479:(Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy has been clearly indicating negative association with biparietal brain diameter between 20 and 32 weeks of pregnancy. Women with high exposure to toluene had three to five times the miscarriage rate of those with low exposure, and women with occupational benzene exposure have been shown to have an increased rate of miscarriages. Paternal occupational exposure to toluene and formaldehyde has also been linked to miscarriage in their partners. Normal development is highly controlled by hormones, and disruption by man made chemicals can permanently change the course of development. Ambient ozone has been negatively associated with sperm concentration in men, chemicals associated with UOG operations (e.g., benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, ethylene glycol and ozone) have been associated with negative impacts on semen quality, particularly reduced sperm counts.
416:(PM) consist of a mixture of particle pollutants that remain in the air, and vary be region. These particles are very small, ranging from PM10 to PM 2.5, which can easily enter the lungs. Particulate matter has been shown to be associated with acute cardio-respiratory morbidity and mortality. Intrauterine growth has been shown to be affected by particulate matter, leading to unhealthy outcomes for fetal development such as poor or slow fetal growth, and increasing fetal morbidity and mortality. A study from 2012 found that exposures to PM 2.5 differed by race/ethnicity, age, as well as socioeconomic status, leading to certain populations experiencing greater negative health outcomes due to environmental pollution, especially relating to
367:
cause damage to the kidneys, bones, and neurological systems. Pregnant women are at higher risk of health issues from cadmium due to increased absorption of the metal during pregnancy. Cadmium can also pose health risks to the fetus, some of which may be lifelong, as it interferes with placental function and fetal development. There has been evidence of changes in birth size associated with high levels of cadmium exposure, particularly in female children. Although studies show that relatively low levels of cadmium exposure can affect pregnancy outcomes, more studies must be done to confirm these effects, establish updated exposure limitation guidelines, and explore ways to decrease exposure, particularly during pregnancy.
444:(a fungicide). Although pesticide toxicity is not as frequently mentioned as some of the other methods of environmental toxicity, such as air pollution, contamination can occur at any time from merely engaging in everyday activities such as walking down a pathway near a contaminated area, or eating foods that have not been washed properly. In 2007 alone, 1.1 billion pounds (500 kt) of pesticides were found present in the environment, causing pesticide exposure to gain notoriety as a new cause of caution to those wishing to preserve their health.
708:, it is unable to detoxify substances very efficiently; and as the placenta plays such an important role in substance exchange between the mother and the fetus, it goes without saying that any toxic substances that the mother is exposed to are transported to the fetus, where they can then affect development. Carbon-dioxide, lead, ethanol (alcohol), and cigarette smoke in particular are all substances that have a high likelihood of placental transferral.
50:. The human embryo or fetus is relatively susceptible to impact from adverse conditions within the mother's environment. Substandard fetal conditions often cause various degrees of developmental delays, both physical and mental, for the growing baby. Although some variables do occur as a result of genetic conditions pertaining to the father, a great many are directly brought about from environmental toxins that the mother is exposed to.
402:
found virtually everywhere, there are specific sources that have been known to release toxic substances and should be avoided if possible by those who wish to remain relatively free of toxins. These substances include, but are not limited to: steel mills, waste/water treatment plants, sewage incinerators, automotive fabrication plants, oil refineries, and chemical manufacturing plants.
319:
nervous system of an embryo or fetus, sometimes leading to learning disabilities. Mercury is present in many types of fish, but it is mostly found in certain large fish. One well-documented case of widespread mercury ingestion and subsequent fetal development complication took place in the 1950s in
Minamata Bay, Japan. Used by a nearby industrial plant in the manufacture of plastics,
324:
toxin; however, the mercury especially impacted pregnant women and their fetuses, resulting in a high rate of miscarriage. Surviving infants exposed to mercury in-utero had extremely high rates of physical and intellectual disabilities, as well as physical abnormalities from exposure in the womb during key stages in fetal physical development. The United States
632:, as well as change hormone concentrations within the body, leading to incorrect hormone responses in the body as well as disrupt normal enzyme functioning. Oil and gas extraction has been known to contribute to EDCs in the environment, largely due to the high risk of ground and surface water contamination that comes with these extractions. In addition to
609:(NTDs). Along with this finding, a small association was found between mean birth weight and the density and proximity to the natural gas wells. Maternal exposure through natural gas wells may come in the form of benzene, solvents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other air pollutants such as toluene, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
95:(BPA) was identified in 96 percent of the women surveyed. Several of the chemicals were at the same concentrations that have been associated with negative effects in children from other studies and it is thought that exposure to multiple chemicals can have a greater impact than exposure to only one substance.
451:
pesticides found all but one showed negative neurodevelopmental outcomes. In the ten studies that assessed prenatal exposure, "cognitive deficits (related to working memory) were found in children at age 7 years, behavioral deficits (related to attention) seen mainly in toddlers, and motor deficits
378:
persists in the environment for a long time and are widespread, so all people have some amount of dioxins in the body. Intrauterine exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds have been associated with subtle developmental changes on the fetus. Effects on the child later in life include changes in
1171:
Manduca, Paola, Awny Naim, and Simona
Signoriello. "Specific Association of Teratogen and Toxicant Metals in Hair of Newborns with Congenital Birth Defects or Developmentally Premature Birth in a Cohort of Couples with Documented Parental Exposure to Military Attacks: Observational Study at Al Shifa
651:
was conducted to assess the need for an endocrine component to health assessments for drilling and extraction of oil and gas in densely populated areas. With the high potential for release of oil and gas chemicals with extraction, specifically chemicals that have been shown to disrupt normal hormone
401:
and nitrogen dioxide all have the potential to cause serious damage when inhaled by an expecting mother. Low birth weight, preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation, and congenital abnormalities have all been found to be associated with fetal exposure to air pollution. Although pollution can be
357:
The developing nervous system of the fetus is particularly vulnerable to lead toxicity. Neurological toxicity is observed in children of exposed women as a result of the ability of lead to cross the placental barrier. A special concern for pregnant women is that some of the bone lead accumulation is
431:
are created for the specific purpose of causing harm (to insects, rodents, and other pests), pesticides have the potential to cause serious damages to a developing fetus, should they be introduced into the fetal environment. Studies have shown that pesticides, particularly fungicides, have shown up
318:
in pregnancy. Methylmercury, a worldwide contaminant of seafood and freshwater fish, is known to produce adverse nervous system effects, especially during brain development. Eating fish is the main source of mercury exposure in humans and some fish may contain enough mercury to harm the developing
366:
Cadmium is a heavy metal that the United States
Environmental Protection Agency classifies as a probable human carcinogen. People are often exposed to cadmium through various industrial and agricultural sources, and diet is considered the primary exposure method. The heavy metal has been shown to
463:
In 2017, a study looked at the possible effects of agricultural pesticides in over 500,000 births in a largely agricultural region of
California and compared their findings to birth outcomes in other less agriculturally dominated California areas. Overall, they found that pesticide exposure
405:
Control of air pollution can be difficult. For example, in Los
Angeles, regulations have been made to control pollution by putting rules on industrial and vehicle emissions. Improvements have been made to meet these regulations. Despite these improvements, the region still does not meet federal
323:
was discharged into the waters of
Minamata Bay, where it went on to be ingested regularly by many villagers who used the fish living in the bay as a dietary staple. Soon, many of the inhabitants who had been consuming the mercury-laden meat began experiencing negative effects from ingesting the
118:
One in ten US babies is born preterm and about 5% have low birth weight. Preterm birth, defined as birth at less than 37 weeks of gestation, is a major basis of infant mortality throughout childhood. Exposures to environmental toxins such as lead, tobacco smoke, and DDT have been linked with an
459:
of neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and postnatal organophosphate pesticide exposure was done in 2014. The review found that "Most of the studies evaluating prenatal exposure observed a negative effect on mental development and an increase in attention problems in preschool and school
612:
In
Pennsylvania, unconventional natural gas producing wells increased from zero in 2005 to 3689 in 2013. A 2016 study of 9384 mothers and 10946 neonates in the Geisinger Health System in Pennsylvania found prenatal residential exposure to unconventional natural gas development activity was
297:
may experience a wide range of behavioral, neurological, and physical difficulties. Adverse effects include stillbirth, placental disruption, prematurity, lower mean birth weight, physical birth defects (cleft palate etc.), decrements in lung function, increased risk of infant mortality.
249:
to cause autism in vulnerable individuals. These findings regarding autism are controversial, however, with many researchers believing that increasing rates in certain areas are a consequence of more accurate screening and diagnostic methods, and are not due to any sort of
569:
If living in a home built before 1978, checking whether lead paint has been used. If such is the case, paint that is crumbling or peeling should not be touched, a professional should remove the paint and the site should be avoided while the paint is removed or
2024:
González-Alzaga B, Lacasaña M, Aguilar-Garduño C, RodrĂguez-Barranco M, Ballester F, Rebagliato M, Hernández AF (2014). "A systematic review of neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and postnatal organophosphate pesticide exposure".
262:
Substances which have been found to be particularly harmful are lead (which is stored in the mother's bones), cigarette smoke, alcohol, mercury (a neurological toxicant consumed through fish), carbon dioxide, and ionizing radiation.
621:
drilling has been found to be associated with decreased birth weight. It was unclear which route of exposure: air, soil or water could be attributed to the association. Further research and larger studies on this topic are needed.
53:
Various toxins pose a significant hazard to fetuses during development. A 2011 study found that virtually all US pregnant women carry multiple chemicals, including some banned since the 1970s, in their bodies. Researchers detected
1710:
MinguillĂłn, M.C.; Schembari, A.; Triguero-Mas, M.; de
Nazelle, A.; Dadvand, P.; Figueras, F.; Salvado, J.A.; Grimalt, J.O.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M.; Querol, X. (2012). "Source apportionment of indoor, outdoor and personal
86:
PBDEs, compounds used as flame retardants, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), a pesticide banned in the United States in 1972, in the bodies of 99 to 100 percent of the pregnant women they tested. Among other
652:
production and function, the authors highly emphasized the need for a component centering around endocrine function and overall health with health assessments, and how this in turn impacts the environment.
1516:
Gustin, Klara; Barman, Malin; StrĂĄvik, Mia; Levi, Michael; Englund-Ă–gge, Linda; Murray, Fiona; Jacobsson, Bo; Sandberg, Ann-Sofie; Sandin, Anna; Wold, Agnes E.; Vahter, Marie; Kippler, Maria (2020-10-01).
109:
Environmental toxicants can be described separately by what effects they have, such as structural abnormalities, altered growth, functional deficiencies, congenital neoplasia, or even death for the fetus.
2560:"Environmental causes of human congenital malformations: The pediatrician's role in dealing with these complex clinical problems caused by a multiplicity of environmental and genetic factors"
640:, creating another route of exposure for these endocrine disruptors. This problem often goes under-reported, and therefore, the true magnitude of the impact is underestimated. In 2016, a
358:
released into the blood during pregnancy. Several studies have provided evidence that even low maternal exposures to lead produce intellectual and behavioral deficits in children.
812:
Pohl, Hana R.; Smith-Simon, Cassandra; Hicks, Heraline (1998). "Health
Effects Classification and Its Role in the Derivation of Minimal Risk Levels: Developmental Effects".
672:
substances. However, it is by design an imperfect barrier since it must transport substances required for growth and development. Placental transport can be by passive
588:
Avoiding any cleaning supply labeled "toxic" or any product with a warning on the label, and instead trying natural products, baking soda, vinegar and/or water to clean.
2494:"Endocrine- disrupting chemicals and oil and natural gas operations: potential environmental contamination and recommendations to assess complex environmental mixtures"
711:
Identifying potential hazards for fetal development requires a basis of scientific information. In 2004, Brent proposed a set of criteria for identifying causes of
406:
standards for ozone and particulate matter. Approximately 150,000 births occur every year in Los
Angeles. Thus, any effects air pollution has on human development
2294:
1653:
Le, Hien Q.; Batterman, Stuart A.; Wirth, Julia J.; Wahl, Robert L.; Hoggatt, Katherine J.; Sadeghnejad, Alireza; Hultin, Mary Lee; Depa, Michael (2012).
1960:
17:
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2010:
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are compounds that can disrupt the normal development and normal hormone levels in humans. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can interact with
332:
advise pregnant women not to eat swordfish, shark, king mackerel and tilefish and limit consumption of albacore tuna to 6 ounces or less a week.
1584:
555:
Avoiding paint supplies such as stained glass material, oil paints and ceramic glazes, and instead using watercolor or acrylic paints and glazes.
2023:
436:, proving that such toxins are indeed transferred into the baby's body. Overall, the two pesticides most frequently detected in cord blood are
394:
can negatively affect a pregnancy resulting in higher rates of preterm births, growth restriction, and heart and lung problems in the infant.
329:
601:
development, maternal residence within a 10-mile radius of natural gas wells was found to have a positive association to the prevalence of
325:
995:"Principles of Pediatric Environmental Health: How Can Parents' Preconception Exposures and In Utero Exposures Affect a Developing Child?"
3265:
1172:
Hospital, Gaza, Palestine." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. N.p., 14 May 2014. Web. 25 July 2014. <
696:
of a substance received by the fetus is determined by the amount of the substance transported across the placenta as well as the rate of
998:
1655:"Air pollutant exposure and preterm and term small-for-gestational-age births in Detroit, Michigan: Long-term trends and associations"
1459:
Kippler, Maria; Tofail, Fahmida; Gardner, Renee; Rahman, Anisur; Hamadani, Jena D.; Bottai, Matteo; Vahter, Marie (February 2012).
3698:
3693:
2355:
1032:"Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: a systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls"
2418:
2193:
1961:
Muñoz-Quezada MT, Lucero BA, Barr DB, Steenland K, Levy K, Ryan PB, Iglesias V, Alvarado S, Concha C, Rojas E, Vega C (2013).
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increased adverse birth outcomes by 5–9%, but only among those mothers exposed to the highest quantities of pesticides.
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in pregnancy include miscarriage, low birth weight, neurological delays, anemia, encephalopathy, paralysis, blindness,
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are related to particular geographic locations, implying that something in the environment is complementing an at-risk
3466:
3331:
2702:
2679:
2660:
2641:
929:
375:
231:
1963:"Neurodevelopmental effects in children associated with exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic review"
1519:"Low-level maternal exposure to cadmium, lead, and mercury and birth outcomes in a Swedish prospective birth-cohort"
1186:
3570:
3270:
2795:
2559:
2141:"Developmental and reproductive effects of chemicals associated with unconventional oil and natural gas operations"
185:
79:
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3336:
272:
160:
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71:
1355:"Cadmium Handling, Toxicity and Molecular Targets Involved during Pregnancy: Lessons from Experimental Models"
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s. They are agents extrinsic to embryo or fetus which exert deleterious effects leading to increased risk of
3416:
3376:
2875:
2612:
More Than Genes: What Science Can Tell Us About Toxic Chemicals, Development, and the Risk to Our Children
2356:
Casey J. A., Savitz D. A., Rasmussen S. G., Ogburn E. L., Pollak J., Mercer D. G., Schwartz B. S. (2015).
2196:"Maternal Exposure to Ambient Levels of Benzene and Neural Tube Defects among Offspring: Texas, 1999–2004"
3245:
3056:
3029:
2534:
942:
Wing L.; Potter D. (2002). "The epidemiology of autistic spectrum disorders: is the prevalence rising?".
641:
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recommends the following precautions to minimize exposure to relevant environmental toxins in pregnancy:
475:
exposure in mothers has been linked to fetal brain defects especially neural tube defects. In one study,
235:
2419:
Stacy S. L., Brink L. L., Larkin J. C., Sadovsky Y., Goldstein B. D., Pitt B. R., Talbott E. O. (2015).
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3288:
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2194:
Lupo P. J., Symanski E., Waller D. K., Chan W., Langlois P. H., Canfield M. A., Mitchell L. E. (2010).
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104:
1842:"Environmental Inequality in Exposures to Airborne Particulate Matter Components in the United States"
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1413:
1307:
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1213:
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Animal studies provide evidence of the correlation between substance exposures and particular effects.
3501:
3113:
2853:
2777:
1084:"Healthy fish consumption and reduced mercury exposure: counseling women in their reproductive years"
924:
Daftary, Shirish; Chakravarti, Sudip (2011). Manual of Obstetrics, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 38-41.
59:
55:
1906:"Reduced birth weight in relation to pesticide mixtures detected in cord blood of full-term infants"
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1904:
Wickerham, Erin L.; Lozoff, Betsy; Shao, Jie; Kaciroti, Niko; Xia, Yankai; Meeker, John D. (2012).
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602:
63:
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studies consistently show a relationship between particular effects and exposure to the substance.
486:, a compound associated with natural gas extraction. The study found that mothers living in Texas
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2726:
47:
2309:"Birth outcomes and maternal residential proximity to natural gas development in rural Colorado"
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3371:
2936:
2815:
2076:"Agricultural pesticide use and adverse birth outcomes in the San Joaquin Valley of California"
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Data trends support a relationship between changing levels of exposure and the specific effect.
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Jacobo-Estrada, Tania; Santoyo-Sánchez, Mitzi; Thévenod, Frank; Barbier, Olivier (July 2017).
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2004:
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and physician-recorded high-risk pregnancy. In Southwest Pennsylvania, maternal proximity to
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1461:"Maternal Cadmium Exposure during Pregnancy and Size at Birth: A Prospective Cohort Study"
8:
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2421:"Perinatal Outcomes and Unconventional Natural Gas Operations in Southwest Pennsylvania"
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A 2011 study found a relationship between Neural Tube Defects and maternal exposure to
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Webb E., Bushkin-Bedient S., Cheng A., Kassotis C. D., Balise V., Nagel S. C. (2014).
38:. This article deals with potential adverse effects of environmental toxicants on the
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765:"Environmental Chemicals in Pregnant Women in the United States: NHANES 2003–2004"
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Abelsohn, A; Vanderlinden, LD; Scott, F; Archbold, JA; Brown, TL (January 2011).
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2358:"Unconventional Natural Gas Development and Birth Outcomes in Pennsylvania, USA"
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Interfering with cell proliferation rate, such as viral infection and ionization
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Heat and noise have also been found to have significant effects on development.
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increased risk for spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, or preterm birth.
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levels were more likely to have offspring with neural tube defects, such as
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1996:
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1771:"Fetal Growth and Maternal Exposure to Particulate Matter during Pregnancy"
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523:– miscarriage, low birth weight, physical birth defects, childhood cancers
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Drinking alcohol in pregnancy can result in a range of disorders known as
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1371:
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527:
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A 2013 review of 27 studies on prenatal and early childhood exposures to
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levels, and decreased performance in tests of learning and intelligence.
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83:
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McKenzie LM, Guo R, Witter RZ, Savitz DA, Newman LS, Adgate JL (2014).
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Lanphear, Bruce P.; Vorhees, Charles V.; Bellinger, David C. (2005).
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Dejmek J., Selevan S. G., Benes I., Solansky I., Sram R. J. (1999).
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246:
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31:
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Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews
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thoroughly, peeling the skin from fruits and vegetables or buying
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67:
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1414:"Cadmium: Toxic effects on placental and embryonic development"
1214:"Cadmium: Toxic effects on placental and embryonic development"
517:– decreased oxygen delivery to brain, intellectual deficiencies
242:
194:
2651:
Chudley, T. V. N.; Persaud, A. E.; Skalko, Richard G. (1985).
2492:
Kassotis CD, Tillitt DE, Lin CH, McElroy JA, Nagel SC (2016).
1600:
1308:"Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem"
1261:"Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem"
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664:
is a semipermeable membrane that does form a barrier for most
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3019:
681:
216:
Abnormal cellular or tissue interactions, as seen in diabetes
213:
Altered biosynthetic pathways, as seen in chromosomal defects
35:
1643:
1029:
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Threshold interaction of genes with environmental teratogens
206:
Teratogens affect the fetus by various mechanism including:
1903:
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342:
Mercury exposure in pregnancy may also cause limb defects.
2283:
Perchlorate Levels in Pregnancy Linked to Low Childhood IQ
1458:
805:
2491:
1601:
Backes, CH; Nelin, T; Gorr, MW; Wold, LE (Jan 10, 2013).
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from Minnesota Department of Health. Updated October 2006
692:. Some toxic chemicals may be actively transported. The
1314:. New Insights into the Mechanisms of Cadmium Toxicity.
1267:. New Insights into the Mechanisms of Cadmium Toxicity.
851:
137:
Toxic substances that are capable of causing structural
2306:
1758:. UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability.
1515:
636:, oil and gas extraction also lead to higher levels of
535:
410:
are of great concern to those who live in this region.
1603:"Early life exposure to air pollution: how bad is it?"
763:
Woodruff, T. J.; Zota, A. R.; Schwartz, J. M. (2011).
167:. Teratogens are classified in four main categories:
2650:
1652:
1030:
Hackshaw, A; Rodeck, C; Boniface, S (Sep–Oct 2011).
811:
762:
122:
688:for substances that are larger and/or electrically
543:
Avoiding relevant environmental toxins in pregnancy
174:– in addition to environmental chemicals, includes
2693:Having Faith: An Ecologist's Journey to Motherhood
2690:
2630:Buelke-Sam, Judy; Kimmel, Carol A., eds. (1994).
1839:
1743:
1715:exposure of pregnant women in Barcelona, Spain".
3670:
2629:
941:
704:of the substance. As the fetus has an immature
566:and changing water drinking habits if necessary.
314:are two forms of mercury that may pose risks of
1752:"Air Pollution Impacts on Infants and Children"
854:"Protecting Children from Environmental Toxins"
452:(abnormal reflexes), seen mainly in neonates."
34:from the environment on the development of the
2259:"Controlled Antenatal Thyroid Screening study"
1703:
1017:Alcohol Use in Pregnancy | FASD | NCBDDD | CDC
339:are theorized to originate from war weaponry.
257:
226:
2727:
2074:Larsen, Ashley; Gaines, Steven (2017-08-29).
1756:Southern California Environmental Report Card
1187:"Chapter 1, Lead-based Paint Hazards, 98–112"
28:Environmental toxicants and fetal development
2741:
2477:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2404:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2242:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2179:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2073:
2059:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2009:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1825:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1594:
1305:
1258:
1122:
2688:
1749:
1359:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1306:Järup, Lars; Åkesson, Agneta (2009-08-01).
1259:Järup, Lars; Åkesson, Agneta (2009-08-01).
1077:
1075:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
2734:
2720:
999:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
592:
498:, than mothers living in areas with lower
2674:(3rd ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker.
2669:
2551:
2520:
2454:
2444:
2381:
2332:
2270:
2219:
2156:
2115:
1986:
1937:
1873:
1802:
1686:
1626:
1550:
1492:
1418:Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology
1388:
1370:
1218:Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology
1140:
1099:
1055:
879:
869:
788:
2297:Volume 51, No. 1, January/February 2006.
2285:, by Nancy A. Melville, October 22, 2013
1411:
1211:
1072:
970:
379:liver function, thyroid hormone levels,
2636:(2nd ed.). New York: Raven Press.
1750:Ritz, Beate; Wilhelm, Michelle (2008).
1412:Geng, Hui-Xia; Wang, Lai (2019-04-01).
1212:Geng, Hui-Xia; Wang, Lai (2019-04-01).
1023:
655:
14:
3671:
2295:Environmental Hazards During Pregnancy
814:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
2715:
2697:. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing.
2615:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2557:
989:
2608:
3566:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
2256:
1312:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
1265:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
1005:
397:Compounds such as carbon monoxide,
335:High mercury levels in newborns in
24:
2602:
1174:http://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
549:American College of Nurse-Midwives
25:
3710:
2670:Schardein, James L., ed. (2000).
2200:Environmental Health Perspectives
1846:Environmental Health Perspectives
1775:Environmental Health Perspectives
1465:Environmental Health Perspectives
769:Environmental Health Perspectives
719:in general. Those criteria are:
534:causes a significant risk of low
376:Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds
232:Neuroplastic effects of pollution
186:Vertically transmitted infections
123:Structural congenital abnormality
18:Environmental toxins in pregnancy
3571:Postpartum physiological changes
3271:Postpartum physiological changes
2796:Assisted reproductive technology
2672:Chemically Induced Birth Defects
386:
282:
273:fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
113:
80:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
3623:Adaptation to extrauterine life
2485:
2412:
2349:
2300:
2288:
2250:
2187:
2145:Reviews on Environmental Health
2132:
2067:
2017:
1954:
1833:
1762:
1575:
1509:
1452:
1405:
1346:
1299:
1252:
1205:
1179:
1165:
1125:"Mercury Toxicity, An Overview"
1116:
330:Environmental Protection Agency
3699:Occupational safety and health
3694:Environmental impact by effect
3266:Maternal physiological changes
1737:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.052
935:
918:
896:
756:
275:. The most severe of these is
72:polybrominated diphenyl ethers
13:
1:
2821:partner-assisted reproduction
749:
597:In a rural Colorado study of
423:
2689:Steingraber, Sandra (2001).
2653:Basic Concepts in Teratology
2446:10.1371/journal.pone.0126425
2374:10.1097/ede.0000000000000387
2039:10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.019
1930:10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.007
1679:10.1016/j.envint.2012.01.003
1619:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.007
1543:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114986
871:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020061
715:that also are applicable to
558:Checking the quality of the
326:Food and Drug Administration
236:neurodevelopmental disorders
7:
3057:Traditional birth attendant
1979:10.1016/j.neuro.2013.09.003
737:
467:
432:in analyses of an infant's
258:Toxicants and their effects
227:Neurodevelopmental disorder
199:Mechanical forces, such as
30:is the impact of different
10:
3715:
3289:Brain health and pollution
2655:. New York: Alan R. Liss.
2100:10.1038/s41467-017-00349-2
1840:Bell M., Ebisu K. (2012).
1430:10.1016/j.etap.2019.02.006
1324:10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.020
1277:10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.020
1230:10.1016/j.etap.2019.02.006
1142:10.1177/216507998603401106
526:Environmental exposure to
361:
301:
286:
266:
126:
105:Brain health and pollution
102:
98:
3650:
3615:
3579:
3533:
3524:
3502:Chorionic villus sampling
3484:
3279:
3236:
3205:
3198:
3065:
2990:
2959:
2950:
2884:
2854:Obstetric ultrasonography
2841:
2786:
2778:Pre-conception counseling
2753:
2558:Brent, Robert L. (2004).
1910:Environment International
1659:Environment International
1189:. Cdc.gov. Archived from
1088:Canadian Family Physician
1036:Human Reproduction Update
370:
60:organochlorine pesticides
56:polychlorinated biphenyls
3392:Intrahepatic cholestasis
2633:Developmental Toxicology
713:congenital malformations
603:congenital heart defects
573:To decrease exposure to
505:
139:congenital abnormalities
64:perfluorinated compounds
3462:Motor vehicle emissions
3323:Concomitant conditions
3297:environmental toxicants
3040:Auxiliary nurse midwife
2801:artificial insemination
2768:Natural family planning
2576:10.1542/peds.113.S3.957
2501:Environ Health Perspect
2313:Environ Health Perspect
2158:10.1515/reveh-2014-0057
1717:Atmospheric Environment
1523:Environmental Pollution
593:Natural gas development
345:
89:environmental estrogens
48:pregnancy complications
3556:Postpartum confinement
2816:in vitro fertilisation
2272:10.1186/ISRCTN46178175
826:10.1006/rtph.1998.1232
717:developmental toxicity
295:prenatal tobacco smoke
277:fetal alcohol syndrome
133:Congenital abnormality
3551:Postpartum depression
3432:Pruritic folliculitis
3176:Unassisted childbirth
2080:Nature Communications
1123:Burt Susan D (1986).
1048:10.1093/humupd/dmr022
289:Smoking and pregnancy
176:recreational drug use
127:Further information:
46:or fetus, as well as
3658:Gravidity and parity
3638:Congenital disorders
3597:Lactation consultant
3467:Pre-existing disease
3146:Childbirth positions
3136:Rupture of membranes
2833:Unintended pregnancy
2811:fertility medication
2277:. Also described in
1582:Facts about Dioxins.
1372:10.3390/ijms18071590
993:(January 17, 2013).
656:Role of the placenta
626:Endocrine disruptors
585:produce if possible.
490:with higher ambient
252:environmental factor
180:pharmaceutical drugs
159:, altered function,
40:prenatal development
3561:Sex after pregnancy
3368:Endocrine diseases
3314:Prenatal depression
3186:Placental expulsion
3104:Uterine contraction
3087:cervical effacement
2828:Fertility awareness
2570:(4 Suppl): 957–68.
2513:10.1289/ehp.1409535
2437:2015PLoSO..1026425S
2325:10.1289/ehp.1306722
2212:10.1289/ehp.1002212
2092:2017NatCo...8..302L
1922:2012EnInt..47...80W
1858:10.1289/ehp.1205201
1729:2012AtmEn..59..426M
1671:2012EnInt..44....7L
1535:2020EPoll.26514986G
1477:10.1289/ehp.1103711
1013:"Facts About FASDs"
781:10.1289/ehp.1002727
634:water contamination
607:neural tube defects
350:Adverse effects of
3337:Hypercoagulability
3166:Natural childbirth
3015:Postterm pregnancy
2773:Male contraceptive
2609:Agin, Dan (2009).
1607:Toxicology Letters
1587:2019-02-02 at the
1193:on 29 October 2011
956:10.1002/mrdd.10029
744:Drugs in pregnancy
647:2017-05-06 at the
619:unconventional gas
521:Ionizing radiation
418:particulate matter
414:Particulate matter
293:Fetal exposure to
172:Drugs in pregnancy
3666:
3665:
3651:Obstetric history
3646:
3645:
3607:Confinement nanny
3520:
3519:
3387:Acute fatty liver
3194:
3193:
3082:cervical dilation
2622:978-0-19-538150-4
1852:(12): 1699–1704.
630:hormone receptors
457:systematic review
316:mercury poisoning
234:can give rise to
219:Extrinsic factors
165:pregnancy wastage
16:(Redirected from
3706:
3531:
3530:
3497:Cardiotocography
3203:
3202:
3109:Vaginal delivery
2982:Nesting instinct
2957:
2956:
2942:Rudimentary horn
2871:Prenatal testing
2736:
2729:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2696:
2685:
2666:
2647:
2626:
2596:
2595:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2533:. Archived from
2524:
2498:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2468:
2458:
2448:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2403:
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2304:
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2254:
2248:
2247:
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2233:
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2185:
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2178:
2170:
2160:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2050:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1990:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1806:
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1650:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1598:
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1579:
1573:
1572:
1554:
1529:(Pt B): 114986.
1513:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1374:
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1200:
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1019:. 9 August 2017.
1009:
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906:. dictionary.com
900:
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686:active transport
668:and for certain
613:associated with
438:diethyltoluamide
381:white blood cell
161:deficient growth
32:toxic substances
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3667:
3662:
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3546:Postpartum care
3516:
3480:
3383:Liver diseases
3377:Thyroid disease
3275:
3261:Gestational age
3232:
3190:
3156:Labor induction
3061:
3052:Perinatal nurse
3025:Birth attendant
2986:
2946:
2880:
2876:Medical imaging
2837:
2806:fertility fraud
2782:
2749:
2740:
2705:
2682:
2663:
2644:
2623:
2605:
2603:Further reading
2600:
2599:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2470:
2469:
2431:(6): e0126425.
2417:
2413:
2397:
2396:
2354:
2350:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2257:Lazarus, J. H.
2255:
2251:
2235:
2234:
2192:
2188:
2172:
2171:
2137:
2133:
2072:
2068:
2052:
2051:
2022:
2018:
2002:
2001:
1967:Neurotoxicology
1959:
1955:
1902:
1891:
1838:
1834:
1818:
1817:
1787:10.2307/3434630
1767:
1763:
1748:
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1704:
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1599:
1595:
1589:Wayback Machine
1580:
1576:
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1410:
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1180:
1170:
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1135:(11): 543–546.
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761:
757:
752:
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723:Well-conducted
658:
649:Wayback Machine
595:
545:
508:
470:
449:organophosphate
426:
389:
373:
364:
348:
304:
291:
285:
269:
260:
229:
201:oligohydramnios
135:
125:
116:
107:
101:
23:
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3592:Health visitor
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3518:
3517:
3515:
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3509:
3507:Nonstress test
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3475:
3474:
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3423:Skin diseases
3421:
3420:
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3409:
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3389:
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3379:
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3339:
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3309:
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3283:
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3213:Amniotic fluid
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3200:
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2859:Pregnancy test
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754:
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684:soluble or by
657:
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577:; washing all
571:
567:
556:
544:
541:
540:
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532:hypothyroidism
530:in women with
524:
518:
515:Carbon dioxide
512:
507:
504:
469:
466:
425:
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399:sulfur dioxide
388:
385:
372:
369:
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360:
347:
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321:methyl mercury
303:
300:
287:Main article:
284:
281:
268:
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241:Many cases of
228:
225:
224:
223:
220:
217:
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211:
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197:
188:
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153:carcinogenesis
141:can be termed
124:
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3602:Monthly nurse
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3492:Amniocentesis
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3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:Substance use
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Fundal height
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3008:Preterm birth
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Hypnobirthing
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:3D ultrasound
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Birth control
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2706:
2704:1-903985-14-5
2700:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2683:
2681:0-8247-0265-4
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2662:0-8451-0241-9
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2643:0-7817-0137-6
2639:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2593:
2589:
2585:
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2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2540:on 2017-05-06
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2480:
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2462:
2457:
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2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2368:(2): 163–72.
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2151:(4): 307–18.
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:(2): 104–21.
2032:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:(6): 475–80.
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1552:11250/2735605
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1400:
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1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
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1182:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:AAOHN Journal
1126:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
931:
930:9788131225561
927:
921:
905:
899:
891:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
863:
859:
858:PLOS Medicine
855:
848:
846:
844:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
800:
796:
791:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
759:
755:
745:
742:
741:
732:
729:
726:
722:
721:
720:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
653:
650:
646:
643:
639:
638:air pollution
635:
631:
627:
623:
620:
616:
615:preterm birth
610:
608:
604:
600:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
564:bottled water
561:
557:
554:
553:
552:
550:
538:in the child.
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
509:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:census tracts
485:
480:
478:
474:
465:
461:
458:
453:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
430:
421:
419:
415:
411:
409:
403:
400:
395:
393:
392:Air pollution
387:Air pollution
384:
382:
377:
368:
359:
355:
353:
352:lead exposure
343:
340:
338:
333:
331:
327:
322:
317:
313:
312:methylmercury
309:
299:
296:
290:
283:Tobacco smoke
280:
278:
274:
264:
255:
253:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
207:
202:
198:
196:
192:
189:
187:
184:
181:
177:
173:
170:
169:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:
140:
134:
130:
120:
114:Preterm birth
111:
106:
96:
94:
90:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
3332:Hypertension
3319:Immunization
3302:in pregnancy
3296:
3218:Amniotic sac
3171:Silent birth
3114:Presentation
3077:Bishop score
3047:Obstetrician
2937:Interstitial
2864:home testing
2692:
2671:
2652:
2632:
2611:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2542:. Retrieved
2535:the original
2504:
2500:
2487:
2473:cite journal
2428:
2424:
2414:
2400:cite journal
2365:
2362:Epidemiology
2361:
2351:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2290:
2262:
2252:
2238:cite journal
2203:
2199:
2189:
2175:cite journal
2148:
2144:
2134:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2055:cite journal
2030:
2027:Toxicol Lett
2026:
2019:
2005:cite journal
1970:
1966:
1956:
1913:
1909:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1821:cite journal
1778:
1774:
1764:
1755:
1745:
1720:
1716:
1705:
1662:
1658:
1613:(1): 47–53.
1610:
1606:
1596:
1577:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:the original
1181:
1167:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1094:(1): 26–30.
1091:
1087:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1016:
1007:
947:
943:
937:
920:
908:. Retrieved
898:
861:
857:
820:(1): 55–60.
817:
813:
807:
772:
768:
758:
725:epidemiology
710:
676:for smaller
660:The healthy
659:
624:
611:
605:(CHDs) and
596:
548:
546:
496:spina bifida
481:
471:
462:
454:
446:
427:
412:
407:
404:
396:
390:
374:
365:
356:
349:
341:
334:
305:
292:
270:
261:
240:
230:
205:
149:malformation
142:
136:
117:
108:
52:
42:of both the
27:
26:
3628:Apgar score
3412:Hepatitis C
3398:Infections
3238:Development
3223:Endometrium
3181:Water birth
3099:Bloody show
3030:Men's roles
2960:Preparation
2912:Heterotopic
1424:: 102–107.
1365:(7): 1590.
1224:: 102–107.
1197:25 November
904:"teratogen"
702:elimination
599:natural gas
528:perchlorate
460:children."
442:vinclozolin
440:(DEET) and
157:mutagenesis
93:Bisphenol A
84:perchlorate
3689:Fetotoxins
3684:Teratogens
3679:Embryology
3673:Categories
3633:Child care
3526:Postpartum
3485:Procedures
3437:Dermatoses
3293:Nutrition
3151:Home birth
3073:Pelvimetry
2952:Childbirth
2932:Unintended
2788:Conception
2747:childbirth
2564:Pediatrics
2544:2017-03-31
2086:(1): 302.
1973:: 158–68.
1723:: 426–36.
864:(3): e61.
750:References
706:metabolism
698:metabolism
670:xenobiotic
575:pesticides
434:cord blood
429:Pesticides
424:Pesticides
306:Elemental
193:, such as
129:Teratology
103:See also:
76:phthalates
3141:Caesarean
2907:Abdominal
2743:Pregnancy
2281:article:
2108:2041-1723
1561:0269-7491
1485:0091-6765
1438:1382-6689
1381:1422-0067
1332:0041-008X
1285:0041-008X
1238:1382-6689
910:4 October
680:that are
678:molecules
674:diffusion
666:pathogens
560:tap water
191:Radiation
144:teratogen
3534:Maternal
3512:Abortion
3457:Bleeding
3407:COVID-19
3372:Diabetes
3357:Cannabis
3307:prenatal
3228:Placenta
3199:Prenatal
3129:shoulder
3124:cephalic
3092:position
3066:Delivery
2927:Postterm
2892:Cervical
2755:Planning
2592:12476696
2584:15060188
2531:26311476
2465:26039051
2425:PLOS ONE
2392:26426945
2343:24474681
2279:Medscape
2230:20923742
2167:25478730
2126:28851866
2047:24291036
1997:24121005
1948:22796478
1916:: 80–5.
1884:22889745
1866:23323098
1813:10339448
1697:22314199
1665:: 7–17.
1637:23164674
1585:Archived
1569:32585550
1503:21862444
1446:30797179
1399:28737682
1340:19409405
1293:19409405
1246:30797179
1159:39617010
1110:21322285
1066:21747128
964:12216059
890:15783252
799:21233055
738:See also
662:placenta
645:Archived
502:levels.
468:Benzenes
408:in utero
328:and the
247:genotype
3443:Others
3417:Malaria
3362:Opioids
3352:Alcohol
3347:Smoking
3206:Anatomy
3035:Midwife
3003:Newborn
2922:Ovarian
2902:Ectopic
2897:Cryptic
2842:Testing
2522:4786988
2456:4454655
2433:Bibcode
2383:4738074
2334:3984231
2221:3060005
2117:5575123
2088:Bibcode
1988:3899350
1939:3410737
1918:Bibcode
1875:3546368
1804:1566587
1795:3434630
1725:Bibcode
1688:4331339
1667:Bibcode
1628:3527658
1531:Bibcode
1494:3279440
1390:5536077
1151:3640630
1101:3024155
1057:3156888
881:1069659
834:9784433
790:3114826
690:charged
583:organic
579:produce
570:sanded.
500:benzene
492:benzene
484:benzene
473:Benzene
362:Cadmium
308:mercury
302:Mercury
267:Alcohol
99:Effects
68:phenols
3616:Infant
3541:Lochia
3327:Anemia
3246:Embryo
3119:breech
2998:Mother
2977:Lamaze
2701:
2678:
2659:
2640:
2619:
2590:
2582:
2529:
2519:
2463:
2453:
2390:
2380:
2341:
2331:
2263:ISRCTN
2228:
2218:
2165:
2124:
2114:
2106:
2045:
1995:
1985:
1946:
1936:
1882:
1872:
1864:
1811:
1801:
1793:
1695:
1685:
1635:
1625:
1567:
1559:
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1491:
1483:
1444:
1436:
1397:
1387:
1379:
1338:
1330:
1291:
1283:
1244:
1236:
1157:
1149:
1108:
1098:
1064:
1054:
962:
928:
888:
878:
832:
797:
787:
371:Dioxin
243:autism
195:X-rays
44:embryo
3587:Doula
3580:Roles
3472:Sleep
3447:Drugs
3427:Lupus
3251:Fetus
3020:Doula
2991:Roles
2917:Molar
2885:Types
2588:S2CID
2538:(PDF)
2497:(PDF)
1862:JSTOR
1791:JSTOR
1176:>.
1155:S2CID
991:ATSDR
682:lipid
642:study
506:Other
36:fetus
3281:Care
2745:and
2699:ISBN
2676:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2638:ISBN
2617:ISBN
2580:PMID
2527:PMID
2479:link
2461:PMID
2406:link
2388:PMID
2339:PMID
2244:link
2226:PMID
2181:link
2163:PMID
2122:PMID
2104:ISSN
2061:link
2043:PMID
2011:link
1993:PMID
1944:PMID
1880:PMID
1827:link
1809:PMID
1693:PMID
1633:PMID
1565:PMID
1557:ISSN
1499:PMID
1481:ISSN
1442:PMID
1434:ISSN
1395:PMID
1377:ISSN
1336:PMID
1328:ISSN
1289:PMID
1281:ISSN
1242:PMID
1234:ISSN
1199:2011
1147:PMID
1106:PMID
1062:PMID
960:PMID
926:ISBN
912:2013
886:PMID
830:PMID
795:PMID
700:and
694:dose
547:The
477:BTEX
346:Lead
337:Gaza
310:and
178:and
131:and
3402:HIV
2572:doi
2568:113
2517:PMC
2509:doi
2505:124
2451:PMC
2441:doi
2378:PMC
2370:doi
2329:PMC
2321:doi
2317:122
2267:doi
2216:PMC
2208:doi
2204:119
2153:doi
2112:PMC
2096:doi
2035:doi
2031:230
1983:PMC
1975:doi
1934:PMC
1926:doi
1870:PMC
1854:doi
1850:120
1799:PMC
1783:doi
1779:107
1733:doi
1713:2.5
1683:PMC
1675:doi
1623:PMC
1615:doi
1611:216
1547:hdl
1539:doi
1527:265
1489:PMC
1473:doi
1469:120
1426:doi
1385:PMC
1367:doi
1320:doi
1316:238
1273:doi
1269:238
1226:doi
1137:doi
1096:PMC
1052:PMC
1044:doi
952:doi
876:PMC
866:doi
822:doi
785:PMC
777:doi
773:119
562:or
455:A
163:or
3675::
3075:/
2586:.
2578:.
2566:.
2562:.
2525:.
2515:.
2503:.
2499:.
2475:}}
2471:{{
2459:.
2449:.
2439:.
2429:10
2427:.
2423:.
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2386:.
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2366:27
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2360:.
2337:.
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