2298:"FrĂ„n senare tid vet man genom slĂ€ktforskning att den svenska kustbefolkningen har varit starkt endogam i sin fortplantning, pĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt att Ă€kta makar kom frĂ„n familjer som levde nĂ€ra varandra, ofta i samma by. SĂ„ var fallet överallt bland allmogen, Ă€ven den finska, och man gissar att antalet blandĂ€ktenskap mellan kontrahenter frĂ„n olika sprĂ„kgrupper under den tid som kyrkoböcker har förts har hĂ„llit sig stadigt under en procentenhet. NĂ€r befolkningstalet har uppnĂ„tt en viss storlek och nĂ€ringslivet stabiliserats Ă€r det lĂ€tt att finna sin Ă€ktenskapliga partner pĂ„ nĂ€ra hĂ„ll. Invandringstiden tycks dĂ€remot ha varit en tid dĂ„ ett stort antal blandĂ€ktenskap ingicks mellan svenskar och finnar i de kustnĂ€ra bygderna. FörhĂ„llandena mĂ„ste ha varit mycket rörliga och den manliga övervikten bland inflyttarna stor. Forskarna har rĂ€knat ut att om blandningsprocenten var ca 20 procent â d.v.s. om bara vart femte Ă€ktenskap var ett blandĂ€ktenskap â skulle det ha tagit fyra till fem generationer innan de gemensamma dragen utgjorde 60 procent av de tvĂ„ gruppernas totala genuppsĂ€ttning. Om blandningsprocenten dĂ€remot var endast 10 procent â bara vart tionde Ă€ktenskap var svensk-finskt â skulle det ha tagit Ă„tta till nio generationer att uppnĂ„ samma resultat. Med tanke pĂ„ att kolonisationstiden varade ungefĂ€r frĂ„n 1150 till 1300, eller kanske 1350, och generationerna var kortare Ă€n i dag, Ă€r bĂ„da alternativen möjliga. Mest troligt Ă€r det att blandĂ€ktenskap var mycket vanliga i kolonisationens tidigaste fas. Det stora upptagandet av finska ortnamn tyder pĂ„ detta, liksom ocksĂ„ den finskpĂ„verkade satsintonation som de finlandssvenska dialekterna uppvisar. Man fĂ„r sĂ„lunda sannolikt rĂ€kna med en hög andel finnar, inte bara in sĂ€rskilda byar eller "finnbölen", utan ocksĂ„ i de svenska bosĂ€ttningarna som familjemedlemmar och tjĂ€nstefolk. SprĂ„ksituationen kan sĂ„lunda under den tidiga kolonisationsfasen och tiderna dĂ€refter betraktas som blandsprĂ„kig. Först sĂ„ smĂ„ningom smĂ€lter det finska inslaget ihop med det svenska och det exogama samhĂ€llet sluter sig och blir endogamt".
862:. Historian Tarkiainen (2008) presents that from the late Middle Ages onwards until relatively recent times, Swedish-speaking peasants tended to select their marriage partners from the same parish, often from the same village as themselves. This tends to be the rule among traditional peasant communities everywhere. As tightly knit peasant communities tend to assimilate potential newcomers very quickly, this has meant that most marriages within the Swedish-speaking peasantry during this period were contracted with members of the same language group. During the time of early immigration by Swedes to the coastal regions (approximately between 1150 and 1350), the situation was different and according to a study from the 1970s (as referenced by Tarkiainen, 2008) the intermarriage rate between local Finns and Swedish newcomers was considerable. According to Tarkiainen, in the areas of initial Swedish immigration, the local Finns were assimilated into the Swedish-speaking population.
2353:"In Finland this question (Swedish nationality) has been subjected to much discussion. The Finnish majority tries to deny the existence of a Swedish nationality. An example of this is the fact that the statutes always use the concept "Swedish-speaking" instead of Swedish", "The wording of the Finnish Constitution (Art. 14.1): "Finnish and Swedish shall be the national languages of the republic" has been interpreted by linguist and constitution-writing politician E.N. SetÀlÀ and others as meaning that these languages are the State languages of Finland instead of the languages of the both nationalities of Finland", "It is not correct to call a nationality a linguistic group or minority, if it has developed culture of its own. If there is not only a community of language, but also of other characteristics such as folklore, poetry and literature, folk music, theater, behavior, etc."
2154:"In Finland this question (Swedish nationality) has been subjected to much discussion. The Finnish majority tries to deny the existence of a Swedish nationality. An example of this is the fact that the statutes always use the concept 'Swedish-speaking' instead of 'Swedish'". "The concept of nation has a different significance as meaning of a population group or an ethnic community, irrespectively of its organization. For instance, the Swedes of Finland, with their distinctive language and culture form a nationality which under the Finnish constitution shall enjoy equal rights with the Finnish nationality". "It is not correct to call a nationality a linguistic group or minority if it has developed a culture of its own. If there is not only a community of language but also of other characteristics such as folklore, poetry and literature, folk music, savvy, behavior, etc."
2172:"To define a person as Swedish-speaking says nothing about whether he or she has Finland-Swedish identity". "McRae distinguishes a gap in Finland between the formal 'linguistic peace' and the practical 'linguistic instability' which put the Finland-Swedes in a 'sociological, psychological and political' minority position. Consistent with this, Allardt (2000:35) claims that the most serious contemporary problem for the Finland Swedes is the members of the group themselves: their 'submissiveness' and willingness to 'conceal their Finland-Swedishness' in the face of the majority. Furthermore, the Finland-Swedes' relations to Sweden are considered a sensitive issue in Finland. Höckerstedt (2000:8â9) argues that an emphasis on the 'Swedish' part of the Finland-Swedish identity is 'taboo-laden' and regarded as unpatriotic."
1210:. This has caused a heated debate among Swedish-speaking Finns. The current language act of Finland has been criticized as inadequate instrument to protect the linguistic rights of Swedish-speaking Finns in practice. The criticism was partly legitimized by the report (2008) conducted by Finnish government which showed severe problems in the practical implementation of the language act. The recent administrative reforms in Finland have caused harsh criticism in the Swedish-speaking media and created fear over the survival of Swedish as an administrative language in Finland. A special status in the form partial self-determination and fixed protection for Swedish language in Swedish-speaking municipalities have been proposed in Finland's Swedish-speaking media.
1002:
and the other
Finnish-speaking (only families living in those municipalities where Swedish was at least a co-official language were included in this study). 67.7% of the children from these bilingual families were registered as Swedish-speaking. The proportion of those who attended schools where Swedish was the language of instruction was even higher. The Finnish authorities classify a person as a Swedish- or Finnish-speaker based only upon that person's (or parent's) own choice, which can be changed at any time. It is only possible to be registered either as Swedish- or Finnish-speaking, not both as in Canada, for example. It is significantly more common nowadays than it used to be for children from bilingual families to be registered as Swedish-speaking.
2289:"Ăstra Nyland var vid 1200-talets mitt ett Ă€nnu jungfruligt omrĂ„de Ă€n vĂ€stra Nyland. Landskapet hade karaktĂ€ren av en ofantlig, nĂ€stan obebudd ödemark med en havskust som endast sporadiskt, vid tiden för strömnings och laxfiske, besöktest av finnar frĂ„n Tavastland samnt troligen Ă€ven av samer" "Efter kolonisationen fick kusten nĂ€stan helsvensk bosĂ€ttning; bynamnen Ă€r till 70â100% av svensk ursprung. Enligt berĂ€kningar av Saulo Kepsu (Kepsu, Saulo, Uuteen Maahan, Helsinki 2005) Ă€r bynamnen mest svenskdominerade i vĂ€ster (Pojo-Karistrakten) och i öster (BorgĂ„-PernĂ„) med en svacka i mellersta Nyland)" "Finska ortnamn Ă€r ovanligt fĂ„ inom Sibbo, vilket tyder pĂ„ att omrĂ„det var praktiskt taget folktomt nĂ€r svenskarna kom"
2235:"For the mainland provinces, the Finnish-speaking parties and leadership studiously avoided self-government for Swedish speakers but instead offered cultural concessionsâmost notably administrative autonomy for Swedish schools and a Swedish dioceseâthat were sufficient to satisfy moderate Swedish-speakers and to discourage activists from striving for more. As our previous analysis has suggested at several points, a retrospective view of subsequent language development strongly suggest that the centre-oriented Swedish-speaking leadership made a flawed decision in accepting this settlement, though whether more could have been achieved at that point by harder bargaining is difficult to assess".
1180:
1330:
the city in which they live, or because their partners are
Swedish-speaking. About one quarter of immigrants in the Helsinki area would choose to integrate in Swedish if they had the option. According to a report by Finland's Swedish think tank, Magma, there is a widespread perception among immigrants that they are more easily integrated in the Swedish-speaking community than in the majority society. However, some immigrants also question whether they ever will be fully accepted as Finland Swedes. Swedish-speaking immigrants also have their own association, Ifisk, and in the capital region there is a publicly financed project named
1022:
183:
772:
political view emphasized the equality of the
Swedish nationality next to the Finnish-speaking nationality and the fact the national languages of Finland were the languages of the respective nationalities of the country, not the languages of the state itself. The concept of minority, although de facto the case for Swedish speakers, was perceived as being against the spirit of the constitution. However, gradually after the Second World War, the concept of minority has been increasingly applied to Swedish speakers, even within the Finland-Swedish political discourse.
2190:"Den svenska kolonisationen av vÀstra Nyland skedde etappvis. De första invandrarna torde ha kommit till Egentliga Finland under missionstiden, nÀr ett antal svenskar slog sig ner i Karisnejdens kustland, dÀr vissa Äldriga ortnamn med början pÄ rots (t.ex. RÄdsböle) vittnar om deras bosÀttning. Dessa namn syftar pÄ Roslagen. Den andra vÄgen, som sökte sig till central bygden vid Pojovikens vattensystem, kom troligen under andra korstÄget pÄ 1200-talet. Den förde sig inflyttare frÄm flera hÄll in Sverige och Àgde rum i skuggan av en militÀroperation mot Tavastland."
1199:
municipality is defined as bilingual, and when it falls below 6%, the municipality becomes monolingual. In bilingual municipalities, all civil servants must have satisfactory language skill in either
Finnish or Swedish (in addition to native-level skill in the other language). Both languages can be used in all communications with the civil servants in such a town. Public signs (such as street and traffic signs, as illustrated) are in both languages in bilingual towns and municipalities with the name in the majority language being on the top.
2217:"Many scholars were drawn into this debate, and a later writer notes "a correlation between the scholar's mother-tongue and his view on the age and continuity of Scandinavian settlements of the country" (HÀmÀlÀinen, 1966), whereas Finnish writers tended to deny or minimize the presence of Swedish speakers before the historically documented expeditions of the twelfth century, Swedish-speaking scholars have found archeological and philological evidence for a continuous Swedish or Germanic presence in Finland from pre-historic times."
451:. During the 14th century, the population expansion from Sweden proper increasingly took the form of organised mass migration: the new settlers came in large numbers in large ships from various parts of Sweden's Eastern coast, from SmÄland to HÀlsingland. Their departure from Sweden proper to Finland was encouraged and organized by the Swedish authorities. The coast of Ostrobothnia received large-scale Swedish settlements during the 13th and 15th centuries, in parallel with events that resulted in Swedish expansion to
1289:, most of them are fluent in both Swedish and Finnish. Although in some municipalities Swedish is the only official language, Finnish is the dominant language in most towns and at most employers in Finland. In areas with a Finnish-speaking majority, Finnish is most often used when interacting with strangers and known Finnish speakers. However, 50% of all Swedish speakers live in areas in which Swedish is the majority language and in which they can use Swedish in all or most contexts (see demographics below).
74:
935:
721:
1488:
1544:
1502:
2244:"In towns, however, the linguistic balance started to change in the 20th century. The most significant changes have taken place in the past few decades, when new native speakers of Finnish moved into the towns in large numbers. The capital region of Helsinki has been affected the most by this development. Gradually, what were formerly profoundly Swedish-speaking parishes in the countryside have become densely populated towns with a majority of Finnish-speaking inhabitants"
2253:"However, this does not mean that Swedes would have inhabited only settled areas that were completely unpopulated. Indeed, it is probable that no such areas were available. We can assume that the rest of the coastal area was inhabited by Finns at the time when the Swedish settlers arrived in the country. Our assumption is based on place names: the Swedish place names on the coast include numerous Finnish substrate namesâincontrovertible proof of early Finnish settlement."
1172:
2181:" Den svenska kolonisationen av Finland och omrÄdets införlivande med Sverige hör till detta sammanhang. Sveriges jord rÀckte inte under denna expansiva tid till för befolkningen i Sverige. Skaror av svenskar sökte sig nytt land i Finlands kustomrÄden, och fann dÀr nya boplatser. För första gÄngen smalt de inte samman med den infödda befolkningen, eftersom det svenska storsamhÀllet verkade för svenskarnas nationella och sprÄkliga fortbestÄnd i landet".
2163:"Less well known internationally is the 6 percent minority of ethnic Swedes in Finland. While we never hear of 'Sami-speaking Norwegians', 'Hebrew-speaking Palestinians' etc., one often stumbles on the term 'Swedish-speaking Finns' to denote a certain group of ethnic Swedes. This is a way of denying the group their ethnic identity. Admittedly, something similar is practised in Turkey, where the Kurds are called 'Mountain Turks' in official quarters"
104:
1558:
1474:
4277:
1460:
4214:
2325:"The subpopulation LMO (Larsmo, Swedish-speaking) differed significantly from all the other populations". "The geographical substructure among the Finnish males was notable when measured with the ΊST values, reaching values as high as ΊST=0.227 in the Yfiler data. This is rather extreme, given that, e.g., subpopulations Larsmo and Kymi are separated by mere 400 km, with no apparent physical dispersal barriers between them".
1516:
1446:
122:
1530:
1011:
1159:
945:
776:
language for those parts of the country where
Swedish speakers made up the local majority. The Finnish-speaking parties and leadership studiously avoided self-government for Swedish speakers in the Finnish mainland. Of the broader wishes of the Swedish-speaking political movement only cultural concessionsâmost notably administrative autonomy for Swedish schools and a Swedish
2344:"The identity of the Swedish minority is however clearly Finnish (Allardt 1997:110). But their identity is twofold: They are both Finland Swedes and Finns (Ivars 1987)." (Die IdentitÀt der schwedischen Minderheit ist jedoch eindeutig finnisch (Allardt 1997:110). Ihre IdentitÀt ist aber doppelt: sie sind sowohl Finnlandschweden als auch Finnen (Ivars 1987).)
527:"Whereas Finnish-speaking scholars tended to deny or minimize the presence of Swedish-speakers before the historically documented Swedish expeditions starting from the 12th century, Swedish-speaking scholars have found archeological and philological evidence for a continuous and Swedish or Germanic presence in Finland from pre-historic times."
2199:"Den svenska kolonisationen hade en uppenbar masskaraktĂ€r och var styrd uppifrĂ„n, frĂ€mst av kronan, vilket framgĂ„r av att hemmanen var kronohemman. Folk kom inte lĂ€ngre i allmogefarkoster utan skeppades över pĂ„ större fraktfartyg, och tydligen frĂ„n alla hĂ„ll inom Sveariket â Ă
tminstone frÄn Uppland, SmÄland, GÀstrikland och HÀlsingland.
2362:"Nyland has always been characterised as an area of medieval colonisation conducted by the Swedes. Previously this colonisation has been seen as an immigration of independents peasants. As a new result a significant noble impact has been verified both in the colonisation activity itself and the establishing of parish churches as well".
1126:(1809â1917) the Finnish language was promoted by the Russian authorities as a way to sever the cultural and emotional ties with Sweden and to counter the threat of a reunion with Sweden. Consequently, the Finnish language began to replace Swedish in the administrative and cultural sphere during the later part of the 19th century.
2208:"FrĂ„n Sideby i söder till Karleby i norr, en strĂ€cka pĂ„ omkring 300 kilometerm gĂ„r en obruten kedja av svenska hemman, byar och samhĂ€llen och detta kustland strĂ€cker sig som en circa 30 kilometer bred zon inĂ„t landet". "Ăsterbottens bosĂ€ttningshistoria har sin parallel i kolonisationen av Norrlandskusten under samma epok".
840:
native
Finnish speakers up until the early modern age. Whether the Finnish settlements prior to the arrival of the Swedes have been permanent or seasonal is debated. According to another toponymic study, some Finnish villages and farms on the south-western coast and the archipelago became Swedish-speaking by assimilation.
2226:"Den nationella rörelsen i Finland, fennomanin, som utgick frÄn Friedrich Hegels tankar, strÀvade efter att skapa en enad finsk nation för att stÀrka Finlands stÀllning. Nationens grÀnser skulle sammanfalla med dess folks grÀnser, och alltsÄ ocksÄ dess sprÄks grÀnser. MÄlet var bland annat en förfinskning av Finland"
2389:"DÀr Ahlberg anser att det Àr statens plikt och skyldighet att implementera vÄr finlÀndska, teoretiska tvÄsprÄkighet ocksÄ i praktiken, bland annat via olika specialarrangemang i olika regioner, anser Wideroos att det lurar en risk i att lyfta ut speciella regioner ur sitt nationella och finlandssvenska sammanhang"
926:, Ostrobothnia, differed significantly from the Finnish-speaking sub-populations in the country in terms of Y-STR variation. This study however was comparing one small Swedish-speaking municipality of 4652 inhabitants to Finnish-speaking provinces and only tells about the origin of two different Y-DNA haplotypes.
2407:"Svenska riksdagsgruppens ordförande Ulla-Maj Wideroos (SFP) sÀger att det finns en dold politisk agenda i Finland med mÄlet att försvaga det finlandssvenska.Wideroos sade i Slaget efter tolv i Radio Vega i dag att regeringens förvaltningsreformer enbart har som mÄl att slÄ sönder svensksprÄkiga strukturer".
1343:
Swedish speakers have migrated to many parts of the world. One study has shown they are more likely to emigrate than the rest of the
Finnish population. It is estimated that between the early 1870s and late 1920s, approximately 70,000 Swedish-speaking Finns emigrated to North America. In Minnesota, a
1198:
On the municipal level, this right is legally restricted to municipalities with a certain minimum of speakers of the minority language. All
Finnish communities and towns are classified as either monolingual or bilingual. When the proportion of the minority language increases to 8% (or 3000), then the
952:
According to a sociological study published in 1981, the
Swedish-speaking Finns meet the four major criteria for a separate ethnic group: self-identification of ethnicity, language, social structure, and ancestry. However, not all Swedish-speaking Finns are willing to self-identify as representatives
830:
During most of the 20th century, marriages across language borders tended to result in children becoming
Finnish speakers, and knowledge of Swedish declined. During the last decades the trend has been reversed: many bilingual families chose to register their children as Swedish speakers and put their
822:
An important contribution to the decline of Swedish speakers in Finland during the second half of the 20th century was that many Swedish speakers emigrated to Sweden. An estimated 30â50% of all Finnish citizens who moved to Sweden were Swedish-speaking Finns. Reliable statistics are not available, as
818:
According to official statistics, Swedish speakers made up 12.9% of the total population of Finland of 2.6 million in 1900. By 1950 their proportion had fallen to 8.6% of a total of 4 million people, and by 1990 they formed 5.9% of the country's 5 million people. This sharp decline has since levelled
799:, still mainly Swedish-speaking in the beginning of the 19th century, attracted Finnish-speaking workers, civil servants and university students from other parts of Finland, as did other Swedish-speaking areas. As a result, the originally unilingual Swedish-speaking coastal regions in the province of
580:
During the 19th century a national awakening occurred in Finland. It was supported by the Russian central administration for practical reasons, as a security measure to weaken Swedish influence in Finland. This trend was reinforced by the general wave of nationalism in Europe in the mid-19th century.
1329:
There is a small community of Swedish-speaking immigrants in Finland. Many of them come from Sweden, or have resided there (about 8,500 Swedish citizens live in Finland and around 30,000 residents in Finland were born in Sweden), while others have opted for Swedish because it is the main language in
1280:
Being a small minority usually leads to functional bilingualism. Swedish-speaking Finns are more fluent in Finnish than Finnish-speakers are in Swedish due to the practical matter of living in a predominantly Finnish-speaking country. In big cities with a significant Swedish-speaking population such
870:
Finland-Swedish folklore along the coast has been traditionally maritime-influenced. The folklore themes are typical in the Nordic context. Stories and tales involving the evil water-spirit are central. The origins of some of the tales have been German and French from which they have been adapted to
1129:
The rise of the Finnish language to an increasingly prevalent position in society was, at the outset, mainly a construct of eager promoters of the Finnish language from the higher strata of society, mainly with Swedish-speaking family backgrounds. A later development, especially at the beginning of
1001:
Marriages between Swedish- and Finnish-speakers are nowadays very common. According to a study commissioned by the Swedish Assembly of Finland in 2005, 48.5% of all families with children where at least one of the parents was Swedish-speaking were bilingual in the sense of one parent being Swedish-
839:
The Finnish substrate toponyms (place names) within today's Swedish-speaking areas have been interpreted as indicative of earlier Finnish settlements in the area. A toponymical analysis from e.g. the Turunmaa archipelagoâtoday largely Swedish-speakingâsuggests the existence of a large population of
585:
their names and changed their everyday language to Finnish. This linguistic change had many similarities with the linguistic and cultural revival of 19th century Lithuania where many former Polish speakers expressed their affiliation with the Lithuanian nation by adopting Lithuanian as their spoken
775:
The Swedish nationality movement was effectively mobilized during the aftermath of Finnish independence and the civil war that shortly followed. The Swedish assembly of Finland was founded to protect the linguistic integrity of Swedish-speakers and seek fixed territorial guarantees for the Swedish
766:
who played a major role in the drafting the language act (1922) and the language paragraphs (1919) in the Finnish constitution, interpreted the language provisions so that they are not supposed to suggest the existence of two nationalities. According to this view Finland has two national languages
2126:
In a 2005 survey, 82% of the Swedish-speaking respondents felt the following best described their identity among the different choices provided: "Both belonging to a separate culture and being a Finn like others." (Swedish: BÄde att höra till en egen kultur, men ocksÄ att vara en finlÀndare bland
771:
and others) maintained that the Swedish population of Finland constituted a nationality of its own and the provisions of the constitution act were seen to support the view. The Finnish-speaking political circles denoted the cultural rights of Finland-Swedes as minority rights. The Finland-Swedish
2371:"FrÀlsestÄndets ursprung var till tvÄ tredjedel svenskt, till en tredjedel tyskt. NÄgon social rörelse som skulle ha fört kristnade finnar uppÄt till dessa poster fanns inte, dÄ jordegendomen inte var ett vilkor för en ledande stÀllning inom förvaltning, rÀttskipning och skatteadministration".
1098:
and the rising burgher class in the expanding cities. The Church required fluency in Finnish from clergymen serving in predominantly or totally Finnish-speaking parishes (most of the country); consequently clerical families tended to maintain a high degree of functional bilingualism. Clerical
917:
In a 2008 study a joint analysis was performed for the first time on Swedish and Finnish autosomal genotypes. Swedish-speakers from Ostrobothnia (reference population of the study representing 40% of all Swedish-speakers in Finland) did not differ significantly from the neighbouring, adjacent
737:
issue as to what language policy would best preserve Finland as a nation. This also explains why so many academically educated Swedish speakers changed to Finnish: it was motivated by ideology. Both parties had the same patriotic objectives, but their methods were completely the opposite. The
1277:, all students are required to pass an examination in the "other domestic language" on a level that enables them to be employed as civil servants in bilingual offices and communities. The actual linguistic abilities of those who have passed the various examinations however vary considerably.
1145:
Even though the proportional distribution of Swedish-speakers among different social strata closely reflects that of the general population, there is still a lingering conception of Swedish as a language of the historical upper class culture of Finland. This is reinforced by the fact that
2262:"Another indication of older Finnish settlement is evidenced by the fact that native speakers of Finnish named so many different types of places in the area that the substrate nomenclature seems to consist of names referring to village settlement rather than to names of natural features."
439:(ca. 1150) which, if it took place, served to expand Christianity and annex Finnish territories to the kingdom of Sweden. Simultaneously the growth of population in Sweden, together with lack of land, resulted in Swedish settlements in Southern and Western coastal areas of Finland. The
1115:(Viborg)) during the late Middle Ages tended to be of German origin. In the 19th century, a new wave of immigration came from German-speaking countries predominantly connected to commercial activities, which has formed a notable part of the grand bourgeoisie in Finland to this day.
3667:
1379:
has traditionally been the number one destination for Swedish-speaking emigrants. In one study covering the period 2000â2015, over half of the 26,000 Swedish-speaking Finns who had moved abroad moved to Sweden. There are about 200,000 Swedish-speaking Finns living in Sweden
1570:
In 2021, 1,432 Finland-Swedes moved abroad, which was the lowest amount since 1996. Emigration peaked during 2015â2018, when nearly 2,000 emigrated annually. They made up 20.1% of Finnish emigrants in 2021. Net migration of Swedish-speakers from Sweden was 256 in 2021.
2136:"At the same time the new generations are still proud of their special characteristics and of their culture as part of the Finnish people." ("Samanaikaisesti uudet sukupolvet ovat kuitenkin edelleen ylpeitÀ erityispiirteistÀÀn ja kulttuuristaan osana Suomen kansaa.")
1141:
and the aspiration to raise the Finnish language and Finnic culture from peasant status to the position of a national language and a national culture gave rise to negative portrayals of Swedish speakers as foreign oppressors of the peaceful Finnish-speaking peasant.
966:
Despite these varying viewpoints, the Swedish-speaking population in Finland in general have their own identity distinct from that of the majority, and they wish to be recognized as such. In speaking Swedish, Swedish-speaking Finns predominantly use the Swedish word
2380:"One factor for instability is that Finland's language legislation, unlike that of Belgium or Switzerland, is based on flexible rather than fixed linguistic territoriality, except in the Ă
land islands, where Swedish enjoys a permanently protected special status"
2334:
Finland has generally been regarded as an example of a monocultural and egalitarian society. However, Finland has a Swedish-speaking minority that meets the four major criteria of ethnicity, i.e. self-identification of ethnicity, language, social structure and
304:. Swedish-speakers comprise 5.2% of the total Finnish population or about 4.9% without Ă
land. The proportion has been steadily diminishing since the early 19th century, when Swedish was the mother tongue of approximately 15% of the population and considered a
2316:"Clear East-West duality was observed when the Finnish individuals were clustering using Geneland. Individuals from the Swedish-speaking part of Ostrobotnia clustered with Sweden when a joint analysis was performed on Swedish and Finnish autosomal genotypes".
745:
The majority of the populationâboth Swedish and Finnish speakersâwere farmers, fishermen and other workers. The farmers lived mainly in unilingual areas, while the other workers lived in bilingual areas such as Helsinki. This co-existence gave birth to
581:
As a result, under the influence of the German idea of one national language, a strong movement arose that promoted the use of the Finnish language in education, research and administration. Many influential Swedish-speaking families learned Finnish,
3675:
334:(literally 'Finland's-Swede'), which is used by the group itself, does not have an established English translation. The Society of Swedish Authors in Finland and the main political institutions for the Swedish-speaking minority, such as the
1154:
consisting of about 6000 persons, of which about two thirds are Swedish-speakers. Still the majority of the Swedish-speaking Finns have traditionally been farmers and fishermen from the Finnish coastal municipalities and archipelago.
4098:
319:
families tend to register their children as Swedish speakers. It is estimated that 70% of bilingual familiesâthat is, ones with one parent Finnish-speaking and the other Swedish-speakingâregister their children as Swedish-speaking.
767:
but only one nationality. This view was never shared in the Swedish-speaking political circles and paved the way for a linguistic conflict. Contrary to the Finnish-speaking view the leaders of the Swedish nationality movement (
1390:. Due to noticeable differences between Finland Swedish and Swedish as spoken in Sweden, Swedish-speaking Finns have been mistaken for non-native speakers and have been required to take language courses. Groups, particularly
957:, has defined the Swedish-speaking Finns as a people who express Finnish identity in the Swedish language. The issue is debated: an opposite view is still that the Swedish-speaking Finns are a sub-group of the ethnic Swedes,
2307:"En del av stoffet har har gÄtt vidare till finnarna och utgör ett element i vÀstra Finlands folklore. SÀrskilt nÀr det gÀller folksÄngerna har finlandssvenskarna haft en stor betydelse för den yngre finska folkpoesin".
1334:
aimed at facilitating integration of immigrants who know or wish to learn Swedish. Most if not all immigrants also wish to be fluent in Finnish due to the fact that it is the dominant language in Finnish society.
724:
The number of Swedish speakers in Finland 1880â2009 by province. The population in Vaasa province declined in the early 20th century due to emigration to North America and again in the 1960s due to emigration to
4020:
Trots sitt svenska modersmÄl blev han tvungen att av principskÀl gÄ en kurs i svenska för invandrare. Detta beskriver han som ett svÄrt slag, att han blev ifrÄgasatt dÄ det gÀllde identiteten som svensksprÄkig.
2271:"This seems to support our conception that there was a large population of native speakers of Finnish in the archipelago and that it remained Finnish-speaking for a longer period than was previously believed."
1391:
788:
The urbanization and industrialization that began in the late 19th century increased the interaction between people speaking different languages with each other, especially in the bigger towns. Helsinki
998:
In literature regarding to international law and minority rights, a view that the Swedish-speakers in Finland not only constitute an ethnic minority but a distinct nationality has also been presented.
523:
In 1966, the historian HÀmÀlÀinen (as referenced by McRae 1993) addressed the strong correlation between the scholar's mother-tongue and the views on the Scandinavian settlement history of Finland.
381:
as a way of depriving them their ethnic affiliation, reducing it to merely a matter of language and de-emphasising the "Swedish part" of Finland-Swedish identity, i.e. their relations to Sweden.
3553:
4102:
2705:
2280:"The Swedish colonization primarily focused on coastal areas and the archipelago, but eventually expanded as farms and villages that had previously been Finnish became Swedish-speaking".
2057:
750:âa Finnish slang with novel slang words of Finnish, local and common Swedish and Russian origin. Helsinki was primarily Swedish-speaking until the late 19th century, see further:
4133:
2794:
392:
became dominant before the independence of Finland in 1917, and the term has remained common to the present, despite later immigrants tending to use different terms such as
2145:"... Finland has a Swedish-speaking minority that meets the four major criteria of ethnicity, i.e. self-identification of ethnicity, language, social structure and ancestry
1134:). This was generally done throughout the entire society. In upper-class families it was predominantly in cadet branches of families that the name translations took place.
3414:
Jukka U. Palo et al. 2008. The effect of number of loci on geographical structuring and forensic applicability of Y-STR data in Finland. Int J Legal Med (2008)122:449â456.
3096:
1225:; the primary language in which lessons are taught depends upon the pupil's mother tongue. This language of instruction is officially and in general practice called the
467:
The origin of the Swedish-speaking population in the territory that today constitutes Finland was a subject of fierce debate in the early 20th century as a part of the
1202:
The Swedish-speaking areas in Finnish Mainland do not have fixed territorial protection, unlike the languages of several national minorities in Central Europe such as
539:
continuity in Finland. Current research has established that the Swedish-speaking population and Swedish place names in Finland date to the Swedish colonisation of
2398:"SprÄklagen frÄn 2004 tillÀmpas inte ordentligt, visar regeringen i en redogörelse. Myndigheterna uppvisar fortfarande stora brister i anvÀndningen av svenska"
1439:
From 1990 to 2021, a total of 50,034 Swedish-speaking Finns have emigrated abroad. 76.5% moved to other Nordic countries. The most popular destinations were;
831:
children in Swedish schools. One motive is the language skills needed during their professional lives. Population statistics do not recognize bilingualism.
2513:
1137:
Opposition to the Swedish language was partly based around historical prejudices and conflicts that had sprung up during the 19th century. The intensified
3561:
977:) when referring to all Finnish nationals. The purpose is to use a term that includes both themselves and Finnish-speaking Finns because the Swedish word
561:
The proportion of Swedish speakers in Finland has declined since the 18th century, when almost 20% spoke Swedish (these 18th-century statistics excluded
4180:
373:, the first of which is the sole form used on the institute's website. Some debators insist for the use of the more traditional English-language form,
3238:"Tavaststjerna i provinsialismernas snĂ„rskog.Det sverigesvenska förlagsargumentet i finlandssvensk sprĂ„kvĂ„rd Av CHARLOTTA AF HĂLLSTRĂM-REIJONEN, 2007"
2762:
2844:
Hedberg, C. 2004. The Finland-Swedish wheel of migration. Identity, networks and integration 1976â2000. Geographiska regionstudier 61.87pp.Uppsala.
3541:
3132:
1079:
Most noble families of the medieval period arrived directly from Sweden. A significant minority of the nobility had foreign origins (predominantly
506:
4382:
505:, used place names in trying to prove that the Swedish settlement in Finland dates back to prehistoric times. Their views were opposed mainly by
358:
1396:
1048:
was still the language of instruction from the secondary school upwards and in use among the educated class and priests. As Finland was part of
472:
1183:
Train timetable showing departing commuter trains at the Pasila railway station in Helsinki. Language was changing between Finnish and Swedish.
1107:
who immigrated in large numbers to the cities and towns of Sweden and Finland. As a result, the wealthier burghers in Sweden (and in cities as
531:
Since the late 20th century, several Swedish-speaking philologists, archaeologists and historians from Finland have criticized the theories of
487:
3747:
3697:
1270:
3977:
3861:
803:
were cut into two parts. There was a smaller migration in the opposite direction, and a few Swedish-speaking "islands" emerged in towns like
1195:. This means that members of the Swedish language minority have the right to communicate with the state authorities in their mother tongue.
909:, is celebrated in Finland; the day celebrates the Swedish-speaking population of Finland, their culture, and the bilinguality of Finland.
3448:
2725:
2680:
3825:
2804:
4202:
221:
More than 17,000 Swedish-speaking Finns live in officially monolingual Finnish municipalities, and are thus not represented on the map.
586:
language. As the educated class in Finland was almost entirely Swedish-speaking, the first generation of the Finnish nationalists and
253:. They maintain a strong identity and are seen either as a separate cultural, ethnic or linguistic group or, occasionally, a distinct
3255:
3173:
827:
of the Finnish-speakers has been somewhat faster than that of the Swedish-speakers until recent times, when the trend has reversed.
4141:
3055:
2101:
Swedish-speaking Finns, Finland-Swedes, Finland Swedes, Finnish Swedes, Fennoswedes or Swedes of Finland. The term Swedo-Finnish (
3601:
3515:
315:, the population of the minority group is stable, and may even be increasing slightly in total numbers since more parents from
3936:
3435:
3051:
Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn: namn pÄ landskap, kommuner, byar i Finland av svenskt ursprung eller med sÀrskild svensk form
2977:
2873:
3353:
A study by Lars Huldén, Professor of Scandinavian Philology (2001), referred in the doctoral dissertation by Felicia Markus
2578:
See (Swedish)(Finnish)"Folktingets undersökning om finlandssvenskarnas identitet â Identitet och framtid", Folktinget, 2005.
886:, the Finland-Swedish modernists of the early 20th century had a significant impact on the whole of Scandinavian modernism.
2937:
1429:) several times, with the 2017 attempt failing due to the ethnic group not being established in the country prior to 1900.
1203:
795:
in Swedish and predominantly used until the late 19th century), named after medieval settlers from the Swedish province of
3376:
854:
According to an interpretation based on the results of recent (2008) genome-wide SNP scans and on church records from the
780:âwere realized, which nevertheless were sufficient to prevent more thorough conflict between the ethno-linguistic groups.
492:
4210:
3654:"Finland bor stadigvarande ca 8 500 svenska medborgare. Dessa utgör en heterogen grupp med mÄnga olika typer av bakgrund"
954:
823:
the Swedish authorities, as opposed to their Finnish counterpart, do not register languages. Another reason is that the
3890:
1789:
938:
78:
3149:
3898:
3221:
3063:
2915:
2849:
871:
the Nordic milieu. (Finland)-Swedish folklore has also had a significant impact on the folklore of Finnish speakers.
3627:
3105:
1586:
1433:
430:
4076:
4043:
3542:
http://svenska.yle.fi/nyheter/sok.phpid=154463&lookfor=&sokvariant=arkivet&advanced=yes&antal=10
3425:
Markku T. HyyppÀ and Juhani MÀki: Social participation and health in a community rich in stock of social capital
4195:
3729:
3493:
2487:
2461:
2052:
1901:
1580:
444:
17:
1179:
3583:
2435:
953:
of a distinct ethnicity. The major political organisation representing the Swedish-speakers in Finland, the
569:, which were ceded to Russia in 1743, and the northern parts of present-day Finland were counted as part of
4266:
1436:
is a Washington state, USA-based association which aims to preserve the ethnic group's emigration history.
1265:
in Swedish). Lessons in the "other domestic language" usually start in the third, fifth or seventh form of
1138:
1094:
form) was constituted most often of the wealthier strata of the peasantry with the closely linked medieval
902:
577:
was formed and Karelia was reunited with Finland, the share of Swedish speakers was 15% of the population.
556:
468:
2772:
1650:
2047:
2042:
1776:
1357:
1026:
906:
339:
305:
3925:
HjÀrnflykt eller inte?: En analys av den svensksprÄkiga flyttningen mellan Finland och Sverige 2000-2015
2997:
2969:
1349:
1798:
1793:
4188:
2127:
alla andra. Finnish: Kuulumista omaan kulttuuriin, mutta myös suomalaisena olemista muiden joukossa.)
751:
335:
4099:"11w1 -- Immigration and emigration by country of departure or arrival, sex and language, 1990-2021"
2931:
1130:
the 20th century, was the adoption or translation or modification of Swedish surnames into Finnish (
4254:
3754:
3704:
1666:
1021:
843:
According to another view (e.g. Tarkiainen 2008) the two major areas of Swedish language speakers (
763:
3967:
3851:
1907:
1099:
families in the whole seem to have been more fluent in Finnish than the burghers as whole. In the
4387:
3285:
2767:
2557:
2003:
1982:
1656:
1192:
1091:
1037:
983:, in Finland-Swedish usage, implies a Finnish-speaking Finn. In Sweden, this distinction between
2795:"Kysymykset: kuinka suuri osa suomenruotsalaisista on kaksikielisiÀ, siis niin ettÀ molemmat..."
1401:(Fris), an interest group, have campaigned for decades in Sweden for recognition as an official
4000:
3459:
2736:
2077:
1887:
1875:
1753:
1627:
1613:
1324:
1123:
574:
440:
274:
266:
3817:
1806:
1785:
4347:
4316:
4067:"Finlandssvenskarna fÄr inte nationell minoritetsstatus i Sverige - vÄr historia Àr för kort"
3405:
Population Genetic Association and Zygosity testing on preamplified Dna. 2008. Ulf Hannelius.
2863:
2799:
1913:
1839:
1683:
1671:
1632:
1619:
848:
544:
436:
182:
1616:, courtier and diplomat, and in Finland, he is considered one of the great Finnish statesmen
4311:
2628:
2619:
Andersson and Herberts., HĂ„kan and Kjell (1996). "The Case of the Swedish-Speaking Finns".
1266:
1057:
834:
3424:
3263:
2827:
1076:, Swedish also held sway, but in a more varying degree depending on regional differences.
8:
4342:
4001:"'Hörni klÀppar, sluta flajdas': Mark Levengood talade kring Àmnet 'SprÄk och identitet'"
1954:
1749:
1659:, soldier in the service of Imperial Russia, who also acted as Prime Minister of Bulgaria
1365:
4276:
2632:
2037:
1811:
1758:
462:
4326:
4291:
3923:
3290:
2644:
2439:
1935:
1845:
281:
1919:
1705:
1699:
1653:, architect and chairman of the committee in charge of rebuilding the city of Helsinki
1056:
was the language of the nobility, administration and education. Hence the two highest
879:
875:
4321:
4301:
4296:
3972:
3942:
3932:
3904:
3894:
3856:
3317:
3217:
3177:
3069:
3059:
2973:
2911:
2869:
2845:
2648:
2507:
2067:
2062:
1958:
1802:
1733:
1402:
1353:
1214:
515:
511:
301:
3968:"Finlandssvensk rusch till Sverige, men det Àr svÄrt locka unga till föreningslivet"
3605:
3519:
3366:
Christer Kuvaja & Arja Rantanen, Sibbo sockens historia fram till Ă„r 1868, 1998.
3212:
Haggrén, Georg; Halinen, Petri; Lavento, Mika; Raninen, Sami; Wessman, Anna (2015).
1727:
1603:
4218:
4123:
The Finns in America by Taru Spiegel, Reference Librarian. The Library of Congress.
3130:
Wickholm, Anna (2003). "Pörnullbacken â ett brandgravfĂ€lt eller brandgropgravar?".
2636:
2561:
2110:
2102:
1977:
1950:
1928:, Finnish inventor at the beginning of the 20th century, often referred to as the "
1863:
1833:
1151:
1095:
1053:
1041:
1005:
824:
385:
289:
270:
242:
234:
146:
2910:. Finlands svenska historia. Vol. 1. Svenska litteratursÀllskapet i Finland.
1821:
1304:
41% live in officially bilingual towns and municipalities where Swedish dominates,
1301:
44% live in officially bilingual towns and municipalities where Finnish dominates,
481:
477:
312:
4359:
4232:
3197:
2797:[what percentage of Finnish-Swedes are bilingual, meaning that both...].
2013:
1988:
1973:
1925:
1827:
1764:
1739:
1711:
1644:
1087:
1033:
883:
496:
456:
258:
142:
1851:
757:
4306:
3384:
2025:
2019:
1941:
1817:
1745:
1623:
1493:
1045:
919:
747:
566:
532:
285:
215:
4008:
3628:"Befolkning efter sprĂ„k 31.12.2000â2011. Ă
lands statistik- och utredningsbyrÄ"
3195:
AhlbÀck, Olav (1954). "Den finlandssvenska bosÀttningens Àlder och ursprung".
1638:
1406:
1213:
Following an educational reform in the 1970s, both Swedish and Finnish became
796:
4376:
4259:
3946:
3908:
3554:"Förverkligandet av de sprÄkliga rÀttigheterna förutsÀtter konkreta ÄtgÀrder"
3321:
3181:
2072:
2008:
1967:
1929:
1857:
1693:
1507:
1414:
1361:
1131:
1049:
934:
720:
435:
The first Swedish arrivals in Finland have often been linked to the putative
73:
3237:
3073:
1314:
6% live in officially monolingual Finnish-speaking towns and municipalities.
1103:, commerce in the Swedish realm, including Finland, was dominated by German
3341:
2726:"Svenska Finlands folkting: Finlandssvenskarna 2005 â en statistik rapport"
2031:
1945:
1869:
1717:
1662:
1597:
1593:
1422:
1418:
1083:), but their descendants normally adopted Swedish as their first language.
889:
855:
739:
502:
31:
3884:
948:
Envelope stamp (not postage) issued by the Swedish People's party in 1922.
4242:
3631:
3088:
3049:
1770:
1549:
1207:
1171:
1119:
1100:
1069:
1015:
922:
According to a 2008 Y-DNA study, a Swedish-speaking reference group from
536:
297:
254:
158:
3602:"Den österbottniska kustregionen borde fÄ en specialstatus - Vasabladet"
1375:
For a number of reasons, including geographical and linguistic reasons,
1245:
in Swedish). The secondary language, as a school subject, is called the
835:
Historical relationship of the Swedish- and Finnish-speaking populations
4247:
2681:"Population 31.12. by Region, Language, Age, Sex, Year and Information"
2640:
2565:
1881:
1780:
1677:
1345:
1274:
768:
734:
582:
3653:
3147:
Meinander, C. F. (1983). "Om svenskarnes inflyttningar till Finland".
2817:
See, Finland-Swedish Think Tank Magma and Finland-Swedish Association.
1779:, Marshal and 6th President of Finland, commander-in-chief during the
4066:
4033:
2462:"Encyklopedi om invandring, integration och rasism: Finlandssvenskar"
1897:
1372:, Finland, was founded by Swedish-speaking Finns in the early 1900s.
1188:
1147:
1104:
587:
463:
Debate about the origin of the Swedish-speaking population in Finland
316:
3483:
Haggren & Jansson, 2005. New light on the colonisation of Nyland
2529:
Conflict and Compromise in Multilingual Societies: Finland, Volume 3
2465:
202: Bilingual municipalities with Swedish as the majority language
196: Bilingual municipalities with Finnish as the majority language
3516:"MÄngfaldspolitik sÀkrar mervÀrdet av tvÄsprÄkigheten - Vasabladet"
1830:, keyboard player, songwriter, producer (real name: Sebastian Teir)
1714:, mining engineer and businessman, best known as a founder of Nokia
1687:
1607:
1282:
1061:
918:
Finnish-speaking populations but formed a genetic cluster with the
892:
is perhaps the most renowned example of Finland-Swedish prose. Her
859:
730:
729:
The language issue was not primarily an issue of ethnicity, but an
570:
452:
3668:"SyntymĂ€valtio iĂ€n ja sukupuolen mukaan maakunnittain 1990 â 2012"
1308:
293:
3816:
Vento, Isak; Harjula, Mikael; Himmelroos, Staffan (25 May 2020).
3505:
Finland: Marginal Case of Bicommunalism?, Kenneth D. McRae, 1988.
3436:
Saari, Mirja: Schwedisch als die zweite Nationalsprache Finnlands
2082:
1563:
1521:
1479:
1426:
1080:
1073:
851:) were largely uninhabited at the time of the arrival of Swedes.
844:
804:
800:
777:
562:
540:
448:
262:
250:
109:
2058:
List of Swedish-speaking and bilingual municipalities of Finland
1269:
and are a part of the curriculum in all secondary education. In
1036:
in the 13th century, at a time when that realm was still in the
1006:
Historical predominance of the Swedish language among the gentry
944:
898:
books have fascinated children and adults throughout the world.
874:
Finland-Swedish literature has a rich legacy. Under the lead of
4363:
4213:
4170:
1721:
1465:
1451:
1376:
1369:
1112:
1065:
923:
894:
878:, who also captivated audiences in the English-speaking world,
170:
127:
2436:"Appendix table 1. Population according to language 1980â2021"
4165:
1961:
1696:, scientist, Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine in 1967
1535:
1311:, of whose population about 90% was Swedish-speaking in 2010,
1286:
1108:
1010:
812:
758:
The Swedish nationality and quest for territorial recognition
174:
3211:
190: Officially monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities
3316:(in Swedish). Helsinki: Holger Schildts Förlagsaktiebolag.
2416:"Den österbottniska kustregionen borde fÄ en specialstatus"
1410:
1405:
group, in addition to the five existing recognized groups:
1158:
1068:, had Swedish as their language. In the two minor estates,
858:
period, Swedish-speaking peasantry has been overwhelmingly
808:
783:
547:
coastal regions of Finland in the 12th and 13th centuries.
3748:"p.105 Via svenska â Den svensksprĂ„kiga integrationsvĂ€gen"
2668:
The cultural rights of the Swedish ethnic group in Finland
1146:
Swedish-speakers are statistically overrepresented among "
261:, which encompasses both a standard language and distinct
4071:
4038:
3852:"Följ med HBL till finlandssvenska Larsmont i Minnesota!"
3698:"p.19 Via svenska â Den svensksprĂ„kiga integrationsvĂ€gen"
2710:
1387:
594:
Swedish-speakers as a percentage of Finland's population
347:
300:
off the west coast of Finland, where Swedish is the sole
208: Monolingual Swedish-speaking municipalities (Ă
land)
4175:
3780:
2964:
Ainiala, Terhi; Saarelma, Minna; Sjöblom, Paula (2008).
1878:, influential Fennoman philosopher and Finnish statesman
1574:
1425:. The issue has been debated in the Swedish Parliament (
762:
The Finnish-speaking parties, under the lead of Senator
447:
in the 13th century extended the Swedish settlements to
2618:
2494:. Kotus. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015
1641:, writer, film director, actor, producer and politician
590:
came predominantly from a Swedish-speaking background.
3815:
3798:
2963:
1991:, former Prime Minister and 13th President of Finland.
1352:, and in the northeastern part of the state including
3344:, edited by Ritva Liisa PitkÀnen and Janne Saarikivi.
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
2526:
2016:â the dialect of Swedish spoken by the Finland Swedes
1032:
Areas of modern-day Finland were integrated into the
2998:"Nimistö Suomen esihistorian tutkimuksen aineistona"
1086:
The clergy in the earlier part the formation of the
4166:
The Finland-Swedish information and cultural center
2908:
Sveriges Ăsterland: frĂ„n forntiden till Gustav Vasa
1957:and the main author of the original version of the
1175:
Many geographical places in Finland have two names.
865:
3328:
1686:, painter best known for his illustrations of the
550:
4034:"Blir finlandssvenskarna en minoritet i Sverige?"
3449:"Finlandssvenskarna 2005 â en statistisk rapport"
3342:Borrowing of Place Names in the Uralian Languages
1635:, Admiral, first governor of Ă
land and politician
311:According to a 2007 statistical analysis made by
4374:
3883:Alanen, Arnold Robert (2012). "Finland Swedes".
3311:
3216:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 340.
2542:Jacob, James E.; Beer, William R., eds. (1985).
2512:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2043:Swedish unit of the Finnish Broadcasting Company
424:
3036:Conflict and Compromise in Multilingual Society
1297:Of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland,
359:Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
2706:"YLE Internytt: TvÄsprÄkigheten pÄ frammarsch"
1318:
4196:
3931:(in Swedish), Tankesmedjan Magma, p. 4,
3047:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
1976:, composer, musicologist, and founder of the
1842:, romantic writer and Finland's national poet
1761:, vocalist of folk/black metal band Finntroll
1381:
1259:
1251:
1239:
1231:
995:is not widely understood and often not made.
990:
984:
978:
968:
958:
790:
329:
59:
52:
2662:
2660:
2658:
1122:, Sweden lost Finland to Russia. During the
229:(whose members are called by many namesâsee
3674:(in Finnish). Tilastokeskus. Archived from
3560:(in Swedish). 26 March 2009. Archived from
3312:Nikander, Gabriel; von Born, Ernst (1921).
2855:
1720:, painter, illustrator, writer, creator of
4203:
4189:
3170:Studier över finlandssvenska ortnamnstyper
2905:
2882:
1162:A Finnish/Swedish street sign in Helsinki.
72:
4064:
3423:Allardt and Starck, 1981; Bhopal, 1997).
3146:
2995:
2655:
2541:
1392:Finlandssvenskarnas riksförbund i Sverige
939:Unofficial flag of Swedish-speaking Finns
4176:Society of Swedish Literature in Finland
3129:
3056:Society of Swedish Literature in Finland
1801:, Arctic explorer, first to conquer the
1178:
1170:
1157:
1020:
1009:
943:
933:
784:Developments since the late 19th century
738:language strife would continue up until
719:
377:, as they view the labelling of them as
181:
3998:
3849:
3194:
2861:
1702:, rally driver, two-time world champion
1674:, three times Prime Minister of Finland
471:. Some Finland-Swede scholars, such as
14:
4383:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
4375:
3965:
3882:
3174:Svenska litteratursÀllskapet i Finland
3086:
2558:"Being Jewish in Contemporary Finland"
2492:Institute for the Languages of Finland
1805:and circumnavigate Eurasia; father of
344:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
227:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
43:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
4184:
4065:Söderlund, Linda (15 November 2017).
4031:
3921:
3845:
3843:
3167:
2991:
2989:
2959:
2957:
2034:â people of Finnish descent in Sweden
1964:relational database management system
1788:, explorer of the cliff dwellings of
1708:, Nobel laureate in economic sciences
1575:Notable Swedish-speakers from Finland
1217:. The school subjects are not called
416:are all used in academic literature.
4126:
4101:. Statistics Finland. Archived from
3730:"Invandrare intresserade av svenska"
3620:
3314:Den svenska nationaliteten i Finland
3048:Huldén, Lars; Martola, Nina (2001).
2938:Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs
2760:
1944:, software engineer, creator of the
1386:), according to Finnish broadcaster
819:off to more modest annual declines.
96:Regions with significant populations
4219:Swedes abroad and their descendants
3999:Fellman, Ulrika (17 October 2008).
3584:"Wideroos: Dold anti-svensk agenda"
3253:
1606:, industrialist and founder of the
24:
3891:Minnesota Historical Society Press
3850:Sundman, Sara (24 December 2017).
3840:
2986:
2954:
2932:"Main outlines of Finnish history"
2685:Tilastokeskuksen PxWeb-tietokannat
2670:(Europa Ethnica, 3â4 1999, p. 56).
2544:Language Policy and National Unity
1938:, journalist, historian and author
1680:, leading figure in Finnish design
79:Flag of the Swedish-speaking Finns
25:
4399:
4159:
4079:from the original on 17 June 2022
4046:from the original on 17 June 2022
3980:from the original on 17 June 2022
3966:Hakala, Heidi (16 October 2019).
3864:from the original on 18 June 2022
3778:
3111:from the original on 11 July 2020
2621:International Review of Education
1150:" families as well as within the
4275:
4212:
4117:
4091:
4058:
4025:
3992:
3959:
3915:
3876:
3828:from the original on 9 June 2022
1892:father of Swedish film criticism
1820:, singer-songwriter (real name:
1748:, ice hockey goaltender for the
1665:, Naval officer employed by the
1622:, ice hockey goaltender for the
1556:
1542:
1528:
1514:
1500:
1486:
1472:
1458:
1444:
1368:, Minnesota, a town named after
866:Culture, literature and folklore
230:
120:
102:
3818:"Den finlandssvenska diasporan"
3809:
3791:
3772:
3740:
3722:
3690:
3660:
3646:
3594:
3576:
3546:
3534:
3508:
3499:
3486:
3477:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3408:
3399:
3369:
3360:
3347:
3305:
3278:
3247:
3230:
3205:
3188:
3161:
3150:Historisk Tidskrift för Finland
3140:
3123:
3080:
3041:
3028:
3019:
2924:
2838:
2820:
2811:
2787:
2761:Holm, Carina (2 October 2010).
2754:
2718:
2698:
2673:
2612:
2603:
2594:
2581:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
1587:Category:Swedish-speaking Finns
1434:Swedish-Finn Historical Society
1292:
1166:
1025:Finnish 17th century clergyman
973:(approximately translatable as
551:Nationalism and language strife
431:Swedish colonisation of Finland
273:and, to a lesser extent, other
3494:List of Finnish noble families
3089:"Where source criticism fails"
2572:
2550:
2535:
2527:Kenneth Douglas McRae (1997).
2520:
2480:
2454:
2428:
2120:
2117:) can be used as an attribute.
2095:
2053:List of Swedish-speaking Finns
1902:Finland national football team
1581:List of Swedish-speaking Finns
1014:Finnish 17th century nobleman
323:
292:and of about 26,000 people in
249:) is a linguistic minority in
27:Linguistic minority in Finland
13:
1:
3438:. Retrieved 10 December 2006.
3383:. 3 July 2005. Archived from
2966:Nimistöntutkimuksen perusteet
2422:
1124:period of Russian sovereignty
425:Medieval Swedish colonisation
4032:BĂŒlow, Anneli (3 May 2017).
3458:(in Swedish). Archived from
3357:. Stockholm University 2004.
2803:(in Finnish). Archived from
2771:(in Swedish). Archived from
2735:(in Swedish). Archived from
2028:â the ethnic group of Swedes
2022:â the ethnic groups of Finns
903:Finnish Swedish Heritage Day
7:
2048:Swedish Assembly of Finland
1996:
1970:, industrialist and general
1690:(the Finnish national epic)
1338:
1319:Swedish-speaking immigrants
1027:Johannes Gezelius the elder
929:
912:
340:Swedish Assembly of Finland
288:of about 260,000 people in
10:
4404:
3097:Fennoscandia Archaeologica
2970:Finnish Literature Society
2865:Finland-Swedes in Michigan
1916:, 3rd President of Finland
1910:, 1st President of Finland
1584:
1578:
1322:
1215:compulsory school subjects
554:
428:
419:
29:
4356:
4335:
4284:
4273:
4225:
4138:The Swedish Film Database
3355:Living on the Other Shore
3168:Thors, Carl-Eric (1953).
2906:Tarkiainen, Kari (2008).
2868:. MSU Press. p. 21.
2600:Allardt and Starck, 1981.
2589:RuotsinkielisenÀ Suomessa
1651:Johan Albrecht Ehrenström
1191:country according to its
752:Fennicization of Helsinki
557:Finland's language strife
469:Finland's language strife
271:dialects spoken in Sweden
169:
164:
157:
152:
141:
136:
118:
100:
95:
90:
85:
71:
47:
4134:"Bengt Idestam-Almquist"
3286:"Population and Society"
3172:(in Swedish). Helsinki:
3054:(in Swedish). Helsinki:
2996:Kiviniemi, Eero (1980).
2968:(in Finnish). Helsinki:
2089:
1667:Russian-American Company
218:bilingual municipalities
30:Not to be confused with
2763:"Fler finlandssvenskar"
2004:Demographics of Finland
1983:Georg Henrik von Wright
1799:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
1794:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
1657:Johan Casimir Ehrnrooth
1383:Sverigefinlandssvenskar
1253:toinen kotimainen kieli
1247:other domestic language
1038:process of being formed
346:, but Swedish-speaking
34:, a minority in Sweden.
4171:Swedish People's Party
3087:Orrman, Elias (1993).
2862:Roinila, Mika (2012).
2591:. Helsinki 2012, p. 2.
2114:
2106:
2078:Finlandssvensk samling
1888:Bengt Idestam-Almquist
1876:Johan Vilhelm Snellman
1777:Carl Gustaf Mannerheim
1614:Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt
1382:
1350:Minneapolis-Saint Paul
1344:number settled on the
1325:Immigration to Finland
1261:andra inhemska sprÄket
1260:
1252:
1240:
1232:
1184:
1176:
1163:
1029:
1018:
991:
985:
979:
969:
959:
955:Swedish People's Party
949:
941:
791:
726:
575:Grand Duchy of Finland
529:
457:Estonia's coastal area
441:Second Swedish Crusade
398:Swedish-speaking Finns
379:Swedish-speaking Finns
363:Swedish-speaking Finns
336:Swedish People's Party
330:
275:Scandinavian languages
246:
238:
222:
60:
53:
3922:Kepsu, Kaisa (2016),
3799:"Lead Group's domain"
3214:Muinaisuutemme jÀljet
2800:Helsinki City Library
1914:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
1908:Kaarlo Juho StÄhlberg
1840:Johan Ludvig Runeberg
1836:, poet and politician
1742:, classical violinist
1684:Akseli Gallen-Kallela
1672:Karl-August Fagerholm
1633:Hjalmar von Bonsdorff
1182:
1174:
1161:
1040:. At the time of the
1024:
1013:
947:
937:
723:
525:
437:First Swedish Crusade
342:, use the expression
267:mutually intelligible
185:
165:Related ethnic groups
3634:on 13 September 2014
3564:on 13 September 2012
3465:on 28 September 2007
3256:"Swedish in Finland"
2832:www.carlonordling.se
2742:on 28 September 2007
2488:"What is a dialect?"
1860:, classical composer
1790:Mesa Verde, Colorado
1267:comprehensive school
1058:estates of the realm
4105:on 9 September 2022
4007:(in Swedish) (14).
3889:. St. Paul, Minn.:
3779:Löcke, Gerd-Peter.
2807:on 9 November 2013.
2633:1996IREdu..42..384A
1955:software programmer
1807:Gustaf Nordenskiöld
1786:Gustaf Nordenskiöld
1773:, singer-songwriter
1750:Nashville Predators
1663:Arvid Adolf Etholén
595:
350:often use the term
296:, a self-governing
44:
3886:Finns in Minnesota
3760:on 17 October 2017
3710:on 17 October 2017
3558:Finnish Government
3291:Statistics Finland
3005:kotikielenseura.fi
2828:"carlonordling.se"
2775:on 31 October 2014
2768:Ă
bo UnderrÀttelser
2651:– via JSTOR.
2641:10.1007/BF00601099
2566:10.33134/HUP-17-10
2468:on 27 January 2012
2440:Statistics Finland
2115:suomenruotsalainen
1936:Zacharias Topelius
1846:Helene Schjerfbeck
1771:Isak Elliot Lundén
1596:, mathematician,
1185:
1177:
1164:
1030:
1019:
963:or "East Swedes".
950:
942:
727:
593:
396:. The expressions
282:Statistics Finland
247:suomenruotsalaiset
223:
61:suomenruotsalaiset
42:
4370:
4369:
3973:Hufvudstadsbladet
3938:978-952-5864-67-0
3857:Hufvudstadsbladet
3590:. 25 August 2009.
3266:on 9 October 2004
3136:(in Swedish) (4).
2979:978-951-746-992-0
2875:978-1-60917-325-8
2068:Fennoman movement
2063:Svecoman movement
1803:Northeast passage
1734:Pernilla Karlsson
1730:, realist painter
1403:national minority
1204:German in Belgium
718:
717:
488:Knut Hugo Pipping
402:Swedes of Finland
386:Finnish Americans
328:The Swedish term
306:prestige language
302:official language
284:, Swedish is the
180:
179:
16:(Redirected from
4395:
4279:
4217:
4216:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4182:
4181:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4144:on 11 March 2014
4140:. Archived from
4130:
4124:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4015:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3930:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3753:. Archived from
3752:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3709:
3703:. Archived from
3702:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3630:. Archived from
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3604:. Archived from
3598:
3592:
3591:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3518:. Archived from
3512:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3453:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3358:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3326:
3325:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3262:. Archived from
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3093:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3045:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2942:. 9 January 2014
2928:
2922:
2921:
2903:
2880:
2879:
2859:
2853:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2730:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2677:
2671:
2664:
2653:
2652:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2464:. Archived from
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2432:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2099:
2038:Diocese of BorgÄ
1978:Sibelius Academy
1951:Michael Widenius
1922:, modernist poet
1864:Krista Siegfrids
1834:Emil von Qvanten
1812:Gunnar Nordström
1759:Mathias LillmÄns
1620:Niklas BÀckström
1562:
1560:
1559:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1400:
1385:
1263:
1255:
1243:
1235:
1152:Finnish nobility
1096:Finnish nobility
1042:Late Middle Ages
994:
988:
982:
972:
962:
825:natural increase
794:
596:
592:
519:
500:
485:
449:Nyland (Uusimaa)
333:
290:mainland Finland
239:finlandssvenskar
213:
207:
201:
195:
189:
126:
124:
123:
108:
106:
105:
86:Total population
76:
63:
56:
54:finlandssvenskar
45:
41:
21:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4360:Nordic diaspora
4352:
4331:
4280:
4271:
4221:
4211:
4209:
4162:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4030:
4026:
4013:
4011:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3964:
3960:
3951:
3949:
3939:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3901:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3848:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3814:
3810:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3781:"IFISK â IFISK"
3777:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3678:on 21 July 2012
3666:
3665:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3608:on 18 July 2011
3600:
3599:
3595:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3522:on 18 July 2011
3514:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3329:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3267:
3254:Jungner, Anna.
3252:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3210:
3206:
3198:Finsk Tidskrift
3193:
3189:
3166:
3162:
3145:
3141:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3066:
3046:
3042:
3038:, case Finland.
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2962:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2936:thisisFINLAND (
2930:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2904:
2883:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2843:
2839:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2540:
2536:
2525:
2521:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2442:. 31 March 2022
2434:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2014:Finland Swedish
1999:
1994:
1989:Alexander Stubb
1974:Martin Wegelius
1926:Eric Tigerstedt
1920:Edith Södergran
1765:Magnus Lindberg
1740:Linda Lampenius
1712:Fredrik Idestam
1706:Bengt Holmström
1700:Marcus Grönholm
1645:Albert Edelfelt
1589:
1583:
1577:
1557:
1555:
1543:
1541:
1529:
1527:
1515:
1513:
1501:
1499:
1487:
1485:
1473:
1471:
1459:
1457:
1445:
1443:
1394:
1341:
1327:
1321:
1295:
1169:
1139:language strife
1088:Lutheran Church
1052:for 550 years,
1008:
932:
915:
907:flag flying day
901:On 6 November,
884:Elmer Diktonius
880:Gunnar Björling
876:Edith Södergran
868:
837:
786:
760:
559:
553:
509:
490:
475:
465:
433:
427:
422:
326:
259:Finland Swedish
220:
219:
211:
209:
205:
203:
199:
197:
193:
191:
187:
143:Finland Swedish
121:
119:
103:
101:
81:
67:
66:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4401:
4391:
4390:
4388:Finnish people
4385:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4267:United Kingdom
4264:
4263:
4262:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4161:
4160:External links
4158:
4156:
4155:
4125:
4116:
4090:
4075:(in Swedish).
4057:
4042:(in Swedish).
4024:
3991:
3976:(in Swedish).
3958:
3937:
3914:
3899:
3875:
3860:(in Swedish).
3839:
3824:(in Swedish).
3808:
3790:
3771:
3739:
3734:svenska.yle.fi
3721:
3689:
3659:
3645:
3619:
3593:
3588:svenska.yle.fi
3575:
3545:
3533:
3507:
3498:
3485:
3476:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3407:
3398:
3387:on 3 July 2005
3368:
3359:
3346:
3327:
3304:
3277:
3246:
3229:
3222:
3204:
3187:
3160:
3153:(in Swedish).
3139:
3133:Muinaistutkija
3122:
3079:
3064:
3040:
3027:
3018:
2985:
2978:
2972:. p. 68.
2953:
2923:
2916:
2881:
2874:
2854:
2837:
2819:
2810:
2786:
2753:
2717:
2697:
2672:
2654:
2627:(4): 384â388.
2611:
2602:
2593:
2580:
2571:
2549:
2534:
2519:
2479:
2453:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2119:
2107:finlandssvensk
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2026:Swedish people
2023:
2020:Finnish people
2017:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1948:
1942:Linus Torvalds
1939:
1933:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1866:, pop musician
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1818:Paradise Oskar
1815:
1809:
1796:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1746:Kevin Lankinen
1743:
1737:
1731:
1728:Eero JĂ€rnefelt
1725:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:Minnesota Wild
1617:
1611:
1604:Antti Ahlström
1601:
1590:
1579:Main article:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1553:
1539:
1525:
1511:
1497:
1494:United Kingdom
1483:
1469:
1455:
1454:32,867 (65.7%)
1356:and along the
1340:
1337:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1168:
1165:
1007:
1004:
931:
928:
914:
911:
867:
864:
836:
833:
785:
782:
759:
756:
748:Helsinki slang
716:
715:
712:
708:
707:
704:
700:
699:
696:
692:
691:
688:
684:
683:
680:
676:
675:
672:
668:
667:
664:
660:
659:
656:
652:
651:
648:
644:
643:
640:
636:
635:
632:
628:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
612:
611:
608:
604:
603:
600:
567:Kexholm County
555:Main article:
552:
549:
520:in the 1920s.
507:Heikki Ojansuu
464:
461:
429:Main article:
426:
423:
421:
418:
410:Finnish Swedes
406:Finland Swedes
375:Finland-Swedes
371:Finland-Swedes
352:Finland-Swedes
331:finlandssvensk
325:
322:
210:
204:
198:
192:
186:
178:
177:
167:
166:
162:
161:
155:
154:
150:
149:
139:
138:
134:
133:
132:60,000â107,000
130:
116:
115:
114:287,933 (2021)
112:
98:
97:
93:
92:
88:
87:
83:
82:
77:
69:
68:
65:
64:
57:
49:
48:
38:
26:
18:Finland Swedes
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4400:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:United States
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4120:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4061:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3962:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3927:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3900:9780873518604
3896:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3879:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3846:
3844:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3786:
3785:www.ifisk.net
3782:
3775:
3756:
3749:
3743:
3736:. 9 May 2012.
3735:
3731:
3725:
3706:
3699:
3693:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3655:
3649:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3480:
3461:
3457:
3456:folktinget.fi
3450:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3386:
3382:
3381:folktinget.fi
3378:
3372:
3363:
3356:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3239:
3233:
3225:
3223:9789524953634
3219:
3215:
3208:
3201:(in Swedish).
3200:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3065:9789515830715
3061:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3037:
3034:McRae, 1993,
3031:
3022:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2919:
2917:9789515831552
2913:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2850:91-506-1788-5
2847:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2738:
2734:
2733:folktinget.fi
2727:
2721:
2714:(in Swedish).
2713:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2669:
2666:Tore Modeen,
2663:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2609:Bhopal, 1997.
2606:
2597:
2590:
2584:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2509:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:Fennicization
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:Svenskfinland
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1990:
1987:
1985:, philosopher
1984:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:Rudolf Walden
1966:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1930:Thomas Edison
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:Jean Sibelius
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:Axel Ehnström
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1694:Ragnar Granit
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1572:
1565:
1554:
1551:
1540:
1537:
1526:
1523:
1512:
1509:
1508:United States
1498:
1495:
1484:
1481:
1470:
1467:
1456:
1453:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:Lake Superior
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1336:
1333:
1326:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1227:mother tongue
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1187:Finland is a
1181:
1173:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1132:fennicization
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Sweden proper
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Swedish realm
1028:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
987:
981:
976:
971:
964:
961:
956:
946:
940:
936:
927:
925:
921:
910:
908:
904:
899:
897:
896:
891:
887:
885:
881:
877:
872:
863:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
841:
832:
828:
826:
820:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
781:
779:
773:
770:
765:
755:
753:
749:
743:
741:
736:
735:philosophical
732:
722:
713:
710:
709:
705:
702:
701:
697:
694:
693:
689:
686:
685:
681:
678:
677:
673:
670:
669:
665:
662:
661:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
645:
641:
638:
637:
633:
630:
629:
625:
622:
621:
617:
614:
613:
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
597:
591:
589:
584:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
558:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
528:
524:
521:
517:
513:
508:
504:
498:
494:
489:
483:
479:
474:
470:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
432:
417:
415:
414:Swedish Finns
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:Finland-Swede
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Swedish Finns
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
321:
318:
314:
313:Fjalar FinnÀs
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:mother tongue
283:
280:According to
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:. They speak
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
217:
184:
176:
172:
168:
163:
160:
156:
151:
148:
144:
140:
135:
131:
129:
117:
113:
111:
99:
94:
89:
84:
80:
75:
70:
62:
58:
55:
51:
50:
46:
37:
33:
19:
4237:
4146:. Retrieved
4142:the original
4137:
4128:
4119:
4107:. Retrieved
4103:the original
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4070:
4060:
4048:. Retrieved
4037:
4027:
4019:
4012:. Retrieved
4004:
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3971:
3961:
3950:, retrieved
3924:
3917:
3885:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3855:
3830:. Retrieved
3822:Politiikasta
3821:
3811:
3802:
3793:
3784:
3774:
3762:. Retrieved
3755:the original
3742:
3733:
3724:
3712:. Retrieved
3705:the original
3692:
3680:. Retrieved
3676:the original
3671:
3662:
3648:
3636:. Retrieved
3632:the original
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3606:the original
3596:
3587:
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3562:the original
3557:
3548:
3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3520:the original
3510:
3501:
3488:
3479:
3469:22 September
3467:. Retrieved
3460:the original
3455:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3410:
3401:
3389:. Retrieved
3385:the original
3380:
3377:"Folktinget"
3371:
3362:
3354:
3349:
3313:
3307:
3295:. Retrieved
3289:
3280:
3268:. Retrieved
3264:the original
3259:
3249:
3232:
3213:
3207:
3196:
3190:
3169:
3163:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3131:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3101:
3095:
3082:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3025:McRae, 1993.
3021:
3009:. Retrieved
3007:(in Finnish)
3004:
2965:
2944:. Retrieved
2935:
2926:
2907:
2864:
2857:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2805:the original
2798:
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2773:the original
2766:
2756:
2746:22 September
2744:. Retrieved
2737:the original
2732:
2720:
2709:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2684:
2675:
2667:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2588:
2587:Folktinget:
2583:
2574:
2552:
2543:
2537:
2528:
2522:
2496:. Retrieved
2491:
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:the original
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2430:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2122:
2097:
2032:Sweden Finns
1946:Linux kernel
1891:
1872:, translator
1870:Janina Orlov
1852:André Linman
1718:Tove Jansson
1598:Fields Medal
1594:Lars Ahlfors
1569:
1524:1,352 (2.7%)
1510:1,446 (2.9%)
1496:1,720 (3.4%)
1482:1,872 (3.7%)
1468:3,437 (6.9%)
1438:
1431:
1423:Tornedalians
1419:Sweden Finns
1374:
1342:
1331:
1328:
1296:
1293:Demographics
1279:
1275:universities
1271:polytechnics
1258:
1257:in Finnish,
1250:
1246:
1238:
1237:in Finnish,
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1201:
1197:
1193:constitution
1186:
1167:Bilingualism
1144:
1136:
1128:
1117:
1085:
1078:
1031:
1000:
997:
974:
965:
951:
916:
905:, a general
900:
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890:Tove Jansson
888:
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856:early modern
853:
849:Ostrobothnia
842:
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817:
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764:E. N. SetÀlÀ
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740:World War II
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560:
545:Ostrobothnia
537:Scandinavian
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526:
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434:
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4348:New Zealand
4109:9 September
4009:Ă
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4005:Meddelanden
3803:delaktig.fi
3612:2 September
3526:2 September
2472:16 February
1959:open source
1932:of Finland"
1884:, architect
1814:, physicist
1639:Jörn Donner
1610:Corporation
1550:Netherlands
1395: [
1358:North Shore
1307:9% live in
1208:North Italy
1120:Finnish war
1101:Middle Ages
1092:High Church
1016:Gustaf Horn
960:östsvenskar
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792:Helsingfors
731:ideological
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476: [
324:Terminology
298:archipelago
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4377:Categories
4358:See also:
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4248:Varangians
3638:6 December
3260:finland.fi
2498:31 October
2423:References
1882:Lars Sonck
1854:, musician
1781:Winter War
1767:, composer
1724:characters
1678:Kaj Franck
1585:See also:
1566:115 (0.2%)
1552:495 (1.0%)
1538:932 (1.9%)
1346:Iron Range
1323:See also:
1233:Ă€idinkieli
1118:After the
1111:(Ă
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986:finlÀndare
975:Finlanders
970:finlÀndare
860:endogamous
769:Axel Lille
583:fennicized
473:Ralf Saxén
445:Tavastians
390:Swede-Finn
4343:Australia
4327:Venezuela
4292:Argentina
3947:2342-7884
3909:918316682
3322:185183111
3182:470054426
2779:6 October
2649:144493718
2335:ancestry.
1900:, former
1898:Tim Sparv
1848:, painter
1792:; son of
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1241:modersmÄl
1189:bilingual
1148:old money
1105:merchants
588:Fennomans
388:the term
361:proposes
317:bilingual
269:with the
265:that are
137:Languages
4285:Americas
4077:Archived
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3862:Archived
3826:Archived
3106:Archived
3074:48690289
2508:cite web
2446:5 August
1997:See also
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1688:Kalevala
1608:Ahlstrom
1366:Larsmont
1339:Diaspora
1332:Delaktig
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1090:(in its
1074:peasants
1070:burghers
930:Identity
913:Genetics
602:Percent
571:Norrland
533:Germanic
453:Norrland
263:dialects
153:Religion
4336:Oceania
4260:dialect
4255:Ukraine
4238:Finland
4233:Estonia
4148:1 March
4083:17 June
4050:17 June
4014:17 June
3984:17 June
3952:17 June
3868:18 June
3832:17 June
3764:24 July
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3672:Stat.fi
3568:17 June
3391:17 June
3297:17 June
3270:17 June
3115:16 June
3011:16 June
2946:16 June
2690:16 June
2629:Bibcode
2111:Finnish
2103:Swedish
2083:Yle FSR
1904:captain
1890:, the "
1752:of the
1626:of the
1564:Iceland
1522:Germany
1480:Denmark
1427:Riksdag
1223:Swedish
1219:Finnish
1066:priests
1060:, i.e.
1054:Swedish
805:Tampere
778:diocese
725:Sweden.
563:Karelia
420:History
251:Finland
243:Finnish
235:Swedish
147:Finnish
110:Finland
91:380,000
4364:Swedes
4317:Mexico
4302:Canada
4297:Brazil
4243:Russia
4226:Europe
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1348:, in
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1287:Turku
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813:Kotka
714:5.2%
711:2020
706:5.4%
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695:2000
690:5.9%
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3528:2009
3492:See
3471:2007
3393:2022
3318:OCLC
3299:2022
3272:2022
3218:ISBN
3178:OCLC
3117:2022
3070:OCLC
3060:ISBN
3013:2022
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2781:2012
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