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action performed towards neighbours indiscriminately, an individual is only just breaking even in terms of inclusive fitness. If he could learn to recognise those of his neighbours who really were close relatives and could devote his beneficial actions to them alone an advantage to inclusive fitness would at once appear. Thus a mutation causing such discriminatory behaviour itself benefits inclusive fitness and would be selected. In fact, the individual may not need to perform any discrimination so sophisticated as we suggest here; a difference in the generosity of his behaviour according to whether the situations evoking it were encountered near to, or far from, his own home might occasion an advantage of a similar kind.
846:, a person may refer to close friends of one's parents as "aunt" or "uncle" (and their children as "cousin"), or may refer to close friends as "brother" or "sister", although this is just a mere courtesy treatment and does not represent an actual valuation as such. In particular, college fraternities and sororities in some North American cultures usually use "brother" and "sister" to refer to members of the organization. Monastic, Masonic, and Lodge organisations also use the term "Brother" for members. "Nursing Sister" is used to denote a rank of nurse, and the term "Sisterhood" may be used for feminists. Fictive kinship was discussed by Jenny White in her work on female migrant workers in
768:. Invoking the concept as a cross-culturally valid anthropological category therefore rests on the presumption that the inverse category of "(true) kinship" built around consanguinity and affinity is similarly cross-culturally valid. Use of the term was common until the mid-to-late twentieth century, when anthropology effectively deconstructed and revised many of the concepts and categories around the study of kinship and social ties. In particular, anthropologists established that a consanguinity basis for kinship ties is not universal across cultures, and that—on the contrary—it may be a culturally specific symbol of kinship only in particular cultures (see the articles on
950:. Hospital committees are formed to assess whether the organ donation is from a true family member or from a friend. In order to obtain organ transplants, some individuals are forced to find strangers and pay them compensation for the procedure. However, the relationship between the donor and recipient must be invented as a familial relationship in order to pass through the hospital committee. In this case, fictive kinship is created knowingly to both parties in order to achieve their goals, and is mutualistic in nature.
1094:
their true genetic relatives, and engage in cooperative behavior with them. But when expression has evolved to be primarily location-based or context-based—depending on a society's particular demographics and history—social ties and cooperation may or may not coincide with blood ties. Reviews of the mammal, primate, and human evidence demonstrate that expression of social behaviors in these species are primarily location-based and context-based (see
41:
1068:
is commonly used as a shorthand for "the regression coefficient of (genetic) relatedness", which is a metric denoting the proportion of shared genetic material between any two individuals relative to average degrees of genetic variance in the population under study. This coefficient of relationship is an important component of the theory of
850:. In her work, she draws on ideas of production and the women she works with being drawn together through "webs of indebtedness" through which the women refer to each other as kin. These relationships are, however, less frequent than kin relationships, and serve purposes that are neither comparable to nor exclude a natural
1098:), and examples of what used to be labeled as "fictive kinship" are readily understood in this perspective. Social cooperation, however, does not mean people see each other as family or family-like, nor that people will value those known not to be related with them more than the ones who are or simply neglect relatedness.
810:. Sociologists define the concept as a form of extended family members who are not related by either blood or marriage. The bonds allowing for chosen kinship may include religious rituals, close friendship ties, or other essential reciprocal social or economic relationships. Examples of chosen kin include
1067:
In the biological and animal behavioural sciences, the term "kinship" has a different meaning from the current anthropological usage of the term, and more in common with the former anthropological usage that assumed that blood ties are ontologically prior to social ties. In these sciences, "kinship"
970:
refer to everyone—even strangers—in familial terms. A man would address another man of a similar in age as "brother", and would address an older man as "uncle". Although these terms used in addressing one another appear to be indicative of fictive kinship, they do not actually suggest the existence
1001:
in looking at what was socialized and biological. Here she uses the idea of relatedness to move away from a pre-constructed analytics opposition which exists in anthropological thought between the biological and the social. Carsten argued that relatedness should be described in terms of indigenous
953:
Adoption and foster care have always been grouped into the fictive kinship category (in cases where the child shares no genetic relatedness to the caregivers). The children are normally treated as the adopters' biological kin, receiving a lot of parental investment despite not having family ties.
1093:
Traditional sociobiology did not consider the divergent consequences between these basic possibilities for the expression of social behavior, and instead assumed that the expression operates in the "recognition" manner, whereby individuals are behaviorally primed to discriminate which others are
1088:
The selective advantage which makes behaviour conditional in the right sense on the discrimination of factors which correlate with the relationship of the individual concerned is therefore obvious. It may be, for instance, that in respect of a certain social
858:
Compadrazgo is a form of fictive kinship that is rooted in
Central Mexico history for many years. Literally meaning "co-parenthood", compadrazgo is a term to describe the set of relationships between a child, their parents, and their godparents. It has been hypothesized that these relationships
938:
Undocumented immigrants have also demonstrated fictive kin relationships. Undocumented restaurant workers are known to form pseudo-families in which they cooperate within living and working situations. These relationships benefit the workers by creating a support system that would otherwise be
1079:
Whilst inclusive fitness theory thus describes one of the necessary conditions for the evolutionary emergence of social behaviors, the details of the proximate conditions mediating the expression of social bonding and cooperation have been less investigated in sociobiology. In particular, the
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situations, even within a friendship relation, are more important than kin relationships, since their motivation is also related to one's survival and perpetuation, or that people are necessarily bound to the culture they are inserted in, nor can it be generalized to the point of claiming all
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As part of the deconstruction of kinship mentioned above, anthropologists now recognize that—cross-culturally—the kinds of social ties and relationships formerly treated under the category of "kinship" are often not predicated on blood ties or marriage ties, and may rather be based on shared
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has also been an avenue to propagate fictive kinship, such as the sense of brotherhood felt by the soldiers. Fictive kinship has been demonstrated among the spouses of military men and women as well. These relationships may facilitate close bonds that are beneficial during times of
863:
to help deal with stressful situations. These fictive kinships still exist in modern day
Mexican societies, and are established by providing some form of aid throughout the child's life. Godparents seldom become more important than parents, though, much less in a non-economic
814:, adopted children, and close family friends. The idea of fictive kin has been used to analyze aging, foreign fighters, immigrant communities, and minorities in modern societies. Some researchers state that peers have the potential to create fictive kin networks.
1020:, critiques the idea that human males were unconcerned with parentage, "which would make us unlike any other species I can think of". Such individuals can be considered out of the natural tendency of living beings for survival through offspring.
1726:
1084:'s early theoretical treatments. In addition to setting out the details of the evolutionary selection pressure, Hamilton roughly outlined two possible mechanisms by which the expression of social behaviors might be mediated:
980:
Recently, many anthropologists have abandoned a distinction between "real" and "fictive" kin, because many cultures do not base their notion of kinship on genealogical relations. This was argued most forcefully by
965:
Other times, relationships can appear from the outside to be fictive kinship relationships, but the reality is that this appearance is just the result of kinship terminology. Members of the Shanti Nagar village in
1080:
question of whether genetic relatedness (or "blood ties") must necessarily be present for social bonding and cooperation to be expressed has been the source of much confusion, partly due to thought experiments in
1072:, a treatment of the evolutionary selective pressures on the emergence of certain forms of social behavior. Confusingly, inclusive fitness theory is more popularly known through its narrower form,
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may also be used in a legal sense, and this use continues in societies where these categories and definitions regarding kinship and social ties have legal currency; e.g. in matters of inheritance.
1723:
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said that such new model "involves, and I suspect requires, close kinship". The theory also overlooks phenomena of survivalist non-kin or not close kin such as the one that can be seen on
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tradition is the institution of "Rodi", where teenagers form fictive kinship bonds and become Rodi members to socialize, perform communal tasks, and find marriage partners. In
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Cerwyn Moore (2015) Foreign Bodies: Transnational
Activism, the Insurgency in the North Caucasus and “Beyond”, Terrorism and Political Violence, vol.27, no.3, 395-415
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Carsten, Janet (May 1995). "The
Substance of Kinship and the Heat of the Hearth: Feeding, Personhood, and Relatedness among Malays in Pulau Langkawi".
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individuals always undervalue kinship in the absence of nurturing. In those cases, attachment to others is not a cultural act but an act of survival.
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unavailable to those living far from home. These ties are, however, fictive in a strict sense and mean nothing to the people in such pretenses.
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Tierney, William G., and
Kristan M. Venegas. "Fictive kin and social capital the role of peer groups in applying and paying for college."
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The substance of kinship and the heat of the hearth; feeding, personhood and relatedness among the Malays in Pulau
Langkawi
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Fordham, Signithia. "Racelessness as a factor in Black students' school success: Pragmatic strategy or pyrrhic victory?."
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This view has been chastised by some who claim that notions of kinship are not always based on biological determinants.
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A study has shown that humans are about as genetically equivalent to their friends as they are their fourth cousins.
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statements and practices, some of which fall outside what anthropologists have conventionally understood as kinship.
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in which two unrelated people are declared to be as brothers. Perhaps the best-known such relationship in
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Ebaugh, Helen Rose, and Mary Curry. "Fictive kin as social capital in new immigrant communities."
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Howell, Adoption of the
Unrelated Child: Some Challenges to the Anthropological Study of Kinship
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Frese, Anthropology and the United States military: Coming of Age in the Twenty First
Century.
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Social
Bonding and Nurture Kinship: Compatibility between Cultural and Biological Approaches
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theory, whose name clearly resonates with former conceptions of "kinship" in anthropology.
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Mac Rae, Hazel. "Fictive kin as a component of the social networks of older people."
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Kim, "Mama's Family": Fictive
Kinship and undocumented immigrant restaurant workers.
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Carlos, Fictive Kinship and Modernization in Mexico: A Comparative Analysis.
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This does not imply, however, that human non-kin relationships, such as in
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Stemming from anthropology's early connections to legal studies, the term
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/human-monogamy-has-deep-roots/
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has in the past been used to refer to those kinship ties that are
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1212:"Kinship Studies: Neoclassicism and New Wave . A Critical Review"
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Cultures of Relatedness: New Approaches to the Study of Kinship
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1569:. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7:1-52. Reprinted in. 1996.
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834:, common membership in a unilineal descent group, and legal
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1496:"Much that is True, but Remember: Is does not Imply Ought"
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997:". She developed her initial ideas from studies with the
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Types of relations often described by anthropologists as
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for more information on the history of kinship studies).
1302:
Sociology of Families: Change, Continuity, and Diversity
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Money Makes Us Relatives: Women's Labor in Urban Turkey
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Some fictive kin relationships have been discovered in
1658:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
1522:"E.O. Wilson proposes new theory of social evolution"
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Jacob, Unknotting fictive kinship and legal process.
1708:Social Structure and Kinship in Rural Mexico - The
867:The boys and men of many societies have customs of
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1337:Tally's corner: A study of Negro streetcorner men
791:, or familiarity via other forms of interaction.
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1437:Freed, Fictive Kinship in a North Indian Village
1724:Fictive Kinship: Making Maladaptation Palatable
1348:Stack, Carol B. All our kin. Basic Books, 1975.
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1247:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
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1566:The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour
1023:In response to a similar model advanced by
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633:Matrilineal / matrilocal societies
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1606:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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905:to fellow aristocrat and political rival
733:or social ties that are based on neither
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741:("by marriage") ties. It contrasts with
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1588:. North Charleston: Createspace Press.
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1685:(2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
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645:Sex and Repression in Savage Society
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1654:A Critique of the Study of Kinship
1571:Narrow Roads of Gene Land. Vol. 1.
1551:"Study: BFFS May Have Similar DNA"
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1457:A Critique of The Study of Kinship
1190:Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship
1063:Social bonding and nurture kinship
987:A critique of the study of kinship
654:Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship
14:
2542:
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1339:. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.
787:residence, shared economic ties,
145:Parallel / cross cousins
1359:American Behavioral Scientist 49
895:Mongolian Khagan-Emperor Genghis
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989:. In response to this insight,
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1563:Hamilton, William D. (1964)
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798:, this idea is referred to as
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2402:International Day of Families
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1289:Harvard educational review 58
1216:Revue française de sociologie
1210:DĂ©chaux, Jean-Hugues (2006).
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920:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
287:Household forms and residence
1650:Schneider, David M. (1984).
1602:Carsten, Janet, ed. (2000).
1582:Holland, Maximilian. (2012)
1276:Sociological Perspectives 43
1014:, in his review of the book
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971:of ritual kin relationships.
886:The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
352:Classificatory terminologies
7:
1520:Brandon Keim (2010-08-26).
1361:, no. 12 (2006): 1687-1702.
1174:Law of adoption (Mormonism)
1154:Inclusive fitness in humans
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925:Four Classic Chinese Novels
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1372:Money Makes Us Relatives
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1278:, no. 2 (2000): 189-209.
1241:Kemp, Jeremy H. (1983).
915:Oath of the Peach Garden
861:Spanish conquest in 1521
2465:Sociology of the family
2305:Philia (brotherly love)
1881:Second-degree relatives
1482:Cultures of Relatedness
993:developed the idea of "
796:sociology of the family
16:Anthropological concept
2310:Storge (familial love)
1916:Third-degree relatives
1818:First-degree relatives
1573:Oxford: W. H. Freeman.
1291:, no. 1 (1988): 54-85.
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959:United States military
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662:"The Traffic in Women"
495:Coming of Age in Samoa
2460:Middle child syndrome
2419:National Adoption Day
2295:Agape (parental love)
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729:to describe forms of
678:Cultural anthropology
638:Feminist anthropology
430:Australian Aboriginal
2500:Sibling estrangement
2480:Dysfunctional family
2470:Museum of Motherhood
2407:National Family Week
2273:Quarters of nobility
1623:American Ethnologist
1315:Research on Aging 14
1300:Ciabattari, Teresa.
913:consider the mortal
721:) is a term used by
569:Bronisław Malinowski
2531:Kinship and descent
2440:Wedding anniversary
2397:American Family Day
2353:Father–Daughter Day
2300:Eros (marital love)
2049:Kinship terminology
1169:Kinship terminology
1057:Use in sociobiology
985:, in his 1984 book
889:by American author
869:"blood brotherhood"
674:Social anthropology
564:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
347:Kinship terminology
170:Joking relationship
165:Posthumous marriage
2205:collateral descent
1729:2016-03-04 at the
1717:2007-07-04 at the
1041:ethnic nationalism
983:David M. Schneider
883:in the 1876 novel
859:evolved after the
774:David M. Schneider
764:, in the sense of
756:kinship, the term
604:David M. Schneider
450:Polyandry in Tibet
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2485:Domestic violence
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2200:Lineal descendant
2170:Bilateral descent
1923:Great-grandparent
1808:Matrifocal family
1665:978-0-472-08051-9
1494:Gintis, Herbert.
1070:inclusive fitness
948:organ transplants
737:(blood ties) nor
719:fictional kinship
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2097:Family of choice
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1992:daughter-in-law
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628:Alliance theory
623:
615:
614:
613:
584:Lewis H. Morgan
579:Henrietta Moore
559:Eleanor Leacock
554:Louise Lamphere
549:Roger Lancaster
524:Tom Boellstorff
513:
512:Major theorists
505:
504:
481:
458:
420:
412:
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406:
399:Dravidian
338:
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194:Nurture kinship
184:
150:Cousin marriage
51:
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2544:
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2248:Pedigree chart
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2215:Patrilineality
2212:
2210:Matrilineality
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
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2132:Eskimo kinship
2129:
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2109:
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2099:
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2013:
2011:
2005:
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1994:
1984:
1982:Sibling-in-law
1979:
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1967:
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1925:
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1795:
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1788:Nuclear family
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1702:External links
1700:
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1629:(2): 223–241.
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1109:Adelphopoiesis
1105:
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1082:W. D. Hamilton
1058:
1055:
1012:Herbert Gintis
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270:Matrilineality
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50:Basic concepts
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2495:Sibling abuse
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2435:Single parent
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2288:Relationships
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2256:
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2230:Royal descent
2228:
2226:
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2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
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2147:Omaha kinship
2145:
2143:
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2135:
2133:
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2128:
2125:
2123:
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2115:
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2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
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2078:
2077:Consanguinity
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
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2032:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Parent-in-law
1975:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
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1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1952:Family-in-law
1949:
1943:
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1931:
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1164:Kin selection
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1074:kin selection
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1046:According to
1044:
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808:voluntary kin
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735:consanguineal
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727:ethnographers
724:
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717:(less often,
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539:Gilbert Herdt
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261:
260:Ambilineality
258:
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240:
239:House society
237:
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135:Bride service
133:
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108:
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91:
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86:
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78:
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75:Consanguinity
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
56:
55:
47:
46:
42:
38:
37:
34:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2526:Anthropology
2368:Parents' Day
2358:Siblings Day
2348:Father's Day
2336:Mother's Day
2320:Polyfidelity
2315:Filial piety
2240:Family trees
2142:Crow kinship
2101:
2092:Estrangement
1987:Child-in-law
1907:Niece/Nephew
1709:
1682:
1653:
1626:
1622:
1603:
1595:Bibliography
1584:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1559:
1545:
1534:
1525:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:
1489:
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1476:
1468:
1463:
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1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
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1371:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1253:(1): 81–98.
1250:
1246:
1236:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1188:
1179:Milk kinship
1129:Charge nurse
1092:
1087:
1078:
1066:
1052:
1045:
1025:E. O. Wilson
1022:
1015:
1004:
986:
979:
918:
884:
823:
821:
807:
803:
799:
793:
785:
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778:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
747:
743:true kinship
742:
718:
714:
713:
652:
643:
493:
452: /
419:Case studies
400:
265:Unilineality
224:Matrilateral
217: /
192: /
188: /
185:
180:Cohabitation
85:Incest taboo
2450:Birth order
2195:Inheritance
2180:Family name
2039:Stepsibling
1933:Great-uncle
1888:Grandparent
1455:Schneider,
1017:Sex at Dawn
1007:tit-for-tat
995:relatedness
968:North India
931:sui generis
911:sinologists
832:foster care
830:relations,
828:compadrazgo
804:fictive kin
599:Gayle Rubin
337:Terminology
252:Linealities
130:Bride price
120:Concubinage
2520:Categories
2455:Only child
2385:Family Day
2258:Ahnentafel
2220:Progenitor
2082:Disownment
2027:stepmother
2022:stepfather
2017:Stepparent
2009:Stepfamily
1997:son-in-law
1937:Great-aunt
1893:Grandchild
1500:Amazon.com
1198:References
1144:Fraternity
1061:See also:
1048:Sarah Hrdy
891:Mark Twain
877:Tom Sawyer
838:. A noted
812:godparents
800:chosen kin
544:Don Kulick
529:Jack Goody
519:Diane Bell
445:Philippine
321:Patrilocal
305:Matrilocal
300:Matrifocal
244:Avunculate
234:Collateral
2445:Godparent
2157:Genealogy
2034:Stepchild
1783:Household
1526:Wired.com
1480:Carsten,
1467:Carsten,
1259:0006-2294
1228:0035-2969
1149:Godparent
1139:Filiation
1037:tribalism
976:Critiques
962:hardship.
762:fictional
486:Sexuality
401:(debated)
219:Bilateral
125:Polyandry
2329:Holidays
2253:Genogram
2190:Heredity
2185:Heirloom
2107:Marriage
2072:Affinity
2067:Adoption
1853:daughter
1727:Archived
1715:Archived
1710:Tlaxcala
1674:10605668
1505:6 August
1134:Compadre
1102:See also
864:fashion.
848:Istanbul
836:adoption
826:include
818:Examples
766:not-real
463:Feminist
454:in India
394:Sudanese
389:Hawaiian
369:Iroquois
360:By group
311:Neolocal
295:Extended
215:Cognatic
160:Sororate
155:Levirate
115:Polygamy
110:Polygyny
105:Monogamy
90:Endogamy
80:Marriage
70:Affinity
24:a series
22:Part of
2428:Related
2162:lineage
2087:Divorce
2057:Kinship
1970:husband
1865:brother
1860:Sibling
1778:History
1712:Project
1370:White,
917:in the
907:Jamukha
770:kinship
739:affinal
731:kinship
472:Chambri
440:Chinese
435:Burmese
316:Nuclear
203:Descent
186:Fictive
95:Exogamy
65:Lineage
33:kinship
2490:Incest
2390:Canada
1960:Spouse
1942:Cousin
1870:sister
1836:father
1831:mother
1826:Parent
1767:Family
1689:
1672:
1662:
1643:646700
1641:
1610:
1257:
1226:
999:Malays
944:Israel
852:family
840:Gurung
745:ties.
229:Lineal
100:Moiety
60:Family
26:on the
2378:Japan
1898:Uncle
1843:Child
1639:JSTOR
477:Mosuo
379:Omaha
140:Dowry
2341:U.S.
2225:Clan
2160:and
1965:wife
1902:Aunt
1687:ISBN
1670:OCLC
1660:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1507:2014
1255:ISSN
1224:ISSN
957:The
901:anda
897:was
879:and
772:and
754:true
750:real
725:and
374:Crow
190:Milk
175:Clan
1848:son
1631:doi
1251:139
1039:or
1031:'s
806:or
794:In
752:or
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