File system - Knowledge

49: 2328: 2758:(MTS) is interesting because: (i) it provides "line files" where record lengths and line numbers are associated as metadata with each record in the file, lines can be added, replaced, updated with the same or different length records, and deleted anywhere in the file without the need to read and rewrite the entire file; (ii) using program keys files may be shared or permitted to commands and programs in addition to users and groups; and (iii) there is a comprehensive file locking mechanism that protects both the file's data and its metadata. 2671:, which can optionally catalog files (datasets) on resident and removable volumes. The catalog only contains information to relate a dataset to a specific volume. If the user requests access to a dataset on an offline volume, and they have suitable privileges, the system will attempt to mount the required volume. Cataloged and non-cataloged datasets can still be accessed using information in the VTOC, bypassing the catalog, if the required volume id is provided to the OPEN request. Still later the VTOC was indexed to speed up access. 1081:

files, one can easily "spin off" differential images which contain only "new" data written to the master (original) image. Differential images can be used for both safety concerns (as a "disposable" system - can be quickly restored if destroyed or contaminated by a virus, as the old image can be removed and a new image can be created in matter of seconds, even without automated procedures) and quick virtual machine deployment (since the differential images can be quickly spawned using a script in batches).

760: 1741:, a remote storage service, which is intentionally simplistic to allow users the ability to customize how their data is stored. The only constructs are buckets (imagine a disk drive of unlimited size) and objects (similar, but not identical to the standard concept of a file). Advanced file management is allowed by being able to use nearly any character (including '/') in the object's name, and the ability to select subsets of the bucket's content based on identical prefixes. 1468:

state shared across multiple files in the overall dataset. As a workaround, some database systems simply produce an archived state file containing all data up to that point, and the backup software only backs that up and does not interact directly with the active transactional databases at all. Recovery requires separate recreation of the database from the state file after the file has been restored by the backup software.

1912:. For example, a floppy disk that has been supermounted can be physically removed from the system. Under normal circumstances, the disk should have been synchronized and then unmounted before its removal. Provided synchronization has occurred, a different disk can be inserted into the drive. The system automatically notices that the disk has changed and updates the mount point contents to reflect the new medium. 692:. Apple has long used a forked file system on the Macintosh, and Microsoft supports streams in NTFS. Some file systems maintain multiple past revisions of a file under a single file name; the file name by itself retrieves the most recent version, while prior saved version can be accessed using a special naming convention such as "filename;4" or "filename(-4)" to access the version four saves ago. 2516:. Third parties such as Digital Research have incorporated optional support for deletion tracking, and volume/directory/file-based multi-user security schemes to support file and directory passwords and permissions such as read/write/execute/delete access rights. Most of these extensions are not supported by Windows. 2819:

In some cases conversion can be done in-place, although migrating the file system is more conservative, as it involves a creating a copy of the data and is recommended. On Windows, FAT and FAT32 file systems can be converted to NTFS via the convert.exe utility, but not the reverse. On Linux, ext2 can

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partition, on which Windows is usually installed and from which it boots. This "tradition" has become so firmly ingrained that bugs exist in many applications which make assumptions that the drive that the operating system is installed on is C. The use of drive letters, and the tradition of using "C"

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to the sounds on the tape waiting until a burst of sound could be recognized as the synchronization. The system would then interpret subsequent sounds as data. When the data read was complete, the system would notify the user to press "STOP" on the cassette recorder. It was primitive, but it (mostly)

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A file name is unique so that an application can refer to exactly one file for a particular name. If the file system supports directories, then generally file name uniqueness is enforced within the context of each directory. In other words, a storage can contain multiple files with the same name, but

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series of computers) did allow the files to be named. Multiple sets of data could be written and located by fast-forwarding the tape and observing at the tape counter to find the approximate start of the next data region on the tape. The user might have to listen to the sounds to find the right spot

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and running on IBM Power Systems (formerly known as AS/400 and iSeries), designed by Frank G. Soltis IBM's former chief scientist for IBM i. Around 1978 to 1988 Frank G. Soltis and his team at IBM Rochester had successfully designed and applied technologies like the database file system where others

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Writing data to a tape, erasing, or formatting a tape is often a significantly time-consuming process and can take several hours on large tapes. With many data tape technologies it is not necessary to format the tape before over-writing new data to the tape. This is due to the inherently destructive

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may be more effective. Several system maintenance utilities, such as virus scans and backups, can also be processed in segments. For example, it is not necessary to backup the file system containing videos along with all the other files if none have been added since the last backup. As for the image

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Generally, the allocation unit size is set when the storage is configured. Choosing a relatively small size compared to the files stored, results in excessive access overhead. Choosing a relatively large size results in excessive unused space. Choosing an allocation size based on the average size of

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Some programs need to either make multiple file system changes, or, if one or more of the changes fail for any reason, make none of the changes. For example, a program which is installing or updating software may write executables, libraries, and/or configuration files. If some of the writing fails

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Some of the most important features of file system utilities are supervisory activities which may involve bypassing ownership or direct access to the underlying device. These include high-performance backup and recovery, data replication, and reorganization of various data structures and allocation

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file system. Due to the Unix roots of macOS, Unix permissions were added to HFS Plus. Later versions of HFS Plus added journaling to prevent corruption of the file system structure and introduced a number of optimizations to the allocation algorithms in an attempt to defragment files automatically

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takes advantages of the ability of disk storage media to randomly address data in a short amount of time. Additional considerations include the speed of accessing data following that initially requested and the anticipation that the following data may also be requested. This permits multiple users

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the disk so that several file systems with different attributes can be used. One file system, for use as browser cache or email storage, might be configured with a small allocation size. This keeps the activity of creating and deleting files typical of browser activity in a narrow area of the disk

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Methods for encrypting file data are sometimes included in the file system. This is very effective since there is no need for file system utilities to know the encryption seed to effectively manage the data. The risks of relying on encryption include the fact that an attacker can copy the data and

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with 50 KB to 512 KB of storage would not be a reasonable choice for modern storage systems with hundreds of gigabytes of capacity. Likewise, modern file systems would not be a reasonable choice for these early systems, since the complexity of modern file system structures would quickly

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exFAT is supported in macOS starting with version 10.6.5 (Snow Leopard). Support in other operating systems is sparse since implementing support for exFAT requires a license. exFAT is the only file system that is fully supported on both macOS and Windows that can hold files larger than 4 GB.

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Data backup systems typically do not provide support for direct backup of data stored in a transactional manner, which makes the recovery of reliable and consistent data sets difficult. Most backup software simply notes what files have changed since a certain time, regardless of the transactional

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guarantee, ensuring that operations inside of a transaction are either all committed or the transaction can be aborted and the system discards all of its partial results. This means that if there is a crash or power failure, after recovery, the stored state will be consistent. Either the software

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However, a side effect of this design is that reading the file directory of a tape usually requires scanning the entire tape to read all the scattered directory entries. Most data archiving software that works with tape storage will store a local copy of the tape catalog on a disk file system, so

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In a disk file system there is typically a master file directory, and a map of used and free data regions. Any file additions, changes, or removals require updating the directory and the used/free maps. Random access to data regions is measured in milliseconds so this system works well for disks.

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File utilities create, list, copy, move and delete files, and alter metadata. They may be able to truncate data, truncate or extend space allocation, append to, move, and modify files in-place. Depending on the underlying structure of the file system, they may provide a mechanism to prepend to or

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An identification for each record, also known as a key, allows a program to read, write and update records without regard to their location in storage. Such storage requires managing blocks of media, usually separating key blocks and data blocks. Efficient algorithms can be developed with pyramid

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It may be advantageous or necessary to have files in a different file system than they currently exist. Reasons include the need for an increase in the space requirements beyond the limits of the current file system. The depth of path may need to be increased beyond the restrictions of the file

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is a file system that acts as a client for a remote file access protocol, providing access to files on a server. Programs using local interfaces can transparently create, manage and access hierarchical directories and files in remote network-connected computers. Examples of network file systems

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Consequently, a master file directory and usage map can be extremely slow and inefficient with tape. Writing typically involves reading the block usage map to find free blocks for writing, updating the usage map and directory to add the data, and then advancing the tape to write the data in the

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Because of the time it can take to format a tape, typically tapes are pre-formatted so that the tape user does not need to spend time preparing each new tape for use. All that is usually necessary is to write an identifying media label to the tape before use, and even this can be automatically

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Most file systems store the names of all the files in one directory in one place—the directory table for that directory—which is often stored like any other file. Many file systems put only some of the metadata for a file in the directory table, and the rest of the metadata for that file in a

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Unix-like systems assign a device name to each device, but this is not how the files on that device are accessed. Instead, to gain access to files on another device, the operating system must first be informed where in the directory tree those files should appear. This process is called

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protocol removes the difference between local and remote files. File systems in Plan 9 are organized with the help of private, per-process namespaces, allowing each process to have a different view of the many file systems that provide resources in a distributed system.

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exFAT is not backward compatible with FAT file systems such as FAT12, FAT16 or FAT32. The file system is supported with newer Windows systems, such as Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows 2008, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 and Windows 11.

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will automatically mount a file system when a reference is made to the directory atop which it should be mounted. This is usually used for file systems on network servers, rather than relying on events such as the insertion of media, as would be appropriate for removable

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When the system needed to write data, the user was notified to press "RECORD" on the cassette recorder, then press "RETURN" on the keyboard to notify the system that the cassette recorder was recording. The system wrote a sound to provide time synchronization, then

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is one technique used to introduce transaction-level consistency to file system structures. Journal transactions are not exposed to programs as part of the OS API; they are only used internally to ensure consistency at the granularity of a single system call.

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that adding files to a tape can be done quickly without having to rescan the tape media. The local tape catalog copy is usually discarded if not used for a specified period of time, at which point the tape must be re-scanned if it is to be used in the future.

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Some file systems defer operations such as reorganization of free space, secure erasing of free space, and rebuilding of hierarchical structures by providing utilities to perform these functions at times of minimal activity. An example is the file system

357:(API) for file operations including open, close, read and write – delegating operations to lower layers. This layer manages open file table entries and per-process file descriptors. It provides file access, directory operations, security and protection. 832:. The need for file system utilities to be able to access the data at the media level to reorganize the structures and provide efficient backup usually means that these are only effective for polite users but are not effective against intruders. 1344:

like Microsoft later failed to accomplish. These technologies are informally known as 'Fortress Rochester' and were in few basic aspects extended from early Mainframe technologies but in many ways more advanced from a technological perspective.

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include hard links, multiple file streams, attribute indexing, quota tracking, sparse files, encryption, compression, and reparse points (directories working as mount-points for other file systems, symlinks, junctions, remote storage links).

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Another concept for file management is the idea of a database-based file system. Instead of, or in addition to, hierarchical structured management, files are identified by their characteristics, like type of file, topic, author, or similar

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With higher capacity, the need for capabilities and therefore complexity increases as well. File system complexity typically varies proportionally with available storage capacity. Capacity issues aside, the file systems of early 1980s

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truncate from the beginning of a file, insert entries into the middle of a file, or delete entries from a file. Utilities to free space for deleted files, if the file system provides an undelete function, also belong to this category.

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Having multiple file systems on a single system has the additional benefit that in the event of a corruption of a single file system, the remaining file systems will frequently still be intact. This includes virus destruction of the

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An alternative, when there is not sufficient space to retain the original file system until the new one is created, is to use a work area (such as a removable media). This takes longer but has the benefit of producing a backup.

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and generic file operations narrowed to work on one instead of defaulting to work on all of them. These user areas were no more than special attributes associated with the files; that is, it was not necessary to define specific

1840:) and is intended specifically for use as a mount point for removable media such as CDs, DVDs, USB drives or floppy disks. It may be empty, or it may contain subdirectories for mounting individual devices. Generally, only the 717: 3355:

Pooled storage: adding physical storage devices to a pool, and allocating storage space from that shared pool. Space is available to all file systems and volumes, and increases by adding new storage devices to the

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operating systems often include software and tools that assist in the mounting process and provide it new functionality. Some of these strategies have been coined "auto-mounting" as a reflection of their purpose.

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Tape requires linear motion to wind and unwind potentially very long reels of media. This tape motion may take several seconds to several minutes to move the read/write head from one end of the tape to the other.

1056:" to house additional file systems, with the same attributes or not, within another (host) file system as a file. A common example is virtualization: one user can run an experimental Linux distribution (using the 2824:, and converted back until the undo information is deleted. These conversions are possible due to using the same format for the file data itself, and relocating the metadata into empty space, in some cases using 2194:

third-party software is necessary. Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard) and later allow writing to NTFS file systems, but only after a non-trivial system setting change (third-party software exists that automates this).

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Copying files with long names or located in paths of significant depth from one file system to another may cause undesirable results. This depends on how the utility doing the copying handles the discrepancy.

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For example, to migrate a FAT32 file system to an ext2 file system, a new ext2 file system is created. Then the data from the FAT32 file system is copied to the ext2 one, and the old file system is deleted.

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and the file system retrieves data from the medium and then writes the data to the buffer. A write involves the program providing a buffer of bytes that the file system reads and then stores to the medium.

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that is a branching list of directories containing the file. Different file systems have different limits on the depth of the path. File systems also have a limit on the length of an individual file name.

2705:(MFD), always located in the fourth block on the disk. Originally CMS used fixed-length 800-byte blocks, but later versions used larger size blocks up to 4K. Access to a data record requires two levels of 1305:

product. The Linear Tape File System uses a separate partition on the tape to record the index meta-data, thereby avoiding the problems associated with scattering directory entries across the entire tape.

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The Prospero File System is a file system based on the Virtual System Model. The system was created by B. Clifford Neuman of the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California.

1049:, support multiple file systems sharing a common pool of free blocks, supporting several file systems with different attributes without having to reserved a fixed amount of space for each file system. 1037:

where it will not interfere with other file allocations. Another partition might be created for the storage of audio or video files with a relatively large block size. Yet another may normally be set

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The word dentry is short for 'directory entry'. A dentry is nothing but a specific component in the path from the root. They (directory name or file name) provide for accessing files or directories

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A local file system manages storage space to provide a level of reliability and efficiency. Generally, it allocates storage device space in a granular manner, usually multiple physical units (i.e.

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When a file system creates a file, it allocates space for data. Some file systems permit or require specifying an initial space allocation and subsequent incremental allocations as the file grows.

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guarantee, meaning that operations within a transaction are hidden from other threads on the system until the transaction commits, and that interfering operations on the system will be properly

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Access control can also restrict access by program in order to ensure that data is modified in a controlled way. Examples include passwords stored in the metadata of the file or elsewhere and

1438:, but its use is now discouraged. There are a number of research prototypes of transactional file systems for UNIX systems, including the Valor file system, Amino, LFS, and a transactional 1375:) statements retrieve the files, and allow the use of a sophisticated logic and more rich information associations than "usual file systems." Many CMSs also have the option of storing only 1706:) created the illusion of a partially hierarchical filing system on top of EMFS. This structure required every file to have a unique name, even if it appeared to be in a separate folder. 1255:

devices. Frequently a disk file system can use a flash memory device as the underlying storage media, but it is much better to use a file system specifically designed for a flash device.

1822:, one must tell the operating system "Take the file system from this CD-ROM and make it appear under such-and-such directory." The directory given to the operating system is called the 1271:

are sequential storage media with significantly longer random data access times than disks, posing challenges to the creation and efficient management of a general-purpose file system.

2133:. Aliases are designed to maintain a link to their original file even if they are moved or renamed; they are not interpreted by the file system itself, but by the File Manager code in 2729:

are defined including the directories and files found in other file systems. File objects, along with other types of objects, form the basis of the AS/400's support for an integrated

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will be completely installed or the failed installation will be completely rolled back, but an unusable partial install will not be left on the system. Transactions also provide the

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This is invisible to the end user and the system still works correctly. However this can degrade performance on some storage hardware that work better with contiguous blocks such as

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Migration has the disadvantage of requiring additional space although it may be faster. The best case is if there is unused space on media which will contain the final file system.

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system. There may be performance or reliability considerations. Providing access to another operating system which does not support the existing file system is another reason.

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operating systems create a virtual file system, which makes all the files on all the devices appear to exist in a single hierarchy. This means, in those systems, there is one

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character set. Some restrict characters such as those used to indicate special attributes such as a device, device type, directory prefix, file path separator, or file type.

2793:), newer storage devices often exceed existing file system limits within only a few years after introduction. This requires new file systems with ever increasing capacity. 3377:

APFS introduces space sharing between volumes. In APFS, every physical disk is a container that can have multiple volumes inside, which share the same pool of free space.

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Some utilities allow the user to create, configure and remove an instance of a file system. It may allow extending or truncating the space allocated to the file system.

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is the methods and data structures that an operating system uses to keep track of files on a disk or partition; that is, the way the files are organized on the disk.

1753:(OS) typically supports one or more file systems. Sometimes an OS and its file system are so tightly interwoven that it is difficult to describe them independently. 1017:

to make requests of the file system. These include data transfer, positioning, updating metadata, managing directories, managing access specifications, and removal.

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record definition is used, then locating the n record can be calculated mathematically, which is relatively fast compared to parsing the data for record separators.

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allows for spanning a file system across multiple devices for the purpose of adding redundancy, capacity, and/or throughput. Legacy environments in Solaris may use

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and the software is left partially installed or updated, the software may be broken or unusable. An incomplete update of a key system utility, such as the command

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A file becomes fragmented if space needed to store its content cannot be allocated in contiguous blocks. Free space becomes fragmented when files are deleted.

1886:, although their use may be desired thereafter. There are some utilities for Unix-like systems that allow the mounting of predefined file systems upon demand. 1283:

correct spot. Each additional file write requires updating the map and directory and writing the data, which may take several seconds to occur for each file.

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race conditions on symbolic links. File locking also cannot automatically roll back a failed operation, such as a software upgrade; this requires atomicity.

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Recovery from exceptional situations may include updating metadata, directory entries and handling data that was buffered but not written to storage media.

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file system or even a system that will not boot. File system utilities which require dedicated access can be effectively completed piecemeal. In addition,

681:. Some file systems provide for user defined attributes such as the author of the document, the character encoding of a document or the size of an image. 724:

NTFS clusters: 100,000 files, each five bytes per file, which equal to 500,000 bytes of actual data but require 409,600,000 bytes of disk space to store

1901:. Utilities have therefore been developed to detect the presence and availability of a medium and then mount that medium without any user intervention. 1453:

mechanism for individual files, but it typically does not protect the directory structure or file metadata. For instance, file locking cannot prevent

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FAT32 addresses the limitations in FAT12 and FAT16, except for the file size limit of close to 4 GB, but it remains limited compared to NTFS.

977:), and to alter metadata associated with a directory. Directory utilities may also include capabilities to create additional links to a directory ( 1730:

While simple, flat file systems become awkward as the number of files grows and makes it difficult to organize data into related groups of files.

4601: 4577: 4092: 2782:– generally driven by the typical size of storage devices at the time the file system is designed and anticipated into the foreseeable future. 684:

Some file systems allow for different data collections to be associated with one file name. These separate collections may be referred to as

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Directory structures may be flat (i.e. linear), or allow hierarchies by allowing a directory to contain directories, called subdirectories.

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Technical investigations of addition of a hardcopy output to the elements of a mechanized library system : final report, 20 Sept. 1961

2167:, macOS could no longer be installed on a UFS volume, nor can a pre-Leopard system installed on a UFS volume be upgraded to Leopard. As of 634:

Most file systems also store metadata not associated with any one particular file. Such metadata includes information about unused regions—

6448: 2474:.) The FAT file systems are therefore well-suited as a universal exchange format between computers and devices of most any type and age. 364:, an optional layer, supports multiple concurrent instances of physical file systems, each of which called a file system implementation. 2820:

be converted to ext3 (and converted back), and ext3 can be converted to ext4 (but not back), and both ext3 and ext4 can be converted to

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Tape file systems instead typically allow for the file directory to be spread across the tape intermixed with the data, referred to as

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and a suffix. When the system needed to read data, the user was instructed to press "PLAY" on the cassette recorder. The system would

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A file system typically ensures that stored data remains consistent in both normal operations as well as exceptional situations like:

3463: 2667:(VTOC). The VTOC stores all metadata for the file. Later a hierarchical directory structure was imposed with the introduction of the 4295: 2303:): networking, graphics, debugging, authentication, capabilities, encryption, and other services are accessed via I/O operations on 1694:

for each of these areas and files could be added to groups for as long as there was still free storage space on the disk. The early

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Removable media allow programs and data to be transferred between machines without a physical connection. Common examples include

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is an extension to UDF supported since 2.6 series of the Linux kernel and since Windows Vista that facilitates rewriting to DVDs.

238:– with various structure and features and various resulting characteristics such as speed, flexibility, security, size and more. 2533:

FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 also have a limit of eight characters for the file name, and three characters for the extension (such as

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Ensuring consistency across multiple file system operations is difficult, if not impossible, without file system transactions.

2010:, Sun Microsystems (journaling) UFS, and Sun Microsystems (open source, poolable, 128 bit compressible, and error-correcting) 54: 6777: 6748: 5816: 4501: 4445: 4378: 3969: 3418: 3262: 3171: 2059:. Modern Solaris based operating systems eclipse the need for volume management through leveraging virtual storage pools in 1681:

media was first available this type of file system was adequate due to the relatively small amount of data space available.

4022: 1099:(or processes) access to various data on the disk without regard to the sequential location of the data. Examples include 6389: 5864: 3202:

Proceedings of the November 30--December 1, 1965, fall joint computer conference, Part I on XX - AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)

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This article is about how a computer organizes and accesses computer files. For library and office filing systems, see

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is one in which a number of machines (usually servers) all have access to the same external disk subsystem (usually a

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to begin playing the next data region. Some implementations even included audible sounds interspersed with the data.

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structure for directories, and the root directory located at the midpoint of the disk, for faster average access. A

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operating system. The native file systems of Unix-like systems also support arbitrary directory hierarchies, as do,

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Data on the AS/400 and its successors consists of system objects mapped into the system virtual address space in a

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Some other projects that are not "pure" database file systems but that use some aspects of a database file system:

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IBM DB2 for i (formerly known as DB2/400 and DB2 for i5/OS) is a database file system as part of the object based

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supports numerous file systems, but common choices for the system disk on a block device include the ext* family (

6471: 6441: 4674: 4639: 4583: 3530: 1064:). The ext4 file system resides in a disk image, which is treated as a file (or multiple files, depending on the 3638:

Porter, Donald E.; Hofmann, Owen S.; Rossbach, Christopher J.; Benn, Alexander; Witchel, Emmett (October 2009).

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file system on the TxOS kernel, as well as transactional file systems targeting embedded systems, such as TFFS.

696: 6963: 6664: 6562: 4651: 2284:) way. The current PC-BSD 9.0+ 'Isotope Edition' has ZFS filesystem version 5 and ZFS storage pool version 28. 1550: 1488: 1230: 200: 71: 55: 4149: 2779: 1859:

In many situations, file systems other than the root need to be available as soon as the operating system has

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file systems is supported by almost all operating systems for personal computers, including all versions of

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To delete a file, the file system records that the file's space is free; available to use for another file.

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was being applied to computerized filing alongside the original meaning. By 1964, it was in general use.

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accessing program neglects to inform the file system that it has completed file access (to close a file)

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The intent of access control is often to prevent certain users from reading or modifying certain files.

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worked. Data was stored sequentially, usually in an unnamed format, although some systems (such as the

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As a file system creates, modifies and deletes files, the underlying storage representation may become

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were used to describe methods of organizing, storing and retrieving paper documents. By 1961, the term

17: 4168: 2408:, where the letters A and B were reserved for up to two floppy disk drives. This in turn derived from 1529:). The file system arbitrates access to that subsystem, preventing write collisions. Examples include 6753: 6572: 6532: 6527: 6486: 5072: 3791: 2922: 2745: 2701:). File data and control information are scattered and intermixed. The anchor is a record called the 2455: 2044: 937: 829: 771: 764: 707:

A local file system tracks which areas of storage belong to which file and which are not being used.

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treats everything as a file and accesses all objects as a file would be accessed (i.e., there is no

6796: 6683: 6547: 6255: 6108: 6011: 5956: 5831: 5687: 5456: 4876: 2853: 2755: 2663: 2482: 1961: 1806:, and every file existing on the system is located under it somewhere. Unix-like systems can use a 1777: 1773: 1723: 1571:

Some file systems expose elements of the operating system as files so they can be acted on via the

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Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Trends and Applications 1977: Computer Security and Integrity

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Storage Networks Explained: Basics and Application of Fibre Channel SAN, NAS, iSCSI and InfiniBand

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abstraction at the user level to distinguish one disk or partition from another. For example, the

774:. Files and the unused space between files will occupy allocation blocks that are not contiguous. 6542: 6354: 6310: 6292: 5991: 5981: 5436: 5077: 4784: 4769: 4708: 3906: 2907: 1957: 1516: 1477: 1415: 1298: 1188: 1026: 585: 242: 182: 3848: 3022: 1995:

for bootable and supplementary file systems. Solaris defaulted to, supported, and extended UFS.

940:

so that a program can read and write data as a structure; not an unorganized sequence of bytes.

371:

layer provides relatively low-level access to a storage device (e.g. disk). It reads and writes

6930: 6869: 6758: 6738: 6687: 6645: 6200: 6165: 6103: 5582: 5402: 5266: 5196: 4634: 4050: 3551:

Spillane, Richard; Gaikwad, Sachin; Chinni, Manjunath; Zadok, Erez; Wright, Charles P. (2009).

2056: 2048: 2022: 1757: 1500: 1460: 1411: 1196: 1192: 809: 639: 186: 31: 3701: 3248: 2140:

macOS 10.13 High Sierra, which was announced on June 5, 2017, at Apple's WWDC event, uses the

383:

and controls placement of blocks in specific locations on the storage medium. This layer uses

6713: 6679: 6581: 6517: 6336: 6245: 6195: 6138: 5884: 5854: 5805: 5657: 5630: 5507: 5397: 5310: 5201: 5118: 4904: 3639: 3617: 3552: 2942: 2892: 2524: 2478: 2431: 2425: 2399:

on the partition represented by the letter C. Drive C: is most commonly used for the primary

2340: 2292: 2222: 2191: 2175: 1863:. All Unix-like systems therefore provide a facility for mounting file systems at boot time. 1699: 1211: 1100: 511: 456: 339: 197: 4130: 1998:

Support for other file systems and significant enhancements were added over time, including

6910: 6884: 6410: 6371: 6185: 5904: 5879: 5520: 5337: 5327: 5283: 5248: 5092: 5007: 4941: 4764: 4395: 4073: 3707: 2887: 2605: 2134: 2087: 1864: 1841: 1638: 1526: 1496: 1329: 372: 265: 204: 3572: 3467: 2037:, and other open source variants of the Solaris operating system later supported bootable 836:

use brute force to decrypt the data. Additionally, losing the seed means losing the data.

530:

family of operating systems, and the ODS-2 (On-Disk Structure-2) and higher levels of the

443:

Most modern file systems allow a file name to contain a wide range of characters from the

8: 6879: 6831: 6708: 6415: 6361: 6300: 5889: 5557: 5498: 5414: 4981: 4971: 4921: 4487: 4276: 2952: 2897: 2730: 2579: 2364: 2360: 1558: 1450: 1172: 1025:

Frequently, retail systems are configured with a single file system occupying the entire

825: 216: 3768: 3062: 2713:(FST) entry) points to blocks containing a list of addresses of the individual records. 2327: 1579:

operating systems, and to a lesser extent in other operating systems. Examples include:

6816: 6723: 6405: 6267: 6230: 6143: 5869: 5859: 5844: 5785: 5615: 5278: 5271: 5258: 5211: 4976: 4966: 4859: 3931: 3595: 3424: 3142: 2947: 2932: 2927: 2786: 2722: 2658: 2509: 2115: 2052: 1664: 1492: 1435: 1387: 1340: 1290:, so that time-consuming and repeated tape motions are not required to write new data. 3049:

HDD still key storage for the foreseeable future, SSDs not cost effective for capacity

2523:

of the file system and had restrictions on the maximum size of FAT-formatted disks or

2477:

The FAT file system traces its roots back to an (incompatible) 8-bit FAT precursor in

1060:

file system) in a virtual machine under his/her production Windows environment (using

490:

The first file system to support arbitrary hierarchies of directories was used in the

6925: 6874: 6806: 6763: 6604: 6220: 6160: 5996: 5682: 5652: 5644: 5513: 5488: 5409: 5384: 5206: 5099: 4852: 4682: 4616: 4525: 4497: 4469: 4464:

Silberschatz, Abraham; Galvin, Peter Baer; Gagne, Greg (2004). "Storage Management".

4455: 4441: 4418: 4399: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4347: 4343: 4322: 4285: 4261: 4250: 4234: 3923: 3822: 3711: 3681: 3414: 3317: 3285: 3258: 3094: 2435: 2332: 2230: 2145: 2141: 2091: 2075: 1949: 1815: 1784: 1405: 1379:

within the database, with the standard filesystem used to store the content of files.

1242: 1140: 1033: 801: 797: 785: 635: 608: 519: 473: 380: 343: 250: 101: 81: 5493: 4559: 3935: 2649:

systems implemented a hybrid file system. The system was designed to easily support

346:

even though a particular file system design may not actually separate the concepts.

6905: 6457: 6240: 6148: 5946: 5596: 5540: 5229: 5055: 4948: 4936: 4914: 4779: 4589: 4511: 4483: 4417:. The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science. Springer. 3915: 3599: 3587: 3428: 3406: 3254: 3209: 3114:

Disc File Applications: Reports Presented at the Nation's First Disc File Symposium

2858: 2463: 2389: 2352: 2164: 2152: 2095: 1999: 1992: 1750: 1703: 1144: 821: 670: 647: 429: 190: 174: 125: 96: 40: 3977: 3346: 1301:. The IBM implementation of this file system has been released as the open-source 959:

Typically, a file system can be managed by the user via various utility programs.

936:

Some file systems, or layers on top of a file system, allow a program to define a

440:

match the same file for case insensitive, but different files for case sensitive.

6849: 6811: 6782: 6349: 6262: 5770: 5164: 5045: 4997: 4566: 4437: 4257: 3410: 3311: 3112: 2992: 2902: 2680: 2650: 2400: 2304: 2277: 2273: 1890: 1695: 1685:

machines featured a flat file system, where files could be assigned to one of 16

1572: 1542: 1077: 1014: 998: 612: 287:

file system provides access to files that are either computed on request, called

246: 231: 220: 3886:

The Prospero File System: A Global File System Based on the Virtual System Model

3647:

Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP '09)

3488: 2404:

as the drive letter for the primary hard disk drive partition, can be traced to

1909: 623:

A file system stores associated metadata separate from the content of the file.

6935: 6859: 6821: 6693: 6250: 6235: 6175: 5353: 5224: 5012: 4958: 4871: 4821: 4816: 4644: 4230: 4007: 3901: 3571:

Wright, Charles P.; Spillane, Richard; Sivathanu, Gopalan; Zadok, Erez (2007).

3390: 2937: 2790: 2726: 2554: 2550: 2520: 2513: 2467: 2263: 2130: 2079: 1803: 1765: 1630: 590: 507: 277: 235: 1756:

An OS typically provides file system access to the user. Often an OS provides

6957: 6844: 6801: 6640: 6594: 6280: 6225: 5899: 5839: 5698: 5082: 5024: 5017: 4847: 4731: 4572: 4521: 4493: 4318: 3951:"The Protection of Information in a General Purpose Time-Sharing Environment" 3927: 3613: 3098: 2798: 2519:

The FAT12 and FAT16 file systems had a limit on the number of entries in the

2308: 2168: 2126: 1788: 1651: 1629:

users. An inexpensive basic data storage system was devised that used common

1626: 1625:

In the 1970s disk and digital tape devices were too expensive for some early

1424: 1383: 1268: 924: 604: 548:

In addition to data, the file content, a file system also manages associated

384: 254: 166: 91: 4432:

Russinovich, Mark; Solomon, David A.; Ionescu, Alex (2009). "File Systems".

3591: 3368: 3214: 759: 6728: 6344: 6052: 5640: 5607: 5545: 5525: 5087: 5060: 5050: 4842: 4796: 4695: 3919: 2917: 2694: 2538: 2501: 2454:. (PC DOS is an OEM version of MS-DOS, MS-DOS was originally based on 2384: 2086:(HFS+). Apple also uses the term "Mac OS Extended" for HFS+. HFS Plus is a 1780: 1671: 1446: 1252: 1226: 1215: 616: 258: 208: 106: 4553: 4547: 3397:; Tauber, Joshua (1994). "18. Storage Alternatives for Mobile Computers". 6854: 6619: 6609: 6599: 6042: 4811: 4801: 4759: 4745: 3560:. Seventh USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 2009). 2825: 2706: 2557:) to be stored in the FAT file system in a backwards compatible fashion. 2372: 2174:

Newer versions of macOS are capable of reading and writing to the legacy

2107: 2034: 1916: 1824: 1678: 883: 876: 744: 600: 569: 388: 376: 118: 4629: 4337: 4224: 4188: 3818:

EnCase Computer Forensics - The Official EnCE: EnCase Certified Examiner

2636: 736:

of the early 1980s, 256-byte sectors on 140 kilobyte floppy disk used a

472:

This may be implemented by associating the file name with an index in a

272:

that serves as a storage device for a file system. File systems such as

6320: 6118: 4909: 3197: 2882: 2575: 2546: 2376: 2202:

file system since Mac OS X Snow Leopard, starting from version 10.6.5.

2030: 1769: 1761: 1734: 1691: 1339:

operating system (formerly known as OS/400 and i5/OS), incorporating a

1065: 1053: 898:

A file system might record events to allow analysis of issues such as:

845: 643: 594: 527: 495: 418:, identifies a file to consuming applications and in some cases users. 4580:: ReiserFS, JFS, and Ext3FS show their merits on a fast RAID appliance 2972:

An LTO-6 2.5 TB tape requires more than 4 hours to write at 160 MB/Sec

2017:

Kernel extensions were added to Solaris to allow for bootable Veritas

1882:

In some situations, there is no need to mount certain file systems at

751:

files expected to be in the storage tends to minimize unusable space.

6791: 6698: 6624: 6589: 6275: 6016: 5894: 5625: 5002: 4883: 4806: 4754: 4749: 3738: 3625:

Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Data Engineering

2368: 2218: 2178:

file systems (16 and 32) common on Windows. They are also capable of

2122: 2111: 2026: 1851: 1845: 1799: 1738: 1576: 986: 978: 814:

A file system often supports access control of data that it manages.

733: 559: 481: 224: 146: 76: 6426: 3554:

Enabling transactional file access via lightweight kernel extensions

1904:

Progressive Unix-like systems have also introduced a concept called

1674:; directory entries for all files are stored in a single directory. 1052:

A third approach, which is mostly used in cloud systems, is to use "

6920: 6093: 6037: 6006: 5795: 5620: 5476: 5369: 5322: 5216: 4837: 4791: 4590:

Large List of File System Summaries (most recent update 2006-11-19)

4556:

using kernel 2.6, by Justin Piszcz, Linux Gazette 122, January 2006

2761: 2749: 2625: 2505: 2226: 2160: 2083: 1977: 1807: 1642: 1599: 1554: 1376: 1207: 1184: 1168: 1132: 699:

for details on which file systems support which kinds of metadata.

580: 549: 531: 503: 405: 269: 178: 1267:

is a file system and tape format designed to store files on tape.

1041:

and only periodically be set writable. Some file systems, such as

211:. Without a file system, applications could access the storage in 6915: 6614: 6047: 6021: 5848: 5481: 5451: 5342: 5298: 4700: 2545:, an optional extension to FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32, introduced in 2471: 2253: 2245: 2103: 1883: 1860: 1710: 1593: 1534: 1454: 1251:

considers the special abilities, performance and restrictions of

1223: 653:

Additional attributes can be associated on file systems, such as

576: 535: 491: 444: 4560:

Filesystems (ext3, ReiserFS, XFS, JFS) comparison on Debian Etch

2500:. Various features have been added to the file system including 2359:

file systems (the last of these is only supported and usable in

1991:

in earlier releases defaulted to (non-journaled or non-logging)

1319:

written by software when a new tape is used for the first time.

989:

operating systems), and to create bidirectional links to files.

6057: 5966: 5961: 5765: 5466: 5110: 5040: 3402: 3394: 2690: 2646: 2459: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2413: 2405: 2269: 2257: 2241: 1894: 1819: 1714: 1620: 1613: 1504: 1020: 515: 292: 3902:"A file system for a general-purpose time-sharing environment" 3388: 844:

Some operating systems allow a system administrator to enable

743:

The granular nature results in unused space, sometimes called

562:

which may be stored as the number of blocks allocated or as a

6864: 6315: 6113: 6098: 6075: 6070: 6065: 5976: 5971: 5909: 5790: 5743: 5738: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5672: 5662: 5567: 5535: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5315: 5243: 5191: 4415:

The Design and Implementation of a Log-Structured File System

3761:"Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: Installing on a UFS-formatted volume" 3205: 2821: 2601: 2596: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2348: 2296: 2199: 2071: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1953: 1929: 1868: 1607: 1606:

expose special files that can be used to query and configure

1603: 1585: 1372: 1367:

or text fields, while image files are stored as blob fields;

1360: 1336: 1303:

IBM Linear Tape File System — Single Drive Edition (LTFS-SDE)

1164: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 965:

Directory utilities may be used to create, rename and delete

920: 729: 674: 628: 477: 296: 273: 4652:"From BFS to ZFS: past, present, and future of file systems" 4212:

Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H.; Arpaci-Dusseau, Andrea C. (2014).

4211: 3680:

Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H.; Arpaci-Dusseau, Andrea C. (2014),

3679: 3570: 3021:

Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H.; Arpaci-Dusseau, Andrea C. (2014),

3020: 2582:-based permission control. Other features also supported by 2078:(APFS), which in 2017 replaced a file system inherited from 1430:

Windows, beginning with Vista, added transaction support to

5986: 5951: 5941: 5936: 5874: 5810: 5780: 5775: 5711: 5706: 5677: 5586: 5577: 5530: 5471: 5441: 5332: 5303: 5293: 5288: 5253: 5235: 4365:

Windows NT File System Internals : A Developer's Guide

2642: 2583: 2571: 2566: 2542: 2534: 2447: 2409: 2356: 2344: 2300: 2210: 2183: 2018: 2003: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1836:

directory exists on many Unix systems (as specified in the

1682: 1589: 1546: 1530: 1439: 1431: 1176: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1124: 1120: 1061: 1057: 1046: 982: 721: 666: 662: 654: 563: 523: 3550: 3228: 3042:"Storage, IT Technology and Markets, Status and Evolution" 2055:). Multiple operating systems (including Solaris) may use 6900: 5592: 5572: 5461: 5363: 4431: 3637: 2319:

operating system shares these concepts with Plan 9.

2281: 2249: 2217:(HPFS). HPFS supports mixed case file names in different 2156: 2060: 2038: 2011: 2007: 1945: 1898: 1707: 1368: 1364: 1219: 1180: 1160: 1042: 658: 4573:

Interview With the People Behind JFS, ReiserFS & XFS

3700:

Troppens, Ulf; Erkens, Rainer; Müller, Wolfgang (2004).

3286:"KSAM: A B + -tree-based keyed sequential-access method" 3195: 2653:, so the information relating to all files on one disk ( 4463: 4391:

UNIX Filesystems: Evolution, Design, and Implementation

4213: 3510:"XP successor Longhorn goes SQL, P2P – Microsoft leaks" 3443:"Windows on a database – sliced and diced by BeOS vets" 3147:

Department of Computer Science Johns Hopkins University

2831: 2805: 2802:

consume the limited capacity of early storage systems.

2488:

Over the years, the file system has been expanded from

1794: 1382:

Very large file systems, embodied by applications like

432:

and others as case insensitive. For example, the names

5696: 3849:"File system formats available in Disk Utility on Mac" 3663:

A Transactional Flash File System for Microcontrollers

2847: 2102:

File names can be up to 255 characters. HFS Plus uses

1702:. It was unusual in that the file management program ( 425:

Most file systems restrict the length of a file name.

4675:"Filesystem Specifications - Links & Whitepapers" 4586:: A comparison of ReiserFS, XFS, JFS, ext3 & ext2 3618:"Transaction Support in a Log-Structured File System" 3250:

Embedded Microcomputer Systems: Real Time Interfacing

3198:"A General-Purpose File System For Secondary Storage" 1818:

a file system. For example, to access the files on a

1596:

expose I/O devices or pseudo-devices as special files

923:. Typically, to read file data, a program provides a 461:

File systems typically support organizing files into

4460:. PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 4278:

Practical File System Design with the Be File System

3699: 3531:"Alternatives to using Transactional NTFS (Windows)" 1867:

define these file systems in the configuration file

1733:

A recent addition to the flat file system family is

1408:, may leave the entire system in an unusable state. 1297:

IBM has developed a file system for tape called the

241:

Files systems have been developed for many types of

2198:Finally, macOS supports reading and writing of the 720:

An example of slack space, demonstrated with 4,096-

353:layer provides relatively high-level access via an 177:that services the applications running on the same 4362: 4249: 2764:uses RedSea, a file system made by Terry A. Davis. 1810:or network shared resource as its root directory. 4510: 1879:), which also indicates options and mount points. 863:accessing program terminates abnormally (crashes) 299:), or are mapping into another, backing storage. 6955: 4071: 3172:"Component Structure of the Logical File System" 2674: 2657:in IBM terminology) is stored on that disk in a 2604:has certain advantages over NTFS with regard to 2244:is a desktop version of FreeBSD, which inherits 2190:to NTFS file systems on macOS versions prior to 1315:nature of overwriting data on sequential media. 4169:"Technical Note TN1150: HFS Plus Volume Format" 51: 3948: 3942: 3810: 3808: 3792:"How to Enable NTFS Write Support in Mac OS X" 2121:HFS Plus has three kinds of links: Unix-style 1980:is a common compressed read-only file system. 1848:) may authorize the mounting of file systems. 650:is stored inside the allocation group itself. 6442: 5126: 4716: 4649: 4550:by Justin Piszcz, Linux Gazette 102, May 2004 4186: 3814: 3573:"Extending ACID Semantics to the File System" 3316:. Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 166. 2709:, where the file's directory entry (called a 1398: 919:Many file systems access data as a stream of 702: 314:and before the advent of computers the terms 126: 4517:Operating Systems: Design and Implementation 2280:right from the start in an easy convenient ( 2099:without requiring an external defragmenter. 1717:store entries for all files on a disk pack ( 1621:Minimal file system / audio-cassette storage 1616:exposes process information as special files 1499:protocols, and file-system-like clients for 1068:and settings) in the NTFS host file system. 1021:Multiple file systems within a single system 4677:. Archived from the original on 2015-11-03. 4150:"Attribute - $ STANDARD_INFORMATION (0x10)" 3805: 3169: 3143:"Operating Systems 600.418 The File System" 2785:Since storage sizes have increased at near 1510: 627:completely separate structure, such as the 6449: 6435: 5133: 5119: 4723: 4709: 4604:. Archived from the original on 2016-04-15 4584:Journaled Filesystem Benchmarks (outdated) 4578:Journal File System Performance (outdated) 2693:uses a separate flat file system for each 1359:to store and retrieve files. For example, 133: 119: 4602:"Linux 2.6 Filesystem Benchmarks (Older)" 4482: 4412: 4274: 3213: 1541:, now known as Spectrum Scale, from IBM, 1214:(UDF) are two common formats that target 902:file or systemic problems and performance 552:which may include but is not limited to: 4335: 4045: 4043: 3789: 3739:"Mac OS X: About file system journaling" 3489:"IBM developerWorks : New to IBM i" 2913:Distributed Data Management Architecture 2412:in the 1970s, and ultimately from IBM's 2326: 1322: 1191:and ScoutFS. Some disk file systems are 848:to limit a user's use of storage space. 758: 715: 518:2.0 and later versions of MS-DOS and in 4640:Overview of some filesystems (outdated) 4222: 3899: 3612: 3246: 3234: 3165: 3163: 2537:). This is commonly referred to as the 1564: 1471: 593:such as whether the file is read-only, 14: 6956: 4597:v2.6 kernel with a stress on CPU usage 4247: 3088: 3064:Office Practice and Business Procedure 3060: 2814: 2186:file systems for Windows. In order to 1721:) in a directory on the pack called a 1698:also featured a flat file system, the 1013:Utilities, libraries and programs use 572:created, last accessed, last backed-up 428:Some file systems match file names as 6456: 6430: 5114: 4704: 4360: 4312: 4112:"Attribute - $ EA_INFORMATION (0xD0)" 4093:"OS/2 corrective service fix JR09427" 4040: 3997: 3995: 3967: 3961: 3949:Pirkola, Gary C.; Sanguinetti, John. 3659: 3347:"Chapter 22. The Z File System (ZFS)" 3309: 3136: 3134: 3132: 2773: 2736: 2716: 1236: 914: 469:, which segregate files into groups. 4387: 4215:Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces 4154:NTFS Information, Linux-NTFS Project 4135:NTFS Information, Linux-NTFS Project 4116:NTFS Information, Linux-NTFS Project 3160: 3093:. Cincinnati, OH: Svco Corporation. 3067:. Gregg Publishing Company. p. 2832:Migrating to a different file system 2806:Converting the type of a file system 2322: 2171:UFS support was completely dropped. 2114:, stored in file's metadata, or the 1795:Unix and Unix-like operating systems 1670:In a flat file system, there are no 1658: 1258: 1089: 869:loss of connection to remote systems 4630:Linux large file support (outdated) 4548:Benchmarking Filesystems (outdated) 4072:de Boyne Pollard, Jonathan (1996). 3196:R. C. Daley; P. G. Neumann (1965). 2856:, files are accessed by means of a 2848:Long file paths and long file names 2106:to store file names. On macOS, the 1641:that encoded a prefix, the data, a 985:), to rename parent links (".." in 788:are not affected by fragmentation. 697:comparison of file systems#Metadata 24: 4730: 4199: 4003:"How to Convert FAT Disks to NTFS" 3992: 3204:. Fall Joint Computer Conference. 3129: 2578:operating system in 1993, allowed 1828: – it might, for example, be 1744: 1309: 1008: 646:. Often such information about an 189:that provides file access between 173:file system is a capability of an 47: 25: 6975: 4667: 4339:Inside the Windows 95 File System 4252:Inside the Windows NT File System 3957:. Vol. 10. pp. 106–114. 3867:"exFAT file system specification" 3767:. 19 October 2007. Archived from 2256:. The new graphical installer of 951:structures for locating records. 851: 791: 355:application programming interface 6553:Object-oriented operating system 5140: 4696:Interesting File System Projects 4650:Jeremy Reimer (March 16, 2008). 4554:Benchmarking Filesystems Part II 3533:. Msdn.microsoft.com. 2013-12-05 3369:"About Apple File System (APFS)" 3140: 3117:. American Data Processing. 1964 2379:; Windows cannot boot from it). 2006:, Sun Microsystems (clustering) 1202: 931: 839: 824:in the form of permission bits, 754: 4645:Sparse files support (outdated) 4301:from the original on 2018-09-03 4015: 3893: 3877: 3859: 3841: 3783: 3753: 3731: 3693: 3673: 3653: 3640:"Operating System Transactions" 3631: 3606: 3564: 3544: 3523: 3512:. theregister.co.uk. 2002-01-28 3502: 3481: 3456: 3445:. theregister.co.uk. 2002-03-29 3435: 3389:Douglis, Fred; Cáceres, Ramón; 3382: 3361: 3339: 3303: 3278: 3240: 2966: 1910:the Linux supermount-ng project 1005:tables within the file system. 333: 6563:Supercomputer operating system 4889:Hidden file / Hidden directory 4514:; Woodhull, Albert S. (2006). 4284:. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. 3189: 3105: 3082: 3054: 3034: 3014: 2985: 2768: 2155:file system, derived from the 1353:Web content management systems 909: 450: 13: 1: 4932:Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 4635:Local Filesystems for Windows 4454:Prabhakaran, Vijayan (2006). 4226:File System Forensic Analysis 4190:File System Forensic Analysis 4074:"Disc and volume size limits" 3970:"The Temple Operating System" 3247:Valvano, Jonathan W. (2011). 2979: 2687:Conversational Monitor System 2675:Conversational Monitor System 2641:Prior to the introduction of 1838:Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 399: 394: 391:to drive the storage device. 308: 6538:Just enough operating system 6523:Distributed operating system 4595:Linux File System Benchmarks 3900:Pirkola, G. C. (June 1975). 3815:Steve Bunting (2012-08-14). 3466:. 03.ibm.com. Archived from 3411:10.1007/978-0-585-29603-6_18 3061:McGill, Florence E. (1922). 2995:. The Linux Document Project 2215:High Performance File System 1776:. An OS often also provides 954: 893: 302: 7: 6651:User space and kernel space 6306:Filesystem-level encryption 5066:Comparison of file managers 4865:List of filename extensions 4275:Giampaolo, Dominic (1999). 3580:ACM Transactions on Storage 2870: 2553:, allowed long file names ( 2233:(JFS) was shipped in 1999. 806:Filesystem-level encryption 543: 422:not in the same directory. 230:There are many file system 169:organization and access. A 10: 6980: 6558:Real-time operating system 5153:Comparison of file systems 4413:Rosenblum, Mendel (1994). 4064: 3660:Gal, Eran; Toledo, Sivan. 3310:Mohan, I. Chandra (2013). 3024:File System Implementation 2878:Comparison of file systems 2678: 2634: 2623: 2619: 2594: 2564: 2423: 2293:Plan 9 from Bell Labs 2159:Unix Fast File System via 2025:was added to UFS in Sun's 1983: 1956:. For raw flash without a 1662: 1561:and ScoutFS from Versity. 1514: 1475: 1399:Transactional file systems 1240: 969:, which are also known as 795: 703:Storage space organization 454: 403: 264:A portion of the computer 29: 6893: 6830: 6776: 6754:Multilevel feedback queue 6749:Fixed-priority preemptive 6737: 6672: 6663: 6633: 6580: 6571: 6533:Hobbyist operating system 6528:Embedded operating system 6510: 6464: 6398: 6370: 6335: 6291: 6216: 6209: 6131: 6084: 6030: 5932: 5925: 5830: 5756: 5639: 5606: 5182: 5173: 5148: 5073:File system fragmentation 5033: 4990: 4957: 4897: 4830: 4738: 4687:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4621:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4540: 4466:Operating System Concepts 4315:VMS File System Internals 4131:"Attribute - $ EA (0xE0)" 3683:Sun's Network File System 3464:"IBM DB2 for i: Overview" 3393:; Krishnan, P.; Li, Kai; 2923:File system fragmentation 2854:hierarchical file systems 2637:MVS § MVS filesystem 2339:Windows makes use of the 2287: 2236: 2151:macOS also supported the 2072:macOS (formerly Mac OS X) 2045:Logical Volume Management 784:. Other hardware such as 196:A file system provides a 6797:General protection fault 6548:Network operating system 6502:User features comparison 6256:Extended file attributes 5957:Compact Disc File System 4877:Extended file attributes 4785:Proprietary file formats 4489:Modern operating Systems 4204: 4078:Frequently Given Answers 3968:Davis, Terry A. (n.d.). 2959: 2756:Michigan Terminal System 2664:Volume Table of Contents 2590: 2066: 1962:Memory Technology Device 1924: 1778:graphical user interface 1724:Volume Table of Contents 1663:Not to be confused with 1511:Shared disk file systems 1487:include clients for the 1084: 872:operating system failure 763:File systems may become 679:extended file attributes 500:Hierarchical File System 6543:Mobile operating system 6355:Installable File System 5078:File-system permissions 4468:(7th ed.). Wiley. 4388:Pate, Steve D. (2003). 4336:Mitchell, Stan (1997). 4223:Carrier, Brian (2005). 4218:. Arpaci-Dusseau Books. 3907:Proceedings of the IEEE 3790:OSXDaily (2013-10-02). 3592:10.1145/1242520.1242521 3215:10.1145/1463891.1463915 2908:Distributed file system 2754:The file system of the 2560: 2395:represents a directory 2331:Directory listing in a 2205: 1958:flash translation layer 1523:shared disk file system 1517:Shared disk file system 1478:Distributed file system 1461:Journaling file systems 1299:Linear Tape File System 1197:versioning file systems 1193:journaling file systems 1032:Another approach is to 642:—and information about 183:distributed file system 6646:Loadable kernel module 5403:TiVo Media File System 5267:Encrypting File System 4361:Nagar, Rajeev (1997). 4248:Custer, Helen (1994). 4187:Brian Carrier (2005). 4051:"Conversion from Ext3" 3920:10.1109/PROC.1975.9856 3689:, Arpaci-Dusseau Books 3047:. September 20, 2018. 3030:, Arpaci-Dusseau Books 2780:storable data capacity 2630: 2574:, introduced with the 2462:. DR-DOS was based on 2419: 2336: 2252:support, similarly to 2057:Veritas Volume Manager 2049:Solaris Volume Manager 2021:operation. Logging or 1758:command line interface 1434:, in a feature called 1427:with the transaction. 1412:Transaction processing 1371:SELECT (with optional 810:Encrypting File System 767: 725: 640:block availability map 338:A local file system's 157:(often abbreviated to 58: 32:Library classification 27:Computer filing system 6964:Computer file systems 6714:Process control block 6680:Computer multitasking 6518:Disk operating system 5398:Macintosh File System 4313:McCoy, Kirby (1990). 3708:John Wiley & Sons 3491:. Ibm.com. 2011-03-08 3089:Waring, R.L. (1961). 2943:Computer data storage 2893:List of Unix commands 2746:RSRE FLEX file system 2703:Master File Directory 2479:Standalone Disk BASIC 2426:File Allocation Table 2330: 2192:Mac OS X Snow Leopard 1865:System administrators 1700:Macintosh File System 1323:Database file systems 1212:Universal Disk Format 762: 719: 457:Directory (computing) 344:layers of abstraction 57: 6885:Virtual tape library 6477:Forensic engineering 6411:GUID Partition Table 5758:Distributed parallel 5506:Shared File System ( 5093:File synchronization 4942:Semantic file system 4765:List of file formats 4512:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. 4484:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. 4317:. VAX - VMS Series. 3710:. pp. 124–125. 3405:. pp. 473–505. 3373:DaisyDisk User Guide 3351:The FreeBSD Handbook 3208:. pp. 213–229. 3176:IBM Knowledge Center 2888:List of file systems 2651:removable disk packs 2606:file system overhead 2481:and the short-lived 2231:journaled filesystem 2225:space allocation, a 1908:; see, for example, 1575:. This is common in 1565:Special file systems 1527:storage area network 1472:Network file systems 1392:database file system 1363:files are stored as 826:access control lists 369:physical file system 342:can be described as 6894:Supporting concepts 6880:Virtual file system 6416:Apple Partition Map 6362:Virtual file system 6301:Access-control list 5415:NetWare File System 4922:Directory structure 3237:, pp. 187–188. 2993:"5.10. Filesystems" 2953:Virtual file system 2898:Directory structure 2815:In-place conversion 2778:File systems limit 2731:relational database 2689:(CMS) component of 2510:extended attributes 2365:Windows Server 2016 2361:Windows Server 2012 2213:1.2 introduced the 2051:(formerly known as 2033:, Solaris Express, 2002:Corp. (journaling) 1559:Quantum Corporation 1484:network file system 1451:concurrency control 1173:Veritas File System 732:). For example, in 669:, some versions of 526:file system in the 362:virtual file system 351:logical file system 276:can store files in 268:can be set up as a 217:resource contention 6817:Segmentation fault 6665:Process management 6406:Master Boot Record 6231:Data deduplication 5870:Google File System 5786:Google File System 5272:Extent File System 5234:Byte File System ( 4860:Filename extension 4565:2008-09-13 at the 3391:Kaashoek, M. Frans 3253:(Third ed.). 2948:Storage efficiency 2933:Global file system 2928:Filename extension 2774:Design limitations 2737:Other file systems 2723:single-level store 2717:AS/400 file system 2337: 2272:pool installs and 2146:solid-state drives 2116:filename extension 2110:can come from the 2053:Solstice DiskSuite 1665:Flat file database 1610:kernel information 1436:Transactional NTFS 1388:Google File System 1341:single level store 1237:Flash file systems 915:Byte stream access 786:solid-state drives 768: 726: 586:access permissions 502:and its successor 251:solid-state drives 215:ways that lead to 72:Process management 59: 6951: 6950: 6807:Memory protection 6778:Memory management 6772: 6771: 6764:Shortest job next 6659: 6658: 6458:Operating systems 6424: 6423: 6331: 6330: 6221:Case preservation 6127: 6126: 5826: 5825: 5752: 5751: 5514:Smart File System 5108: 5107: 5100:File verification 4853:Filename mangling 4780:Open file formats 4654:. arstechnica.com 4503:978-0-13-600663-3 4457:IRON File Systems 4447:978-0-7356-2530-3 4434:Windows Internals 4380:978-1-56592-249-5 4193:. Addison Wesley. 3980:on March 31, 2017 3614:Seltzer, Margo I. 3420:978-0-585-29603-6 3401:. Vol. 353. 3313:Operating Systems 3264:978-1-111-42625-5 3170:IBM Corporation. 2711:File Status Table 2470:, a successor of 2323:Microsoft Windows 2163:. However, as of 2142:Apple File System 2076:Apple File System 1964:(MTD), there are 1659:Flat file systems 1449:can be used as a 1259:Tape file systems 1249:flash file system 1243:Flash file system 1090:Disk file systems 967:directory entries 802:Password cracking 798:Computer security 636:free space bitmap 520:Microsoft Windows 474:table of contents 381:memory management 324:system for filing 143: 142: 82:Memory management 41:Operating systems 16:(Redirected from 6971: 6906:Computer network 6670: 6669: 6578: 6577: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6428: 6427: 6241:Execute in place 6214: 6213: 5947:Boot File System 5930: 5929: 5694: 5693: 5230:Boot File System 5180: 5179: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5112: 5111: 5056:Data compression 4937:Grid file system 4915:Temporary folder 4905:Directory/folder 4725: 4718: 4711: 4702: 4701: 4692: 4686: 4678: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4626: 4620: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4535: 4520:(3rd ed.). 4507: 4492:(3rd ed.). 4479: 4451: 4436:(5th ed.). 4428: 4409: 4384: 4368: 4357: 4332: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4300: 4283: 4271: 4255: 4244: 4219: 4194: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4059: 4058: 4047: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4019: 4013: 4012: 3999: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3976:. Archived from 3974:www.templeos.org 3965: 3959: 3958: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3771:on 16 March 2008 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3644: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3622: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3577: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3399:Mobile Computing 3386: 3380: 3379: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3330: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3255:Cengage Learning 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3167: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3138: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3002: 3000: 2989: 2973: 2970: 2725:. Many types of 2659:flat system file 2464:Digital Research 2398: 2394: 2353:Live File System 2305:file descriptors 2165:Mac OS X Leopard 2096:case-insensitive 2000:Veritas Software 1976:, among others. 1891:USB flash drives 1835: 1831: 1751:operating system 1704:Macintosh Finder 1639:modulated sounds 1265:tape file system 1096:disk file system 1015:file system APIs 905:nefarious access 822:file permissions 782:hard disk drives 738:track/sector map 648:allocation group 439: 435: 313: 310: 247:hard disk drives 175:operating system 135: 128: 121: 50: 37: 36: 21: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6889: 6850:Defragmentation 6835: 6826: 6812:Protection ring 6781: 6768: 6740: 6733: 6655: 6629: 6567: 6506: 6460: 6455: 6425: 6420: 6394: 6366: 6350:File system API 6327: 6287: 6263:File change log 6205: 6181:Record-oriented 6154:Self-certifying 6123: 6080: 6026: 5921: 5822: 5748: 5692: 5635: 5602: 5175: 5169: 5165:Unix filesystem 5144: 5139: 5109: 5104: 5046:File comparison 5029: 4998:File descriptor 4986: 4953: 4893: 4826: 4770:File signatures 4734: 4729: 4680: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4665: 4657: 4655: 4614: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4600: 4567:Wayback Machine 4543: 4538: 4532: 4504: 4476: 4448: 4438:Microsoft Press 4425: 4406: 4381: 4354: 4329: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4281: 4268: 4258:Microsoft Press 4241: 4207: 4202: 4200:Further reading 4197: 4177: 4175: 4167: 4158: 4156: 4148: 4139: 4137: 4129: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4101: 4099: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4067: 4062: 4049: 4048: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4001: 4000: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3966: 3962: 3947: 3943: 3898: 3894: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3813: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3620: 3611: 3607: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3536: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3515: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3494: 3492: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3421: 3387: 3383: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3257:. p. 524. 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3220: 3218: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3168: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3139: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3059: 3055: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3019: 3015: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2903:Shared resource 2873: 2850: 2834: 2817: 2808: 2776: 2771: 2739: 2719: 2683: 2681:CMS file system 2677: 2639: 2633: 2628: 2622: 2599: 2593: 2569: 2563: 2428: 2422: 2401:hard disk drive 2396: 2392: 2382:Windows uses a 2325: 2290: 2274:disk encryption 2239: 2208: 2092:case-preserving 2069: 1986: 1927: 1833: 1829: 1797: 1747: 1745:Implementations 1696:Apple Macintosh 1668: 1661: 1623: 1573:file system API 1567: 1545:from DataPlow, 1519: 1513: 1480: 1474: 1414:introduces the 1401: 1357:relational DBMS 1325: 1312: 1310:Tape formatting 1261: 1245: 1239: 1205: 1092: 1087: 1078:defragmentation 1023: 1011: 1009:File system API 999:defragmentation 957: 934: 917: 912: 896: 882:power failure ( 854: 842: 812: 794: 757: 705: 591:file attributes 546: 534:file system in 514:file system in 459: 453: 437: 433: 408: 402: 397: 336: 311: 305: 243:storage devices 236:implementations 221:data corruption 139: 64:Common features 56: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6977: 6967: 6966: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6936:User interface 6933: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6860:File attribute 6857: 6852: 6847: 6841: 6839: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6822:Virtual memory 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6788: 6786: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6745: 6743: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6694:Context switch 6691: 6676: 6674: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6454: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6431: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6390:Log-structured 6387: 6382: 6376: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6347: 6341: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6295: 6293:Access control 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6251:File attribute 6248: 6243: 6238: 6236:Data scrubbing 6233: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6191:Steganographic 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6171:Log-structured 6168: 6163: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6090: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5762: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5590: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5501: 5496: 5494:Reliance Nitro 5491: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5357: 5354:Classic Mac OS 5347: 5346: 5345: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5281: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5225:Be File System 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5138: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5115: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5005: 5000: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4872:File attribute 4869: 4868: 4867: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4822:Zero-byte file 4819: 4817:Temporary file 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4757: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4732:Computer files 4728: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4669: 4668:External links 4666: 4664: 4663: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4598: 4592: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4570: 4557: 4551: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4530: 4508: 4502: 4480: 4474: 4461: 4452: 4446: 4429: 4423: 4410: 4404: 4385: 4379: 4358: 4352: 4333: 4327: 4310: 4290: 4272: 4266: 4245: 4239: 4231:Addison-Wesley 4220: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4184: 4165: 4146: 4127: 4108: 4089: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4039: 4014: 4008:Microsoft Docs 3991: 3960: 3941: 3914:(6): 918–924. 3892: 3876: 3871:Microsoft Docs 3858: 3840: 3827: 3804: 3782: 3752: 3730: 3716: 3692: 3672: 3669:. USENIX 2005. 3652: 3649:. Big Sky, MT. 3630: 3605: 3563: 3543: 3522: 3501: 3480: 3455: 3434: 3419: 3381: 3360: 3338: 3322: 3302: 3277: 3263: 3239: 3227: 3188: 3159: 3128: 3104: 3081: 3053: 3033: 3013: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2938:Object storage 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2849: 2846: 2833: 2830: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2799:home computers 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2759: 2752: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2718: 2715: 2679:Main article: 2676: 2673: 2669:System Catalog 2635:Main article: 2632: 2629: 2624:Main article: 2621: 2618: 2595:Main article: 2592: 2589: 2565:Main article: 2562: 2559: 2551:Windows NT 3.5 2521:root directory 2514:long filenames 2502:subdirectories 2468:Concurrent DOS 2430:The family of 2424:Main article: 2421: 2418: 2324: 2321: 2289: 2286: 2238: 2235: 2207: 2204: 2127:symbolic links 2094:but (usually) 2080:classic Mac OS 2068: 2065: 2029:. Releases of 1985: 1982: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1913: 1902: 1887: 1880: 1804:root directory 1796: 1793: 1783:such as MacOS 1766:Command Prompt 1746: 1743: 1672:subdirectories 1660: 1657: 1631:audio cassette 1622: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1611: 1597: 1566: 1563: 1515:Main article: 1512: 1509: 1476:Main article: 1473: 1470: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1380: 1324: 1321: 1311: 1308: 1269:Magnetic tapes 1260: 1257: 1241:Main article: 1238: 1235: 1204: 1201: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1027:storage device 1022: 1019: 1010: 1007: 956: 953: 933: 930: 916: 913: 911: 908: 907: 906: 903: 895: 892: 888: 887: 880: 875:system reset ( 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 853: 852:Data integrity 850: 841: 838: 793: 792:Access control 790: 756: 753: 704: 701: 621: 620: 598: 588: 583: 573: 567: 557: 545: 542: 508:classic Mac OS 465:, also called 455:Main article: 452: 449: 430:case sensitive 404:Main article: 401: 398: 396: 393: 385:device drivers 335: 332: 304: 301: 278:virtual memory 255:magnetic tapes 141: 140: 138: 137: 130: 123: 115: 112: 111: 110: 109: 104: 99: 94: 92:Device drivers 89: 84: 79: 74: 66: 65: 61: 60: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6976: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6802:Memory paging 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6641:Device driver 6639: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6582:Architectures 6579: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6447: 6445: 6440: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6429: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6380:Cryptographic 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6226:Copy-on-write 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5699:wear leveling 5695: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5131: 5129: 5124: 5122: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5083:File transfer 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5025:Symbolic link 5023: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4848:Long filename 4846: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4533: 4531:0-13-142938-8 4527: 4523: 4522:Prentice Hall 4519: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4494:Prentice Hall 4491: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4475:0-471-69466-5 4471: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4424:0-7923-9541-7 4420: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4405:0-471-16483-6 4401: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4359: 4355: 4353:1-56592-200-X 4349: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4328:1-55558-056-4 4324: 4320: 4319:Digital Press 4316: 4311: 4297: 4293: 4291:1-55860-497-9 4287: 4280: 4279: 4273: 4269: 4267:1-55615-660-X 4263: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4246: 4242: 4240:0-321-26817-2 4236: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4192: 4191: 4185: 4178:September 22, 4174: 4170: 4166: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3996: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3854: 3853:Apple Support 3850: 3844: 3830: 3828:9781118219409 3824: 3820: 3819: 3811: 3809: 3793: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3740: 3734: 3719: 3717:0-470-86182-7 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3696: 3685: 3684: 3676: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3648: 3641: 3634: 3626: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3532: 3526: 3511: 3505: 3490: 3484: 3470:on 2013-08-02 3469: 3465: 3459: 3444: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 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2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335:command shell 2334: 2329: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2203: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2169:Mac OS X Lion 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2125:, Unix-style 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906:supermounting 1903: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1842:administrator 1839: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1792: 1790: 1789:File Explorer 1786: 1782: 1781:file browsers 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1666: 1656: 1653: 1652:Commodore PET 1648: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1627:microcomputer 1615: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1518: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1479: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:Apache Hadoop 1381: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1330:rich metadata 1320: 1316: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1234: 1232: 1231:Mount Rainier 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216:Compact Discs 1213: 1209: 1203:Optical discs 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1018: 1016: 1006: 1002: 1000: 994: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 963: 960: 952: 948: 946: 941: 939: 932:Record access 929: 926: 925:memory buffer 922: 904: 901: 900: 899: 891: 885: 881: 878: 874: 871: 868: 866:media failure 865: 862: 859: 858: 857: 849: 847: 840:Storage quota 837: 833: 831: 827: 823: 818: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 789: 787: 783: 778: 775: 773: 766: 761: 755:Fragmentation 752: 748: 746: 741: 739: 735: 731: 723: 718: 714: 711: 708: 700: 698: 693: 691: 687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 624: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 599: 596: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 578: 574: 571: 568: 565: 561: 558: 555: 554: 553: 551: 541: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 488: 485: 484:file system. 483: 479: 475: 470: 468: 464: 458: 448: 446: 441: 431: 426: 423: 419: 417: 413: 407: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 363: 358: 356: 352: 347: 345: 341: 331: 329: 325: 321: 320:filing system 317: 300: 298: 294: 290: 289:virtual files 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 259:optical discs 256: 252: 248: 244: 239: 237: 233: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 199: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 136: 131: 129: 124: 122: 117: 116: 114: 113: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 68: 67: 63: 62: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 33: 19: 6837:file systems 6836: 6729:Time-sharing 6345:File manager 5914: 5815: 5641:Flash memory 5608:Optical disc 5546:soft updates 5526:Soup (Apple) 5176:non-rotating 5142:File systems 5141: 5088:File sharing 5061:File manager 5051:File copying 4926: 4898:Organisation 4843:8.3 filename 4797:Sidecar file 4775:Magic number 4656:. Retrieved 4606:. Retrieved 4516: 4488: 4465: 4456: 4433: 4414: 4390: 4364: 4338: 4314: 4303:. Retrieved 4277: 4251: 4225: 4214: 4189: 4176:. Retrieved 4172: 4159:February 21, 4157:. Retrieved 4153: 4138:. Retrieved 4134: 4119:. Retrieved 4115: 4100:. Retrieved 4096: 4081:. Retrieved 4077: 4054: 4030:. Retrieved 4026: 4023:"Ext4 Howto" 4017: 4006: 3982:. Retrieved 3978:the original 3973: 3963: 3954: 3944: 3911: 3905: 3895: 3885: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3832:. Retrieved 3817: 3795:. Retrieved 3785: 3773:. Retrieved 3769:the original 3764: 3755: 3743:. Retrieved 3733: 3721:. Retrieved 3702: 3695: 3682: 3675: 3662: 3655: 3646: 3633: 3624: 3608: 3583: 3579: 3566: 3553: 3546: 3535:. Retrieved 3525: 3514:. Retrieved 3504: 3493:. Retrieved 3483: 3472:. Retrieved 3468:the original 3458: 3447:. Retrieved 3437: 3398: 3395:Marsh, Brian 3384: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3333: 3327:. Retrieved 3312: 3305: 3293:. Retrieved 3290:ResearchGate 3289: 3280: 3268:. Retrieved 3249: 3242: 3235:Carrier 2005 3230: 3219:. Retrieved 3201: 3191: 3179:. Retrieved 3175: 3150:. Retrieved 3146: 3141:Amir, Yair. 3119:. Retrieved 3113: 3107: 3090: 3084: 3072:. Retrieved 3063: 3056: 3048: 3036: 3023: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2999:December 11, 2997:. Retrieved 2987: 2968: 2918:File manager 2865: 2857: 2851: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2818: 2809: 2795: 2784: 2777: 2720: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2695:virtual disk 2684: 2668: 2662: 2654: 2640: 2614: 2610: 2600: 2570: 2539:8.3 filename 2532: 2529: 2518: 2487: 2476: 2429: 2385:drive letter 2383: 2381: 2338: 2314: 2291: 2261: 2240: 2223:extent-based 2209: 2197: 2187: 2179: 2173: 2150: 2139: 2120: 2101: 2070: 2043: 2016: 1997: 1987: 1928: 1905: 1872: 1850: 1823: 1812: 1798: 1787:and Windows 1755: 1748: 1732: 1729: 1722: 1718: 1686: 1676: 1669: 1646: 1635: 1624: 1581: 1570: 1568: 1522: 1520: 1483: 1481: 1466: 1459: 1447:File locking 1444: 1429: 1410: 1402: 1391: 1346: 1334: 1326: 1317: 1313: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1264: 1262: 1253:flash memory 1248: 1246: 1206: 1095: 1093: 1073: 1070: 1051: 1038: 1031: 1024: 1012: 1003: 995: 991: 974: 970: 966: 964: 961: 958: 949: 945:fixed length 944: 942: 935: 918: 897: 889: 855: 843: 834: 830:capabilities 819: 816: 813: 779: 776: 769: 749: 742: 737: 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