40:
3406:
29:
186:
FDDI requires this network topology because the dual ring actually passes through each connected device and requires each such device to remain continuously operational. The standard actually allows for optical bypasses, but network engineers consider these unreliable and error-prone. Devices such as
157:
An FDDI network contains two rings, one as a secondary backup in case the primary ring fails. The primary ring offers up to 100 Mbit/s capacity. When a network has no requirement for the secondary ring to do backup, it can also carry data, extending capacity to 200 Mbit/s. The single ring
178:
and concentrators rather than host computers, were "dual-attached" to both rings. Host computers then connect as single-attached devices to the routers or concentrators. The dual ring in its most degenerate form simply collapses into a single device. Typically, a computer-room contained the whole
687:
technology in the early to mid 1990s since existing
Ethernet networks only offered 10 Mbit/s data rates and Token Ring networks only offered 4 Mbit/s or 16 Mbit/s rates. Thus it was a relatively high-speed choice of that era, with speeds such as 100 Mbit/s. By 1994, vendors
130:
protocol. In addition to covering large geographical areas, FDDI local area networks can support thousands of users. FDDI offers both a Dual-Attached
Station (DAS), counter-rotating token ring topology and a Single-Attached Station (SAS), token bus passing ring topology.
194:
through a dual-homed connection made simultaneously to two separate devices in the same FDDI ring. One of the connections becomes active while the other one is automatically blocked. If the first connection fails, the backup link takes over with no perceptible delay.
2732:
659:(which would be the protocol data unit in this case) over FDDI. It was first proposed in June 1989 and revised in 1990. Some aspects of the protocol were compatible with the
142:(OSI) model of functional layering using other protocols. The standards process started in the mid 1980s. FDDI-II, a version of FDDI described in 1989, added
116:
that can extend in length up to 200 kilometers (120 mi). Although FDDI logical topology is a ring-based token network, it did not use the IEEE 802.5
2244:
158:
can extend the maximum distance; a dual ring can extend 100 km (62 mi). FDDI had a larger maximum frame size (4,352 bytes) than the standard
547:
2239:
2461:
2249:
1744:
1122:
187:
workstations and minicomputers that might not come under the control of the network managers are not suitable for connection to the dual ring.
307:
1966:
2936:
3041:
2961:
2752:
2747:
2593:
20:
2759:
1065:
1113:
3292:
1482:
1654:
924:
823:
789:
540:
267:
135:
3430:
3361:
3162:
2685:
2068:
1659:
1629:
397:
392:
362:
3006:
2336:
2133:
222:
1457:
469:
412:
337:
2533:
1557:
891:
479:
449:
162:
family, which only supports a maximum frame size of 1,500 bytes, allowing better effective data rates in some cases.
3097:
2269:
533:
464:
257:
652:
85:(Twisted-Pair Physical Medium-Dependent), also referred to as TP-DDI (Twisted-Pair Distributed Data Interface).
3192:
3187:
2946:
2894:
282:
272:
151:
2986:
2316:
1829:
1477:
402:
382:
332:
3435:
322:
317:
312:
3331:
2809:
1106:
672:
499:
459:
327:
2991:
2899:
2849:
2608:
1941:
1936:
1335:
3257:
3202:
2981:
2966:
2224:
1644:
1140:
180:
174:
such as a "dual ring of trees". A small number of devices, typically infrastructure devices such as
3305:
3212:
3001:
2976:
2188:
2183:
697:
352:
292:
190:
As an alternative to using a dual-attached connection, a workstation can obtain the same degree of
3440:
2859:
2401:
2391:
2386:
1961:
1946:
1886:
1320:
1315:
1275:
637:
519:
509:
302:
217:
201:
120:
1072:. National Communications System of the US Department of Defense. August 7, 1996. Archived from
3445:
3409:
3177:
3167:
2296:
1714:
1295:
1099:
693:
387:
237:
779:
92:
which offered the same 100 Mbit/s speeds, but at a much lower cost and, from 1998 on, by
2598:
2108:
1330:
1300:
1193:
1183:
1144:
1136:
1039:
942:
874:
Michael Teener and R. Gvozdanovic (October 10, 1989). "FDDI-II operation and architectures".
514:
287:
3356:
3262:
2996:
2971:
2814:
2655:
2406:
2093:
1896:
1769:
1552:
664:
297:
191:
39:
8:
3197:
728:
ANSI X3.184-1993, Single Mode Fiber
Physical Medium Dependent (SMF-PMD) — also ISO 9314-4
3142:
3077:
1417:
1073:
897:
856:
504:
232:
175:
113:
63:
1971:
920:
887:
819:
785:
656:
432:
208:
143:
109:
59:
901:
2705:
2446:
1774:
1091:
1011:
972:
879:
860:
848:
684:
171:
93:
3315:
3036:
2941:
2695:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2098:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
373:
2603:
2351:
2163:
2026:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1350:
1340:
1070:
671:
that became popular with the
Ethernet family. Thus other protocols such as the
423:
852:
3424:
3391:
3366:
3351:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3112:
3057:
3026:
3016:
2879:
2869:
2839:
2834:
2784:
2764:
2742:
2727:
2680:
2645:
2588:
2583:
2573:
2451:
2396:
2371:
2366:
2346:
2219:
1759:
1198:
1168:
1040:"Wading Through Plethora of Options Poses Challenge for Life on the Fast LAN"
1004:"A Proposed Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over FDDI Networks"
965:"A Proposed Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over FDDI Networks"
689:
89:
67:
917:
Sixth
European Fibre Optic Communications and Local Area Networks Exposition
3252:
3222:
3082:
2426:
2421:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2193:
2138:
2088:
2021:
1976:
1951:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1819:
1784:
1694:
1689:
1517:
1325:
915:
T. Boston (June 29, 1988). "FDDI-II: A High Speed
Integrated Service LAN".
883:
754:
can be used to extend
Ethernet's maximum frame size to 9,000 bytes or more.
342:
3227:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2498:
2415:
1387:
751:
668:
3217:
3122:
2829:
2804:
2568:
2523:
2259:
1916:
1729:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1572:
1547:
1422:
1178:
707:
FDDI installations have largely been replaced by
Ethernet deployments.
660:
641:
490:
117:
876:[1989] Proceedings. 14th Conference on Local Computer Networks
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3346:
3336:
3297:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3117:
3107:
3092:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3011:
2956:
2951:
2931:
2909:
2889:
2844:
2824:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2737:
2700:
2690:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2650:
2635:
2630:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2493:
2488:
2436:
2431:
2411:
2381:
2356:
2341:
2311:
2264:
2254:
2234:
2229:
2214:
2209:
2123:
1844:
1839:
1734:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1016:
1003:
977:
964:
139:
124:
931:
Reprinted in Fiber Optic
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) 1984-1991
123:
as its basis; instead, its protocol was derived from the IEEE 802.4
3021:
2799:
2503:
2331:
2168:
2158:
2143:
2118:
2103:
2078:
2073:
1956:
1931:
1926:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1891:
1856:
1851:
1834:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1779:
1764:
1754:
1749:
1739:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1649:
1634:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1542:
1537:
1527:
1522:
1512:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1462:
1452:
1345:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
725:
ANSI X3.166-1989, Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) — also ISO 9314-3
645:
159:
44:
813:
777:
3310:
3102:
3087:
2884:
2874:
2864:
2640:
2456:
2301:
2289:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1355:
1310:
1305:
1290:
1285:
1280:
873:
734:
ANSI X3.263-1995, Twisted Pair Physical Medium Dependent (TP-PMD)
722:
ANSI X3.148-1988, Physical Layer Protocol (PHY) — also ISO 9314-1
146:
capability to the network so that it could also handle voice and
19:"FDDI" redirects here. For the Indian educational institute, see
28:
3172:
3157:
3152:
3147:
2819:
2794:
2722:
2578:
2563:
2543:
2538:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2361:
2326:
2173:
1824:
1639:
1203:
453:
347:
246:
226:
105:
74:
719:
ANSI X3.139-1987, Media Access Control (MAC) — also ISO 9314-2
3207:
3182:
2904:
2789:
2660:
2441:
2306:
2178:
2153:
2148:
2128:
1502:
1472:
1467:
1188:
1173:
1163:
1158:
474:
252:
147:
731:
ANSI X3.229-1994, Station Management (SMT) — also ISO 9314-6
179:
dual ring, although some implementations deployed FDDI as a
2854:
2717:
2710:
2376:
2321:
1921:
1532:
701:
442:
437:
407:
357:
277:
242:
33:
816:
FDDI and FDDI-II: architecture, protocols, and performance
3341:
3031:
2083:
262:
88:
FDDI was effectively made obsolete in local networks by
16:
Standard for data transmission in a local area network
81:(Copper Distributed Data Interface), standardized as
1121:
781:
Optical Fiber Communication: Principles and Systems
150:signals. Work started to connect FDDI networks to
96:due to its speed, even lower cost, and ubiquity.
3422:
784:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 241–249.
778:A. Selvarajan; Subrat Kar; T. Srinivas (2003).
696:, Network Peripherals, SysKonnect (acquired by
170:Designers normally constructed FDDI rings in a
1107:
814:Bernhard Albert; Anura P. Jayasumana (1994).
541:
940:
839:Floyd Ross (May 1986). "FDDI - A tutorial".
70:as its standard underlying physical medium.
1037:
655:defined a standard for transmission of the
47:bus (PHY is on a separate bulkhead module).
1114:
1100:
838:
548:
534:
1066:"fiber distributed data interface (FDDI)"
1015:
1001:
976:
962:
914:
847:(5). IEEE Communications Society: 10–17.
683:FDDI was considered an attractive campus
21:Footwear Design and Development Institute
38:
27:
636:The frame check sequence uses the same
3423:
997:
995:
77:cable, in which case it may be called
1095:
136:American National Standards Institute
919:. Information Gatekeepers: 123–126.
773:
771:
611:Protocol (or packet) data unit, PDU
138:X3T9.5 (now X3T12), conforms to the
992:
73:It was also later specified to use
13:
943:"Fiber Distributed Data Interface"
627:End delimiter/frame status, ED/FS
43:Single-attach FDDI controller for
14:
3457:
768:
3405:
3404:
52:Fiber Distributed Data Interface
1058:
1031:
675:(ARP) could be common as well.
653:Internet Engineering Task Force
560:
1038:Mark Miller (March 21, 1994).
956:
934:
908:
867:
832:
807:
798:
745:
152:synchronous optical networking
99:
1:
761:
678:
710:
140:Open Systems Interconnection
7:
3431:Computer network technology
673:Address Resolution Protocol
165:
32:Dual-attach FDDI board for
10:
3462:
667:. For example, the 48-bit
619:Frame check sequence, FCS
18:
3400:
3324:
3050:
2202:
1151:
1133:
853:10.1109/MCOM.1986.1093085
715:FDDI standards included:
181:metropolitan area network
104:FDDI provides a 100
1046:. pp. 41, 44, 46–49
878:. IEEE. pp. 49–61.
738:
698:Marvell Technology Group
595:Destination address, DA
144:circuit-switched service
1002:Dave Katz (June 1989).
963:Dave Katz (June 1989).
841:Communications Magazine
638:cyclic redundancy check
566:FDDI data frame format
202:Internet protocol suite
884:10.1109/LCN.1989.65243
694:National Semiconductor
134:FDDI, as a product of
48:
36:
108:optical standard for
42:
31:
665:logical link control
614:Up to 4478 × 8 bits
579:Start delimiter, SD
154:(SONET) technology.
58:) is a standard for
3436:Local area networks
603:Source address, SA
567:
1127:by standard number
941:Wolfgang Schulte.
587:Frame control, FC
565:
114:local area network
64:local area network
49:
37:
3418:
3417:
1141:ISO romanizations
926:978-1-56851-055-2
825:978-0-89006-633-1
791:978-1-259-08220-7
657:Internet Protocol
634:
633:
558:
557:
209:Application layer
110:data transmission
60:data transmission
3453:
3408:
3407:
1128:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1076:on March 4, 2016
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:10.17487/RFC1188
999:
990:
989:
987:
985:
980:
978:10.17487/RFC1103
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
938:
932:
930:
912:
906:
905:
871:
865:
864:
836:
830:
829:
818:. Artech House.
811:
805:
804:ANSI X3.263-1995
802:
796:
795:
775:
755:
749:
685:backbone network
568:
564:
550:
543:
536:
198:
197:
172:network topology
94:Gigabit Ethernet
3461:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3396:
3320:
3046:
2198:
1147:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1000:
993:
983:
981:
961:
957:
947:
945:
939:
935:
927:
913:
909:
894:
872:
868:
837:
833:
826:
812:
808:
803:
799:
792:
776:
769:
764:
759:
758:
750:
746:
741:
713:
681:
563:
554:
374:Transport layer
168:
102:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3441:Link protocols
3438:
3433:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1057:
1030:
991:
955:
933:
925:
907:
892:
866:
831:
824:
806:
797:
790:
766:
765:
763:
760:
757:
756:
743:
742:
740:
737:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
712:
709:
680:
677:
632:
631:
628:
624:
623:
620:
616:
615:
612:
608:
607:
604:
600:
599:
596:
592:
591:
588:
584:
583:
580:
576:
575:
572:
562:
559:
556:
555:
553:
552:
545:
538:
530:
527:
526:
525:
524:
517:
512:
507:
502:
494:
493:
487:
486:
485:
484:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
447:
446:
445:
440:
427:
426:
424:Internet layer
420:
419:
418:
417:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
377:
376:
370:
369:
368:
367:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
240:
235:
230:
220:
212:
211:
205:
204:
167:
164:
101:
98:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3458:
3447:
3446:ISO standards
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:IEC standards
1142:
1138:
1137:ISO standards
1132:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1045:
1044:Network World
1041:
1034:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
996:
979:
974:
970:
966:
959:
944:
937:
928:
922:
918:
911:
903:
899:
895:
893:0-8186-1968-6
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
835:
827:
821:
817:
810:
801:
793:
787:
783:
782:
774:
772:
767:
753:
748:
744:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
717:
716:
708:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:Cisco Systems
686:
676:
674:
670:
669:MAC addresses
666:
663:standard for
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
617:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
601:
597:
594:
593:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
577:
573:
571:Preamble, PA
570:
569:
551:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
531:
529:
528:
523:
522:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
492:
489:
488:
483:
482:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
455:
451:
448:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
431:
430:
429:
428:
425:
422:
421:
416:
415:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
379:
378:
375:
372:
371:
366:
365:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
248:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
228:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
214:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
188:
184:
182:
177:
173:
163:
161:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
97:
95:
91:
90:Fast Ethernet
86:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
68:optical fiber
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3263:27000 series
2113:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:the original
1069:
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1043:
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1007:
982:. Retrieved
968:
958:
946:. Retrieved
936:
916:
910:
875:
869:
844:
840:
834:
815:
809:
800:
780:
752:Jumbo frames
747:
714:
706:
682:
650:
635:
561:Frame format
520:
480:
413:
363:
189:
185:
169:
156:
133:
127:
103:
87:
82:
78:
72:
55:
51:
50:
25:
3051:20000–29999
2203:10000–19999
128:timed token
100:Description
3425:Categories
2830:16949 (TS)
2427:11941 (TR)
1125:standards
1080:August 15,
1050:August 15,
1023:August 15,
984:August 15,
762:References
679:Deployment
661:IEEE 802.2
642:Token Ring
491:Link layer
192:resilience
118:Token Ring
66:. It uses
2785:15926 WIP
2149:9592/9593
2074:9000/9001
1962:8805/8806
948:April 20,
711:Standards
688:included
125:token bus
3410:Category
1135:List of
1010:. IETF.
1008:RFC 1183
971:. IETF.
969:RFC 1103
902:29459918
646:Ethernet
630:16 bits
622:32 bits
606:48 bits
598:48 bits
574:16 bits
166:Topology
160:Ethernet
121:protocol
3311:29199-2
3183:23094-2
3178:23094-1
3168:23090-3
3037:19794-5
3032:19775-1
2820:16612-2
2810:16355-1
2499:13406-2
2457:12234-2
2225:10118-3
861:6989611
700:), and
590:8 bits
582:8 bits
521:more...
505:Tunnels
481:more...
414:more...
364:more...
353:TLS/SSL
308:ONC/RPC
245: (
176:routers
3325:30000+
2164:9797-1
1972:8820-5
1917:8501-1
1473:1073-2
1468:1073-1
1152:1–9999
923:
900:
890:
859:
822:
788:
348:Telnet
247:HTTP/3
106:Mbit/s
83:TP-PMD
75:copper
3392:80000
3387:56000
3382:55000
3377:50001
3372:45001
3367:42010
3362:40500
3357:39075
3352:38500
3347:37001
3342:32000
3337:31000
3332:30170
3316:29500
3306:29148
3302:29110
3298:28000
3293:27729
3288:27006
3283:27005
3278:27002
3273:27001
3268:27000
3258:26324
3253:26300
3248:26262
3243:26000
3238:25964
3233:25178
3228:24728
3223:24707
3218:24617
3213:24613
3208:24517
3203:23941
3198:23360
3193:23271
3188:23270
3173:23092
3163:23009
3158:23008
3153:23003
3148:23000
3143:22537
3138:22395
3133:22301
3128:22300
3123:22275
3118:22000
3113:21827
3108:21500
3103:21122
3098:21047
3093:21001
3088:21000
3083:20830
3078:20802
3073:20400
3068:20121
3063:20022
3058:20000
3042:19831
3027:19770
3022:19757
3017:19752
3012:19600
3007:19510
3002:19509
2997:19508
2992:19507
2987:19506
2982:19505
2977:19503
2972:19502
2967:19501
2962:19500
2957:19439
2952:19407
2947:19136
2942:19125
2937:19115
2932:19114
2915:19092
2910:19011
2905:19005
2900:18916
2895:18629
2890:18245
2885:18181
2880:18014
2875:18004
2870:17799
2865:17506
2860:17442
2855:17369
2850:17203
2845:17100
2840:17025
2835:17024
2825:16750
2815:16485
2805:16262
2800:16023
2795:15938
2790:15930
2780:15926
2775:15924
2770:15919
2765:15897
2760:15707
2748:15706
2743:15693
2738:15686
2733:15511
2728:15504
2723:15438
2718:15445
2701:15444
2696:15408
2691:15398
2686:15291
2681:15288
2676:15189
2671:15022
2666:14971
2661:14882
2656:14764
2651:14698
2646:14651
2641:14649
2636:14644
2631:14617
2579:14496
2574:14443
2569:14396
2564:14289
2559:14224
2554:14031
2549:14000
2544:13818
2539:13816
2534:13616
2529:13584
2524:13568
2519:13567
2514:13490
2509:13485
2504:13450
2494:13399
2489:13250
2484:13216
2467:13211
2462:12620
2452:12207
2447:12182
2442:12052
2437:12006
2432:11992
2422:11941
2412:11940
2407:11898
2402:11889
2397:11801
2392:11785
2387:11784
2382:11783
2377:11544
2372:11404
2367:11179
2362:11172
2357:11170
2352:11073
2347:10967
2342:10962
2337:10957
2332:10861
2327:10746
2322:10664
2317:10646
2312:10628
2307:10589
2302:10585
2297:10383
2265:10303
2260:10279
2255:10218
2250:10206
2245:10179
2240:10165
2235:10161
2230:10160
2220:10116
2215:10007
2210:10006
898:S2CID
857:S2CID
739:Notes
475:IPsec
253:HTTPS
148:video
62:in a
2290:-238
2194:9995
2189:9985
2184:9984
2179:9945
2174:9899
2169:9897
2159:9660
2154:9594
2144:9564
2139:9529
2134:9506
2129:9496
2124:9407
2119:9362
2114:9314
2109:9293
2104:9241
2099:9227
2094:9141
2089:9126
2084:9075
2079:9036
2069:8879
2022:-8-I
1977:8859
1967:8807
1957:8691
1952:8652
1947:8651
1942:8632
1937:8613
1932:8601
1927:8583
1922:8571
1912:8373
1907:8217
1902:8178
1897:8093
1892:8000
1887:7942
1882:7816
1877:7813
1872:7812
1867:7811
1862:7810
1857:7736
1852:7637
1840:7498
1835:7200
1830:7185
1825:7098
1820:7064
1815:7027
1810:7010
1805:7002
1800:7001
1795:6943
1790:6709
1785:6523
1780:6438
1775:6429
1770:6425
1765:6385
1760:6373
1755:6346
1750:6344
1745:6166
1740:5964
1735:5807
1730:5800
1725:5776
1720:5775
1715:5725
1710:5428
1705:5427
1700:5426
1695:5218
1690:4909
1685:4217
1680:4165
1675:4157
1670:4031
1665:3977
1660:3950
1655:3901
1650:3864
1645:3602
1640:3601
1635:3307
1630:3297
1608:3166
1603:3103
1598:3029
1593:2921
1588:2852
1583:2848
1578:2788
1573:2720
1568:2711
1563:2709
1558:2533
1553:2281
1548:2240
1543:2146
1538:2145
1533:2108
1528:2047
1523:2033
1518:2022
1513:2015
1508:2014
1503:1989
1498:1745
1493:1629
1488:1538
1483:1413
1478:1155
1463:1007
1458:1004
1453:1000
1276:68-1
1082:2013
1052:2013
1025:2013
986:2013
950:2021
921:ISBN
888:ISBN
820:ISBN
786:ISBN
702:3Com
651:The
644:and
470:IGMP
450:ICMP
408:QUIC
403:RSVP
398:SCTP
393:DCCP
358:XMPP
338:SNMP
333:SMTP
318:RTSP
293:OSPF
283:NNTP
278:MQTT
273:MGCP
268:LDAP
258:IMAP
243:HTTP
223:DHCP
79:CDDI
56:FDDI
34:SBus
2624:-20
2619:-17
2614:-14
2609:-12
2604:-11
2599:-10
2285:-28
2280:-22
2275:-21
2270:-11
2062:-16
2057:-15
2052:-14
2047:-13
2042:-12
2037:-11
2032:-10
1448:999
1443:965
1438:898
1433:860
1428:843
1423:838
1418:764
1413:732
1408:704
1403:690
1398:668
1393:657
1388:646
1356:639
1351:519
1346:518
1341:500
1336:361
1331:306
1326:302
1321:262
1316:261
1311:259
1306:233
1301:228
1296:226
1291:217
1286:216
1281:128
1269:-13
1264:-12
1259:-11
1254:-10
1123:ISO
1012:doi
973:doi
880:doi
849:doi
640:as
515:MAC
510:PPP
500:ARP
465:ECN
460:NDP
388:UDP
383:TCP
343:SSH
328:SIP
323:RIP
313:RTP
303:PTP
298:POP
288:NTP
263:IRC
238:FTP
233:DNS
218:BGP
112:in
45:XMI
3427::
2925:-2
2920:-1
2753:-2
2711:-9
2706:-3
2594:-6
2589:-3
2584:-2
2477:-2
2472:-1
2416:-2
2027:-9
2017:-8
2012:-7
2007:-6
2002:-5
1997:-4
1992:-3
1987:-2
1982:-1
1845:-1
1623:-3
1618:-2
1613:-1
1381:-6
1376:-5
1371:-3
1366:-2
1361:-1
1249:-9
1244:-8
1239:-7
1234:-6
1229:-5
1224:-4
1219:-3
1214:-1
1209:-0
1204:31
1199:17
1194:16
1143:–
1139:–
1068:.
1042:.
1006:.
994:^
967:.
896:.
886:.
855:.
845:24
843:.
770:^
704:.
692:,
648:.
454:v6
443:v6
438:v4
433:IP
227:v6
183:.
2418:)
2414:(
1189:9
1184:7
1179:6
1174:4
1169:3
1164:2
1159:1
1115:e
1108:t
1101:v
1084:.
1054:.
1027:.
1014::
988:.
975::
952:.
929:.
904:.
882::
863:.
851::
828:.
794:.
549:e
542:t
535:v
456:)
452:(
249:)
229:)
225:(
54:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
