Field artillery in the American Civil War

514: 1796:, which originated as a naval round for cutting enemy rigging or clearing packed decks of personnel, was the predecessor of, and a variation on, canister, in which a smaller number of larger metal balls were arranged on stacked iron plates with a threaded bolt running down the center to hold them as a unit inside the barrel. It was used at a time when some cannons burst when loaded with too much gunpowder, but as cannons got stronger, grapeshot was replaced by canister. A grapeshot round (or "stand") used in a 12-pounder Napoleon contained 9 balls, contrasted against the 27 smaller balls in a canister round. By the time of the Civil War, grapeshot was obsolete and largely replaced by canister. The period Ordnance and Gunnery work states that grape was excluded from "field and mountain services." Few, if any, rounds were issued to field artillery batteries. 2155:); it is estimated that two-thirds of all Confederate field artillery was captured from the Union. Confederate cannons built in the South often suffered from a shortage of quality metals and shoddy workmanship. Another disadvantage was the quality of ammunition as the fuses needed for detonating shells and cases were frequently inaccurate, causing premature or delayed explosions. Coupled with the Union gunners' initial competence and experience gained as the war progressed, this led Southern forces to dread assaults on Northern positions backed up by artillery. A Southern officer observed, "The combination of Yankee artillery with Rebel infantry would make an army that could be beaten by no one." Union artillery was used on the Army of Northern Virginia to devastating effect on a number of occasions, particularly during the 1388: 1090:, but also for spherical case shot and canister, over a shorter range than the guns. While field use alluded to firing at targets consisting of enemy forces arrayed in the open, howitzers were considered the weapon of choice if the opposing forces were concealed behind terrain features or fortifications. It cost about $ 500. Howitzers used lighter gunpowder charges than guns of corresponding caliber. Field howitzer calibers used in the Civil War were 12-pounder (4.62 inch bore), 24-pounder (5.82 inch bore), and 32-pounder (6.41 inch bore). Most of the howitzers used in the war were bronze, with notable exceptions of some of Confederate manufacture. 1376: 1178:. Nine-pounders were universally gone well before the Mexican War, and only scant references exist to any Civil War use of the weapons. The 12-pounder field gun appeared in a series of models mirroring the 6-pounder, but in far less numbers. At least one Federal battery, the 13th Indiana, took the 12-pounder field gun into service early in the war. The major shortcoming of these heavy field guns was mobility, as they required eight-horse teams as opposed to the six-horse teams of the lighter guns. A small quantity of 12-pounder field guns were rifled early in the war, but these were more experimental weapons, and no field service is recorded. 1243: 1859: 1895: 1871: 1883: 1047: 1987:" refers to the faster moving artillery batteries that typically supported cavalry regiments. The term "flying artillery" is sometimes used as well. In such batteries, the artillerymen were all mounted, in contrast to batteries in which the artillerymen walked alongside their guns (although regular artillerymen would sometimes jump onto the backs of their team when rapid battlefield movement was required, and they typically rode upon the limbers, caissons or supply wagons while on the march). A prominent organization of such artillery in the Union Army was the 35: 2415: 2021: 1033: 1005: 1019: 108: 1531:

lateral deviation of only 5 inches." This degree of accuracy made it effective in counter-battery fire, used almost as the equivalent of a sharpshooter's rifle, and also for firing over bodies of water. It was not popular as an anti-infantry weapon. It had a caliber of 2.75 inches (70 mm). The bore was hexagonal in cross-section, and the projectile was a long bolt that twisted to conform to the rifling. It is said that the bolts made a very distinctive eerie sound when fired, which could be distinguished from other projectiles.

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to the 18th century, to mix gun and howitzers into batteries. Pre-war allocations called for 6-pounder field guns matched with 12-pounder howitzers, 9 and 12-pounder field guns matched with 24-pounder howitzers. But the rapid expansions of both combatant armies, mass introduction of rifled artillery, and the versatility of the 12-pounder "Napoleon" class of weapons all contributed to a change in the mixed battery practices.

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destroying wooden buildings by setting them on fire. They were ineffective against good quality masonry. A primary weakness of shell was that it typically produced only a few large fragments, the count increasing with caliber of the shell. A Confederate mid-war innovation was the "polygonal cavity" or "segmented" shell which used a polyhedral cavity core to create lines of weakness in the shell wall (similar to the later

1434:, three Parrott rifles were temporarily unusable when 3" ammunition was mistakenly issued to the battery. Following this, plans were made to re-bore all of the 2.9" Parrotts to 3" to standardize ammunition, and no further 2.9" Parrotts were to be produced. The M1863, with a 3-inch (76 mm) bore, had firing characteristics similar to the earlier model; it can be recognized by its straight barrel, without muzzle-swell. 1774:

above and before the enemy line, showering down many more small but destructive projectiles on the enemy. The effect was analogous to a weaker version of canister. With case the lethality of the balls and fragments came from the velocity of the projectile itself – the small burst charge only fragmented the case and dispersed the shrapnel. The spherical case used in a 12-pounder Napoleon contained 78 balls. The name

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even at the end of the war. Smoothbore field artillery of the day fit into two role-based categories: guns and howitzers. Further classifications of the weapons were made based on the type of metal used, typically bronze or iron (cast or wrought), although some examples of steel were produced. Additionally, the artillery was often identified by the year of design in the Ordnance department references.

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generally attached to infantry brigades. A reorganization of the Confederate artillery resulted in batteries being organized into battalions (versus the Union brigades) of three batteries each in the Western Theater of the war and generally four batteries each in the Eastern Theater of the war. These artillery battalions were assigned to the direct support of infantry

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desired performance. Field guns were produced in 6-pounder (3.67 inch bore), 9-pounder (4.2 inch bore), and 12-pounder (4.62 inch bore) versions. Although some older iron weapons were pressed into service, and the Confederacy produced some new iron field guns, most of those used on the battlefields were of bronze construction.

1827:, while rifled shell could use timed fuse or be detonated on impact by percussion fuse. Fuse reliability was a concern; any shell that buried itself into the earth before detonating had little anti-personnel effectiveness. However, large caliber shells, such as the 32-pounder spherical, were effective at breaching entrenchments. 2090:, which usually consisted of six guns. Attempts were made to ensure that all six guns in a battery were of the same caliber, simplifying training and logistics. Each gun, or "piece", was operated by a gun crew of eight, plus four additional men to handle the horses and equipment. Two guns operating under the control of a 1310:

the distance moved being regulated by its mounting in the frame in such a manner as to control the revolving of the cylinder. The lever when brought to the left as far as possible and swung to the right as much as the frame will permit turns the cylinder one fifth of a revolution and indexes the loaded chamber.

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only 400 yards (370 m), but within that range dozens of enemy infantrymen could be mowed down. Even more devastating was "double canister", generally used only in dire circumstances at extremely close range, where two containers of balls were fired simultaneously using the regular single powder charge.

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was the deadliest type of ammunition, consisting of a thin metal container containing layers of lead or iron balls packed in sawdust. Upon exiting the muzzle, the container disintegrated, and the balls fanned out as the equivalent of a very large shotgun blast. The effective range of the canister was

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following the Seven Days Battles, Lee assigned each corps two reserve artillery battalions in addition to the individual batteries assigned to each infantry brigade. The officers in charge of the reserve battalions were all drawn from Longstreet's command, which displeased Jackson as he had not been

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on a nipple. The cap is struck by a huge spring actuated striker built into the flat strip that supports the chambers at their aft end. The cylinder is moved one fifth of a revolution and lined up for firing by the moving of a lever from left to right. The lever is attached to a ratchet arrangement,

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By far the most popular of the smoothbore cannon was the 12-pounder model of 1857, Light, commonly called "Napoleon". The Model 1857 was of lighter weight than the previous 12-pounder guns, and could be pulled by a six-horse draft, yet offered the heavier projectile payload of the larger bore. It is

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of France and was widely admired because of its safety, reliability, and killing power, especially at close range. In Union Ordnance manuals it was referred to as the "light 12-pounder gun" to distinguish it from the heavier and longer 12-pounder gun (which was virtually unused in field service.) It

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Smoothbore artillery refers to weapons that are not rifled. At the time of the Civil War, metallurgy and other supporting technologies had just recently evolved to a point allowing the large scale production of rifled field artillery. As such, many smoothbore weapons were still in use and production

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Siege Artillery..." p. 116. Hazlett determined bore and Type I based on text description and shell weight--matching recorded weights of modern recoveries. Coles' data table and many others based on Peterson's 1959 book have impossibly small powder charge for range and weight given. Later 14-pounder

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Confederate batteries usually consisted of four guns, in contrast to the Union's six. This was a matter of necessity, because guns were always in short supply. And, unlike the Union, batteries frequently consisted of mixed caliber weapons. During the first half of the war Confederate batteries were

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The smoothbore artillery was also categorized by the bore dimensions, based on the rough weight of the solid shot projectile fired from the weapon. For instance a 12-pounder field gun fired a 12-pound solid shot projectile from its 4.62-inch (117 mm) diameter bore. It was practice, dating back

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for a battering effect, particularly effective for destroying enemy guns, limbers, caissons, and wagons. It was also effective for mowing down columns of infantry and cavalry and had psychological effects against its targets. Despite its effectiveness, many artillerymen were reluctant to use solid

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Case (or "spherical case" for smoothbores) were antipersonnel projectiles carrying a smaller burst charge than shell, but designed to be more effective against exposed troops. While the shell produced only a few large fragments, the case was loaded with lead or iron balls and was designed to burst

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wrote, "the results of trials of rifled cannon and projectiles … indicates a superiority of James expanding projectiles for such cannon. The regulation 6-pounder, with a rifled bore (weight 884 pounds), carries a James projectile of about 13 pounds." James rifles were an early solution to the need

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The weapon uses the principle of the service revolver whereby rotation of the cylinder indexes a loaded chamber with the breech end of the barrel. It is held in alignment by a spring loaded dog slipping into a recess in the cylinder. To cut gas leakage to a minimum, a screw arrangement at the rear

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The 6-pounder field gun was well represented by bronze Models of 1835, 1838, 1839, and 1841 early in the war. Even a few older iron Model 1819 weapons were pressed into service. Several hundred were used by the armies of both sides in 1861. But in practice the limited payload of the projectile was

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As with the corresponding heavy field guns, the heavier howitzers were available in limited quantities early in the war. Both Federal and Confederate contracts list examples of 24-pounders delivered during the war, and surviving examples exist of imported Austrian types of this caliber used by the

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was represented by Models of 1835, 1838 and 1841. With a light weight and respectable projectile payload, the 12-pounder was only cycled out of the main field army inventories as production and availability of the 12-pounder "Napoleon" rose, and would see action in the Confederate armies up to the

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Parrotts were manufactured with a combination of cast iron and wrought iron. Cast iron improved the accuracy of the gun, but was brittle enough to suffer fractures. On the Parrott, a large reinforcing band made of tougher wrought iron was overlaid on the breech. The Parrott, while accurate, had a

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At the start of the war, the U.S. Army had 2,283 guns on hand, but only about 10% of these were field artillery pieces. By the end of the war, the army had 3,325 guns, of which 53% were field pieces. The army reported as "supplied to the army during the war" the following quantities: 7,892 guns,

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was a two-wheeled carriage that carried an ammunition chest. It was connected directly behind the team of six horses and towed either a gun or a caisson. In either case, the combination provided the equivalent of a four-wheeled vehicle, which distributed the load over two axles but was easier to

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such as gunpowder. The fragments of the shell could do considerable damage, but they tended to fragment into a few large pieces. For smoothbores, the projectile was referred to as "spherical shell". Shells were more effective against troops behind obstacles or earthworks, and they were good for

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and manufactured in England, was a rare gun during the war but an interesting precursor to modern artillery in that it was loaded from the breech and had exceptional accuracy over great distance. An engineering magazine wrote in 1864 that, "At 1600 yards the Whitworth gun fired 10 shots with a

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were used by both armies in the field. The smaller size was much more prevalent; it was made in two bore sizes, 2.9-inch (74 mm) and 3.0-inch (76 mm). Confederate forces used both bore sizes during the war, which added to the complication of supplying the appropriate ammunition to its

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Smoothbore guns were designed to fire solid shot projectiles at high velocity, over low trajectories at targets in the open, although shell and canister were acceptable for use. The barrels of the guns were longer than corresponding howitzers, and called for higher powder charges to achieve the

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in September 1862. Though both sides employed the 6-pounder field gun and 12-pounder howitzer in the early battles, they were recognized as inferior to the 12-pounder Napoleon and soon discontinued in the Union armies in the Eastern Theater. However, Union and Confederate armies in the Western

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Although the James rifles were reported to be extremely accurate, the bronze rifling wore out rapidly, and the James rifles and projectiles soon fell out of favor. No James rifles are known to have been produced after 1862. The total numbers of James rifles are uncertain, but the 1862 Ohio

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Theater continued to use both weapons. Some 6-pounder field guns were converted to 12- or 14-pounder James rifles. The 32-pounder howitzer was too heavy to be employed as field artillery and the one battery using them was soon rearmed with 3-inch Ordnance rifles. The 12-pounder

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Ammunition came in wide varieties, designed to attack specific targets. A typical Union artillery battery (armed with six 12-pounder Napoleons) carried the following ammunition going into battle: 288 solid shot, 96 shells, 288 spherical case rounds, and 96 canister rounds.

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A Confederate cannoneer remembered, "Our guns were 12 pound brass Napoleons, smooth bore, but accounted the best gun for all round field service then made. They fired solid shot, shell, grape and canister, and were accurate at a mile. We would not have exchanged them for

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Henry J. Hunt, who was the chief of artillery for the Army of the Potomac for part of the war, was well recognized as a most efficient organizer of artillery forces, and he had few peers in the practice of the sciences of gunnery and logistics. Another example was

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Such a scene as it presented—guns dismounted and disabled, carriages splintered and crushed, ammunition chests exploded, limbers upset, wounded horses plunging and kicking, dashing out the brains of men tangled in the harness; while cannoneers with

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tended to favor fighting in locations such as the Wilderness that limited the effectiveness of long-range Union artillery and led to close-quarters combat, where the Army of Northern Virginia's large number of smoothbore guns were more effective.

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attempted to have the 20-pounder Parrott removed from the army's inventory, arguing that its enormous weight required a team of eight horses instead of the six needed for lighter guns, and the long range shells were of questionable reliability.

998:, or any other style of guns. They were beautiful, perfectly plain, tapering gracefully from muzzle to "reinforce" or "butt," without rings, or ornaments of any kind. We are proud of them and felt towards them almost as if they were human..." 1136:, several hundred more of these diminutive tubes were produced by Union foundries during the Civil War, and the Confederate Tredegar foundry turned out as many as 21 more. A Federal battery of four proved "highly effective" at the decisive 969:

Confederate Napoleons were produced in at least six variations, most of which had straight muzzles, but at least eight catalogued survivors of 133 identified have muzzle swells. Additionally, four iron Confederate Napoleons produced by

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of Southern ports prevented many foreign arms from reaching the Southern armies. The Confederacy had to rely to a significant extent on captured Union artillery pieces (either taken on the battlefield or by capturing armories, such as

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in support of the entire army's objective, rather than being dispersed all across the battlefield. An example of the tension between infantry commanders and artillery commanders was during the massive Confederate bombardment of

1929:. Each ammunition chest typically carried about 500 pounds (226.8 kg) of ammunition or supplies. In addition to these vehicles, there were also battery supply wagons and portable forges that were used to service the guns. 1117:), Federals did not use 24-pounder howitzers in field. The 24- and 32-pounders were more widely used in fixed fortifications, but at least one of the later large weapons was with the 1st Connecticut Artillery as late as 1864. 1369:

Quartermaster General annual report recorded 82 rifled bronze pieces (44 of those specified as "3.80 bore ") out of a total of 162 of all field artillery types. Unusual or out-of-favor types migrated to the Western theaters.

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The Union Army entered the war with a strong advantage in artillery. It had ample manufacturing capacity in Northern factories, and it had a well-trained and professional officer corps manning that branch of the service.

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mounts were the best horses. The life expectancy of an artillery horse was under eight months. They suffered from disease, exhaustion from long marches—typically 16 miles (25.8 km) in 10 hours—and battle injuries.

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version of the Napoleon can be recognized by the flared front end of the barrel, called the muzzle-swell. It was, however, relatively heavy compared to other artillery pieces and difficult to move across rough terrain.

1820:) that would yield more regular fragmentation patterns—typically twelve similarly sized fragments. While segmented designs were most common in spherical shell, it was applied to specific rifled projectiles as well. 1365:. To add to the confusion, the variants of the 3.80" bore rifle included two profiles (6-pounder and Ordnance), two metals (bronze and iron), three types of rifling (15, 10, and 7 grooves), and different weights. 1221:, a Confederate gunner was quoted: "The Yankee three-inch rifle was a dead shot at any distance under a mile. They could hit the end of a flour barrel more often than miss, unless the gunner got rattled." The 1847:

While rifled cannon had much greater accuracy on average than smoothbores, the smoothbores had an advantage firing round shot relative to the bolts fired from rifled pieces. Round shot could be employed in

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poor reputation for safety, and it was shunned by many artillerymen. The 20-pounder was the largest field gun used during the war, with the barrel alone weighing over 1,800 pounds (800 kg). After the

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Civil War Memoir of Philip Daingerfield Stephenson, D. D.: Private, Company K, 13th Arkansas Volunteer Infantry, Loader, Piece No. 4, 5th Company, Washington Artillery, Army of Tennessee, CSA

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Although virtually all battles of the Civil War included artillery, some battles are known better than others for significant artillery engagements, arguably critical to the overall outcome:

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The above diagram shows the typical gun crew of a Civil War cannon. Each cannoneer was numbered and played an important role in the firing sequence when the order "Commence fire" was given:

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converted to the 3-inch Rifle on 5 March 1864; they were described as "3-inch Rodman's guns" in an 11 Nov. 1864 letter from 1st Lieutenant Henry S. Hurter to the Minnesota Adjutant General.

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shot, preferring the explosive types of ordnance. With solid projectiles, accuracy was the paramount consideration, and they also caused more tube wear than their explosive counterparts.

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The larger 9-pounders and 12-pounders were less well represented. While the 9-pounder was still listed on Ordnance and Artillery manuals in 1861, very few were ever produced after the

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had assigned one regular army battery to every four volunteer batteries to provide an example of regular army professionalism to them. This arrangement, championed by Hunt, allowed

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Shot was a solid projectile that included no explosive charge. For a smoothbore, the projectile was a round "cannonball". For a rifled gun, the projectile was referred to as a

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seen as a shortcoming of this weapon. Six pounder guns had mostly disappeared from the Union armies by 1863 but the Confederates continued using them until the end of the war.

1128:. This versatile piece could utilize one of two carriages: a small carriage that could be drawn by a single animal or could be rapidly broken down to carry on the backs of 2284:

Not nearly as well known as their infantry and cavalry counterparts, a small group of officers excelled at artillery deployment, organization, and the science of gunnery:

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Number Three: Covered the vent with his thumb to prevent premature detonation and, when the cannon was sighted and loaded, used a vent prick to puncture the cartridge bag.

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Even before the start of the Civil War, an ordnance board recommended that rifling be added to the 6-pounder field gun in order to improve its accuracy. In December 1860,

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found use in the "reserve" batteries of the respective armies, but were gradually replaced over time with heavy rifled guns. The only known 24-pounders in use by the

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was a two-wheeled carriage. It carried two ammunition chests and a spare wheel. A fully loaded limber and caisson combination weighed 3,811 pounds (1728.6 kg).

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The South was at a relative disadvantage to the North for deployment of artillery. The industrial North had far greater capacity for manufacturing weapons, and the

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were in Woolfolk's Batteries (later Battalion) with two batteries of 4 pieces each. With the exception of the Far Western theatre of the war (e.g. Halls Battery at

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sometimes called, confusingly, a "gun-howitzer" (because it possessed characteristics of both gun and howitzer) and is discussed in more detail separately below.

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for casting bronze pieces became increasingly scarce to the Confederacy throughout the war and became acute in November 1863 when the Ducktown copper mines near

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jacks the cylinder forward after positioning until a tight joint is effected between the front of the chamber in the cylinder and the breech end of the barrel.

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The primary limitations to case effectiveness came in judging the range, setting the fuse accordingly, and the reliability and variability of the fuse itself.

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1841 Model Gun, fired 6 lb. projectiles, workhorse of the Mexican War, but considered obsolete by the Civil War, weight: 1,784 pounds, range: up to 1,523 yards

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published in 1863 (although Gibbon would achieve considerably more fame as an infantry general during the war). Shortly after the outbreak of war, Brig. Gen.

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The 3-inch (76 mm) rifle was the most widely used rifled gun during the war. Invented by John Griffen, it was extremely durable, with the barrel made of

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was supported directly by one artillery brigade and, in the case of the Army of the Potomac, five brigades formed the Artillery Reserve. In addition,

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were required to pull the enormous weight of the cannon and ammunition; on average, each horse pulled about 700 pounds (317.5 kg). Each gun in a

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maneuver on rough terrain than a four-wheeled wagon. The combination of a Napoleon gun and a packed limber weighed 3,865 pounds (1,753.1 kg).

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were lost to Union forces. Casting of bronze Napoleons by the Confederacy ceased and in January 1864 Tredegar began producing iron Napoleons.

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James types with Ordnance profile had longer barrels with 7.5" greater bore length (13% increase) and therefore should have increased range.

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24-pounder Howitzer of Austrian manufacture imported by the Confederacy. Its tube was shorter and lighter than Federal 24-pounder Howitzers.

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6,335,295 artillery projectiles, 2,862,177 rounds of fixed artillery ammunition, 45,258 tons of lead metal, and 13,320 tons of gunpowder.

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and one 30-pounder. The 20-pounder Parrott only began production in the summer of 1861 and none were delivered until late in the year.

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batteries. Until 1864, Union batteries used only the 2.9 inch Parrott, but they also employed 3" Ordnance rifles. During the

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saw service with infantry and cavalry forces in the rugged western theaters and prairies, and continued in service during the

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on 3 July 1863, the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg. Hunt had difficulty persuading the infantry commanders, such as

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for rifled artillery at the start of the war. Six-pounder bronze guns could be rifled to fire the projectiles invented by

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A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery; Compiled for the Use of the Cadets of the United States Military Academy

4938: 1258: 1213:. There are few cases on record of the tube fracturing or bursting, a problem that plagued other rifles made of brittle 6462: 6452: 6437: 6205: 6030: 5059: 5008: 4953: 4918: 4903: 4893: 4878: 4853: 4808: 4793: 4728: 4605: 4054: 3449: 2083:, Chief of Ordnance, ordered the conversion of old smoothbores into rifled cannon and the manufacture of Parrott guns. 1294:, Va., and was later captured on 27 April 1865, at Danville, Va., by Union troops and sent to the Ordnance Laboratory, 479: 136: 1272: 6574: 6457: 6447: 6175: 5771: 5665: 5542: 5039: 5003: 4923: 4863: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4788: 4219: 4211: 4089: 4033: 3961: 3831: 3782: 3645: 3547: 3271: 3162: 3076: 2434: 2067: 1544: 483: 450: 78: 56: 49: 4968: 4933: 4873: 4828: 3991: 2439: 1852:, extending the depth and range of its effect on land or water while bolts tended to dig in rather than ricochet. 6534: 6519: 6401: 6361: 6260: 6245: 6230: 6225: 6057: 5962: 4993: 4888: 4848: 4569: 4405: 1427: 1313:

Its use at this time showed the serious effort of the Confederacy to develop a weapon capable of sustained fire.

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Parrott rifles saw use in all the major battles of the war; the Union army carried a number of 10-pounders at

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The Confederacy also developed a 2-inch bore five shot machine cannon during the war. It was used in the

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The Machine Gun History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons

3118:. Indian Head, MD: U.S. Naval School, Explosive Ordnance Disposal, Naval Ordnance Station. p. 178. 6657: 6512: 6100: 5927: 5810: 5788: 5717: 5632: 4693: 4494: 4372: 4354: 2298: 2233: 2211:

allowed to select his own men for the corps artillery reserve, but he accepted it without complaining.

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were crawling around through the wreck shooting the struggling horses to save the lives of wounded men.

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3.8" James shot, without the lead sabot sleeve that would cover the ribs and expand into the rifling.

1161: 1107: 1103: 1094: 1081: 1073: 979: 939: 267: 6662: 6507: 6391: 6316: 6291: 6286: 6250: 6170: 5868: 5853: 5434: 4718: 4683: 4618: 4559: 4554: 4284: 2243: 1446: 1438: 1422: 1418: 1408: 1404: 1133: 402: 43: 6495: 6115: 6083: 6078: 5776: 5749: 5141: 4638: 4628: 4400: 4395: 4249: 2400: 2288: 2273: 1137: 1121: 1077: 352: 3584:

The Bloody Crucible of Courage: Fighting Methods and Combat Experience of the American Civil War

2478:

This is for Hotchkiss shell of 14lb @ 5 degrees. Hazlett used the only primary source: Abbot's

6480: 6180: 5754: 5344: 5181: 5156: 4688: 4589: 4504: 4244: 4153: 2454: 2253: 2238: 2160: 2095: 2047:

and inserted the primer into the vent, then pulled the lanyard when the order "Fire" was given.

1361: 1334: 1141: 302: 60: 2195:, had considerable difficulty massing artillery for best effect because of this organization. 6396: 6296: 6110: 5759: 5712: 5622: 5590: 5297: 5287: 4733: 4723: 4708: 4658: 4613: 4269: 4254: 4147: 2363: 2358: 2348: 1817: 1414: 1196: 443: 3631: 1144:

frequently employed mountain howitzers for the rapid close-quarters combat that he favored.

6554: 6406: 6379: 5848: 5627: 5610: 5267: 4763: 4748: 4743: 4713: 4698: 4678: 4296: 4200: 4084: 3444:(First Illinois Paperback ed.). Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press. p. 322. 3351: 2395: 2353: 2248: 2192: 2164: 2050:

Number Five: Carried the round from Number Seven at the limber to Number Two at the muzzle.

2008: 1963: 1919: 1431: 347: 166: 952:"Napoleon" was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the war. It was named after 8: 6539: 6331: 6220: 6094: 5739: 5692: 5439: 5399: 5384: 5277: 5126: 4798: 4758: 4633: 4594: 4564: 4519: 4479: 4079: 4069: 3366: 3206: 2776: 2293: 2268: 2258: 2180: 2131: 2127: 1947: 1291: 971: 949: 943: 3259:

Civil War artillery at Gettysburg : Organization, Equipment, Ammunition and Tactics

3148: 2651: 2020: 1807:

consisted of a strong casing around an explosive charge, in order to generate a strong,

6385: 6255: 5781: 5766: 5647: 5605: 5577: 5414: 5379: 5226: 5186: 4703: 4673: 4663: 4539: 4534: 4514: 4509: 4489: 4239: 4142: 4059: 4007: 3347: 3257: 3231: 3062: 2390: 2385: 2318: 2313: 2228: 2156: 2080: 1804: 1574: 1561: 1233: 898: 518: 204: 119: 5359: 3819:

American Breechloading Mobile Artillery 1875-1953: An Illustrated Identification Guide

6627: 5883: 5485: 5419: 5354: 5257: 5176: 5136: 4738: 4544: 4499: 4114: 3934: 3919: 3911: 3896: 3845: 3837: 3827: 3796: 3788: 3778: 3747: 3739: 3729: 3698: 3690: 3659: 3651: 3641: 3610: 3602: 3592: 3561: 3553: 3543: 3512: 3504: 3494: 3463: 3455: 3445: 3414: 3388: 3380: 3370: 3356: 3324: 3314: 3285: 3277: 3267: 3212: 3176: 3168: 3158: 3127: 3119: 3090: 3082: 3072: 3039: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2207: 2087: 1938: 1824: 1218: 1132:, or a slightly larger prairie carriage to be drawn by two animals. A veteran of the 307: 277: 257: 2742: 1966:, and their movements were made difficult because they were harnessed together into 5495: 5364: 5334: 5329: 5262: 5201: 5196: 5151: 4653: 4643: 4549: 4529: 4524: 4274: 4264: 4224: 2223: 2203: 2111: 1527: 1229: 1086:

Howitzers were short-barreled guns that were optimized for firing explosive shells

463: 436: 387: 262: 224: 159: 3931:

The Long Arm of Lee: The History of the Artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia

3640:(1st ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 507. 3493:(2nd ed.). College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. p. 147. 1152: 1064: 6569: 5858: 5707: 5600: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5460: 5429: 5339: 5282: 5272: 5231: 4259: 4229: 4049: 3817: 3768: 3719: 3680: 3582: 3533: 3484: 3435: 3408: 3343: 3305: 3110: 2459: 2044: 1984: 1951: 1849: 495: 372: 362: 357: 337: 107: 3728:(2nd ed.). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. p. 411. 982:'s bronze 6-pounder guns to Tredegar to be melted down and recast as Napoleons. 5637: 5585: 5424: 5389: 5349: 5241: 5221: 5216: 5171: 4450: 4291: 4279: 2343: 2303: 2147: 2120: 1840: 1779: 1775: 1306: 510:

The principal guns widely used in the field are listed in the following table.

397: 194: 3951: 3849: 3614: 3516: 2031:

Gunner: Gave the order "Load" to load the cannon and sighted it at the target.

1839:

and had a cylindrical shape. In both cases, the projectile was used to impart

478:

weapons, equipment, and practices used by the Artillery branch to support the

6646: 5905: 5505: 5500: 5490: 5465: 5374: 5369: 5211: 5206: 5191: 5161: 5131: 4469: 4094: 3565: 3392: 3248: 3198: 2184: 2171: 2152: 2115: 1994: 1812: 1761: 1566: 1450: 1343: 1087: 995: 975: 297: 242: 214: 3800: 3751: 3702: 3663: 3467: 3418: 3289: 3094: 6374: 6351: 6341: 6336: 5873: 5815: 5727: 5702: 5615: 5595: 5394: 5292: 3328: 3216: 3211:(1st ed.). Washington, DC: Bureau of Ordnance Department of the Navy. 3180: 1202: 1093:

Coupled to the 6-pounder field gun in allocations of the pre-war Army, the

953: 499: 407: 367: 317: 199: 176: 3923: 3131: 2787: 2785: 974:

in Richmond have been identified, of an estimated 125 cast. In early 1863

5146: 4184: 4164: 3043: 2428: 2308: 2072: 1330: 1175: 1129: 1125: 987: 382: 332: 327: 292: 3938: 3863: 2748: 2034:

Number One: Sponged the barrel clean and rammed the round to the breech.

6529: 5404: 5166: 4367: 4362: 3542:(1st ed.). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 454. 3071:(1st ed.). College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press. 2782: 2091: 2043:

Number Four: With the cartridge bag punctured, attached a lanyard to a

1967: 1114: 962: 902: 417: 412: 322: 252: 2730: 2639: 2567: 2531: 2094:

were known as a "section". The battery of six guns was commanded by a

5793: 3976: 1793: 1249: 1214: 475: 312: 272: 247: 3956: 3717:

Stephenson, Philip Daingerfield; Hughes, Nathaniel Cheairs (1998) .

5798: 3777:(8th ed.). Arendtsville, PA: Thomas Publications. p. 72. 2845: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2682: 2106:

and supported the infantry organizations as follows: each infantry

2056:

Number Seven: Gave the round to Number Five to carry to Number Two.

910: 498:. Nor does it include smaller, specialized artillery classified as 422: 342: 287: 3841: 3826:(1st ed.). Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. p. 232. 3606: 3557: 3459: 3384: 3281: 2833: 2519: 897:

There were two general types of artillery weapons used during the

3247:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3197:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2886: 2884: 2555: 2103: 2099: 1955: 1808: 906: 392: 377: 282: 219: 209: 3792: 3743: 3694: 3655: 3508: 3172: 3123: 3086: 2920: 1925:

The gun carriages, caissons and limbers were all constructed of

6596:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

1910:

The most pervasive piece of artillery equipment was the horse.

1393:

14-pounder James rifle: Ordnance profile (New Model/Model 1861)

983: 958: 517:

Firing demonstrations of Civil War era artillery pieces at the

99: 2881: 2603: 1321: 2908: 2896: 2107: 1943: 1381:

12-pounder James rifle: Rifled Model 1841 6-pounder field gun

4318: 3689:(4th ed.). Charleston, SC: Battery Press. p. 384. 3433:

Hazlett, James C.; Olmstead, Edwin; Parks, M. Hume (2004) .

3413:. Las Cruces, NM: New Mexico State University. p. 462. 3908:

The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-65

3591:(Paperback ed.). London, UK: Constable. p. 752. 2591: 1560:

The table below lists the guns used by both armies at the

2944: 2777:"The machine gun: Part II manually operated machine guns" 2754: 2579: 1926: 1569:

had a particularly violent recoil and fell out of favor.

914: 3342: 2973: 2971: 2672: 2670: 2431:

6- and 12-pounder weapons deployed in limited quantities

3486:

Artillery Hell: The Employment of Artillery at Antietam

2995: 2869: 2718: 2706: 2615: 957:

did not reach America until 1857. It was the last cast

3358:

The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War

3012: 3010: 2932: 2543: 3910:. Yardly, Pennsylvania: Westholme Publishing, 2011. 2983: 2968: 2694: 2667: 2053:

Number Six: Cut the fuse for the round, if necessary.

1252:

fire a replica of the 1855 model 3-inch cannon, 2012.

1120:

Finally, the lesser-known but highly mobile 12-pound

3967:

The Danville Artillery Confederate Reenactor Website

3895:. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House Publishing, 2008. 3432: 3266:(1st ed.). Orttanna, PA: Colecraft Industries. 2956: 2857: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2736: 2688: 2657: 2645: 2627: 2573: 2561: 2537: 2525: 2507: 2410: 2379: 467:

M1857 Napoleon at Stones River battlefield cemetery.

3007: 1228:The 1st Minnesota Light Artillery took part in the 3816: 3767: 3718: 3679: 3630: 3581: 3532: 3483: 3434: 3355: 3256: 3147: 3061: 2495: 1962:Horses panicked easier than men when subjected to 3535:Civil War in the Southwest Borderlands, 1861–1867 3482:Johnson, Curt; Anderson, Richard C. Jr. (1998) . 3064:The Battle of Glorieta: Union Victory in the West 1217:. The rifle had exceptional accuracy. During the 6644: 6282:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 3716: 2609: 1417:, was manufactured in different sizes, from the 3770:Cannons: An Introduction to Civil War Artillery 3481: 3313:(1st ed.). Union City, TN: Pioneer Press. 3157:(1st ed.). New York, NY: D. Van Nostrand. 2926: 2914: 2902: 2890: 1449:, the Army of the Potomac's chief of artillery 490:, use of artillery in fixed fortifications, or 6106:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 3112:A Field Guide for Civil War Explosive Ordnance 1285: 3992: 3036:United States Army Center of Military History 2102:composed of five batteries were commanded by 2037:Number Two: Loaded the round into the cannon. 444: 3303: 3236:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2749:This Week in the Civil War, October 27, 2011 2597: 2585: 3933:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959. 3304:Daniel, Larry J.; Gunter, Riley W. (1977). 2015: 1359:, while the 3.80" variant was known as the 3999: 3985: 2086:The basic unit of Union artillery was the 451: 437: 3814: 3682:Artillery and Ammunition of the Civil War 3633:Gettysburg--Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill 3579: 3108: 2875: 2760: 2445:Siege artillery in the American Civil War 2279: 890:Italics denotes data for shell, not shot. 860:12-pounder Whitworth breechloading rifle 486:forces in the field. It does not include 472:Field artillery in the American Civil War 79:Learn how and when to remove this message 18:Field Artillery in the American Civil War 4195:Treatment of slaves in the United States 3437:Field Artillery Weapons of the Civil War 3406: 2676: 2141: 2019: 1993: 1550:12-Pounder Whitworth Breechloading Rifle 1421:up to the rare 300-pounder. The 10- and 1320: 1190: 1151: 1063: 512: 462: 42:This article includes a list of general 5938:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 4110:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 3059: 2700: 920: 527:Field artillery weapons characteristics 14: 6645: 5923:Modern display of the Confederate flag 4006: 3765: 3677: 3530: 3145: 2989: 2977: 2962: 2950: 2863: 2724: 2712: 2661: 2633: 2621: 2549: 2513: 2450:Field Artillery Branch (United States) 1636:M1857 12-pounder Napoleon gun-howitzer 933: 6141: 5530: 5094: 4317: 4120:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 4018: 3980: 3962:Profiles of Civil War Field Artillery 3628: 3204: 2772: 1950:used two six-horse teams (for normal 1768: 1555: 1305:The chambers are ignited by use of a 1223:1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery 3410:Bull Pup: The 1841 Mountain Howitzer 3254: 3031:Battle of Antietam: Staff Ride Guide 3016: 3001: 2938: 2852:Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks (2004) 2840:Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks (2004) 2828:Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks (2004) 2816:Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks (2004) 2804:Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks (2004) 2792:Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks (2004) 2737:Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks (2004) 2689:Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks (2004) 2658:Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks (2004) 2646:Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks (2004) 2574:Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks (2004) 2562:Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks (2004) 2538:Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks (2004) 2526:Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks (2004) 2501: 28: 6277:Committee on the Conduct of the War 5953:United Daughters of the Confederacy 3205:Chinn, George M., LTC USMC (1951). 2170:Because of his artillery weakness, 1515: 1185: 1138:battle of Glorieta Pass, New Mexico 147:Siege artillery in the US Civil War 142:Field artillery in the US Civil War 24: 6347:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 6142: 5686:impeachment managers investigation 4065:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 3952:The Civil War Artillery Compendium 3885: 2060: 1538:which saw limited use in the war. 1265:3-inch ordnance rifle (front view) 1147: 1053:M1857 12-pounder "Napoleon" (1864) 961:gun used by an American army. The 200:Cannons of Maritime Southeast Asia 137:Naval artillery in the Age of Sail 106: 48:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 6674: 5772:Reconstruction military districts 4220:Abolitionism in the United States 4175:Plantations in the American South 4090:Origins of the American Civil War 3945: 2435:Samuel Ringgold (US Army officer) 2380:Civil War artillery organizations 1830: 1658:12-pounder Dahlgren boat howitzer 1573:Artillery pieces employed at the 1279:3-inch ordnance rifle (rear view) 6626: 6617: 6616: 5755:Enforcement Act of February 1871 5728:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 3242: 3192: 3146:Benton, James Gilchrist (1862). 2440:Civil War Defenses of Washington 2413: 2075:, the author of the influential 1893: 1881: 1869: 1857: 1543: 1501: 1487: 1473: 1459: 1398: 1386: 1374: 1271: 1257: 1241: 1045: 1031: 1017: 1003: 33: 6540:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 6402:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 5963:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 3407:Grizzell, Steven Leroy (1999). 3022: 1039:Confederate 12-Pound "Napoleon" 5643:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 3531:Masich, Andrew Edward (2017). 3365:(1st ed.). New York, NY: 2610:Stephenson & Hughes (1998) 2472: 1413:The Parrott rifle invented by 1316: 1296:United States Military Academy 13: 1: 6058:Ladies' Memorial Associations 5760:Enforcement Act of April 1871 5656:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 5531: 3629:Pfanz, Harry Willcox (1993). 3052: 2927:Johnson & Anderson (1998) 2915:Johnson & Anderson (1998) 2903:Johnson & Anderson (1998) 2891:Johnson & Anderson (1998) 1747: 1536:3-pounder breechloading rifle 668:12-pounder Mountain Howitzer 127:Artillery in the Song dynasty 6653:American Civil War artillery 6191:Confederate revolving cannon 5933:Sons of Confederate Veterans 5804:South Carolina riots of 1876 5782:Indian Council at Fort Smith 5733:South Carolina riots of 1876 5698:Knights of the White Camelia 4190:Slavery in the United States 3865:"This Week in the Civil War" 3307:Confederate Cannon Foundries 2489: 2465: 1989:U.S. Horse Artillery Brigade 1905: 1788: 1205:, primarily produced by the 1059: 862: 833: 800: 769: 738: 703: 670: 635: 606: 604:M1857 12-pounder "Napoleon" 577: 132:Artillery in the Middle Ages 7: 6545:New York City riots of 1863 6370:Battle Hymn of the Republic 6121:United Confederate Veterans 5958:Children of the Confederacy 5948:United Confederate Veterans 5943:Southern Historical Society 5095: 4575:Price's Missouri Expedition 4045:Timeline leading to the War 4019: 3893:The Artillery of Gettysburg 3815:Williford, Glen M. (2016). 3109:Bartleson, John D. (1972). 2406: 1778:derives from its inventor, 1756: 1526:The Whitworth, designed by 1286:Confederate revolver cannon 1025:M1857 12-Pounder "Napoleon" 1011:M1857 12-Pounder "Napoleon" 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 823: 820: 817: 812: 809: 806: 803: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 741: 728: 723: 720: 715: 712: 709: 706: 693: 690: 687: 682: 679: 676: 673: 660: 655: 652: 647: 644: 641: 638: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 10: 6679: 6513:Confederate Secret Service 6101:Grand Army of the Republic 5993:Grand Army of the Republic 5811:Southern Claims Commission 3972:The 1841 Mountain Howitzer 3580:Nosworthy, Brent (2005) . 2598:Daniel & Gunter (1977) 2586:Daniel & Gunter (1977) 2234:Battle of Chancellorsville 2214: 1998:Limber (right) and Caisson 1936: 1913: 1823:Spherical shell used time 1534:Whitworth also designed a 1522:12-pounder Whitworth rifle 1519: 1402: 1328: 1211:Phoenixville, Pennsylvania 1194: 1159: 1104:M1841 24-pounder howitzers 1071: 937: 505: 172:List of cannon projectiles 6612: 6588: 6501:Confederate States dollar 6473: 6415: 6360: 6312:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 6307:Emancipation Proclamation 6269: 6201:Medal of Honor recipients 6158: 6154: 6137: 6089:Confederate Memorial Hall 6071: 6050: 6008: 5980: 5971: 5891:Confederate Memorial Hall 5864:Confederate History Month 5844:Civil War Discovery Trail 5824: 5745:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 5576: 5551:Reconstruction Amendments 5541: 5537: 5526: 5448: 5317: 5310: 5250: 5114: 5107: 5103: 5090: 5032: 4779: 4772: 4603: 4459: 4418: 4386: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4313: 4210: 4160:Emancipation Proclamation 4128: 4029: 4025: 4014: 3766:Thomas, Dean S. (1988) . 3255:Cole, Phillip M. (2002). 2421:American Civil War portal 2200:Army of Northern Virginia 2189:Army of Northern Virginia 2002: 1734: 1723: 1712: 1701: 1690: 1679: 1669:12-pounder Naval howitzer 1668: 1657: 1646: 1635: 1625:M1841 32-pounder howitzer 1624: 1614:M1841 24-pounder howitzer 1613: 1603:M1841 12-pounder howitzer 1602: 1592:M1841 6-pounder field gun 1591: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1423:20-pounder Parrott rifles 1349:Charles Tillinghast James 1162:M1841 6-pounder field gun 1108:Army of Northern Virginia 1095:M1841 12-pounder howitzer 1082:M1841 24-pounder howitzer 1074:M1841 12-pounder howitzer 980:Army of Northern Virginia 940:M1857 12-pounder Napoleon 888: 831:20-pounder Parrott rifle 736:10-pounder Parrott rifle 553: 548: 543: 538: 535: 532: 268:Breech-loading swivel gun 6575:U.S. Sanitary Commission 6486:Battlefield preservation 6392:Marching Through Georgia 6317:Hampton Roads Conference 6292:Confiscation Act of 1862 6287:Confiscation Act of 1861 6063:U.S. national cemeteries 5869:Confederate Memorial Day 5854:Civil War Trails Program 5723:New Orleans riot of 1866 3678:Ripley, Warren (1984) . 3060:Alberts, Don E. (1998). 2264:Battle of Wilson's Creek 2244:Battle of Fredericksburg 2016:History and organization 1932: 1799: 1724:12-pounder Blakely rifle 1702:20-pounder Parrott rifle 1691:10-pounder Parrott rifle 1509:20-Pounder Parrott Rifle 1495:20-Pounder Parrott Rifle 1481:10-Pounder Parrott Rifle 1467:10-Pounder Parrott Rifle 1447:Battle of Fredericksburg 1419:10-pounder Parrott rifle 1409:20-pounder Parrott rifle 1405:10-pounder Parrott rifle 403:Self-propelled artillery 6496:Confederate war finance 6116:Southern Cross of Honor 6084:1938 Gettysburg reunion 6079:1913 Gettysburg reunion 5777:Reconstruction Treaties 5750:Enforcement Act of 1870 5633:Freedman's Savings Bank 4250:Lane Debates on Slavery 4075:Lincoln–Douglas debates 2664:, pp. 48, 49, 199. 2401:Pointe Coupee Artillery 2289:Edward Porter Alexander 2274:Battle of Prairie Grove 2198:After reorganizing the 1122:M1841 mountain howitzer 1078:M1841 Mountain Howitzer 978:sent nearly all of the 909:. Smoothbores included 798:14-pounder James Rifle 353:Large-calibre artillery 63:more precise citations. 6555:Richmond riots of 1863 6481:Baltimore riot of 1861 6261:U.S. Military Railroad 6181:Confederate Home Guard 5913:Historiographic issues 5879:Historical reenactment 4378:Revenue Cutter Service 4245:William Lloyd Garrison 4154:Dred Scott v. Sandford 3891:Gottfried, Bradley M. 2455:Double-barreled cannon 2280:Civil War artillerists 2254:Battle of Malvern Hill 2239:Battle of Stones River 2202:into two corps led by 2161:Battle of Malvern Hill 2116:artillery to be massed 2024: 1999: 1981: 1647:12-pounder James rifle 1362:14-pounder James rifle 1357:12-pounder James rifle 1335:14-pounder James rifle 1326: 1157: 1142:Nathan Bedford Forrest 1069: 767:3-inch Ordnance Rifle 522: 468: 303:Double-barreled cannon 111: 6520:Great Revival of 1863 6397:Maryland, My Maryland 6186:Confederate railroads 5849:Civil War Roundtables 5718:Meridian riot of 1871 5713:Memphis riots of 1866 4270:George Luther Stearns 4255:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 4148:Crittenden Compromise 3957:CivilWarArtillery.com 3352:McPherson, James Alan 2364:Reuben Lindsay Walker 2359:Charles S. Wainwright 2142:Confederate artillery 2023: 1997: 1972: 1818:fragmentation grenade 1680:3-inch Ordnance rifle 1324: 1197:3-inch Ordnance rifle 1191:3-inch ordnance rifle 1155: 1067: 516: 466: 110: 6407:Daar kom die Alibama 6322:National Union Party 5998:memorials to Lincoln 5918:Lost Cause mythology 5623:Eufaula riot of 1874 5611:Confederate refugees 4824:District of Columbia 4451:Union naval blockade 4297:Underground Railroad 4085:Nullification crisis 3367:Simon & Schuster 2396:Washington Artillery 2354:William N. Pendleton 2249:Battle of Gettysburg 2193:William N. Pendleton 2077:Artillerist's Manual 1964:counter-battery fire 1432:battle of Gettysburg 1207:Phoenix Iron Company 1134:Mexican–American War 1088:in a high trajectory 921:Smoothbore artillery 701:24-pounder Howitzer 633:12-pounder Howitzer 348:Infantry support gun 6565:Supreme Court cases 6332:Radical Republicans 6111:Old soldiers' homes 6095:Confederate Veteran 6021:artworks in Capitol 5740:Reconstruction acts 5601:Colfax riot of 1873 4565:Richmond-Petersburg 4170:Fugitive slave laws 4100:Popular sovereignty 4080:Missouri Compromise 4070:Kansas-Nebraska Act 3348:McPherson, James M. 3004:, pp. 245–246. 2953:, pp. 465–467. 2794:, pp. 148–150. 2576:, pp. 100–109. 2540:, pp. 151–152. 2294:John Milton Brannan 2269:Battle of Pea Ridge 2259:Battle of Nashville 2208:"Stonewall" Jackson 2128:Winfield S. Hancock 1577: 1298:, West Point, N.Y. 1292:siege of Petersburg 972:Tredegar Iron Works 950:twelve-pound cannon 944:Canon obusier de 12 934:12-pounder Napoleon 529: 94:Part of a series on 6386:A Lincoln Portrait 6327:Politicians killed 6251:U.S. Balloon Corps 6246:Union corps badges 6026:memorials to Davis 5896:Disenfranchisement 5767:Reconstruction era 5648:Timber Culture Act 5606:Compromise of 1877 4570:Franklin–Nashville 4240:Frederick Douglass 4143:Cornerstone Speech 4060:Compromise of 1850 4008:American Civil War 3929:Wise, Jennings C. 3034:. Washington, DC: 2941:, pp. 109–10. 2739:, pp. 181–82. 2648:, pp. 187–92. 2391:Fluvanna Artillery 2386:Danville Artillery 2319:Henry Jackson Hunt 2314:Charles E. Hazlett 2229:Battle of Antietam 2159:(particularly the 2157:Seven Days Battles 2081:James Wolfe Ripley 2025: 2000: 1769:Case (or shrapnel) 1575:Battle of Antietam 1572: 1562:Battle of Antietam 1556:Types of guns used 1327: 1248:Artillerymen from 1234:3.2-inch gun M1885 1158: 1102:Confederates. The 1070: 525: 523: 519:Springfield Armory 469: 112: 6658:Explosive weapons 6640: 6639: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6438:Italian Americans 6423:African Americans 6380:John Brown's Body 6133: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6046: 6045: 5884:Robert E. Lee Day 5628:Freedmen's Bureau 5591:Brooks–Baxter War 5522: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5306: 5305: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5077: 4495:Northern Virginia 4441:Trans-Mississippi 4414: 4413: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4201:Uncle Tom's Cabin 4138:African Americans 3916:978-1-59416-149-0 3906:Tidball, John C. 3901:978-1-58182-623-4 3735:978-0-8071-2269-3 3598:978-1-84529-220-1 3376:978-0-7432-1846-7 3320:978-0-913150-38-2 2929:, pp. 25–26. 2727:, pp. 18–19. 2715:, pp. 18–29. 2624:, pp. 45–47. 2552:, pp. 14–15. 2334:Freeman McGilvery 2329:Joseph W. Latimer 2324:Stonewall Jackson 1939:Horses in warfare 1811:explosion from a 1745: 1744: 1587:Confederate Army 1415:Robert P. Parrott 1219:Battle of Atlanta 895: 894: 461: 460: 278:Coastal artillery 89: 88: 81: 16:(Redirected from 6670: 6630: 6620: 6619: 6443:Native Americans 6428:German Americans 6221:Partisan rangers 6216:Official Records 6156: 6155: 6139: 6138: 6031:memorials to Lee 5978: 5977: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5527: 5315: 5314: 5112: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5092: 5091: 5065:Washington, D.C. 4859:Indian Territory 4819:Dakota Territory 4777: 4776: 4694:Chancellorsville 4485:Jackson's Valley 4475:Blockade runners 4351: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4315: 4314: 4275:Thaddeus Stevens 4265:Lysander Spooner 4225:Susan B. Anthony 4027: 4026: 4016: 4015: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3978: 3977: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3867:. Archived from 3860: 3858: 3856: 3825: 3822: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3776: 3773: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3727: 3724: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3688: 3685: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3639: 3636: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3590: 3587: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3541: 3538: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3492: 3489: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3443: 3440: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3364: 3361: 3344:Eicher, David J. 3339: 3337: 3335: 3312: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3265: 3262: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3156: 3153: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3117: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3070: 3067: 3047: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2879: 2876:Bartleson (1972) 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2780: 2770: 2764: 2763:, pp. 9–13. 2761:Williford (2016) 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2665: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2483: 2476: 2423: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2369:William M. Edgar 2299:Thomas H. Carter 2224:Battle of Shiloh 2204:James Longstreet 2132:Pickett's Charge 2112:George McClellan 1897: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1581:Artillery piece 1578: 1571: 1547: 1528:Joseph Whitworth 1516:Whitworth rifles 1505: 1491: 1477: 1463: 1390: 1378: 1353:rifled 6-pounder 1341:Secretary of War 1275: 1261: 1245: 1230:Atlanta Campaign 1186:Rifled artillery 1049: 1035: 1021: 1007: 530: 524: 453: 446: 439: 388:Recoilless rifle 220:Majapahit cannon 91: 90: 84: 77: 73: 70: 64: 59:this article by 50:inline citations 37: 36: 29: 21: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6663:Field artillery 6643: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6600: 6584: 6469: 6433:Irish Americans 6411: 6356: 6265: 6256:U.S. Home Guard 6196:Field artillery 6150: 6149: 6125: 6067: 6042: 6004: 5973: 5967: 5859:Civil War Trust 5826: 5820: 5708:Ethnic violence 5693:Kirk–Holden war 5572: 5533: 5510: 5444: 5302: 5246: 5099: 5074: 5028: 4781: 4768: 4599: 4580:Sherman's March 4560:Bermuda Hundred 4455: 4410: 4382: 4338: 4337: 4301: 4260:J. Sella Martin 4230:James G. Birney 4206: 4124: 4050:Bleeding Kansas 4038: 4021: 4010: 4005: 3948: 3888: 3886:Further reading 3883: 3874: 3872: 3854: 3852: 3834: 3823: 3805: 3803: 3785: 3774: 3756: 3754: 3736: 3725: 3707: 3705: 3686: 3668: 3666: 3648: 3637: 3619: 3617: 3599: 3588: 3570: 3568: 3550: 3539: 3521: 3519: 3501: 3490: 3472: 3470: 3452: 3441: 3423: 3421: 3397: 3395: 3377: 3369:. p. 990. 3362: 3333: 3331: 3321: 3310: 3294: 3292: 3274: 3263: 3243: 3229: 3228: 3221: 3219: 3193: 3185: 3183: 3165: 3154: 3136: 3134: 3115: 3099: 3097: 3079: 3068: 3055: 3050: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2783: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2677:Grizzell (1999) 2675: 2668: 2660:, p. 134; 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2460:Field artillery 2419: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2382: 2339:John Mendenhall 2282: 2217: 2144: 2063: 2061:Union artillery 2045:friction primer 2018: 2005: 1985:horse artillery 1952:field artillery 1941: 1935: 1916: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1889: 1886: 1877: 1874: 1865: 1862: 1833: 1802: 1791: 1771: 1759: 1750: 1713:Whitworth rifle 1558: 1551: 1548: 1524: 1518: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1411: 1403:Main articles: 1401: 1394: 1391: 1382: 1379: 1337: 1329:Main articles: 1319: 1288: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1253: 1246: 1199: 1193: 1188: 1164: 1150: 1148:Smoothbore guns 1084: 1072:Main articles: 1062: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1013: 1012: 1008: 946: 938:Main articles: 936: 923: 771: 743: 555: 550: 545: 540: 508: 496:naval artillery 488:siege artillery 457: 428: 427: 373:Naval artillery 338:Helical railgun 238: 230: 229: 210:Filipino cannon 205:Japanese cannon 190: 182: 181: 162: 152: 151: 122: 85: 74: 68: 65: 55:Please help to 54: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6676: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6624: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6580:Women soldiers 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6535:Naming the war 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6366: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6171:Campaign Medal 6168: 6162: 6160: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6146:Related topics 6143: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5984: 5982: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5874:Decoration Day 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5830: 5828: 5827:Reconstruction 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5681:second inquiry 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5645: 5638:Homestead Acts 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5586:Alabama Claims 5582: 5580: 5578:Reconstruction 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5566:15th Amendment 5563: 5561:14th Amendment 5558: 5556:13th Amendment 5547: 5545: 5535: 5534: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5187:J. E. Johnston 5184: 5182:A. S. Johnston 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5122:R. H. Anderson 5118: 5116: 5109: 5101: 5100: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4984:South Carolina 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4959:North Carolina 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4684:Fredericksburg 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4624:Wilson's Creek 4621: 4616: 4610: 4608: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4436:Lower Seaboard 4433: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4357: 4348: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4292:Harriet Tubman 4289: 4288: 4287: 4280:Charles Sumner 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4134: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4115:States' rights 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4030: 4023: 4022: 4012: 4011: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3947: 3946:External links 3944: 3943: 3942: 3927: 3904: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3871:on 8 June 2015 3861: 3832: 3812: 3783: 3763: 3734: 3714: 3675: 3646: 3626: 3597: 3577: 3548: 3528: 3499: 3479: 3451:978-0252072109 3450: 3430: 3404: 3375: 3340: 3319: 3301: 3272: 3252: 3202: 3163: 3143: 3106: 3077: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3028:Ballard, Ted. 3021: 3019:, p. 103. 3006: 2994: 2992:, p. 261. 2982: 2980:, p. 463. 2967: 2955: 2943: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2893:, p. 129. 2880: 2868: 2856: 2854:, p. 113. 2844: 2832: 2830:, p. 157. 2820: 2818:, p. 147. 2808: 2806:, p. 150. 2796: 2781: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2701:Alberts (1998) 2693: 2691:, p. 134. 2681: 2666: 2650: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2530: 2528:, p. 136. 2518: 2516:, p. 367. 2506: 2504:, p. 298. 2493: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2425: 2424: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2344:"Willy" Pegram 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2304:Alonzo Cushing 2301: 2296: 2291: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2216: 2213: 2148:Union blockade 2143: 2140: 2121:Cemetery Ridge 2062: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2017: 2014: 2004: 2001: 1934: 1931: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1856: 1841:kinetic energy 1832: 1831:Shot (or bolt) 1829: 1801: 1798: 1790: 1787: 1780:Henry Shrapnel 1770: 1767: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1542: 1520:Main article: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1458: 1439:First Bull Run 1400: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1373: 1318: 1315: 1307:percussion cap 1287: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1256: 1254: 1247: 1240: 1195:Main article: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1160:Main article: 1149: 1146: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1002: 996:Parrott Rifles 935: 932: 922: 919: 893: 892: 886: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 857: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 828: 827: 822: 819: 816: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 795: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 768: 764: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 740: 737: 733: 732: 727: 722: 719: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 698: 697: 692: 689: 686: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 665: 664: 659: 654: 651: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 630: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 601: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 575:6-pounder Gun 572: 571: 568: 565: 562: 558: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 534: 507: 504: 474:refers to the 459: 458: 456: 455: 448: 441: 433: 430: 429: 426: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 239: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 195:English cannon 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 174: 169: 167:Breech-loading 163: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 123: 118: 117: 114: 113: 103: 102: 96: 95: 87: 86: 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6675: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6623: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6550:Photographers 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6525:Gender issues 6523: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6352:War Democrats 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6342:Union Leagues 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241:Turning point 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6211:Naval battles 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5974:and memorials 5970: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5834:Commemoration 5832: 5831: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5676:first inquiry 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5596:Carpetbaggers 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5525: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5019:West Virginia 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4939:New Hampshire 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4899:Massachusetts 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4639:Hampton Roads 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4629:Fort Donelson 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4525:Morgan's Raid 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4470:Anaconda Plan 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4446:Pacific Coast 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4180:Positive good 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4095:Panic of 1857 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4055:Border states 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3833:9780764350498 3829: 3821: 3820: 3813: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3784:9780939631032 3780: 3772: 3771: 3764: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3723: 3722: 3715: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3683: 3676: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3647:9780807821183 3643: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3586: 3585: 3578: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3549:9780806155722 3545: 3537: 3536: 3529: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3488: 3487: 3480: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3405: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3273:9780306811456 3269: 3261: 3260: 3253: 3250: 3249:public domain 3239: 3233: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3199:public domain 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3164:9781361617748 3160: 3152: 3151: 3144: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3113: 3107: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3078:9780890968253 3074: 3066: 3065: 3058: 3057: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2990:Ripley (1984) 2986: 2979: 2978:Benton (1862) 2974: 2972: 2965:, p. 81. 2964: 2963:Benton (1862) 2959: 2952: 2951:Benton (1862) 2947: 2940: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2917:, p. 23. 2916: 2911: 2905:, p. 22. 2904: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2878:, p. 10. 2877: 2872: 2866:, p. 43. 2865: 2864:Thomas (1988) 2860: 2853: 2848: 2842:, p. 51. 2841: 2836: 2829: 2824: 2817: 2812: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2762: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2725:Ripley (1984) 2721: 2714: 2713:Ripley (1984) 2709: 2703:, p. 38. 2702: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2663: 2662:Ripley (1984) 2659: 2654: 2647: 2642: 2636:, p. 88. 2635: 2634:Masich (2017) 2630: 2623: 2622:Ripley (1984) 2618: 2612:, p. 85. 2611: 2606: 2600:, p. 15. 2599: 2594: 2588:, p. 12. 2587: 2582: 2575: 2570: 2564:, p. 88. 2563: 2558: 2551: 2550:Ripley (1984) 2546: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2514:Ripley (1984) 2510: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2482: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2411: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2191:, Brig. Gen. 2190: 2186: 2185:Robert E. Lee 2182: 2176: 2173: 2172:Robert E. Lee 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2153:Harpers Ferry 2149: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2022: 2013: 2010: 1996: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1978: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1911: 1896: 1891: 1884: 1879: 1872: 1867: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1850:ricochet fire 1845: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1813:low explosive 1810: 1806: 1797: 1795: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1766: 1763: 1762:Canister shot 1754: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1568: 1567:Blakely rifle 1563: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1504: 1499: 1490: 1485: 1476: 1471: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1451:Henry J. Hunt 1448: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1410: 1406: 1399:Parrott rifle 1389: 1384: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1332: 1323: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1274: 1269: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1154: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1066: 1048: 1043: 1034: 1029: 1020: 1015: 1006: 1001: 1000: 999: 997: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 976:Robert E. Lee 973: 967: 964: 960: 955: 951: 945: 941: 931: 927: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 891: 887: 859: 858: 830: 829: 826: 815: 797: 796: 766: 765: 735: 734: 731: 726: 718: 700: 699: 696: 685: 667: 666: 663: 658: 650: 632: 631: 603: 602: 574: 573: 569: 566: 563: 560: 559: 531: 528: 520: 515: 511: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 465: 454: 449: 447: 442: 440: 435: 434: 432: 431: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 298:Demi-culverin 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 243:Anti-tank gun 241: 240: 234: 233: 226: 225:Mughal cannon 223: 221: 218: 216: 215:Korean cannon 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 186: 185: 178: 177:Muzzleloading 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 161: 156: 155: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 124: 121: 116: 115: 109: 105: 104: 101: 98: 97: 93: 92: 83: 80: 72: 69:November 2010 62: 58: 52: 51: 45: 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 6491:Bibliography 6474:Other topics 6416:By ethnicity 6384: 6337:Trent Affair 6236:Signal Corps 6195: 6093: 5816:White League 5703:Ku Klux Klan 5616:Confederados 5543:Constitution 5415:D. D. Porter 5268:Breckinridge 4979:Rhode Island 4974:Pennsylvania 4729:Spotsylvania 4689:Stones River 4669:2nd Bull Run 4619:1st Bull Run 4505:Stones River 4406:Marine Corps 4373:Marine Corps 4212:Abolitionism 4199: 4152: 3930: 3907: 3892: 3873:. Retrieved 3869:the original 3853:. Retrieved 3818: 3804:. Retrieved 3769: 3755:. Retrieved 3720: 3706:. Retrieved 3681: 3667:. Retrieved 3632: 3618:. Retrieved 3583: 3569:. Retrieved 3534: 3520:. Retrieved 3485: 3471:. Retrieved 3436: 3422:. Retrieved 3409: 3396:. Retrieved 3357: 3332:. Retrieved 3306: 3293:. Retrieved 3258: 3220:. Retrieved 3207: 3184:. Retrieved 3149: 3135:. Retrieved 3111: 3098:. Retrieved 3063: 3030: 3024: 2997: 2985: 2958: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2773:Chinn (1951) 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2684: 2679:, p. 4. 2653: 2641: 2629: 2617: 2605: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2479: 2474: 2283: 2218: 2197: 2177: 2169: 2145: 2136: 2098:. Artillery 2085: 2076: 2064: 2026: 2006: 1982: 1973: 1961: 1942: 1924: 1917: 1909: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1822: 1803: 1792: 1784: 1772: 1760: 1751: 1735:Unidentified 1559: 1533: 1525: 1443: 1436: 1412: 1367: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1338: 1312: 1304: 1300: 1289: 1227: 1203:wrought iron 1200: 1180: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1130:pack animals 1119: 1100: 1092: 1085: 992: 968: 954:Napoleon III 947: 928: 924: 896: 889: 824: 813: 729: 724: 716: 694: 683: 661: 656: 648: 526: 509: 471: 470: 408:Siege cannon 368:Mountain gun 318:Gun-howitzer 141: 75: 66: 47: 26: 6297:Copperheads 6009:Confederate 5901:Black Codes 5227:E. K. Smith 5108:Confederate 5055:New Orleans 5050:Chattanooga 4914:Mississippi 4814:Connecticut 4782:territories 4773:Involvement 4734:Cold Harbor 4724:Fort Pillow 4714:Chattanooga 4709:Chickamauga 4659:Seven Pines 4649:New Orleans 4614:Fort Sumter 4555:Valley 1864 4388:Confederacy 4185:Slave Power 4165:Fire-Eaters 3017:Cole (2002) 3002:Cole (2002) 2939:Cole (2002) 2502:Cole (2002) 2429:Wiard rifle 2374:John Morton 2349:John Pelham 2309:John Gibbon 2073:John Gibbon 1584:Union Army 1331:James rifle 1317:James rifle 1176:War of 1812 1126:Indian Wars 988:Chattanooga 903:smoothbores 556:(yd at 5°) 521:, June 2010 383:Railway gun 333:Hand mortar 328:Hand cannon 293:Demi-cannon 61:introducing 6647:Categories 6530:Juneteenth 6051:Cemeteries 5928:Red Shirts 5839:Centennial 5789:Red Shirts 5197:Longstreet 5127:Beauregard 5070:Winchester 5045:Charleston 5014:Washington 4949:New Mexico 4944:New Jersey 4804:California 4780:States and 4764:Five Forks 4749:Mobile Bay 4719:Wilderness 4699:Gettysburg 4679:Perryville 4664:Seven Days 4595:Appomattox 4520:Gettysburg 4480:New Mexico 4347:Combatants 4322:Combatants 4235:John Brown 3875:27 October 3850:1285627374 3842:2016936130 3615:1285471669 3607:2004271027 3558:2016023966 3517:1003778367 3500:0890966222 3460:2004007216 3385:2001034153 3282:2006281433 3053:References 2165:Gettysburg 2092:lieutenant 2068:Brig. Gen. 1983:The term " 1937:See also: 1748:Ammunition 1344:John Floyd 1115:New Mexico 1098:very end. 564:Bore (in) 539:Projectile 500:small arms 418:Swivel gun 413:Smoothbore 393:Rifled gun 323:Gun-mortar 253:Autocannon 189:By country 44:references 6508:Espionage 6302:Diplomacy 6270:Political 6226:POW camps 5972:Monuments 5799:Scalawags 5794:Redeemers 5532:Aftermath 5481:Pinkerton 5420:Rosecrans 5385:McClellan 5288:Memminger 5024:Wisconsin 4989:Tennessee 4909:Minnesota 4884:Louisiana 4759:Nashville 4704:Vicksburg 4634:Pea Ridge 4585:Carolinas 4540:Red River 4535:Knoxville 4515:Tullahoma 4510:Vicksburg 4490:Peninsula 4462:campaigns 4328:Campaigns 4105:Secession 3924:760901332 3566:958585721 3393:231931020 3232:cite book 2490:Citations 2466:Footnotes 2181:divisions 2125:Maj. Gen. 1906:Equipment 1864:Shot/Bolt 1794:Grapeshot 1789:Grapeshot 1428:first day 1250:Ft. Riley 1215:cast iron 1060:Howitzers 911:howitzers 899:Civil War 567:Len (in) 561:Material 476:artillery 313:Field gun 273:Carronade 248:Artillery 160:Operation 6622:Category 6463:Seminole 6453:Cherokee 6206:Medicine 6159:Military 6072:Veterans 5906:Jim Crow 5671:timeline 5466:Ericsson 5449:Civilian 5430:Sheridan 5390:McDowell 5350:Farragut 5335:Burnside 5325:Anderson 5318:Military 5298:Stephens 5258:Benjamin 5251:Civilian 5137:Buchanan 5115:Military 5060:Richmond 5009:Virginia 4954:New York 4929:Nebraska 4919:Missouri 4904:Michigan 4894:Maryland 4879:Kentucky 4854:Illinois 4829:Delaware 4809:Colorado 4794:Arkansas 4754:Franklin 4674:Antietam 4545:Overland 4500:Maryland 4419:Theaters 4325:Theaters 3801:41576533 3793:85175869 3752:38030203 3744:97046689 3703:12668104 3695:85177212 3664:27813968 3656:93003323 3509:94013226 3468:54966113 3419:43401042 3354:(2001). 3290:50148336 3173:43035982 3124:73602185 3095:38281677 3087:98005216 3046:. p. 84. 3044:68192262 3038:, 2006. 2407:See also 2104:colonels 2100:brigades 1900:Canister 1776:shrapnel 1757:Canister 1112:Valverde 570:Wt (lb) 549:Velocity 480:infantry 423:Tank gun 343:Howitzer 308:Falconet 288:Culverin 258:Basilisk 6589:Related 6458:Choctaw 6448:Catawba 6231:Rations 6176:Cavalry 6038:Removal 5666:efforts 5650:of 1873 5496:Stevens 5491:Stanton 5476:Lincoln 5435:Sherman 5370:Halleck 5360:Frémont 5345:Du Pont 5283:Mallory 5242:Wheeler 5177:Jackson 5157:Forrest 5097:Leaders 5040:Atlanta 5004:Vermont 4924:Montana 4864:Indiana 4839:Georgia 4834:Florida 4799:Arizona 4789:Alabama 4739:Atlanta 4654:Corinth 4606:battles 4550:Atlanta 4530:Bristoe 4431:Western 4426:Eastern 4331:Battles 4130:Slavery 4034:Origins 4020:Origins 3939:1150741 3329:3101611 3217:4098909 3181:4533934 2215:Battles 2096:captain 2088:battery 1977:pistols 1956:cavalry 1948:battery 1920:caisson 1914:Caisson 1809:brisant 1430:of the 963:Federal 801:bronze 770:wrought 744:or 3.0 704:bronze 671:bronze 636:bronze 607:bronze 578:bronze 551:(ft/s) 506:Weapons 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Field artillery in the American Civil War

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