Female infertility

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infertility included the South American countries of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, as well as in Poland, Kenya, and Republic of Korea. The highest rate regions included Eastern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Oceania, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The prevalence of primary infertility has increased since 1990, but secondary infertility has decreased overall. Rates decreased (although not prevalence) of female infertility in high-income, Central/Eastern Europe, and Central Asia regions. Female infertility is prevalent across the globe.

1240:, that we see only the uterus. This test is used to check if the tubes are permeable or if there is any obstacle in the path to the uterus. We have to introduce a liquid contrast via vagina, and we check its path via x-ray. If the tube is blocked, the contrast liquid will be stopped in the tubes, but if it's not blocked, it will end in the abdominal cavity. The flow of this contrast needs peristaltic movements. This blockage can be produced by sexually transmitted infections, previous surgery, peritonitis or endometriosis. 199:. Also, cigarette smoking interferes with folliculogenesis, embryo transport, endometrial receptivity, endometrial angiogenesis, uterine blood flow and the uterine myometrium. Some damage is irreversible, but stopping smoking can prevent further damage. Smokers are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers. Smoking reduces the chances of IVF producing a live birth by 34% and increases the risk of an IVF pregnancy miscarrying by 30%. Also, female smokers have an earlier onset of 249:

approximately 800 live births for normal weight and 690 live births for overweight and obese anovulatory women. For ovulatory women, the study counted approximately 700 live births for normal weight, 550 live births for overweight and 530 live births for obese women. The increase in cost per live birth in anovulatory overweight and obese women were, respectively, 54 and 100% higher than their normal weight counterparts, for ovulatory women they were 44 and 70% higher, respectively.

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do males. The psychological support is fundamental to limit the possibility to drop-out from infertility treatment and reduce the distress level which is strongly associated with lower pregnancy rates. In addition some medications (in particular clomifene citrate) used in the treatment have several side effects which may be an important risk factor for the development of depression.

1226:. A randomized study in 2013 came to the result that the rates of intrauterine pregnancy two years after treatment of ectopic pregnancy are approximately 64% with radical surgery, 67% with medication, and 70% with conservative surgery. In comparison, the cumulative pregnancy rate of women under 40 years of age in the general population over two years is over 90%. 1877:, anxiety, and shame. In addition, blame for not being able to conceive is often put on the female, even if it is the man who is infertile. Women who are not able to conceive can be starved, beaten, and may be neglected financially by her husband as if she had no child bearing use to him. The physical abuse related to infertility may result from this and the 1844:

Women may also sleep with other men in hopes of becoming pregnant. This can be done for many reasons including advice from a traditional healer, or finding if another man was "more compatible". In many cases, the husband was not aware of the extra sexual relations and would not be informed if a woman

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surrounding pregnancy, which affects women around the world. When pregnancy is considered such an important event in life, and considered a "socially unacceptable condition", it can lead to a search for treatment in the form of traditional healers and expensive Western treatments. The limited access

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state that: "A woman of reproductive age who has not conceived after 1 year of unprotected vaginal sexual intercourse, in the absence of any known cause of infertility, should be offered further clinical assessment and investigation along with her partner." It is recommended that a consultation with

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Many women have reported finding treatment for infertility stressful and a cause of relationship difficulties with their partners. The fear of failure was the most important barrier to treatment. Females, in studied cases, typically experience more adverse effects of infertility and treatments than

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in attempt to find a new partner with whom to bear a child. Infertility in many cultures is a reason for divorce, and a way for a man or woman to increase his/her chances of producing an heir. When a woman is divorced, she can lose her security that often comes with land, wealth, and a family. This

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in the first year after menarche, 50% in the third and 10% in the sixth year. A woman's fertility peaks in the early and mid 20s, after which it starts to decline, with this decline being accelerated after age 35. However, the exact estimates of a woman's chances to conceive after a certain age are

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In some cultures, including Botswana and Nigeria, women can select a woman with whom she allows her husband to sleep with in hopes of conceiving a child. Women who are desperate for children may compromise with her husband to select a woman and accept duties of taking care of the children to feel

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and Pakistan. In the United States, and all over the world, infertility and women's infertility at large is an invisible yet debilitating disease that is stigmatized and looked down upon. But, in recent years many have begun to sue organizations for infertility insurance coverage, as the Americans

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poses a high risk of infertility. Chemotherapies with high risk of infertility include procarbazine and other alkylating drugs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, melphalan, chlorambucil and chlormethine. Drugs with medium risk include doxorubicin and platinum analogs such as cisplatin

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Men in some countries may find another wife when their first cannot produce a child, hoping that by sleeping with more women he will be able to produce his own child. This can be prevalent in some societies, including Cameroon, Nigeria, Mozambique, Egypt, Botswana, and Bangladesh, among many more

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Sub-Saharan Africa has had decreasing levels of primary infertility from 1990 to 2010. Within the Sub-Saharan region, rates were lowest in Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Rwanda, while the highest rates were in Guinea, Mozambique, Angola, Gabon, and Cameroon along with Northern Africa near the Middle East.

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typically occurs between 44 and 58 years of age. DNA testing is rarely carried out to confirm claims of maternity at advanced ages, but in one large study, among 12,549 African and Middle Eastern immigrant mothers, confirmed by DNA testing, only two mothers were found to be older than fifty, the

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in women. It affects an estimated 48 million women, with the highest prevalence of infertility affecting women in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa/Middle East, and Central/Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Infertility is caused by many sources, including nutrition, diseases, and other

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behind being unable to bear children. The range of psychological issues pertaining to infertility in women is vast and can include inferiority complex, stress with interpersonal relationships, and possibly major depression and or anxiety. With the impacts of infertility on social life, cultural

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Female infertility varies widely by geographic location around the world. In 2010, there was an estimated 48.5 million infertile couples worldwide, and from 1990 to 2010 there was little change in levels of infertility in most of the world. In 2010, the countries with the lowest rates of female

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The prevalence of female infertility in the Latin America/Caribbean region is typically lower than the global prevalence. However, the greatest rates occurred in Jamaica, Suriname, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago. Central and Western Latin America has some of the lowest rates of prevalence. The

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A review from 2010 concluded that overweight and obese subfertile women have a reduced probability of successful fertility treatment and their pregnancies are associated with more complications and higher costs. In hypothetical groups of 1,000 women undergoing fertility care, the study counted

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Robert J. Leke, Jemimah A. Oduma, Susana Bassol-Mayagoitia, Angela Maria Bacha, and Kenneth M. Grigor. "Regional and Geographical Variations in Infertility: Effects of Environmental, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Factors" Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements (101) (Suppl. 2): 73-80

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is the leading cause of acquired infertility. A meta-analysis in 2012 came to the conclusion that there is only little evidence for the surgical principle that using less invasive techniques, introducing less foreign bodies or causing less ischemia reduces the extent and severity of

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Fertility does not ultimately cease before menopause, but it starts declining after age 27 and drops at a somewhat greater rate after age 35. Women whose biological mothers had unusual or abnormal issues related to conceiving may be at particular risk for some conditions, such as

327:(ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples. ASA production are directed against surface antigens on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and 103:

of female infertility (such as smoking, mentioned further below) does not necessarily cause infertility, and even if a woman is definitely infertile, the infertility cannot definitely be blamed on any single risk factor even if the risk factor is (or has been) present.

1537:. Reproductive endocrinologists are usually obstetrician/gynecologists with advanced training in reproductive endocrinology and infertility (in North America). These physicians treat reproductive disorders affecting not only women but also men, children, and teens. 1807:

if she did not bear any children In some African and Asian countries a husband can deprive his infertile wife of food, shelter and other basic necessities like clothing. In Cameroon, a woman may lose access to land from her husband and left on her own in old age.

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and carboplatin. On the other hand, therapies with low risk of gonadotoxicity include plant derivatives such as vincristine and vinblastine, antibiotics such as bleomycin and dactinomycin and antimetabolites such as methotrexate, mercaptopurine and 5-fluorouracil.

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Caburet, Sandrine; Arboleda, Valerie A.; Llano, Elena; Overbeek, Paul A.; Barbero, Jose Luis; Oka, Kazuhiro; Harrison, Wilbur; Vaiman, Daniel; Ben-Neriah, Ziva; García-Tuñón, Ignacio; Fellous, Marc; Pendás, Alberto M.; Veitia, Reiner A.; Vilain, Eric (2014).

1767:. The act of conceiving a child can be linked to the couple's consummation of marriage, and reflect their social role in society. This is seen in the "African infertility belt", where infertility is prevalent in Africa which includes countries spanning from 186:

is harmful to the ovaries, and the degree of damage is dependent upon the amount and length of time a woman smokes or is exposed to a smoke-filled environment. Nicotine and other harmful chemicals in cigarettes interfere with the body's ability to create

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and ICMART is "a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse." Infertility can further be broken down into primary and secondary infertility.

238:. Too much body fat causes production of too much estrogen and the body begins to react as if it is on birth control, limiting the odds of getting pregnant. Too little body fat causes insufficient production of estrogen and disruption of the 1837:

where polygamy is more common and more socially acceptable. In couples that are unsuccessful in conceiving, divorce rates are roughly 3.5 times higher than those of couples who are fertile. This was based on those with female infertility.

366:. A review of type 1 diabetes came to the result that, despite modern treatment, women with diabetes are at increased risk of female infertility, such as reflected by delayed puberty and menarche, menstrual irregularities (especially 865: 339:. Factors contributing to the formation of antisperm antibodies in women are disturbance of normal immunoregulatory mechanisms, infection, violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes, rape and unprotected oral or anal sex. 1792:

with Disabilities Act (ADA) has recognized infertility as a disability. This however adds another stigmatization to women suffering from infertility as the word disability has a negative connotation in various world societies.

2633: 1129:•2 of these 3 criteria: 1) Anovulation/oligovulation 2) Hyperandrogenism 3) PCO Ultrasound •Must be excluded: o Congenital Suprarenal hyperplasia o Androgen producer tumors o Hyperprolactinemia Some of PCOS's consequences are: 2200: 162:

not clear, with research giving differing results. The chances of a couple to successfully conceive at an advanced age depend on many factors, including the general health of a woman and the fertility of the male partner.

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causes female infertility, as shown in table below. Also, there are additional conditions involving female infertility which are believed to be genetic but where no single gene has been found to be responsible, notably

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Farhi J, Valentine A, Bahadur G, Shenfield F, Steele SJ, Jacobs HS (1995). "In-vitro cervical mucus-sperm penetration tests and outcome of infertility treatments in couples with repeatedly negative post-coital tests".

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The Evian Annual Reproduction (EVAR) Workshop Group 2010; Fauser, B. C. J. M.; Diedrich, K.; Bouchard, P.; Domínguez, F.; Matzuk, M.; Franks, S.; Hamamah, S.; Simón, C.; Devroey, P.; Ezcurra, D.; Howles, C. M. (2011).

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Boggula VR, Hanukoglu I, Sagiv R, Enuka Y, Hanukoglu A (October 2018). "Expression of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the endometrium - Implications for fertility in a patient with pseudohypoaldosteronism".

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tradition, pregnancy and birth are considered major life events for a woman, with the ceremonies of nthaa'ra and ntha'ara no mwana, which can only be attended by women who have been pregnant and have had a baby.

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became pregnant by another man. This is not as culturally acceptable however, and can contribute to the gendered suffering of women who have fewer options to become pregnant on their own as opposed to men.

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Raval, H.; Slade, P.; Buck, P.; Lieberman, B. E. (1987-10). "The impact of infertility on emotions and the marital and sexual relationship". Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 5 (4): 221–234.

1244:•Permeability Hysterosalpingography (HSG) Ultrasoud + Hysterosonosalpingography (HSSG) Chlamydia serology Laparoscopy: methylene blue •Tubal examination (endoscopy): laparoscopy, faloscopy, fertiloscopy 265:

the amount of radiation absorbed by the ovaries will determine if she becomes infertile. High doses can destroy some or all of the eggs in the ovaries and might cause infertility or early menopause.

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Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A (April 2003). "Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart".

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issues come from the man. In addition, many societies only tend to value a woman if she is able to produce at least one child, and a marriage can be considered a failure when the couple cannot

1359:, that is, have an improper set of chromosomes. Human genetic variants that likely cause dysregulation of critical meiotic processes have been identified in 14 female infertility associated 4956: 432:

reduces the risk. Some authors suggest that physicians should investigate the presence of undiagnosed coeliac disease in women with unexplained infertility, recurrent miscarriage or IUGR.

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Guven MA, Dilek U, Pata O, Dilek S, Ciragil P (2007). "Prevalence of Chlamydia trochomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infections in the unexplained infertile women".

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McQuillian, J., Greil, A.L., White, L., Jacob, M.C. (2003). "Frustrated Fertility: Infertility and Psychological Distress among Women." Journal of Marriage and Family (65;4): 1007-1018.

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In Asia, the highest rates of combined secondary and primary infertility were in the South Central region, and then in the Southeast region, with the lowest rates in the Western areas.

509:(MRKH). Finally, an unknown number of genetic mutations cause a state of subfertility, which in addition to other factors such as environmental ones may manifest as frank infertility. 1561:

should be made earlier if the woman is aged 36 years or over, or there is a known clinical cause of infertility or a history of predisposing factors for infertility. According to the

242:. Both under and overweight women have irregular cycles in which ovulation does not occur or is inadequate. Proper nutrition in early life is also a major factor for later fertility. 3674:

Huang, Hua-Lin; Lv, Chao; Zhao, Ying-Chun; Li, Wen; He, Xue-Mei; Li, Ping; Sha, Ai-Guo; Tian, Xiao; Papasian, Christopher J.; Deng, Hong-Wen; Lu, Guang-Xiu; Xiao, Hong-Mei (2014).

2418: 2207: 289:. This loss is not necessarily a direct effect of the chemotherapeutic agents, but could be due to an increased rate of growth initiation to replace damaged developing follicles. 245:

A study in the US indicated that approximately 20% of infertile women had a past or current eating disorder, which is five times higher than the general lifetime prevalence rate.

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refers to the inability to give birth either because of not being able to become pregnant, or carry a child to live birth, which may include miscarriage or a stillborn child.

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Wealth is sometimes measured by the number of children a woman has, as well as inheritance of property. Children can influence financial security in many ways. In Nigeria and

1565:(WHO), infertility can be described as the inability to become pregnant, maintain a pregnancy, or carry a pregnancy to live birth. A clinical definition of infertility by the 899: 214:

are a leading cause of infertility. They often display few, if any visible symptoms, with the risk of failing to seek proper treatment in time to prevent decreased fertility.

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Inhorn, M. C. (2003). "Global infertility and the globalization of new reproductive technologies: illustrations from Egypt." Social Science & Medicine (56): 1837 - 1851.

600: 1003: 956: 4338:"The International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Revised Glossary on ART Terminology, 2009" 6197: 5780: 1552:

There is no unanimous definition of female infertility, because the definition depends on social and physical characteristics which may vary by culture and situation.

2290:"International variability in ages at menarche, first livebirth, and menopause. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives" 1635:

will impair fertility; obtaining prompt treatment for sexually transmitted infections reduces the likelihood that such infections will do significant damage. Regular

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Sternke, Elizabeth A.; Abrahamson, Kathleen (2015-03-01). "Perceptions of Women with Infertility on Stigma and Disability". Sexuality and Disability. 33 (1): 3–17.

4949: 1909:. The long-term stress involved in attempting to conceive a child and the social pressures behind giving birth can lead to emotional distress that may manifest as 1370:. This insufficiency is a heterogeneous disease that affects about 1% of women who are under the age of 40. Some instances of female infertility are caused by 889:

46,XY male-to-female sex reversal and streak gonads and congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia; 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis and 46,XX primary ovarian insufficiency

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Matthews A. M.; Matthews R. (1986). "Beyond the Mechanics of Infertility: Perspectives on the Social Psychology of Infertility and Involuntary Childlessness".

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and Nigeria where infertile women have been treated as outcasts to society. This is a humiliating practice which devalues infertile women in society. In the

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In many cases, a woman who cannot bear children is excluded from social and cultural events including traditional ceremonies. This stigmatization is seen in

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Khan, Ambreen Rashid (March 2019). "Impact of Infertility on Mental Health of Women" (PDF). The International Journal of Indian Psychology. 7 (1): 804–809.

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is seen in many cultures throughout the world in varying forms. Often, when women cannot conceive, the blame is put on them, even when approximately 50% of

3416:"Oocyte donation in patients with Turner's syndrome: a successful technique but with an accompanying high risk of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy" 4942: 1853:

can ruin marriages and can lead to distrust in the marriage. The increase of sexual partners can potentially result with the spread of disease including

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in the west. In this region, infertility is highly stigmatized and can be considered a failure of the couple to their societies. This is demonstrated in

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Omberlet, W. (2012). "Global access to infertility care in developing countries: a case of human rights, equity and social justice " FVV in ObGyn: 7-16.

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Rutstein, Shea O., and Iqbal H. Shah. "Infecundity, Infertility, and Childlessness in Developing Countries." DHS Comparative Reports No. 9 (2004): 1-57.

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Salooja N, Szydlo RM, Socie G, et al. (2001). "Pregnancy outcomes after peripheral blood or bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective survey".

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Mogobe, D. K. (2005). "Denying and Preserving Self: Batswana Women's Experiences of Infertility." African Journal of Reproductive Health (9;2): 26-37.

4380: 1917:. There can be considerable social shaming that can lead to intense feelings of sadness and frustration that potentially contribute to depression and 6161: 3117:

Qublan HS, Eid SS, Ababneh HA, et al. (2006). "Acquired and inherited thrombophilia: implication in recurrent IVF and embryo transfer failure".

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Forster P, Hohoff C, Dunkelmann B, Schürenkamp M, Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B. (2015) "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers".

1142:. Female infertility caused by anovulation is called "anovulatory infertility", as opposed to "ovulatory infertility" in which ovulation is present. 95:

Although factors of female infertility can be classified as either acquired or genetic, female infertility is usually more or less a combination of

817: 3509: 4517:

Araoye, M. O. (2003). "Epidemiology of infertility: social problems of the infertile couples." West African journal of medicine (22;2): 190-196.

5773: 1034: 178: 3244:

Wallace WH, Thomson AB, Saran F, Kelsey TW (2005). "Predicting age of ovarian failure after radiation to a field that includes the ovaries".

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Sultan C, Biason-Lauber A, Philibert P (January 2009). "Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome: recent clinical and genetic findings".

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Gurgan T, Salman C, Demirol A (October 2008). "Pregnancy and assisted reproduction techniques in men and women after cancer treatment".

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malformations of the uterus. Infertility affects women from around the world, and the cultural and social stigma surrounding it varies.

2231: 113: 1719:

According to a 2004 DHS report, rates in Africa were highest in Middle and Sub-Saharan Africa, with East Africa's rates close behind.

1544:. The practice is primarily focused on helping their women to conceive and to correct any issues related to recurring pregnancy loss. 5766: 4573:

Dyer, S. J. (2012). "The economic impact of infertility on women in developing countries – a systematic review." FVV in ObGyn: 38-45.

2595:"Economic consequences of overweight and obesity in infertility: a framework for evaluating the costs and outcomes of fertility care" 1122: 2396: 913: 905: 650: 478: 1869:

of a woman. The devaluation of a wife due to her inability to conceive can lead to domestic abuse and emotional trauma such as

5875: 943: 924: 631: 581: 568: 5892: 4593:

Gerrits, T. (1997). "Social and cultural aspects of infertility in Mozambique." Patient Education and Counseling (31): 39-48.

1750: 4411: 2992:"Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms" 1881:

that comes with it. In some countries, the emotional and physical abuses that come with infertility can potentially lead to

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Zegers-Hochschild F.; Adamson G.D.; de Mouzon J.; Ishihara O.; Mansour R.; Nygren K.; Sullivan E.; van der Poel S. (2009).

1526: 832: 827: 5953: 5743: 2054:"National, Regional, and Global Trends in Infertility Prevalence Since 1990: A Systematic Analysis of 277 Health Surveys" 870:

X-linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism; dosage-sensitive male-to-female sex reversal

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significance, and psychological factors, “infertility has been classified as one of the greatest stressors of life.”

5963: 5557: 5076: 4624: 2886: 124: 116:(ASRM), age, smoking, sexually transmitted infections, and being overweight or underweight can all affect fertility. 4379:

World Health Organization 2013."Sexual and reproductive health: Infertility definitions and terminology". Available

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to check for problems with sperm surviving in cervical mucous (not commonly used now because of test unreliability).

5943: 5918: 5789: 2907:"Different surgical techniques to reduce post-operative adhesion formation: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 1736:

highest regions in Latin America and the Caribbean were in the Caribbean Islands and in less developed countries.

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Exposure to radiation poses a high risk of infertility, depending on the frequency, power, and exposure duration.

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Apter D (February 1980). "Serum steroids and pituitary hormones in female puberty: a partly longitudinal study".

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have all been associated with decreased fertility. Eating a well-balanced, nutritious diet, with plenty of fresh

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is the most frequent. This happens when there is a presence of fluid on the tubes. We have some ways to test it:

850: 527: 409: 400:. Non-gastrointestinal symptoms of coeliac disease may include disorders of fertility, such as delayed menarche, 6026: 5973: 5171: 4403: 2990:

Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N (2014).

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Biswas, Leelabati; Tyc, Katarzyna; El Yakoubi, Warif; Morgan, Katie; Xing, Jinchuan; Schindler, Karen (2021).

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Brydøy M, Fosså SD, Dahl O, Bjøro T (2007). "Gonadal dysfunction and fertility problems in cancer survivors".

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The emotional strain and stress that comes with infertility in the household can lead to the mistreatment and

297:(FSH) reaches menopausal levels after four series. Other hormonal changes in chemotherapy include decrease in 6130: 5968: 5958: 1367: 1197: 1064: 562: 5870: 4007:"Recurrent first trimester pregnancy loss is associated with uterine septum but not with bicornuate uterus" 1613:, and maintaining a normal weight, on the other hand, have been associated with better fertility prospects. 1534: 1411: 755: 294: 1913:. Women with infertility might deal with psychological stressors such as denial, anger, grief, guilt, and 1286:

was thought to be associated with infertility, but recent studies have not confirmed such an association.

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are cryogenically frozen and ready for her use later in life, reducing her chances of female infertility.

1426: 1209: 375: 2333: 382:. Animal models indicate that abnormalities on the molecular level caused by diabetes include defective 5679: 5412: 5109: 2344:

Dechanet C, Anahory T, Mathieu Daude JC, Quantin X, Reyftmann L, Hamamah S, Hedon B, Dechaud H (2011).

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to treatment in many areas can lead to extreme and sometimes illegal acts in order to produce a child.

1295: 663: 477:, recovery of gonadal function occurs in 10−14% of cases, and the number of pregnancies observed after 2752:"Dynamics and mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced ovarian follicular depletion in women of fertile age" 5728: 5297: 1578:

refers to the inability to conceive or give birth when there was a previous pregnancy or live birth.

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without any known primary cause. It results in negative pregnancy test despite having performed e.g.

1118: 1022: 987: 413: 282: 5245: 3131: 1540:

Usually reproductive endocrinology & infertility medical practices do not see women for general

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Shuiqing M, Xuming B, Jinghe L (2002). "Pregnancy and its outcome in women with malformed uterus".

1187: 1092: 971: 722: 136: 4605:

Whiteford, L. M. (1995). "STIGMA: THE HIDDEN BURDEN OF INFERTILITY." Sot. Sci. Med. (40;1): 27-36.

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Wartofsky L, Van Nostrand D, Burman KD (2006). "Overt and 'subclinical' hypothyroidism in women".

2151:"Age at menarche in Canada: results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children & Youth" 1135:•Higher incidence of spontaneous miscarriage. •Higher risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 6009: 6004: 5989: 5835: 5612: 5562: 5518: 5176: 4046:

Tan Y, Bennett MJ (2007). "Urinary catheter stent placement for treatment of cervical stenosis".

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Restrepo, B.; Cardona-Maya, W. (October 2013). "Antisperm antibodies and fertility association".

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techniques under development to detect any mutation in genes associated with female infertility.

937: 695: 512: 491: 4802: 4774: 3164:"The role of sex steroid hormones, cytokines and the endocannabinoid system in female fertility" 2750:

Rosendahl, M.; Andersen, C.; La Cour Freiesleben, N.; Juul, A.; Løssl, K.; Andersen, A. (2010).

2434: 1873:. Women are sometimes or often blamed as the cause of a couples' infertility, which can lead to 6140: 6074: 6019: 5913: 5902: 5590: 5166: 5005: 4965: 3126: 3043:"Risk of infertility in patients with celiac disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies" 1803:

are decided by the number of children. Also, in some Sub-Saharan countries women may be denied

1697: 1340: 1263: 884: 474: 469:. The radiation dose to the ovaries that generally causes permanent female infertility is 20.3 459: 309: 88:

Causes or factors of female infertility can basically be classified regarding whether they are

48: 4900: 3280: 3204: 2876: 5595: 5449: 5392: 5317: 5255: 5116: 4934: 3503: 1948: 1677: 1575: 1530: 1495: 1049: 838: 290: 2905:

Ten Broek, R. P. G.; Kok- Krant, N.; Bakkum, E. A.; Bleichrodt, R. P.; Van Goor, H. (2012).

6187: 6031: 5923: 5845: 5607: 5032: 1636: 1558: 1300: 1268: 1253: 1150: 324: 286: 866:

Dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1

8: 6043: 5994: 5938: 5933: 5858: 5853: 5718: 5657: 5513: 4849: 4276:"Anti-Mullerian hormone: ovarian reserve testing and its potential clinical implications" 1764: 1688: 1647: 1571: 1529:. If initial treatments are unsuccessful, referral is usually made to physicians who are 1469:, a relatively new surgical technique used for early diagnosis (and immediate treatment). 1213: 1204: 1160: 1112:(as detailed previously) with certain agents have a high risk of toxicity on the ovaries. 993:

Nonsense mutation leads to defective expression of ENaC in the female reproductive tract

348: 332: 586:

Ovarian dysfunction, hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and acromesomelic chondrodysplasia

6192: 6069: 6036: 5585: 5542: 5508: 5444: 5203: 5059: 5015: 4706: 4470: 4445: 4335: 4256: 4244: 4208: 4183: 4154: 4129: 4071: 3822: 3757: 3732: 3708: 3675: 3651: 3618: 3598: 3486: 3461: 3396: 3353: 3308: 3232: 3095: 2675: 2393: 2306: 2289: 2270: 2258: 2177: 2150: 2080: 2053: 1499: 1489: 1097: 169:

oldest mother being 52.1 years at conception (and the youngest mother 10.7 years old).

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In broad sense, acquired factors practically include any factor that is not based on a

96: 4023: 4006: 3956: 3341: 141:

A woman's fertility is affected by her age. The average age of a girl's first period (

6120: 5830: 5825: 5815: 5600: 5498: 5181: 5069: 4871: 4798: 4770: 4620: 4475: 4359: 4305: 4297: 4248: 4213: 4159: 4107: 4063: 4059: 4028: 3987: 3960: 3925: 3863: 3814: 3762: 3713: 3695: 3656: 3638: 3590: 3554: 3546: 3491: 3437: 3388: 3345: 3300: 3261: 3224: 3185: 3144: 3099: 3064: 3023: 2972: 2928: 2882: 2854: 2846: 2808: 2773: 2768: 2751: 2729: 2667: 2616: 2575: 2570: 2553: 2534: 2493: 2458: 2453: 2436: 2367: 2311: 2262: 2225: 2182: 2131: 2085: 2019: 2011: 1914: 1505: 1383: 1283: 1223: 1017: 627: 466: 363: 356: 328: 89: 59: 4854: 4075: 3602: 3400: 3357: 3312: 3236: 3059: 3042: 2679: 2274: 2102: 335:, influence on the implantation process, and impaired growth and development of the 6094: 5999: 5948: 5820: 5810: 5758: 5723: 5652: 5454: 5282: 5049: 4988: 4911: 4791: 4781: 4762: 4737: 4698: 4465: 4457: 4349: 4287: 4260: 4240: 4203: 4195: 4149: 4141: 4099: 4055: 4018: 3952: 3915: 3853: 3826: 3806: 3752: 3744: 3703: 3687: 3646: 3630: 3582: 3536: 3481: 3473: 3427: 3380: 3337: 3292: 3253: 3216: 3175: 3136: 3091: 3054: 3013: 3003: 2962: 2918: 2838: 2804: 2800: 2763: 2719: 2709: 2659: 2606: 2565: 2524: 2485: 2448: 2357: 2301: 2254: 2172: 2162: 2123: 2075: 2065: 2001: 1963: 1878: 1258: 451: 429: 425: 371: 313: 192: 120: 3840:

Fernandez, H.; Capmas, P.; Lucot, J. P.; Resch, B.; Panel, P.; Bouyer, J. (2013).

2403:

By the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). Retrieved on Jan 4, 2009

2051: 1787:

and its social implications. This is also seen in some Muslim societies including

473:

at birth, 18.4 Gy at 10 years, 16.5 Gy at 20 years and 14.3 Gy at 30 years. After

6125: 6084: 5928: 5530: 5473: 5382: 5346: 5287: 5228: 5086: 4997: 4922: 4865: 3889: 3296: 3257: 3220: 2422: 2400: 2070: 1906: 1874: 1553: 1515: 1419: 1404: 1389: 1272: 1174: 1146: 1115:

Many genetic defects (as also detailed previously) also disturb ovarian function.

737: 623: 516: 397: 367: 239: 183: 179:

Women and smoking § Unique gender differences and health effects for Females

4679:

Reproductive Health Outlook (2002). "Infertility: Overview and lessons learned."

4274:

Broer, S. L.; Broekmans, F. J. M.; Laven, J. S. E.; Fauser, B. C. J. M. (2014).

3920: 3903: 3586: 2842: 1403:

Hormone testing, to measure levels of female hormones at certain times during a

727:

Deficiency of follicle-stimulating hormone, primary amenorrhoea and infertility

6089: 5705: 5567: 5459: 5419: 5397: 5233: 5096: 5081: 5025: 2951:"Female reproduction and type 1 diabetes: From mechanisms to clinical findings" 2052:

Mascarenhas M.N.; Flaxman S.R.; Boerma T.; Vanderpoel S.; Stevens G.A. (2012).

1910: 1870: 1866: 1624: 1598: 1586:

Acquired female infertility may be prevented through identified interventions:

1541: 1070: 803:

Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and insomnia, X-linked Kallmann syndrome (KAL1)

607:

Autosomal 46,XY, male-to-female sex reversal (phenotypically perfect females)

523: 4876: 4839: 4795: 4766: 4742: 4725: 3810: 3780: 3748: 3384: 2663: 1639:(including pap smears) help detect early signs of infections or abnormalities. 1339:

specific to germ cells, produces egg cells in women. During meiosis, accurate

6176: 6145: 6048: 5713: 5238: 5223: 5186: 5121: 5039: 4301: 4199: 4130:"Meiosis interrupted: The genetics of female infertility via meiotic failure" 4103: 3699: 3642: 3550: 2850: 2696:

Morgan, S.; Anderson, R. A.; Gourley, C.; Wallace, W. H.; Spears, N. (2012).

2167: 2015: 2006: 1989: 1968: 1922: 1902: 1393: 1344: 1336: 1193: 785: 742:

Isolated premature ovarian failure (POF3) associated with BPES type I; FOXL2

446: 421: 222:

Twelve percent of all infertility cases are a result of a woman either being

146: 4412:"Study speeds up biological clocks / Fertility rates dip after women hit 27" 4354: 4337: 4323: 4292: 4275: 3858: 3841: 3477: 3432: 3415: 3180: 3163: 3140: 3008: 2991: 2967: 2950: 2923: 2906: 2714: 2697: 2611: 2594: 2529: 2512: 2489: 2362: 2345: 6079: 5880: 5632: 5485: 5364: 5272: 5250: 5191: 5126: 5054: 4969: 4479: 4363: 4309: 4252: 4217: 4163: 4067: 4032: 3991: 3964: 3902:

Raga F, Bauset C, Remohi J, Bonilla-Musoles F, Simón C, Pellicer A (1997).

3867: 3818: 3733:"Anovulatory and ovulatory infertility: results with simplified management" 3717: 3660: 3594: 3558: 3495: 3441: 3414:

Bodri D, Vernaeve V, Figueras F, Vidal R, Guillén JJ, Coll O (March 2006).

3392: 3349: 3304: 3265: 3228: 3189: 3148: 3103: 3068: 3027: 2976: 2932: 2858: 2812: 2777: 2733: 2671: 2620: 2579: 2538: 2497: 2462: 2371: 2186: 2135: 2127: 2089: 2023: 1824: 1816: 1784: 1660: 1466: 1433: 1229: 1156:- Ultrasound: antral follicle count (AFC) >6AF - Hormones: FSH, E2, AMH 1109: 918: 707: 274: 258: 40: 31: 4461: 4111: 3929: 3766: 3691: 3634: 2315: 2266: 1355:(euploid) set of chromosomes. About half of all spontaneous abortions are 5797: 5637: 5552: 5525: 5489: 5435: 5356: 5341: 5267: 5154: 5131: 5020: 4895: 3541: 3524: 2435:

Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2008).

1958: 1804: 1760: 1756: 1692: 1478: 1460: 1451: 1139: 591: 470: 223: 158: 100: 76: 44: 4322:

World Health Organization 2013. "Health Topics: Infertility". Available

4145: 4048:

The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

2749: 2476:

Nelson LR, Bulun SE (September 2001). "Estrogen production and action".

6099: 5885: 5738: 5622: 5572: 5494: 5402: 5333: 5218: 5044: 4917: 3018: 1823:

The effect of infertility can lead to social shaming from internal and

1812: 1800: 1371: 1356: 1318: 879: 595: 519:. Oocyte donation is an alternative for patients with Turner syndrome. 391: 227: 64: 4822: 4785: 4710: 3886:

Fertility: assessment and treatment for people with fertility problems

3082:

Middeldorp S (2007). "Pregnancy failure and heritable thrombophilia".

2878:

Principles & Practice of Assisted Reproductive Technology (3 Vols)

712:

Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

668:

Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome (KAL6)

6053: 5863: 5627: 5617: 5503: 4973: 4906: 3785: 2724: 1953: 1921:. The implications behind infertility bear huge consequences for the 1628: 1610: 1482: 1472: 1429:(TSH) level of between 1 and 2 is considered optimal for conception). 1165: 455: 405: 401: 379: 298: 235: 231: 200: 196: 165: 52: 3885: 3281:"Fertility Issues Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation" 3205:"Fertility Issues Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation" 2989: 2552:

Freizinger M, Franko DL, Dacey M, Okun B, Domar AD (November 2008).

1857:, and can actually contribute to future generations of infertility. 1396:. The healthcare provider may order tests, including the following: 976:

Mutations lead to 46,XY females; translocations lead to 46,XX males

6104: 5733: 5439: 4702: 2904: 2343: 1925:

of an infertile woman because of the social pressures and personal

1854: 1796: 1768: 1684:

for many causes of infertility in pre-menopausal women, including:

1620: 1594: 1415: 538: 501: 417: 188: 142: 3943:

Magos A (2002). "Hysteroscopic treatment of Asherman's syndrome".

3162:

Karasu, T.; Marczylo, T. H.; MacCarrone, M.; Konje, J. C. (2011).

1521:

Initial diagnosis and treatment of infertility is usually made by

3842:"Fertility after ectopic pregnancy: The DEMETER randomized trial" 2513:"Reproduction in females: the role of the early life environment" 1918: 1890: 1882: 1849: 1780: 1664: 1602: 1332: 855:

Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism (luteinizing hormone resistance)

387: 352: 127:, which may present as infertility many years later as an adult. 4673: 961:

46,XX, female-to-male sex reversal (individuals contain testes)

923:

Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome (

744:

402C → G mutations associated with human granulosa cell tumours

5374: 5145: 4834: 3901: 1886: 1776: 1454: 1352: 1348: 1236:, in which we can see both the uterus (Hystero) and the tubes. 981: 932: 808: 639: 576: 440: 383: 336: 150: 4964: 4617:

Infertility in a Crowded Country: Hiding Reproduction in India

4088: 3523:

Wang, Jian; Zhang, Wenxiang; Jiang, Hong; Wu, Bai-Lin (2014).

760:

Premature ovarian failure (POF1) associated with premutations

281:

Female infertility by chemotherapy appears to be secondary to

16:

Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception

3161: 2416:

Regulated fertility services: a commissioning aid - June 2009

1926: 1788: 1772: 1659:

A woman can freeze her eggs preserve her fertility. By using

1606: 1306: 1044: 1012: 951: 894: 875: 845: 812: 780: 765: 732: 673: 557: 436: 3615: 3525:"Mutations inHFM1in Recessive Primary Ovarian Insufficiency" 3370: 2695: 1933: 157:), but, in postmenarchal girls, about 80% of the cycles are 4230: 3462:"Contemporary genetic technologies and female reproduction" 1457:, to verify ovulation and inspect the lining of the uterus. 1360: 1029: 998: 860: 795: 750: 717: 702: 688: 658: 613: 534: 497: 3571: 3413: 2148: 1901:

Many infertile women tend to cope with immense stress and

1436:

in the second half of the cycle to help confirm ovulation.

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The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

3278: 3243: 3202: 2593:

Koning AM, Kuchenbecker WK, Groen H, et al. (2010).

2551: 1566: 1463:, which allows the provider to inspect the pelvic organs. 1343:

must occur during two rounds of division to create, upon

1059: 966: 39:

Cumulative percentage and average age for women reaching

4601: 4599: 4375: 4373: 3457:

Unless otherwise specified in boxes, then reference is:

2948: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 125:

intrauterine exposure to toxins during fetal development

4184:"Primary ovarian insufficiency, meiosis and DNA repair" 3904:"Reproductive impact of congenital Müllerian anomalies" 2592: 2554:"The prevalence of eating disorders in infertile women" 2428: 1905:

behind their condition, which can lead to considerable

154: 4513: 4511: 4509: 293:

decreases after three series of chemotherapy, whereas

4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4596: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4370: 2030: 1619:

Identifying and controlling chronic diseases such as

1181: 522:

Some of these gene or chromosome abnormalities cause

5788: 4812: 4682: 3977: 2949:

Codner, E.; Merino, P. M.; Tena-Sempere, M. (2012).

2828: 2649: 1627:

increases fertility prospects. Lifelong practice of

4664: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 3796: 3609: 3040: 2790: 2634:

How Cancer Treatments Can Affect Fertility in Women

2149:Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H (2010). 1650:, that can be mitigated by not delaying parenthood. 217: 4633: 4530: 4486: 4267: 3327: 2983: 2698:"How do chemotherapeutic agents damage the ovary?" 2238: 2113: 1896: 206: 6198:Noninflammatory disorders of female genital tract 6162:Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction 4655: 4329: 3730: 2510: 2103:http://www.fertilityfaq.org/_pdf/magazine1_v4.pdf 1086: 6174: 4576: 4552: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 3522: 3116: 1663:while in the peak reproductive years, a woman's 378:, fewer live born children and possibly earlier 4723: 2287: 1990:"The variability of female reproductive ageing" 649:Hypergonadotrophic, premature ovarian failure ( 4619:. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press. 2346:"Effects of cigarette smoking on reproduction" 1730: 5774: 4950: 4446:"Mother or nothing: the agony of infertility" 4385: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4123: 4121: 3673: 3619:"Mutant Cohesin in Premature Ovarian Failure" 3516: 3034: 2944: 2942: 2691: 2689: 2511:Sloboda, D. M.; Hickey, M.; Hart, R. (2010). 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 481:involving such as procedure is lower than 2%. 234:produce estrogen, in addition to the primary 4224: 4039: 4004: 3936: 3790: 3731:Hull MG, Savage PE, Bromham DR (June 1982). 3565: 3453: 3451: 3110: 3081: 3075: 2900: 2898: 2745: 2743: 1488:A postcoital test, which is done soon after 308:Women may choose between several methods of 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4082: 3895: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3667: 3508:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3041:Lasa, JS; Zubiaurre, I; Soifer, LO (2014). 2475: 619:Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 7 5781: 5767: 4957: 4943: 4170: 4118: 4045: 2939: 2686: 2378: 2322: 1132:•Insulin Resistance in 80% of PCOS women. 114:American Society for Reproductive Medicine 30: 4741: 4724:Doyle, Myles; Carballedo, Angela (2014). 4520: 4469: 4450:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 4353: 4324:http://www.who.int/topics/infertility/en/ 4316: 4291: 4207: 4153: 4022: 3919: 3857: 3756: 3707: 3650: 3540: 3485: 3448: 3431: 3179: 3130: 3058: 3017: 3007: 2966: 2922: 2895: 2767: 2740: 2723: 2713: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2610: 2569: 2528: 2452: 2411: 2409: 2361: 2305: 2176: 2166: 2079: 2069: 2005: 1934:Emotional impact of infertility treatment 1617:Treating or preventing existing diseases. 1054:Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism 1039:Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism 775:Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism 342: 4428: 3874: 2288:Morabia A, Costanza MC (December 1998). 1987: 1123:infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome 904:Hypergonadotrophic, primary amenorrhea ( 507:Mayer-Rokitansky-Küstner-Hauser Syndrome 3942: 2244: 1783:where there is a great pressure put on 1388:Diagnosis of infertility begins with a 1366:A major cause of female infertility is 479:hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 316:of ovarian tissue, oocytes or embryos. 6175: 4233:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 4181: 2638: 2406: 2230:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1739: 1327: 582:Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B 404:, infertility or early menopause; and 5762: 4987: 4938: 4754: 4614: 2870: 2868: 2824: 2822: 1751:Infertility and childlessness stigmas 319: 92:or genetic, or strictly by location. 4409: 3676:"Mutant ZP1 in Familial Infertility" 3279:Tichelli André; Rovó Alicia (2013). 3203:Tichelli André; Rovó Alicia (2013). 1425:Measurements of thyroid function (a 833:Luteinizing hormone beta polypeptide 567:Hypergonadotrophic ovarian failure ( 5744:Persistent genital arousal disorder 4443: 2874: 1593:Excessive exercise, consumption of 1508:to check for uterine abnormalities. 1289: 679:Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 515:causing female infertility include 99:. Also, the presence of any single 13: 4245:10.1097/01.ogx.0000228778.95752.66 3096:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2007.01.005 2865: 2819: 2425:, from the Department of Health UK 2307:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009609 2259:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1980.tb02125.x 1700:in for example tubal abnormalities 1682:assisted reproductive technologies 1527:women's health nurse practitioners 1475:, to check for signs of infection. 1312: 1247: 1182:Tubal (ectopic)/peritoneal factors 1103: 485: 261:is reported to cause infertility. 172: 14: 6209: 5964:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 5558:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 5077:Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 4808: 4730:Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 3246:Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys 1860: 462:, potentially causing infertility 312:prior to chemotherapy, including 5944:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 5919:Autologous endometrial coculture 5790:Assisted reproductive technology 4410:Hall, Carl T. (April 30, 2002). 4060:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2007.00766.x 2769:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.043 2571:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.055 2454:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.035 2394:FERTILITY FACT > Female Risks 2294:American Journal of Epidemiology 1841:accepted and useful in society. 1744: 1591:Maintaining a healthy lifestyle. 218:Body weight and eating disorders 4726:"Infertility and mental health" 4717: 4608: 3998: 3971: 3833: 3773: 3724: 3680:New England Journal of Medicine 3623:New England Journal of Medicine 3529:New England Journal of Medicine 3407: 3364: 3319: 3272: 3196: 3155: 3060:10.1590/S0004-28032014000200014 2784: 2627: 2586: 2545: 2504: 2469: 2337: 1897:Mental and psychological impact 1848:Men and women can also turn to 1831: 1704: 1633:sexually transmitted infections 1481:, to look for abnormalities or 1368:premature ovarian insufficiency 851:LH/choriogonadotrophin receptor 822:Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism 790:Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism 528:androgen insensitivity syndrome 410:intrauterine growth restriction 269: 212:Sexually transmitted infections 207:Sexually transmitted infections 6027:Gamete intrafallopian transfer 5974:Zygote intrafallopian transfer 5172:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding 2805:10.1016/j.placenta.2008.07.007 2281: 2193: 2142: 2107: 2096: 1981: 1676:There is no method to reverse 1374:dysregulation during meiosis. 1087:Hypothalamic-pituitary factors 1081: 771:Gonadotropin releasing hormone 145:) is 12–13 (12.5 years in the 1: 6131:Genetic diagnosis of intersex 5959:Partner-assisted reproduction 4615:Singh, Holly Donahue (2022). 4382:. Retrieved November 5, 2013. 4326:. Retrieved November 5, 2013. 4024:10.1016/S0015-0282(03)01169-5 4005:Proctor JA, Haney AF (2003). 3957:10.1016/s1472-6483(12)60116-3 3892:CG156 - Issued: February 2013 3342:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05482-4 1974: 1581: 1547: 1535:reproductive endocrinologists 1198:endometriosis and infertility 1065:zona pellucida glycoprotein 1 563:Bone morphogenetic protein 15 5268:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea) 5239:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea) 3297:10.1586/17474086.2013.816507 3258:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.11.038 3221:10.1586/17474086.2013.816507 2071:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001356 1671: 1631:reduces the likelihood that 1442:to estimate ovarian reserve. 1377: 900:Premature ovarian failure 1B 756:Fragile X mental retardation 428:(LBW) babies. Nevertheless, 295:follicle stimulating hormone 252: 203:by approximately 1–4 years. 7: 5969:Transvaginal ovum retrieval 5685:Pelvic inflammatory disease 4416:The San Francisco Chronicle 3587:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.007 2843:10.1016/j.acuro.2012.11.003 2399:September 22, 2007, at the 1942: 1731:Latin America and Caribbean 1502:, to check for tube patency 1427:thyroid stimulating hormone 1210:Pelvic inflammatory disease 603:; Drosophila polycomb class 601:Chromobox protein homolog 2 458:causes disturbances in the 376:polycystic ovarian syndrome 191:, a hormone that regulates 107: 10: 6214: 5680:Pelvic congestion syndrome 5110:Fallopian tube obstruction 4182:Veitia, Reiner A. (2020). 2875:Rao, Kamini (2013-09-30). 2831:Actas Urologicas Espanolas 1748: 1523:obstetrician/gynecologists 1381: 1341:segregation of chromosomes 1238:Hysterosonosalphingography 1185: 1004:SRY-related HMB-box gene 9 957:R-spondin family, member 1 664:Fibroblast growth factor 8 541:causes female infertility 489: 176: 134: 6154: 6136:Religious response to ART 6113: 6062: 5982: 5901: 5844: 5796: 5729:Vestibular papillomatosis 5704: 5697: 5672: 5648: 5581: 5539: 5481: 5472: 5428: 5373: 5355: 5332: 5308: 5298:Metropathia haemorrhagica 5200: 5162: 5153: 5144: 5095: 4996: 4980: 4886: 4816: 4796:10.1007/s11195-014-9348-6 4767:10.1080/02646838708403497 4743:10.1192/apt.bp.112.010926 4280:Human Reproduction Update 3921:10.1093/humrep/12.10.2277 3811:10.1007/s00404-006-0279-z 3749:10.1136/bmj.284.6330.1681 3466:Human Reproduction Update 3385:10.1080/09513590802288291 3168:Human Reproduction Update 3049:(Meta-Analysis. Review). 2998:(Meta-Analysis. Review). 2955:Human Reproduction Update 2911:Human Reproduction Update 2702:Human Reproduction Update 2664:10.1080/02841860601166958 2517:Human Reproduction Update 2437:"Smoking and Infertility" 1994:Human Reproduction Update 1713: 1563:World Health Organization 1119:Polycystic ovary syndrome 1023:Premature ovarian failure 988:Epithelial sodium channel 683:Kallmann syndrome (KAL2) 513:Chromosomal abnormalities 414:small for gestational age 283:premature ovarian failure 58: 38: 29: 24: 5954:Ovarian hyperstimulation 5065:Follicular cyst of ovary 4200:10.1016/j.bj.2020.03.005 3781:Luteal Phase Dysfunction 2168:10.1186/1471-2458-10-736 1988:te Velde, E. R. (2002). 1643:Not delaying parenthood. 1447:Examination and imaging 1188:Tubal factor infertility 1093:Hypothalamic dysfunction 972:Sex-determining region Y 723:Follitropin subunit beta 416:(SGA) babies, recurrent 137:Age and female fertility 83: 5990:Artificial insemination 5836:Male infertility crisis 5563:Sexual arousal disorder 5519:Candidal vulvovaginitis 5177:Endometrial hyperplasia 3890:NICE clinical guideline 2756:Fertility and Sterility 2490:10.1067/mjd.2001.117432 1722: 1305:Non-receptive cervical 938:Prokineticin receptor 2 696:Primary ovarian failure 492:Genetics of infertility 408:complications, such as 6141:Mitochondrial donation 6075:Donor Sibling Registry 5914:Assisted zona hatching 5903:In vitro fertilisation 5006:Endometriosis of ovary 4104:10.1093/humrep/10.1.85 3945:Reprod. Biomed. Online 3737:Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 2247:Clinical Endocrinology 2128:10.1542/peds.111.4.844 2007:10.1093/humupd/8.2.141 1698:In vitro fertilization 1440:Anti-Müllerian hormone 1410:Day 2 or 3 measure of 1234:Hysterosalphingography 885:Steroidogenic factor 1 475:total body irradiation 465:Radiation, such as in 460:endocannabinoid system 343:Other acquired factors 310:fertility preservation 303:anti-Müllerian hormone 267: 130: 49:irregular menstruation 5450:Vesicouterine fistula 5393:Cervical incompetence 5318:Recurrent miscarriage 5256:Premenstrual syndrome 5117:Fallopian tube cancer 4462:10.2471/BLT.10.011210 4355:10.1093/humrep/dep343 4293:10.1093/humupd/dmu020 3859:10.1093/humrep/det037 3799:Arch. Gynecol. Obstet 3692:10.1056/NEJMoa1308851 3635:10.1056/NEJMoa1309635 3478:10.1093/humupd/dmr033 3433:10.1093/humrep/dei396 3181:10.1093/humupd/dmq058 3141:10.1093/humrep/del203 3009:10.1093/humupd/dmu007 2968:10.1093/humupd/dms024 2924:10.1093/humupd/dms032 2715:10.1093/humupd/dms022 2612:10.1093/humupd/dmp053 2530:10.1093/humupd/dmq048 2478:J. Am. Acad. Dermatol 2363:10.1093/humupd/dmq033 1949:Advanced maternal age 1755:Social stigma due to 1678:advanced maternal age 1637:physical examinations 1576:Secondary infertility 1496:Hysterosalpingography 1254:Uterine malformations 1212:(PID, usually due to 1186:Further information: 1050:Tachykinin receptor 3 839:pseudohermaphroditism 552:Effect of deficiency 291:Antral follicle count 263: 6032:Reproductive surgery 5924:Cytoplasmic transfer 5854:Estrogen antagonists 5846:Fertility medication 5608:Rectovaginal fistula 5033:Poor ovarian reserve 3542:10.1056/NEJMc1310150 2484:(3 Suppl): S116–24. 1559:fertility specialist 1335:, a special type of 1301:Antisperm antibodies 1269:Implantation failure 1173:Gonadal dysgenesis ( 1151:Poor Ovarian Reserve 645:Diaphanous homolog 2 325:Antisperm antibodies 287:primordial follicles 6044:Selective reduction 5995:Ovulation induction 5939:In vitro maturation 5934:Gestational carrier 5859:aromatase inhibitor 5658:Postcoital bleeding 5586:Urogenital fistulas 5514:Bacterial vaginosis 5167:Asherman's syndrome 4146:10.1530/REP-20-0422 2996:Hum. Reprod. Update 2599:Hum. Reprod. Update 2447:(5 Suppl): S254–9. 2350:Hum. Reprod. Update 1740:Society and culture 1689:Ovulation induction 1648:premature menopause 1572:Primary infertility 1328:Interrupted meiosis 1323:Vaginal obstruction 1264:Asherman's syndrome 1161:Premature menopause 942:Kallmann syndrome ( 542: 524:intersex conditions 6183:Fertility medicine 6070:Donor registration 6037:Vasectomy reversal 5543:Sexual dysfunction 5509:Atrophic vaginitis 5445:Retroverted uterus 5408:Female infertility 5388:Cervical dysplasia 5313:Female infertility 5105:Female infertility 5060:Corpus luteum cyst 5016:Ovulatory disorder 5011:Female infertility 4923:Female infertility 4887:External resources 4755:Additional sources 4342:Human Reproduction 4188:Biomedical Journal 3951:(Suppl 3): 46–51. 3846:Human Reproduction 3373:Gynecol Endocrinol 3285:Expert Rev Hematol 3209:Expert Rev Hematol 2881:. JP Medical Ltd. 2799:(Suppl B): 152–9. 2421:2011-01-03 at the 2122:(4 Pt 1): 844–50. 1500:sonosalpingography 1170:Luteal dysfunction 1098:Hyperprolactinemia 533: 422:preterm deliveries 320:Immune infertility 97:nature and nurture 73:Female infertility 25:Female infertility 6170: 6169: 6121:Accidental incest 5831:Fertility tourism 5826:Fertility testing 5756: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5693: 5692: 5668: 5667: 5601:Obstetric fistula 5499:Vaginal discharge 5468: 5467: 5413:Cervical stenosis 5328: 5327: 5182:Endometrial polyp 5140: 5139: 5070:Theca lutein cyst 4932: 4931: 4786:10.25215/0701.089 4348:(11): 2683–2687. 3980:Chin. Med. Sci. J 3686:(13): 1220–1226. 3336:(9278): 271–276. 3047:Arq Gastroenterol 2155:BMC Public Health 1506:Sonohysterography 1384:Fertility testing 1296:Cervical stenosis 1284:bicornuate uterus 1224:ectopic pregnancy 1219:Tubal dysfunction 1079: 1078: 1018:Stromal antigen 3 986:Alpha subunit of 837:Hypogonadism and 800:Kallmann syndrome 628:Kallmann syndrome 467:radiation therapy 364:Diabetes mellitus 357:peritoneal cavity 329:acrosome reaction 112:According to the 70: 69: 19:Medical condition 6205: 6095:Semen collection 6000:Cryopreservation 5949:Oocyte selection 5821:Fertility clinic 5783: 5776: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5724:Kraurosis vulvae 5719:Bartholin's cyst 5702: 5701: 5653:Vaginal bleeding 5546: 5479: 5478: 5455:Uterine prolapse 5283:Menometrorrhagia 5207: 5160: 5159: 5151: 5150: 5050:Ovarian apoplexy 4994: 4993: 4985: 4984: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4814: 4813: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4691:Family Relations 4686: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4631: 4630: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4594: 4591: 4574: 4571: 4550: 4547: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4484: 4483: 4473: 4441: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4383: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4357: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4295: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4211: 4179: 4168: 4167: 4157: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4026: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3923: 3899: 3893: 3883: 3872: 3871: 3861: 3852:(5): 1247–1253. 3837: 3831: 3830: 3794: 3788: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3760: 3743:(6330): 1681–5. 3728: 3722: 3721: 3711: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3654: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3544: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3507: 3499: 3489: 3455: 3446: 3445: 3435: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3326:In turn citing: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3242:In turn citing: 3240: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3183: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3134: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3062: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3021: 3011: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2970: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2926: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2771: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2727: 2717: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2647: 2636: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2614: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2573: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2532: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2456: 2432: 2426: 2413: 2404: 2391: 2376: 2375: 2365: 2341: 2335: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2309: 2300:(12): 1195–205. 2285: 2279: 2278: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2229: 2221: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2206:. Archived from 2205: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2180: 2170: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2111: 2105: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2083: 2073: 2064:(12): e1001356. 2049: 2028: 2027: 2009: 1985: 1964:Male infertility 1879:emotional stress 1680:, but there are 1290:Cervical factors 1259:Uterine fibroids 543: 532: 452:Cannabis smoking 430:gluten-free diet 426:low birth weight 372:hyperandrogenism 314:cryopreservation 193:folliculogenesis 123:, including any 121:genetic mutation 34: 22: 21: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6150: 6126:Fertility fraud 6109: 6058: 5978: 5929:Embryo transfer 5906: 5897: 5840: 5792: 5787: 5757: 5748: 5689: 5664: 5644: 5577: 5540: 5535: 5531:Vaginal atresia 5464: 5424: 5383:Cervical cancer 5369: 5351: 5347:Uterine fibroid 5324: 5304: 5288:Polymenorrhagia 5229:Oligoamenorrhea 5201: 5196: 5136: 5091: 5087:Ovarian torsion 4976: 4966:Female diseases 4963: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4882: 4881: 4825: 4811: 4757: 4752: 4751: 4722: 4718: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4634: 4627: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4577: 4572: 4553: 4548: 4531: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4487: 4456:(12): 881–882. 4442: 4429: 4420: 4418: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4386: 4378: 4371: 4334: 4330: 4321: 4317: 4272: 4268: 4229: 4225: 4180: 4171: 4126: 4119: 4087: 4083: 4044: 4040: 4003: 3999: 3976: 3972: 3941: 3937: 3914:(10): 2277–81. 3900: 3896: 3884: 3875: 3838: 3834: 3795: 3791: 3778: 3774: 3729: 3725: 3672: 3668: 3629:(10): 943–949. 3614: 3610: 3570: 3566: 3535:(10): 972–974. 3521: 3517: 3501: 3500: 3456: 3449: 3412: 3408: 3369: 3365: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3277: 3273: 3241: 3201: 3197: 3160: 3156: 3132:10.1.1.544.3649 3115: 3111: 3080: 3076: 3039: 3035: 2988: 2984: 2947: 2940: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2873: 2866: 2827: 2820: 2789: 2785: 2748: 2741: 2694: 2687: 2648: 2639: 2632: 2628: 2591: 2587: 2550: 2546: 2509: 2505: 2474: 2470: 2433: 2429: 2423:Wayback Machine 2414: 2407: 2401:Wayback Machine 2392: 2379: 2342: 2338: 2327: 2323: 2286: 2282: 2243: 2239: 2223: 2222: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2201:"Archived copy" 2199: 2198: 2194: 2147: 2143: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2097: 2050: 2031: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1945: 1936: 1907:mental distress 1899: 1875:emotional abuse 1863: 1834: 1771:in the east to 1753: 1747: 1742: 1733: 1725: 1716: 1707: 1674: 1584: 1554:NICE guidelines 1550: 1516:genetic testing 1432:Measurement of 1420:ovarian reserve 1405:menstrual cycle 1390:medical history 1386: 1380: 1330: 1315: 1313:Vaginal factors 1292: 1273:embryo transfer 1250: 1248:Uterine factors 1190: 1184: 1175:Turner syndrome 1147:ovarian reserve 1133: 1106: 1104:Ovarian factors 1089: 1084: 738:Forkhead box L2 624:CHARGE syndrome 549:Encoded protein 517:Turner syndrome 496:There are many 494: 488: 486:Genetic factors 398:Coeliac disease 368:oligomenorrhoea 345: 322: 272: 255: 240:menstrual cycle 220: 209: 184:Tobacco smoking 181: 175: 173:Tobacco smoking 139: 133: 110: 86: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6211: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6029: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6015:ovarian tissue 6012: 6007: 5997: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5907:and expansions 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5850: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5802: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5763: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5610: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5591:Ureterovaginal 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5568:Vaginal cancer 5565: 5560: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5501: 5492: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5460:Uterine cancer 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5420:Nabothian cyst 5417: 5416: 5415: 5405: 5400: 5398:Cervical polyp 5395: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5361: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5234:Oligomenorrhea 5231: 5226: 5221: 5210: 5208: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5101: 5099: 5097:Fallopian tube 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5082:Ovarian cancer 5079: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5026:Oligoovulation 5023: 5008: 5002: 5000: 4991: 4982: 4978: 4977: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4939: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4914: 4903: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4868: 4857: 4842: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817:Classification 4810: 4809:External links 4807: 4806: 4805: 4788: 4778: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4736:(5): 297–303. 4716: 4703:10.2307/584507 4697:(4): 479–487. 4681: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4632: 4625: 4607: 4595: 4575: 4551: 4529: 4519: 4485: 4427: 4402: 4384: 4369: 4328: 4315: 4286:(5): 688–701. 4266: 4223: 4194:(2): 115–123. 4169: 4140:(2): R13–R35. 4117: 4081: 4038: 4011:Fertil. Steril 3997: 3970: 3935: 3894: 3873: 3832: 3789: 3772: 3723: 3666: 3608: 3564: 3515: 3472:(6): 829–847. 3447: 3426:(3): 829–832. 3406: 3363: 3318: 3291:(4): 375–388. 3271: 3252:(3): 738–744. 3215:(4): 375–388. 3195: 3174:(3): 347–361. 3154: 3125:(10): 2694–8. 3109: 3084:Semin. Hematol 3074: 3033: 2982: 2961:(5): 568–585. 2938: 2894: 2887: 2864: 2837:(9): 571–578. 2818: 2783: 2762:(1): 156–166. 2739: 2685: 2637: 2626: 2585: 2558:Fertil. Steril 2544: 2523:(2): 210–227. 2503: 2468: 2427: 2405: 2377: 2336: 2321: 2280: 2237: 2192: 2141: 2106: 2095: 2029: 2000:(2): 141–154. 1979: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1911:mental disease 1898: 1895: 1871:victim blaming 1867:domestic abuse 1862: 1861:Domestic abuse 1859: 1833: 1830: 1749:Main article: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1695: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1651: 1640: 1625:hypothyroidism 1614: 1583: 1580: 1549: 1546: 1542:maternity care 1512: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1493: 1486: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1430: 1423: 1408: 1382:Main article: 1379: 1376: 1351:with a proper 1329: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1303: 1298: 1291: 1288: 1282:Previously, a 1280: 1279: 1276: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1227: 1220: 1217: 1207: 1201: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1171: 1168: 1163: 1154: 1153: 1143: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1116: 1113: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1074: 1071:zona pellucida 1069:Dysfunctional 1067: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1006: 1001: 995: 994: 991: 984: 978: 977: 974: 969: 963: 962: 959: 954: 948: 947: 940: 935: 929: 928: 921: 916: 910: 909: 902: 897: 891: 890: 887: 882: 872: 871: 868: 863: 857: 856: 853: 848: 842: 841: 835: 830: 824: 823: 820: 818:KISS1 receptor 815: 805: 804: 801: 798: 792: 791: 788: 783: 777: 776: 773: 768: 762: 761: 758: 753: 747: 746: 740: 735: 729: 728: 725: 720: 714: 713: 710: 705: 699: 698: 693: 691: 685: 684: 681: 676: 670: 669: 666: 661: 655: 654: 647: 642: 636: 635: 621: 616: 610: 609: 604: 598: 588: 587: 584: 579: 573: 572: 565: 560: 554: 553: 550: 547: 487: 484: 483: 482: 463: 449: 444: 433: 395: 361: 344: 341: 321: 318: 271: 268: 254: 251: 219: 216: 208: 205: 174: 171: 153:, 12.9 in the 135:Main article: 132: 129: 109: 106: 85: 82: 68: 67: 62: 56: 55: 36: 35: 27: 26: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6210: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6146:Sex selection 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6049:Sex selection 6047: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983:Other methods 5981: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5881:Gonadotropins 5879: 5877: 5876:GnRH agonists 5874: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5779: 5777: 5772: 5770: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5714:Vulvar cancer 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5596:Vesicovaginal 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5224:Hypomenorrhea 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5187:Endometriosis 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5122:Hematosalpinx 5120: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5040:Mittelschmerz 5038: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4955: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4628: 4626:9780253063878 4622: 4618: 4611: 4602: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4523: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4381: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4239:(8): 535–42. 4238: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4122: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4017:(5): 1212–5. 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3805:(3): 219–23. 3804: 3800: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3511: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3053:(2): 144–50. 3052: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3002:(4): 582–93. 3001: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2943: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2899: 2890: 2888:9789350907368 2884: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2869: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2744: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2708:(5): 525–35. 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2690: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2635: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2605:(3): 246–54. 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441:Fertil Steril 2438: 2431: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2334: 2332:282:20142898 2331: 2330:Proc Biol Sci 2325: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2253:(2): 107–20. 2252: 2248: 2241: 2233: 2227: 2213:on 2018-10-09 2209: 2202: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2104: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1969:Oncofertility 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1940: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1923:mental health 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903:social stigma 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1745:Social stigma 1737: 1728: 1720: 1711: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1394:physical exam 1391: 1385: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345:fertilisation 1342: 1338: 1337:cell division 1334: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194:Endometriosis 1192: 1191: 1189: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 992: 989: 985: 983: 980: 979: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 964: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 949: 945: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 930: 926: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 907: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 892: 888: 886: 883: 881: 877: 874: 873: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 858: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 840: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 821: 819: 816: 814: 810: 807: 806: 802: 799: 797: 794: 793: 789: 787: 786:GnRH receptor 784: 782: 779: 778: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 763: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 748: 745: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 700: 697: 694: 692: 690: 687: 686: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 652: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 633: 629: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 597: 593: 590: 589: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 570: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 551: 548: 545: 544: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 520: 518: 514: 510: 508: 503: 499: 493: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 461: 457: 454:, such as of 453: 450: 448: 447:Thrombophilia 445: 442: 438: 434: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 396: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 362: 358: 354: 351:secondary to 350: 347: 346: 340: 338: 334: 333:fertilization 330: 326: 317: 315: 311: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 279: 276: 266: 262: 260: 250: 246: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 215: 213: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 185: 180: 170: 167: 163: 160: 156: 152: 148: 147:United States 144: 138: 128: 126: 122: 117: 115: 105: 102: 98: 93: 91: 81: 78: 74: 66: 63: 61: 57: 54: 50: 46: 42: 37: 33: 28: 23: 6080:Egg donation 5805: 5633:Sigmoidocele 5541: 5486:Hematocolpos 5407: 5365:Parametritis 5312: 5273:Metrorrhagia 5251:Dysmenorrhea 5204:Menstruation 5202: 5192:Endometritis 5127:Hydrosalpinx 5104: 5055:Ovarian cyst 5010: 4916: 4905: 4894: 4870: 4859: 4844: 4829: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4616: 4610: 4522: 4453: 4449: 4444:WHO (2010). 4419:. Retrieved 4415: 4405: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4318: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4191: 4187: 4137: 4134:Reproduction 4133: 4098:(1): 85–90. 4095: 4091: 4084: 4054:(5): 406–9. 4051: 4047: 4041: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3986:(4): 242–5. 3983: 3979: 3973: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3911: 3907: 3897: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3779: 3775: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3626: 3622: 3611: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3504:cite journal 3469: 3465: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3249: 3245: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3050: 3046: 3036: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2958: 2954: 2917:(1): 12–25. 2914: 2910: 2877: 2834: 2830: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2759: 2755: 2705: 2701: 2658:(4): 480–9. 2655: 2651: 2629: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2356:(1): 76–95. 2353: 2349: 2339: 2329: 2324: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2215:. Retrieved 2208:the original 2195: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2098: 2061: 2057: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1937: 1900: 1864: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832:Marital role 1825:social norms 1822: 1810: 1794: 1785:childbearing 1754: 1734: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1705:Epidemiology 1675: 1661:egg freezing 1655:Egg freezing 1653: 1642: 1616: 1590: 1585: 1551: 1539: 1520: 1513: 1467:Fertiloscopy 1434:progesterone 1418:, to assess 1387: 1365: 1331: 1281: 1243: 1237: 1233: 1230:Hydrosalpinx 1155: 1134: 1128: 1110:Chemotherapy 1035:Tachykinin 3 919:Prokineticin 743: 708:FSH receptor 606: 521: 511: 495: 435:Significant 323: 307: 280: 275:Chemotherapy 273: 270:Chemotherapy 264: 259:Radiotherapy 256: 247: 244: 221: 210: 182: 164: 140: 118: 111: 94: 87: 72: 71: 41:subfertility 6188:Infertility 5886:menotropins 5798:Infertility 5638:Urethrocele 5553:Dyspareunia 5526:Hydrocolpos 5490:Hydrocolpos 5436:Hematometra 5357:Parametrium 5342:Adenomyosis 5155:Endometrium 5132:Salpingitis 5021:Anovulation 4896:MedlinePlus 4092:Hum. Reprod 3908:Hum. Reprod 3581:: 137–141. 3420:Hum. Reprod 3379:(1): 8–11. 3119:Hum. Reprod 3090:(2): 93–7. 3019:10807/56796 2564:(1): 72–8. 1959:Infertility 1805:inheritance 1801:land claims 1761:infertility 1757:infertility 1693:anovulation 1533:trained as 1490:intercourse 1479:Pelvic exam 1461:Laparoscopy 1452:endometrial 1149:, also see 1145:Diminished 1140:Anovulation 1082:By location 394:signalling. 331:, impaired 285:by loss of 224:underweight 159:anovulatory 149:, 12.72 in 101:risk factor 77:infertility 6177:Categories 6100:Sperm bank 5739:Vulvodynia 5623:Enterocele 5573:Vaginismus 5495:Leukorrhea 5403:Cervicitis 5334:Myometrium 5219:Amenorrhea 5045:Oophoritis 4918:Patient UK 4872:DiseasesDB 4421:2007-11-21 2652:Acta Oncol 2217:2012-02-11 2116:Pediatrics 1975:References 1915:depression 1813:Mozambique 1611:vegetables 1582:Prevention 1548:Definition 1531:fellowship 1514:There are 1400:Lab tests 1372:DNA repair 1319:Vaginismus 1196:(also see 1121:(also see 1073:formation 526:, such as 490:See also: 392:kisspeptin 360:adhesions. 236:sex organs 228:overweight 177:See also: 75:refers to 65:Gynecology 6193:Fertility 6054:Surrogacy 5864:clomifene 5628:Rectocele 5618:Cystocele 5504:Vaginitis 4907:eMedicine 4803:1573-6717 4775:0264-6838 4302:1355-4786 3786:eMedicine 3700:0028-4793 3643:0028-4793 3551:0028-4793 3127:CiteSeerX 2851:1699-7980 2725:1842/9543 2016:1355-4786 1954:Fertility 1672:Treatment 1629:safer sex 1483:infection 1473:Pap smear 1378:Diagnosis 1357:aneuploid 1222:Previous 1214:chlamydia 1205:adhesions 1166:Menopause 456:marijuana 418:abortions 406:pregnancy 402:amenorrea 380:menopause 349:Adhesions 299:inhibin B 253:Radiation 232:Fat cells 201:menopause 197:ovulation 166:Menopause 60:Specialty 53:menopause 45:sterility 6105:Ova bank 6063:Donation 5734:Vulvitis 5698:External 5613:Prolapse 5440:Pyometra 4981:Internal 4974:genitals 4912:med/3535 4480:21124709 4364:19801627 4310:24821925 4253:16842634 4218:32381463 4164:33170803 4076:22467867 4068:17877600 4033:14607577 3992:12901513 3965:12470565 3868:23482340 3819:17160569 3718:24670168 3661:24597867 3603:47010706 3595:29885352 3559:24597873 3496:21896560 3442:16311294 3401:33461252 3393:19165657 3358:20198750 3350:11498213 3313:25139582 3305:23991924 3266:15936554 3237:25139582 3229:23991924 3190:21227997 3149:16835215 3104:17433901 3069:25003268 3028:24619876 2977:22709979 2933:22899657 2859:23428233 2813:18790328 2793:Placenta 2778:19342041 2734:22647504 2680:20672988 2672:17497315 2621:20056674 2580:19006795 2539:20961922 2498:11511861 2463:19007641 2419:Archived 2397:Archived 2372:20685716 2275:19913395 2226:cite web 2187:21110899 2136:12671122 2090:23271957 2058:PLOS Med 2024:12099629 1943:See also 1855:HIV/AIDS 1797:Cameroon 1769:Tanzania 1765:conceive 1621:diabetes 1595:caffeine 1416:estrogen 539:mutation 537:wherein 502:mutation 500:wherein 412:(IUGR), 370:), mild 305:levels. 189:estrogen 143:menarche 108:Acquired 90:acquired 6155:Related 6005:embryos 5429:General 4968:of the 4866:D007247 4527:(1993). 4471:2995184 4261:6360685 4209:7283561 4155:7855740 4112:7745077 3930:9402295 3827:1153686 3767:6805656 3758:1498620 3709:4076492 3652:4068824 3487:3191938 2316:9867266 2267:6249519 2178:3001737 2161:: 736. 2081:3525527 1919:suicide 1891:suicide 1883:assault 1850:divorce 1781:Nigeria 1665:oocytes 1603:smoking 1599:alcohol 1353:diploid 1333:Meiosis 1203:Pelvic 443:disease 388:insulin 355:in the 353:surgery 6114:Ethics 6085:Embryo 6010:oocyte 5806:Female 5474:Vagina 5375:Cervix 5294:Other 5279:Mixed 5263:Timing 5146:Uterus 4989:Adnexa 4970:pelvis 4901:001191 4801: 4773: 4711:584507 4709: 4623: 4478: 4468: 4362: 4308: 4300: 4259: 4251: 4216: 4206: 4162: 4152: 4110: 4074: 4066: 4031: 3990: 3963: 3928: 3866: 3825: 3817: 3765: 3755: 3716: 3706: 3698: 3659: 3649: 3641: 3601: 3593: 3557: 3549: 3494: 3484: 3440: 3399: 3391: 3356: 3348: 3330:Lancet 3311: 3303: 3264: 3235: 3227: 3188: 3147: 3129: 3102: 3067: 3026: 2975: 2931: 2885: 2857: 2849: 2811: 2776: 2732: 2678: 2670: 2619: 2578: 2537: 2496: 2461: 2370: 2314: 2273: 2265: 2185: 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