720:, adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly and acceded to by 180 States, sets down rights for women, of freedom from discrimination and equality under the law. CEDAW has realized the rights and equality of woman is also the key to the survival and development of children and to building healthy families, communities and nations. Article 10 pinpoints nine changes that must be changed in order to help Nigerian women and other women suffering from gender disparity. It first states, there must be the same conditions for careers, vocational guidance, and for the achievement of diplomas in educational establishments of all categories in rural as well as in urban areas. This equality shall be ensured in pre-school, general, technical, professional and higher technical education, as well as in all types of vocational training.
364:
230:
31:
543:. Policy makers also argue that literacy for women increases job opportunities and access to higher education. Although it is often viewed that a woman working in the home benefits her family, it puts a strain on the whole community as education is one of the keys to success and being able to prosper. According to Ojo, women in Nigeria are harder-hit than men by poverty due to the lack of emphasis placed on female education, and the prevalence of early marriage which tend to further impoverish women, and subject them to statutory
27:(UDHR) According to a report in 2014, female education has an important impact on the development of a stable, prosperous and healthy nation state resulting in active, productive and empowered citizens. Educating girls develop growth rates, encourages independence of the girl child and reduces social disparities. In 2009, the Nigerian Population Council (NPC) observed that women with higher educational qualifications are more likely to be in formal wage employment than those at the level of primary school education.
39:
728:
in education existing between men and women. Sixth, is the reduction of female student drop-out rates and the organization of programs for girls and women who have left school prematurely. Seventh concern listed is the same opportunities to participate actively in sports and physical education. Lastly, is access to specific educational information to help to ensure the health and well-being of families, including information and advice on family planning.
355:’ by 2015 is at risk after having missed the initial deadline of 2005. In Nigeria, educational facilities are generally believed to be inadequate and access is limited for many, especially girls and women. According to the United Nations Human Development Report (2005), Nigeria was classified as a low developed country in respect of equality in educational accessibility.
610:
decision makers in the home,role models and mentors to their children, as well as employees and employers of labour in
Nigeria (Kangiwa,2015,p. 754) Notwithstanding the roles mention above which women play in developing their nation, the government is yet to pay adequate attention to it and give them the necessary support (Iyela, 1998, p. 222)
372:
community-based organizations 51 percent. Poverty is also a prevalent factor behind the disparity, for many guardians are willing to send their wards or children to school but financial incapability becomes a restraint most times and preference will be given to the male children if the opportunity arises because of the nature of the
Nigerian society.
507:. Millions of children and women will continue to die needlessly, thus placing the rest of the development agenda at risk. It is extremely important that girls have access to an education. For every additional year girls go to school, they receive 20 percent higher wages and suffer 10 percent fewer child deaths.
596:
and Health Survey (2013) while observing
National average reviewed a survey which reflected that 40.4% females as against 29.5% males have never attended school (NPC/RTI, 2014). The figures for females are greater in northern states than in that south. In north-east and north-west about two-thirds of
727:
Fourth, the same opportunities to benefit from scholarships and other study grants. Similarly, fifth is the same opportunities of access to programs of continuing education, including adult and functional literacy programs, particularly those aimed at reducing, at the earliest possible time, any gap
562:
of existence and of well-being, will be different. "For
Nigeria to achieve the goal of being among the largest 20 economies in the world, she must rapidly educate the children, most of all, the girls. Educating girls is known to be the basis for sound economic and social development. Educating girls
456:
were imposed on the
African mind. Thereafter, the woman's role has come to be limited to sexual and commercial labour; satisfying the sexual needs of men, working in the fields, carrying loads, tending babies and preparing food. The disempowering colonial 'ideology of domesticity' as espoused by the
435:
The decline in economic activities since the early 1980s has made education a luxury to many
Nigerians, especially those in rural areas. Because Nigerian parents are known to invest in children according to sex, birth order or natural endowments, girls and boys are not exact substitutes. Often the
380:
Various cultural and social values have historically contributed to gender disparity in education. According to work done by Denga, one prominent cultural view is that it is better for the woman to stay home and learn to tend to her family instead of pursuing
Western education. To explain the fact
343:
Gender disparity is also visible in the education of children with disabilities, a study in the 1990s revealed that only 37% of disabled females are literate compared to 57% for males. A reason for this situation is the cultural notion that the male will carry the family name while the female will
324:
to the male adult literacy rate of 74.4%. It is differences in education that have led to this gap in literacy. The gender gap in literacy rates in 2000 at the rural level between boys and girls was 18.3 percent in favour of the boys overall. In the age group 6–9 years (primary school ages) it was
371:
There are various cultural and socioeconomic issues in
Nigeria that prevent women from having adequate access to education. Among other factors that influence girls' disparity in education, parents/Guardians account for 90 percent, religious leaders 69 percent, traditional leaders 54 percent, and
609:
Women's roles in
Nigeria have experienced changes over the years especially during the pre- colonial, colonial and currently in the post-colonial era. Their roles cut across both the private and public domain, women play major roles as reproducers and controllers of their reproductive functions,
522:
and children have higher survival rates and tend to be healthier and better nourished. According to The
International Center for Research on Women, the education that a girl receives is the strongest predictor of the age she will marry and is a critical factor in reducing the prevalence of child
638:
body and a Ministry. In addition to this, the Engineering profession which is also considered to be a heavily gender-marginalised field has seen some changes with the establishment of Women Engineering bodies responsible for promoting Women representation in the Engineering field. One of such
723:
Second, is access to the same curricula, the same examinations, teaching staff with qualifications of the same standard and school premises and equipment of the same quality. Third, is the elimination of any categorized concept of the roles of men and women at all levels and in all forms of
280:
From 1970 to 1994, the enrollment of girls in primary education steadily increased from 30% to as high as 80%. However, differences exist between enrollment of males and females in all levels of education. In addition, the drop out rate of girls is higher than boys and participation in
494:
and school facilities are lacking, and total enrollments are low, a choice must often be made in families between sending a girl or a boy to school. Until equal numbers of girls and boys are in school, it will be impossible to build the knowledge necessary to eradicate
188:
was that a woman's place is at home and this kept many girls away from education. However, with the government's intervention and public awakening, parents began to send and keep their girl children in school. Consequently, women's involvement became more visible.
315:
between the education that which boys and girls receive. Many girls do not have access to adequate education past a certain age. those girl that have access, drop out of the school as a result of early marriage compare to the male child. In 2010, the female adult
709:, the FTI endorses developing countries that put primary education at the forefront of their domestic efforts and develop sound national education plans. Nigeria is already maximizing these resources for the advancement of the younger generation.
93:
Before 1920, primary and secondary education in Nigeria was within the scope of voluntary Christian organizations. Out of 25 secondary schools established by 1920, three were girls only, and the remainder were exclusively for boys. In 1920, the
760:
National Commission for Mass Literacy and Non-formal Education. A policy to motivate parents and families to send their school-age children to school and to establish training facilities that concentrate on domestic science, home economics and
138:
During the 1960s, when most African states (countries) began to gain political independence, there was notable gender inequality in education. Girls' enrollment figures were very low throughout the continent. In May 1961, the United Nation's
534:
Many policy analysts consider literacy rates as a crucial measure to enhance a region's human capital. This claim is made on the grounds that literate people can be trained less expensively than illiterate people, generally have a higher
179:
and many other organizations have sponsored, research and conferences within Nigeria regarding the education of girls. Up until the 1970s, considerably more boys than girls participated in education in Nigeria. According to one Nigerian
1046:
1739:
Gaidzwanwa, R. (1992). "Bourgeois Theories of Gender and Feminism and their Shortcomings with Reference to Southern African Countries", in Meena, R. (ed.) Gender in Southern Africa: Conceptual and Theoretical Issues, Harare, Sape
126:(1935), Anglican Girls Grammar School, Lagos, (1945), Queen Amina College and Alhuda College, Kano. From 1950 up till 1960, six more notable schools were established and by 1960, there were fourteen notable girl's schools, ten
197:
It can be noted that purposeful plans of action led to an increase in females in schools after 1990. While more boys than girls were enrolled in 1991 by a difference of 138,000 in 1998, the difference was only 69,400. At the
489:
face a deadline of 2015, the gender parity target was set to be achieved a full ten years earlier – an acknowledgement that equal access to education is the foundation for all other development goals. In countries where
724:
education. This is encouraged by coeducation and other types of education which will help to achieve this aim and, in particular, by the revision of textbooks and school programs and the adaptation of teaching methods.
213:, in March and April 1993 (three decades after the UN Declaration of the 1960s) it was observed that Nigeria was still lagging behind other regions of the world in female access to education. It was also noted that
743:
Blueprint on Women's Education. An outreach and awareness campaign to promote the importance of equal education, increase the available educational resources for females and reduce drop out rates among female
591:
Global efforts are being pushed toward the achievement of the goal of Universal Basic Education (UBE) in Nigeria. Women's education is one of the critical issues in northern Nigeria. According to the Nigeria
692:
The right to respect within the learning environment – Education must be provided in a way that is consistent with human rights, equal respect for culture, religion and language and free from all forms of
654:
done by the International Education Statistics measured Nigerian literacy across different 5-year age groups. Among persons aged 15 to 19 years – those who were of primary school age in the 1990s – the
288:
This translates into fewer women in certain economic fields. The percentages of female workers in some selected professions in 2012 were as follow: architects, 2.4%, quantity surveyors, 3.5%, lawyers/
717:
634:
and a ministerial portfolio for Women Affairs provide additional avenues for the promotion of women's educational issues and the enhancement of the role of women in national development by way of a
1434:
Ogunjuyigbe, P. O.; Ojofeitimi, E. O.; Akinlo, A. (2006). "Science Education in Nigeria: An Examination of People's Perceptions about Female Participation in Science, Mathematics and Technology".
1141:
Aliu, S, (2001). "The Competitive Drive, New Technologies and Employment: The Human Capital Link". A Paper presented at the Second Tripartite Conference of Manpower Planners. Chelsea Hotel, Abuja.
1050:
404:
practices which gave girls no traditional rights to succession. Therefore, the same patriarchal practices encouraged preference to be given to the education of a boy rather than a girl.
477:, many young girls are given out in marriage at an early age. The girl may not be able to attain higher education due the responsibilities of bearing children and being a young mother.
678:
report addressed the issue of education from a rights-based approach. Three interrelated rights were specified and must be addressed in concert in order to provide education for all:
50:(GNP) and increase of life expectancy. Because of this correlation, enrollment in schools represents the largest component of the investment in human capital in any society. Rapid
2085:
531:
deaths. Also, each additional year of formal education that a mother completes translates to her children staying in school an additional one-third to one-half of a year.
336:
rates of females students, poor performance, reluctance on the part of females students to enroll in science-based courses and poor classroom participation Across various
767:
Family Support Basic Education Programme. A programme to encourage families living in rural areas to send girls to go to school as a means of promoting youth development.
381:
that more boys than girls participated in education, Nigerian researcher Obasi identified a host of constraints with 'Nigerian tradition' being named as top of the list.
1155:
285:
classes are lower for girls than boys. In 2002, the combined gross enrollment for primary, secondary and tertiary schools for female was 57% compared to 71% for males.
384:
The 'Nigerian tradition' was explained as a tradition that attaches higher value to a man than a woman, whose place is believed to be the kitchen. A study by the
340:
delineations in Nigeria, a greater percentage of school-age girls are needlessly out-of-school, compared with the ratio applicable to boys of same age grouping.
697:
UNESCO estimates that an estimated $ 11 billion per year is necessary to reach the 2015 EFA goals. The imbalance between need and aid is apparent: aid sent to
461:
for women's educational imbalance in parts of Africa. As such, the overall human development in Nigeria is being hindered by this unevenness in educational
705:(FTI) provides one of the most promising paths to universal primary education by 2015. Set up as a partnership between donors and developing countries and
332:
to educational attainment and development in Nigeria. According to the Examination Council of Nigeria (1994) there are still other problems, such as high
1557:
Adeniran, Adebusuyi Isaac.(2007) "Educational Inequalities and Women's Disempowerment in Nigeria" Department of Sociology, University of Lagos, Nigeria
282:
2087:
A Human Rights-Based Approach to Education for All" United Nations Children's Fund; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
2396:
563:
produces mothers who are educated and who will in turn educate their children, care for their families and provide their children with adequate
2401:
666:. Consequently, the realization of the MDG3's 'gender equality and women empowerment' targets is being impeded harshly. Moreover, according to
2028:
Anugwom, Edlyne E. (2009) "Women, education and work in Nigeria" Department of Sociology/Anthropology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
682:
The right of access to education – Education must be available for, accessible to and inclusive of all children weather male or female gender.
407:
The Nigerian society (both historical and contemporary) has been dotted with peculiar cultural practices that are potently hurtful to women's
1964:
659:
rate is 70%. Among persons 80 years or older, only 13% are literate. Additionally, the gap between boys and girls aged 15 to 19 is only 11%.
539:
status and enjoy better health and employment prospects. If women are these illiterate people, that makes them even more disposable to their
440:
to send one child to school. Because daughters have assumed responsibilities in the home, she is less likely to be the one to attend school.
427:
of religion in both colonial and post-colonial Nigerian society privileges men at the detriment of women, even in educational accessibility.
915:
927:
419:
practices. As daughters self-identify as females with their mother and sisters, and sons as males with their father and brothers, gender
1498:
2265:
2333:
1653:
2470:
571:'s Deputy Representative. "Therefore educating girls translates to better health for the children, reduction in child morbidity and
2424:
344:
marry. Also, the option of street begging by young disabled girls in order to earn income can inhibit their attendance of classes.
2460:
2094:
1415:
Aromolaran, Adebayo B. (1 January 2004). "Female Schooling, Non-Market Productivity, and Labor Market Participation in Nigeria".
883:
631:
111:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2219:
474:
2465:
1888:
1821:
1170:
102:
involved in education, the grant-giving lasted till the early 1950s. At that point, education was placed under the control of
140:
24:
2318:
1314:
55:
670:, such unequal social and gender relations needs to be transformed in order to take women out of want and poverty. A 2007
618:
Currently Nigerian women are making progress within their society. In recent years, three male-dominated professions, the
1591:
662:
Nigerian women's access to formal education is still being constrained due to their unfair workload within the household
115:
597:
females never attended school compared to about one-eighth of females in south-west and south-south. It was reported by
2386:
2231:
Risikat, Dauda (December 2007). "Female Education and Nigeria's Development Strategies: Lots of Talk, Little Action?".
1788:
1769:
1705:
834:
Federal Science Colleges (Boys and Girls) one in the North West and one in the South – South Geo-Political Zones – 2
1276:"Conference of African States on the Development of Education in Africa Addis Ababa, 15–25 May 1961 Final Report"
963:
1845:
554:
of employment opportunity is education, especially higher education. If employment opportunities are different,
2258:
1005:
2455:
1297:
958:
706:
821:
Nigeria has 104 Federal Unity Colleges spread across the six geo-political zones of the country consisting:
601:
in 2014 that 70% young women between the age of 15–24 in the North West have not completed primary school.
2419:
2313:
2293:
619:
580:
486:
70:
63:
1620:
Denga, D.I. (1993). Education at a glance: From cradle to tomb. Calabar: Rapid Educational Publishers Ltd.
2359:
1364:
348:
164:
152:
2371:
2328:
2288:
1750:
Abdullahi, G. L. (September 2000). "The Crisis of Democratization: Women's Vision of the Way Forward".
1196:
813:
701:
countries to provide basic education in 2004 and 2005 was at an average of $ 3.1 billion per year. The
123:
363:
2323:
2298:
2251:
119:
685:
The right to quality education – Education needs to be child-centered, relevant and embrace a broad
2434:
2303:
1156:"'Dr' Girl-Child Education: A Reality or a Mirage among Females with Hearing Impairment in Nigeria"
623:
229:
1971:
510:
Women with some formal education are more likely to seek medical care, ensure their children are
2190:"An Analysis of Procedures and Methods of Educational Planning Utilized in Ogun State, Nigeria"
1730:
Hammond, D. and Jablow, A. (1992). The Africa that Never was, Prospect Heights. Woveland Press.
1718:
Haraway, D. (1991). Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, New York, Routledge.
47:
2118:
1234:
1197:"Parents' and Community's Supports Girl-Child Schooling in a Local Government Area in Nigeria"
30:
1763:
1699:
1420:
702:
99:
2220:
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/WRGS/ForcedMarriage/NGO/PopulationCouncil24.pdf
828:
Federal Science and Technical Colleges (FSTCs) 20 mixed and 1 (FSTC Uyo) for Girls only – 21
773:
Universal Basic Education. Reduction in geographic and gender disparity in school enrolment.
650:. As a result, younger persons are much more likely to be literate than older persons. In a
307:
Issues of gender equality in education have been the subject of much debate during the past
1947:
1921:
1443:
985:
627:
385:
311:
and have become a prominent topic of debate in all countries. In Nigeria, there are large
8:
514:, be better informed about their children's nutritional requirements, and adopt improved
127:
1922:"Literacy in Everyday Life: Results from the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy"
1447:
1298:"Gender and education for all: the leap for equality Global monitoring report 2003/2004"
831:
Federal Government Academy (for the Gifted and Talented Children) Boys and Girls; – 2
46:
A positive correlation exists between the enrollment of girls in primary school and the
2354:
1459:
1261:
1124:
1089:
968:
663:
555:
23:
to be educated, and this right has been recognized since the year 1948 adoption of the
1085:
2163:
1661:
1416:
1388:
Obasi, E. (1997). "Structural adjustment and gender access to education in Nigeria".
1275:
1230:
1128:
352:
107:
2207:
Iyela, D. (1998). "The Economic Role of Nigerian Women in the Pre-Colonial Period".
1873:
ICRW research on prevalence and predictors of child marriage in developing countries
1463:
1093:
2349:
2274:
1828:
1451:
1397:
1257:
1116:
1081:
980:
389:
312:
214:
73:
states that access to education is a right for all Nigerian children regardless of
1897:
2366:
1630:
1500:
Educational Inequalities and Economic Development of Women in South-South Nigeria
751:
527:
estimates that an additional year of schooling for 1,000 women helps prevent two
412:
1322:
713:
646:
Today, more children go to school and learn to read and write than in previous
630:
of Nigeria, have been led by female presidents. The successive creation of the
572:
544:
536:
504:
199:
168:
51:
1599:
1455:
1365:"The Education of Girls: The Ouagadougou Declaration and Framework for Action"
1072:
Schultz, T. P. (2002). "Why Governments should Invest More to Educate Girls".
750:
Nomadic Education Programme. Increase the access to education for children of
392:
in boys' and girls' participation in schooling was to the long-held belief in
2449:
2429:
1665:
1229:
Enyioko, Newman (2021). "Gender Equality and Educational System in Nigeria".
462:
38:
1796:
1686:
Nmadu, T. (September 2000). "On Our Feet: Women in Grassroot Development".
1401:
511:
408:
333:
210:
1948:"The Plurality of Literacy and its Implications for Policies and Programs"
1654:"'My wife belongs in the kitchen'? President Buhari isn't helping Nigeria"
1248:
Swann, J.; Graddol, D. (1988). "Gender equalities in the classroom talk".
2189:
2052:
Opaluwah, A. B. (12 March 2007). "Nigerian Women and Challenge of MDGs".
1592:"UNGEI – Nigeria – Promoting girls' education: The experience of Nigeria"
736:
Government policies that affect girl-child education since 1985 include:
458:
449:
401:
337:
297:
206:
148:
95:
20:
2123:, United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women
1567:
Uku, P. (1992). "Women and Political Parties". In Chizea; Njoku (eds.).
147:'s educational plans for Nigeria were announced in a conference held in
1822:"Education for All by 2015: Will we make it?" Global Monitoring Report"
686:
593:
551:
524:
515:
453:
437:
420:
397:
393:
321:
301:
293:
202:
185:
82:
871:
Solid Rock Girls Academy, Old Lagos-Ibadan Road, Sagamu, Ogun, Nigeria
217:
existed in education and there was need to identify and eliminate all
54:
development of a nation has been observed to depend on the quality of
1532:
CBN (2000). Annual Report and Statement of Accounts 31 December 2000.
651:
564:
559:
424:
423:
becomes institutionalized within the family unit. Also, the dominant
329:
181:
2243:
2010:
1315:"UNICEF and partners launch Girls' Education Initiative in Nigeria"
1120:
1030:
939:
Archdeacon Crowther Memorial Girls' School, Elelenwo, Port Harcourt
656:
576:
491:
317:
78:
1581:
UNDP (2005). Human Development Report, New York, University Press.
1107:
Nussbaum, Martha (2003). "Women's Education: A Global Challenge".
844:
Abeokuta Girl's Grammar School, Onikolobo, P.M.B. 2039, Abeokuta.
797:
National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategies (NEEDS).
698:
667:
635:
540:
496:
1999:. The Girls' Education Advocacy and Research Network. p. 7.
1351:
Gender in education: an overview of developing trends in Africa
936:
Government Girls' Secondary School, Harbour Road, Port Harcourt
675:
671:
647:
598:
568:
528:
519:
500:
308:
289:
218:
176:
172:
144:
103:
74:
59:
1025:
1023:
945:
Government Girls' Secondary School, Rumuokwuta, Port Harcourt
856:
Federal Government Girls' College, Sagamu, Ogun state Nigeria
640:
416:
2069:
Feminist Futures – Re-Imaging Women, Culture and Development
825:
Federal Government Girls' College (FGGCs) – 39 (Girls only);
62:
for a lifelong acquisition of knowledge, values, attitudes,
1433:
163:
The implementation in the 1970s of the free and compulsory
1789:"UNICEF – Goal: Promote gender equality and empower women"
1020:
604:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
1541:
Examination Council of Kenya. (1994) Government printers.
933:
Federal Government Girls' College, Abuloma, Port Harcourt
859:
Ijebu-Igbo Girls' Grammar School, P.M.B. 1003, Ijebu-Igbo
2038:
Huebler, Friedrich (2008), "Adult Literacy in Nigeria",
948:
Government Girls' Secondary School, Ahoada, Rivers state
791:
Strategy for Acceleration of Girls Education in Nigeria.
586:
1953:. UNESCO Education Sector Position Paper. UNESCO. 2004.
2134:
862:
Louisville Girls High School, Ijebu – Ode, Ogun State.
221:
that hindered girls' full participation in education.
233:
The Female literacy rate in Nigeria by state in 2013.
1486:. Paris, France: Les Editions J.A. pp. 126–127.
2066:
1827:. New York, New York: UNESCO. 2008. Archived from
712:The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
613:
320:rate (ages 15 and above) for Nigeria was 59.4% in
1383:
1381:
2447:
1372:Pan Africa Conference on the Education for Girls
1353:, CRILE Working paper, Kenya: Egerton University
850:Anglican Girls' Grammar School, Box 35, IjebuOde
847:Aiyepe Girls' High School, Aiyepe, Via Ijebu-Ode
375:
894:Reagan Memorial Baptist Girls' Secondary School
689:, and be appropriately resourced and monitored.
358:
2067:Bhavani, K. K.; Foran, J.; Kurian, P. (2003).
1997:ASSESSING GIRLS' EDUCATION IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
1378:
224:
118:(1896), St. Theresa's College, Ibadan (1932),
110:were exclusively for girls. These schools are
2259:
1569:Nigerian Women and the Challenges of Our Time
151:, Ethiopia. A target was set to achieve 100%
2080:
2078:
1846:"HISTORY OF GIRL CHILD EDUCATION IN NIGERIA"
1816:
1814:
1482:Ojo, A. (2002). "Socio-Economic Situation".
1247:
473:In most parts of Nigeria, especially in the
1883:
1881:
1163:The International Journal of the Humanities
1047:"WDR 2012: Gender Equality and Development"
457:practice of 'housewification' provided the
400:. This situation was further aggravated by
106:. In 1949, only eight out of a total of 57
34:Female students and female teacher in class
2266:
2252:
2120:CEDAW 29th Session 30 June to 25 July 2003
1726:
1724:
1631:"Nigerian first lady 'belongs in kitchen'"
1414:
900:Eva Adelaja Girls Secondary Grammar School
2075:
1811:
1749:
1496:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1153:
916:Federal Government Girls' College, Owerri
818:Primary and secondary schools for girls:
69:To ensure equal access to education, the
58:in that country. Education gives women a
2187:
2051:
1878:
1870:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1106:
868:Our Lady of Apostles, Box 212, Ijebu-Ode
785:Education For-all Fast Track Initiative.
362:
228:
37:
29:
2230:
2149:
2037:
1970:(Press release). UNICEF. Archived from
1783:
1781:
1779:
1721:
1228:
1149:
1147:
1109:Journal of Women in Culture and Society
1071:
1006:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
605:Women’s Role with the Rise of Education
192:
98:government started giving out grant to
66:, confidence, independence and skills.
2448:
2024:
2022:
1871:Jain, Saranga; Kurz, Kathleen (2006),
1651:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1348:
1337:
897:New Era Girls' Senior Secondary School
328:This indicates that there is a gender
2247:
2206:
2188:Ogunsaju, Olusegun (1 January 1980).
1685:
1544:
1387:
587:Women's education in Northern Nigeria
304:, 33.3%, media practitioners, 18.3%.
141:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
25:Universal Declaration on Human Rights
2273:
1776:
1194:
1144:
865:Muslim Girls' High School, Ijebu-Ode
443:
430:
2019:
1566:
1481:
1470:
903:Lagos Anglican Girls Grammar School
13:
2040:International Education Statistics
1262:10.1111/j.1754-8845.1988.tb00260.x
942:Holy Rosary College, Port Harcourt
579:effect of achieving all the other
14:
2482:
2164:"Basic & Secondary Education"
754:without jeopardizing pastoralism.
503:disease and ensure environmental
468:
184:, Kitetu, the native traditions'
2233:Indian Journal of Gender Studies
1652:Alonge, Sede (17 October 2016).
1204:Social Science Education Journal
1049:. The World Bank. Archived from
891:Surulere Girls' Secondary School
116:St Anne's School, Molete, Ibadan
2200:
2181:
2161:
2155:
2111:
2060:
2045:
2031:
2003:
1989:
1957:
1940:
1914:
1864:
1838:
1743:
1733:
1712:
1679:
1645:
1623:
1614:
1584:
1575:
1560:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1490:
1427:
1408:
1357:
1307:
1290:
1268:
1241:
964:List of polytechnics in Nigeria
853:Baptist Girls College, Abeokuta
807:
614:Current policies of progression
480:
325:3.9 percent in favour of boys.
2093:, UNESCO, 2007, archived from
1896:, UNICEF, 2004, archived from
1222:
1188:
1135:
1100:
1065:
1039:
998:
803:Universal Basic Education Act.
707:non-governmental organizations
558:, life expectancies and other
518:practices. As a result, their
1:
2168:FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
1768:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1752:Journal of Women in Academics
1704:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1688:Journal of Women in Academics
1571:. Lagos: Malthouse Press Ltd.
1086:10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00107-3
991:
959:List of Nigerian universities
632:National Commission for Women
376:Culture, values and tradition
347:The completion of the second
155:in Nigeria by the year 1980.
42:Female Youth Corps in Nigeria
2471:Women's education in Nigeria
1890:State of the Worlds Children
1154:Funmilola, Akinpelu (2007).
884:Methodist Girls' High School
620:Nigerian Medical Association
487:Millennium Development Goals
452:, rigid ideals about gender
359:Reasons behind the disparity
167:(UPE) was in line with this
158:
133:
112:Methodist Girls' High School
71:National Policy on Education
7:
2461:Women's education in Africa
1633:. BBC News. 14 October 2016
952:
928:Methodist Girls High School
731:
567:," says Dr. Robert Limlim,
349:Millennium Development Goal
292:, 25.4%, lecturers, 11.8%,
225:Gender disparity in schools
165:Universal Primary Education
153:universal primary education
10:
2487:
2224:
2012:Girls education in nigeria
1032:Girls education in nigeria
811:
583:in a sustainable manner."
465:across gender categories.
124:Holy Rosary College, Enugu
88:
2466:Women's rights in Nigeria
2412:
2342:
2281:
1497:Abikwi, M.; Onyemah, L.,
1456:10.1007/s10956-006-9014-6
130:and sixty-one boys only.
56:women and their education
2435:Female education in STEM
1484:Africa Atlases (Nigeria)
779:National Policy on Women
624:Nigerian Bar Association
575:, thus triggering off a
2372:Lists of girls' schools
1523:World Bank report. 2010
1506:, World Educators Forum
1008:. Amnesty International
888:Marywood Girls' College
814:Lists of girls' schools
415:, wife-inheritance and
1402:10.1080/09540259721349
368:
351:'s (MDG) target i.e. ‘
277:
100:voluntary associations
48:gross national product
43:
35:
703:Fast Track Initiative
628:Chartered Accountants
626:and the Institute of
366:
232:
41:
33:
2456:Education in Nigeria
2425:Socioeconomic impact
2071:. London: Zed Press.
1965:"Press Release 2008"
1834:on 13 November 2020.
1390:Gender and Education
1195:Saka, L. A. (2019).
1176:on 18 September 2016
986:Education in Nigeria
448:At the beginning of
398:female subordination
386:University of Ibadan
367:A Nigerian classroom
193:The 1990s and beyond
1977:on 19 February 2018
1903:on 20 December 2020
1850:School Software Pro
1448:2006JSEdT..15..277O
1169:(5). Archived from
556:standards of living
550:The most important
2209:Academic Discourse
2100:on 29 October 2020
1602:on 14 October 2017
1436:J Sci Educ Technol
1349:Kitetu, C (2001),
969:Schools in Nigeria
664:division of labour
485:While most of the
369:
278:
171:Plan. Since then,
44:
36:
17:Females in Nigeria
2443:
2442:
2054:Daily Independent
1852:. 21 October 2022
1799:on 20 August 2019
1793:static.unicef.org
1250:English Education
1074:World Development
1053:on 27 August 2017
639:organisations is
444:Colonial policies
431:Cost of education
353:education for all
108:secondary schools
2478:
2350:Finishing school
2275:Female education
2268:
2261:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2092:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1895:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1795:. Archived from
1785:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1759:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1598:. Archived from
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1468:
1467:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1321:. Archived from
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1002:
981:Women in Nigeria
436:family can only
411:, such as early/
394:male superiority
313:gender disparity
274:
268:
262:
256:
250:
244:
238:
215:gender disparity
122:, Lagos, (1927)
114:, Lagos (1879),
2486:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2408:
2338:
2277:
2272:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2205:
2201:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2065:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1777:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1697:
1696:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1480:
1471:
1432:
1428:
1413:
1409:
1386:
1379:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1347:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1246:
1242:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1105:
1101:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1003:
999:
994:
955:
930:(Port Harcourt)
816:
810:
734:
616:
607:
589:
483:
471:
446:
433:
413:forced marriage
378:
361:
276:
272:
270:
266:
264:
260:
258:
254:
252:
248:
246:
242:
240:
236:
234:
227:
195:
161:
136:
91:
12:
11:
5:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2397:United Kingdom
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2226:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2199:
2180:
2154:
2152:, p. 472.
2133:
2110:
2074:
2059:
2044:
2030:
2018:
2002:
1988:
1956:
1939:
1928:. 3 April 2007
1913:
1877:
1863:
1837:
1810:
1775:
1742:
1732:
1720:
1711:
1678:
1644:
1622:
1613:
1583:
1574:
1559:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1489:
1469:
1426:
1407:
1396:(2): 161–177.
1377:
1356:
1336:
1325:on 20 May 2021
1306:
1289:
1267:
1240:
1221:
1187:
1143:
1134:
1121:10.1086/378571
1115:(2): 325–355.
1099:
1080:(2): 207–225.
1064:
1038:
1019:
996:
995:
993:
990:
989:
988:
983:
972:
971:
966:
961:
954:
951:
950:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
924:
923:
919:
918:
912:
911:
908:
905:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
880:
879:
873:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
841:
840:
836:
835:
832:
829:
826:
809:
806:
805:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
755:
745:
733:
730:
716:against Women
714:Discrimination
695:
694:
690:
683:
615:
612:
606:
603:
588:
585:
545:discrimination
537:socio-economic
523:marriage. The
505:sustainability
482:
479:
475:northern areas
470:
469:Early Marriage
467:
445:
442:
432:
429:
377:
374:
360:
357:
275: < 35%
271:
265:
259:
253:
247:
241:
239: > 90%
235:
226:
223:
194:
191:
160:
157:
135:
132:
120:Queens College
90:
87:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2483:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:Dean of women
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2402:United States
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2334:United States
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2194:Dissertations
2191:
2184:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2063:
2056:. p. B5.
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2015:. p. 20.
2014:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1949:
1943:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1867:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1758:(1): 183–189.
1757:
1753:
1746:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1715:
1707:
1701:
1694:(1): 165–171.
1693:
1689:
1682:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1578:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1299:
1293:
1277:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1007:
1001:
997:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
977:
976:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
925:
921:
920:
917:
914:
913:
909:
907:
906:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
878:
875:
874:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
842:
838:
837:
833:
830:
827:
824:
823:
822:
819:
815:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
759:
756:
753:
749:
746:
742:
739:
738:
737:
729:
725:
721:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
691:
688:
684:
681:
680:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
653:
649:
644:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
611:
602:
600:
595:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
532:
530:
526:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
493:
488:
478:
476:
466:
464:
463:accessibility
460:
455:
451:
441:
439:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
373:
365:
356:
354:
350:
345:
341:
339:
338:geo-political
335:
331:
326:
323:
319:
314:
310:
305:
303:
302:pediatricians
299:
298:gynecologists
295:
294:obstetricians
291:
286:
284:
231:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:
190:
187:
183:
178:
174:
170:
166:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:socioeconomic
49:
40:
32:
28:
26:
22:
19:have a basic
18:
2343:Institutions
2319:Saudi Arabia
2308:
2236:
2232:
2218:
2208:
2202:
2193:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2167:
2157:
2150:Risikat 2007
2125:, retrieved
2119:
2113:
2102:, retrieved
2095:the original
2086:
2068:
2062:
2053:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2011:
2005:
1996:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1972:the original
1959:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1925:
1916:
1905:, retrieved
1898:the original
1889:
1872:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1849:
1840:
1829:the original
1801:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1792:
1764:cite journal
1755:
1751:
1745:
1735:
1714:
1700:cite journal
1691:
1687:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1658:The Guardian
1657:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1625:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1600:the original
1595:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1562:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1508:, retrieved
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992:References
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699:low-income
687:curriculum
560:parameters
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2377:Australia
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1666:0261-3077
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693:violence.
636:statutory
573:mortality
565:nutrition
512:immunized
492:resources
417:widowhood
390:imbalance
330:dimension
182:historian
159:The 1970s
134:The 1960s
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2367:Seminary
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953:See also
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648:decades
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