202:äiti 5192:and 5162:and 4924:and 4833:kana 4707:itse 4678:koti 4665:onni 4639:teos 4326:and 4293:and 4178:The 4015:and 3961:raha 3936:vesi 3930:vesj 3916:/dʲ/ 3885:and 3877:and 3765:/ŋk/ 3757:/ŋŋ/ 3753:/ŋk/ 3430:Mid 3266:ttaa 3250:puna 3173:syyä 3166:(i)ä 3104:the 3070:eiks 3036:e(i) 3026:o(n) 2855:and 2830:mene 2806:mene 2744:and 2701::tt/ 2666::ts/ 2644:tule 2425:news 2338:and 2040:vesi 2034:vesj 1993:Savo 1955:Kven 1949:and 1941:The 1912:and 1816:and 1802:The 1788:The 1659:stem 1608:sian 1602:sika 1583:kyky 1564:suku 1556:high 1495:and 1487:thin 1467:and 1459:this 1439:and 1319:was 1246:The 1214:-ten 1212:kala 1198:-ten 1182:tema 1176:tämä 1116:The 1007:Kven 987:Sámi 940:The 906:hagy 870:kala 807:and 794:and 710:and 647:and 619:are 615:and 581:and 571:Kven 90:and 53:IPA: 10778:Tat 10701:Lak 10420:Ume 9724:Ume 9688:Ter 9051:doi 8980:doi 8909:doi 8871:doi 8695:PMC 8685:doi 8321:doi 8102:doi 8066:doi 8062:115 7941:doi 7879:Yle 7519:doi 7462:at 7338:at 7022:Joo 6419:'s 6351:or 6323:, ' 6235:ero 6222:or 6192:or 6171:ajo 6166:/i/ 6137:/j/ 6129:/j/ 6108:of 6074:/ŋ/ 6000:/ʋ/ 5928:or 5918:/h/ 5800:/k/ 5712:by 5585:-ke 5557:-in 5523:or 5420:Web 5319:län 5307:lag 5221:emä 5215:emo 5146:suo 4520:-in 4352:), 4263:to 4175:). 4082:tar 4072:tar 3944:/h/ 3933:is 3887:/ʃ/ 3883:/f/ 3879:/h/ 3875:/s/ 3848:in 3820:tap 3809:/t/ 3805:/d/ 3461:ɑɑː 3454:ææː 3444:ooː 3439:øøː 3434:eeː 3424:uuː 3419:yyː 3414:iiː 3344:kai 3327:kai 3295:/i/ 3262:ajo 3254:nen 3211:or 3076:eks 3062:in 2974:of 2808:vät 2793:hän 2729::t/ 2725:/tt 2715::t/ 2711:/ht 2697:/tt 2687::č/ 2683:/čč 2662:/ts 2605:of 2506:" ( 2408:by 1900:/r/ 1839:tiä 1833:tie 1620:/f/ 1485:in 1170:hän 944:in 888:hal 840:-ti 833:-si 820:-ni 797:-i- 778:-na 771:-nä 765:-na 759:), 752:-ta 524:or 470:IPA 407:fin 390:fin 94:), 11042:: 10991:, 9986:ru 9972:ru 9760:ru 9758:; 9756:de 9496:et 9158:. 9101:. 9057:. 9047:39 9045:. 8986:, 8955:. 8903:. 8877:. 8867:67 8865:. 8861:. 8830:. 8768:. 8764:. 8703:. 8693:. 8683:. 8673:17 8671:. 8667:. 8610:. 8557:. 8530:. 8480:. 8443:. 8417:. 8413:. 8370:. 8354:. 8329:. 8305:^ 8283:. 8254:22 8217:. 8184:. 8144:. 8108:, 8086:^ 8072:. 8060:. 8029:. 7947:. 7912:. 7908:. 7881:. 7846:. 7795:. 7767:. 7737:. 7700:^ 7690:. 7657:. 7653:. 7623:. 7619:. 7581:. 7525:. 7515:10 7513:. 7044:Ei 6400:: 6388:. 6347:, 6274:). 6080:, 5895:. 5826:iː 5818:uː 5814:; 5806:, 5493:, 5275:, 5257:, 4419:. 4245:; 4113:. 4107:→ 4098:ta 4086:a- 4074:kk 4062:. 4034:uo 4019:. 3973:. 3964:. 3958:, 3952:, 3791:) 3670:) 3654:) 3636:) 3618:) 3587:t̪ 3474:uu 3316:ne 3304:-n 3217:) 3118:ni 3079:) 3059:-s 3038:ks 3028:ks 3015:kö 3013:ei 3003:ko 3001:on 2986:, 2953:mä 2942:tu 2940:mä 2928:le 2912:le 2910:tu 2858:se 2852:ne 2828:ne 2819:se 2804:he 2623:→ 2568:, 2342:, 2334:, 2043:. 1860:→ 1854:, 1848:→ 1842:, 1836:→ 1764:. 1644:), 1492:gh 1483:th 1477:θː 1464:dh 1455:th 1436:dh 1413:, 1304:. 1261:: 1256:c. 1159:, 1055:. 1021:. 993:, 882:~ 843:). 811:-j 804:-t 791:-t 768:/ 739:/ 730:, 727:-n 635:. 611:, 607:, 603:, 599:. 569:. 503:: 372:fi 82:, 78:, 10996:) 10986:( 10550:e 10543:t 10536:v 10360:e 10353:t 10346:v 10168:e 10161:t 10154:v 9419:e 9412:t 9405:v 9305:: 9268:. 9249:. 9230:. 9201:. 9170:. 9144:. 9117:. 9079:( 9065:. 9053:: 9030:. 8982:: 8963:. 8930:. 8911:: 8885:. 8873:: 8846:. 8780:. 8711:. 8687:: 8679:: 8652:. 8625:. 8573:. 8571:. 8542:. 8516:. 8490:. 8461:. 8429:. 8398:. 8339:. 8323:: 8299:. 8268:. 8233:. 8203:. 8165:2 8104:: 8080:. 8068:: 8045:. 8014:. 7987:. 7957:. 7943:: 7924:. 7893:. 7862:. 7832:. 7806:. 7778:. 7753:. 7723:. 7676:. 7659:9 7635:. 7589:. 7556:. 7533:. 7521:: 7498:. 6954:/ 6486:. 6226:( 6196:( 6173:i 6161:. 6112:( 6025:ö 6017:ä 6010:. 5957:. 5942:. 5850:. 5844:/ 5842:æ 5840:/ 5828:/ 5824:/ 5820:/ 5816:/ 5779:) 5773:( 5768:) 5764:( 5754:· 5747:· 5740:· 5733:· 5706:. 5628:( 5588:) 5181:' 4442:- 4084:k 4076:a 4038:a 4032:t 3826:. 3795:. 3725:r 3705:j 3698:l 3691:ʋ 3677:h 3667:ʃ 3664:( 3659:s 3651:f 3648:( 3633:ɡ 3630:( 3623:d 3615:b 3612:( 3596:k 3580:p 3557:ŋ 3548:n 3541:m 3515:/ 3505:/ 3470:u 3318:e 3264:i 3252:i 3162:ä 3160:m 2959:n 2957:o 2955:o 2946:n 2944:u 2930:n 2926:o 2922:( 2914:n 2906:( 2832:e 2731:( 2717:( 2703:( 2689:( 2651:( 2554:( 2534:( 2475:) 2469:( 2464:) 2460:( 2450:· 2443:· 2436:· 2429:· 2402:. 2330:( 2282:" 2278:" 2269:( 2255:" 2251:" 2120:. 2064:) 1888:( 1806:( 1725:( 1533:. 1505:ɣ 1498:g 1479:/ 1475:/ 1470:z 1449:ð 1442:d 1431:/ 1429:k 1427:/ 1422:q 1416:c 1410:k 1368:. 1151:ɤ 862:) 785:) 499:( 490:. 338:) 332:) 242:) 238:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index