990:
telephones, wireless and broadcasting, currency, foreign trade, inter-state trade and commerce, banking, insurance, control of industries, regulation and development of mines, mineral and oil resources, elections, audit of
Government accounts, constitution and organisation of the Supreme Court, High courts and union public service commission, income tax, customs and export duties, duties of excise, corporation tax, taxes on the capital value of assets, estate duty and terminal taxes.
2772:
144:
25:
1311:, allows the union government power with the prior consent of the President (common head of states and union governments) to (a) form a new state/UT by separating a territory of any state, or by uniting two or more states/UTs or parts of states/UTs, or by uniting any territory to a part of any state/UT; (b) the power to establish new states/UT (which were not previously under India's territory) which were not in existence before.
1087:
responsibility in implementing the matters on which a state legislature has exclusive role in making laws (ex. State List). Incase both Union and States have powers to make laws (i.e. Concurrent List) on any matter, States have implimentation responsibility on such matters unless
Parliament decides to transfer the executive powers to the Union Government. State government has no role in implementing the matters falling in
1654:
1419:
3169:
2716:
1094:
In legislative and administrative matters, the union government cannot overrule the constitutional rights/powers of a state government except when presidential rule is declared in a State. The Union's duty is to ensure that the government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions
989:
Union List consists of 100 items (earlier 97) on which the parliament has exclusive power to legislate. This includes: defense, armed forces, arms and ammunition, atomic energy, foreign affairs, war and peace, citizenship, extradition, railways, shipping and navigation, airways, posts and telegraphs,
1379:
that damaged many Indian states, including West Bengal, Bihar (including present-day
Jharkhand), Madhya Pradesh (including present-day Chhattisgarh), and Orissa. These states lost their competitive advantage of holding mineral resources, as factories could now operate anywhere in India. This was not
1086:
The Union and States have independent executive staffs controlled by their respective governments. Per
Articles 73 and 162, Union Government has exclusive responsibility in implementing the matters on which Parliament has exclusive role in making laws (ex. Union List). State Government has exclusive
1252:
other than applicable Indian constitution. Part XII of the Jammu and
Kashmir state constitution made provision to amend its constitution with a two-thirds majority by the state assembly. Part VI (The states) and Part XIV (Services) of the Indian constitution were not applicable to Jammu and Kashmir
1140:, the President can proclaim a financial emergency when the financial stability or credit of the nation or of any part of its territory is threatened. However, no guidelines define "financial emergency" for the country or a state or union territory or a panchayat or a municipality or a corporation.
1143:
An emergency like this must be approved by the
Parliament within two months by a simple majority and has never been declared. A state of financial emergency remains in force indefinitely until revoked by the President. The President can reduce the salaries of all government officials, including
1030:
Concurrent List consists of 52 (earlier 47) items. Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list. The list mentions: marriage and divorce, transfer of property other than agricultural land, education, contracts, bankruptcy and insolvency, trustees and trusts, civil procedure,
1160:
States can make agreements among themselves. When a dispute arises with other states or union territory or the union government, the
Supreme Court adjudicates per Article 131. However, Article 262 excludes Supreme Court jurisdiction with respect to the adjudication of disputes in the use,
1291:
Though
Article 370 abrogation was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2023, statehood was restored from Union Teritory. However, Part VI of the constitution applicable to any State is not applicable to J&K state per Article 152 which is yet to be clarified by the Supreme Court.
1180:
According to
Kumarasingham, there are three distinctive features of India's federalism. First, its origins in Partition and the Princely States. Second, its constitutional power over the borders. Third, its early compromise of different cultural elements in the first decade.
1125:
allows States to borrow without limit without consent from the Union government. However, the Union government can insist upon compliance with its loan terms when a state has outstanding loans charged to the consolidated fund of India or a federally-guaranteed loan.
1346:
The
Lieutenant Governors of Union Territories of India are designed as administrators and are appointed by the President on the advice of the Union government. Lieutenant Governors can override local government policies only after taking parliament consent.
1004:
State List consists of 61 items (earlier 66 items). Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list: maintaining law and order, police forces, healthcare, transport, land policies, electricity in the state, village administration, etc. The
1400:
limits state borrowing even when they have not defaulted/faced a financial emergency. The employees' salary and pension expenditure of many state governments exceed their total revenue, without the President declaring a financial emergency. Article 47 of
913:. The legislative powers are categorised under a Union List, a State List and a Concurrent List, representing, respectively, the powers conferred upon the Union government, those conferred upon the State governments and powers shared among them.
1326:
allows a state of emergency that dissolves the state government and establishes Presidential rule. No emergency at the centre can dissolve the Union government. Misuse of Article 356 was rampant in the decades following its adoption, during the
1244:(including amendments to the constitution) applicable to rest of India were not valid in Jammu and Kashmir unless ratified by its state assembly. The Government of India could declare a state of emergency in Jammu and Kashmir and impose
1516:
With the exception of J&K (till 5 August 2019), no state can follow a separate criminal code. Only Goa has a different civil code. Paramilitary forces are controlled by the Union government only. No state can mint currency.
1388:
set up industries in these states, and most of the engineering industry was located in West Bengal. Following the end of the policy in the early 1990s, these states did not catch up with more industrialized states. In 1996, the
287:
283:
1589:
State emergency is declared by the President on the advice of the Union government and the Parliament alone has the power to make laws for the state during the period. State assembly remains dissolved.
1363:
throughout India and to take over states' tax collection mechanisms without regard to the impacts on individual states. Recently the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional right of states to impose an
1236:, read with Application to Jammu and Kashmir Order, 1954 (Appendix I and II). Only matters related to defense, foreign relations, and communications of Jammu and Kashmir were under the jurisdiction of
351:
355:
347:
359:
343:
2739:
235:
199:
1031:
contempt of court, adulteration of foodstuffs, drugs and poisons, economic and social planning, trade unions, labour welfare, electricity, newspapers, books and printing press NS stamp duties.
211:
195:
191:
187:
3157:
2414:
1152:, in cases of a financial emergency. All money bills passed by the state legislatures are submitted to the President for approval. He can direct the state to observe economy measures.
1637:
Amendment of many articles in the constitution can be made by two-thirds of majority in the Parliament. Some articles would need the assent of half of the state legislatures as well.
1016:
Though states have exclusive powers to legislate with regards to items on the State List, articles 249, 250, 252, and 253 mention situations in which the Parliament can legislate.
1784:, a collegiate body that defines the overall priorities and political directions of the European Union. It comprises the heads of state or government of the EU member states, the
1626:
Freedom of movement throughout India and right to own property and settle anywhere in India except J&K. But after 5 August 2019, freedom is throughout India (incl. J&K).
1500:
States have no right to secede. The Instrument of Accession only applies for the state of J&K via Article 370 (till 5 August 2019 as it was nullified by Union Government).
2916:
1586:
A provincial emergency is declared by the Governor-General and the Governor alone can make laws for the province during this period. The provincial assembly remains dissolved.
1595:
A central emergency is declared by the Governor-General and he alone can make laws for the federation during this period. The central legislative assembly remains dissolved.
791:
783:
3055:
795:
787:
779:
2610:
1742:
Any member state may choose to leave the single market at any time. For this, usually, a withdrawal agreement has to be negotiated, and there may be a transition period.
1009:
has exclusive power to make laws on these subjects. In certain circumstances, the parliament can make laws on subjects mentioned in the State List, but to do so the
1375:
Control of industries, which was a subject in the concurrent list in the 1935 act, was transferred to the Union List. The Union government in 1952 introduced the
1103:. The State governments cannot violate the Central laws in administrative matters. When a State violates the Constitution, Presidential rule can be imposed under
3150:
1895:
Every State has the constitutional right to impose certain taxes and raise debt. Part of Union government revenue is devolved to the States for public purposes.
3350:
1842:(Vidhan Sabha) who are either directly elected by the citizens from a particular Legislative Assembly constituency or indirectly elected as the member of the
683:
1397:
1221:
925:
763:
723:
687:
671:
663:
523:
483:
1807:(House of the People) and can either be directly elected by the citizens of a particular Lok Sabha constituency or be indirectly elected as a member of the
3100:
775:
767:
751:
743:
727:
711:
703:
691:
679:
675:
667:
659:
643:
603:
563:
527:
511:
503:
487:
471:
463:
2487:
1749:
under the 9th and 100th constitutional amendment act. According to articles one to four of the Constitution of India, no State can secede from the Union.
1393:
of West Bengal complained that "the removal of the freight equalisation and licensing policies cannot compensate for the ill that has already been done".
1039:
Subjects not mentioned in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects. However, many provisions in the constitution outside these lists permit
2465:
1336:
771:
759:
755:
747:
739:
731:
719:
715:
707:
699:
647:
631:
623:
607:
591:
583:
567:
551:
543:
531:
519:
515:
507:
499:
491:
479:
475:
467:
459:
2284:
3143:
3117:
1390:
651:
639:
635:
627:
619:
611:
599:
595:
587:
579:
571:
559:
555:
547:
539:
443:
3360:
655:
451:
447:
431:
427:
1513:
Many states had the right to mint supplementary coins, use state flags, independent civil and criminal codes, and maintain state paramilitary forces
1319:
Appointment of governors is the responsibility of the Central government through the President. Governors are generally not residents of the state.
960:
Each level of government has its own jurisdiction in matters of legislation, taxation, and administration even though they govern the same citizens.
1172:
the President can establish an interstate council to coordinate/resolve disputes between states and the Union. States have their own jurisdiction.
735:
695:
495:
455:
439:
435:
1965:
880:
615:
575:
535:
419:
375:
1055:
exclusively per Article 248. Parliament shall legislate on residuary subjects following the Article 368 procedure as constitutional amendments.
423:
403:
323:
2336:
2004:
916:
This federalism is symmetrical in that the devolved powers of the constituent units are envisioned to be the same. Historically, the state of
3135:
2933:
2704:
407:
391:
383:
327:
307:
2574:
415:
411:
399:
395:
387:
379:
311:
295:
2248:
1070:
which cannot be altered or destroyed through constitutional amendments under the constituent powers of the Parliament without undergoing
319:
315:
303:
299:
291:
2440:
3375:
3060:
1281:
2682:
3340:
3065:
2311:
897:
establishes the structure of the Indian government, including the relationship between the federal government and state governments.
1308:
1269:
1258:
1229:
921:
2363:
1760:
Article Three of the Indian Constitution provides for the merging or splitting of States. Such power is exclusively vested in the
1405:
prohibits intoxicating drinks that are injurious to health but is not enforced. Instead many states promote and tax liquor sales.
1013:(Council of States) must pass a resolution with a two-thirds majority that it is expedient to legislate in the national interest.
89:
1970:
1254:
251:
61:
2926:
1059:
920:
was accorded a status different from other States owing to an explicitly temporary provision of the Indian Constitution namely
370:
267:
247:
227:
3112:
3045:
3018:
2614:
2528:
2186:
2045:
263:
255:
243:
231:
223:
207:
183:
175:
152:
1355:
States are at liberty to manage their finances as long as that does not lead to financial emergency as per Article 360. The
2859:
1789:
1204:
constitute states, union territories and other acquired territories. The concept of union territory was established by the
259:
239:
219:
203:
179:
171:
68:
42:
3050:
1960:
1862:
1273:
1162:
1137:
1096:
873:
215:
167:
2388:
3028:
2986:
1858:
1839:
1757:
Merging or splitting of member states is only possible with the consent of the citizens of the respective member state.
1603:
Judicial matters such as clemency petitions shall be decided by the Governor-General on the advice of judicial councils
1272:
of the Constitution of India for the state of Jammu and Kashmir, and bifurcated the state into two Union Territories –
1044:
3023:
2697:
2170:
1843:
1785:
1701:
1462:
1249:
1122:
108:
75:
1683:
1444:
905:
specifies the distribution of legislative, administrative and executive powers between the union government and the
3033:
3001:
2996:
2909:
2825:
2803:
2133:
1754:
Merging or splitting of States is not allowed except with the consent of the U.S. Congress and the affected States.
1632:
1402:
1197:
1169:
1121:
Article 282 accords financial autonomy in spending financial resources available to the states for public purpose.
1100:
1063:
1048:
898:
799:
2212:
1058:
In case the above lists are to be expanded or amended, the legislation should be done by the Parliament under its
3192:
3093:
2991:
2981:
2163:
A political legacy of the British Empire: power and the parliamentary system in post-colonial India and Sri Lanka
1774:
1304:
1300:
1205:
1193:
1189:
937:
906:
1396:
National laws permit a private/public limited company to raise loans internally and externally to its capacity.
975:
The division of powers are defined by the constitution and the legislative powers are divided into three lists:
57:
3401:
3227:
2832:
1770:
1664:
1429:
1332:
866:
127:
46:
3165:
1508:
Only J&K has its own constitution (till 5 August 2019 as separate constitution of J&K was scrapped).
816:
1558:
Right to create, modify or dissolve provinces is solely vested in the hands of the Governor-General of India
3396:
3247:
3187:
2690:
1930:
1880:
There is a single currency, foreign policy, and armed forces under the control of the Government of India.
945:
3312:
3282:
2943:
2791:
2661:
1376:
1360:
1745:
Territorial integrity is not part of the basic structure of the Constitution. The territory is ceded to
338:
3207:
3179:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2815:
2712:
1870:
There is a single currency, foreign policy, and armed forces under the control of a federal government.
1835:
821:
278:
3370:
3322:
3317:
3252:
3040:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2854:
1561:
Right to create, modify or dissolve states is solely vested in the hands of the Parliament of India.
1527:
1217:
1006:
917:
3345:
3297:
3124:
2976:
2948:
2520:
2012:
1817:
1716:
1067:
846:
841:
162:
3302:
3287:
3262:
3237:
3232:
3013:
2938:
2837:
2820:
2798:
2585:
2259:
1945:
1900:
In general, people speak one language and follow multiple religions under a secular constitution.
1800:
1679:
1495:
1440:
963:
Powers and functions of each tier of government are specified and guaranteed by the Constitution.
82:
35:
2771:
940:
of the constitution stipulates two tier-governance with an additional local elected government.
3272:
3088:
3083:
2921:
2879:
2847:
1955:
1831:
1145:
1075:
2514:
3307:
3267:
3257:
3222:
3217:
2734:
1889:
1877:; foreign policy and the armed forces are the responsibility of the individual member states.
1675:
1436:
1265:
1233:
902:
894:
135:
3365:
3292:
3277:
3242:
3107:
1598:
There is no concept of central or Union emergency. Parliament should always be functional.
1201:
1149:
2552:
1606:
Judicial matters shall be decided by the President on the advice of the Union government.
8:
3355:
3202:
3197:
2966:
2810:
2720:
1935:
1854:
The main purpose of the EU is the free movement of labor and goods between member states.
1761:
1578:
1356:
1285:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1225:
1104:
1052:
1040:
966:
The Supreme Court has been given the power to settle disputes between state governments.
2842:
2786:
1940:
1796:
1534:
1340:
1130:
851:
2084:"Pages 311 & 312 of A. K. Roy, Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December, 1981"
3212:
2524:
2166:
2041:
1369:
1109:
929:
2466:"There is merit in Jayalalithaa's arguments against GST bill says Subramanian Swamy"
2904:
2364:"The Judiciary Can Stop the Misuse of Article 356, If It Chooses to Act – The Wire"
1950:
1827:
1781:
1523:
1047:
to legislate. Excluding the provisions of the constitution outside these lists per
2636:
2190:
3332:
2759:
2067:
2035:
1408:
1133:
every five years to recommend devolution of Union revenues to State governments.
1071:
1025:
836:
1903:
Generally, multilingual people follow one religion under secular constitutions.
1720:
1620:
3390:
1803:
is usually a leader of either the majority party or the largest party in the
1328:
933:
2488:"Supreme Court rules states have right to levy entry tax on goods coming in"
2033:
1906:
Multilingual people follow multiple religions under a secular constitution.
1545:
Governors are appointed by President on the advice of the Union government.
1823:
The election of the head of state varies from member state to member state.
1669:
1494:
Princely states could choose to join or stay out of the federation via the
1385:
1066:
with ratification by the majority of the states. Federalism is part of the
2516:
The Regional Roots Of Developmental Politics In India: A Divided Leviathan
3008:
1808:
1542:
Provincial governors are appointed by the Governor-General and apolitical
1381:
1323:
1264:
On 5 August 2019, the Government of India, by the powers vested in it by
1010:
1885:
Every State has the constitutional right to impose taxes and raise debt.
1873:
There is a single currency for all EU member states who are part of the
1838:) are usually leaders of the majority party or the largest party in the
2754:
2749:
2223:
2109:"Supreme Court Judgement: Bhim Singh vs U.O.I & Ors on 6 May, 2010"
1746:
1088:
999:
984:
948:
were accorded legislatures under Article 239AA and 239A, respectively.
831:
826:
2108:
2083:
1857:
Free movement of labour and goods is permitted between the States per
1380:
the case in the pre-independence era when business houses such as the
2971:
2415:"Supreme Court refuses to stay order declaring L-G Jung Delhi's boss"
1888:
The EU by itself has no power to raise taxes and raise debt, but the
1804:
1365:
1686:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1447:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
24:
1874:
143:
1851:
Free movement of labor and goods is permitted between the States.
1623:
and right to own property and settle only in respective provinces
2611:"Prez assents: Constitution (One Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015"
1566:
Powers are divided into Federal, Concurrent and Provincial lists
2740:
Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties
1303:
of the constitution says India shall be a union of states. The
1277:
1192:
says that India is a Union of States as elaborated under Parts
2337:"Fact-Check on the Use and Abuse of President's Rule in India"
1611:
Railways and Industries are subject matters in concurrent list
1574:
Residuary powers are vested with the Governor-General of India
1409:
Government of India Act (1935) vs Constitution of India (1950)
3168:
2715:
1107:
and the President takes over the State's administration with
941:
910:
1830:
of the States with the advice of the Union government. The
1816:
The citizens of the individual States directly elect their
1614:
Railways and Industries are subject matters in Union List.
1322:
Should the constitutional machinery in a state break down,
1668:. The axes of comparison listed here must be derived from
1569:
Powers are divided into Union, Concurrent and State lists
1228:
on 5 August 2019) a separate set of applicable laws under
1051:, the power to legislate on such subjects, rests with the
1550:
Governors of provinces need not be residents of the state
1398:
The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003
1861:. The interests of migrant workers are protected by the
1773:
is elected by the citizens of the United States via the
1631:
Amendment in the Act is not possible unless made by the
1553:
Governors of states need not be residents of the state.
2662:"Freedom of Trade, Commerce and Intercourse in India"
2037:
India: Government and politics in a developing nation
2034:
Robert L. Hardgrave and Stanley A. Koachanek (2008).
1780:
The power of the EU is exercised collectively by the
1643:
1335:
acknowledging misuse of the article and establishing
2040:(Seventh ed.). Thomson Wadsworth. p. 146.
1314:
2550:
957:
There are two or more levels (tiers) of government.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2072:. Radiant publishers, New Delhi. pp. 92–122.
1914:A union of highly developed democratic countries.
1859:Articles 301 and 303 of the Constitution of India
1739:States cannot unilaterally secede from the Union.
1505:Princely states could have their own constitution
1175:
16:Relations between the Central Govt and the States
3388:
2187:"The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956"
1966:List of amendments of the Constitution of India
2637:"The constitution (ninth amendment) act, 1960"
1091:unless mutually agreed upon per Article 258.
3151:
2698:
2160:
1034:
936:, directly governed by the Union government.
874:
1339:for the Union government to follow before a
1917:The largest developing democratic country.
1113:consent of the Parliament per Article 357.
3158:
3144:
2705:
2691:
2506:
2312:"Has Article 356 been the Centre's AK-56?"
2285:"Central acts applicable to J&K state"
2213:"Central acts applicable to J&K state"
1715:Indian federalism compared to that of the
1068:basic structure of the Indian constitution
881:
867:
2061:
2059:
2057:
1702:Learn how and when to remove this message
1463:Learn how and when to remove this message
1248:in certain conditions. The state had its
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3351:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
1537:is an indirectly elected head of state.
1403:Directive Principles of the state policy
1200:of the Constitution. Article 1 (3) says
2917:Lieutenant governors and administrators
2551:Government Of India (18 October 2017).
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1971:List of acts of the Parliament of India
1892:can indirectly influence fiscal policy.
1486:Defines India as a Federation of States
3389:
2054:
1956:Chief ministers of the states of India
1911:A highly developed democratic country.
1792:(the latter two have no voting power).
1350:
1155:
3139:
2686:
2512:
2309:
2065:
1577:Residuary powers are vested with the
1129:The President of India constitutes a
970:
1984:
1790:President of the European Commission
1777:. The US is a presidential republic.
1647:
1412:
1368:which is against the principle of a
1282:Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act
1184:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2310:Singh, Prabhat (11 February 2015).
2101:
1961:Part I of the Constitution of India
1863:Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979
1619:Freedom of movement throughout the
1489:Defines India as a Union of States
1295:
1116:
1081:
13:
2553:"The Government Of India Act 1935"
1644:Comparison with the USA and the EU
1019:
14:
3413:
2389:"Article 356: Its Use and Misuse"
2361:
2134:"Article 293 and its application"
1786:President of the European Council
1315:Appointment and role of governors
3167:
2770:
2714:
2069:State politics in India Volume I
1951:Governors of the states of India
1652:
1633:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1417:
1391:Commerce & Industry Minister
142:
23:
2654:
2629:
2613:. 1, Law Street. Archived from
2603:
2567:
2544:
2480:
2458:
2433:
2407:
2381:
2355:
2329:
2303:
2277:
2249:"Constitution of J&K state"
2241:
2165:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 91–92.
2161:Kumarasingham, Harshan (2013).
1331:era. In 1991 the Supreme court
34:needs additional citations for
2205:
2179:
2154:
2126:
2076:
2027:
1771:President of the United States
1268:, passed a motion to dissolve
1211:
1176:Academic research and theories
1:
1977:
1530:are apolitical heads of state
993:
978:
817:Constituent Assembly of India
3046:State legislative assemblies
2441:"Gujarat opposes GST regime"
2256:Jklegislativeassembly.nic.in
1931:Lawmaking procedure in India
1840:State Legislative Assemblies
1478:Government of India Act 1935
7:
3341:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2575:"THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA"
2445:Timesofindia.indiatimes.com
2005:"The Constitution of India"
1923:
1826:The President appoints the
1799:is indirectly elected. The
1682:the claims made and adding
1443:the claims made and adding
1377:freight equalization policy
1333:passed a landmark judgement
1232:a temporary article of the
1161:distribution or control of
951:
10:
3418:
3173:State governments of India
3051:State legislative councils
2816:Union Council of Ministers
1844:State legislative councils
1045:state Legislative assembly
1035:Other (residuary subjects)
1023:
997:
982:
822:Constitution bench (India)
3331:
3178:
3076:
3066:Leaders of the Opposition
3056:Speakers and Chairpersons
2959:
2779:
2768:
2727:
1528:Governor-General of India
1095:of the Constitution per
926:revoked by the Parliament
3034:Leader of the Opposition
3002:Leader of the Opposition
2521:Indiana University Press
1717:United States of America
847:Basic structure doctrine
2066:Fadia, Babulal (1984).
1946:Prime Minister of India
1496:Instrument of Accession
1163:interstate river waters
3089:Chief Justice of India
3084:Supreme Court of India
2934:Deputy chief ministers
2848:Central Civil Services
2513:Sinha, Aseema (2005).
1481:Constitution of India
1240:. Laws enacted by the
3402:Federalism by country
2944:Principal secretaries
2833:Deputy Prime Minister
1890:European Central Bank
1266:Constitution of India
1234:Constitution of India
895:Constitution of India
136:Constitution of India
58:"Federalism in India"
1359:is trying to impose
1202:territories of India
43:improve this article
3397:Federalism in India
2721:Government of India
2265:on 3 September 2014
1846:(Vidhan Parishad).
1762:Government of India
1724:
1579:Parliament of India
1357:Government of India
1351:Economic federalism
1280:by introducing the
1242:Parliament of India
1156:Disputes Resolution
903:Indian constitution
3019:Deputy Chairperson
2843:All India Services
2555:. Internet Archive
2494:. 11 November 2016
2421:. 9 September 2016
2419:Hindustantimes.com
2141:Fincomindia.nic.in
1941:President of India
1797:President of India
1714:
1663:possibly contains
1535:President of India
1428:possibly contains
1220:had (until it was
1131:Finance Commission
971:Legislative powers
852:Uniform civil code
3384:
3383:
3361:Jammu and Kashmir
3333:Union territories
3193:Arunachal Pradesh
3180:State governments
3133:
3132:
3097:
3041:State legislature
2987:Secretary General
2949:Advocate generals
2939:Chief secretaries
2930:
2913:
2900:State governments
2893:Solicitor General
2855:Cabinet Secretary
2829:
2807:
2795:
2617:on 22 August 2015
2530:978-0-253-34404-5
2523:. pp. 114–.
2047:978-0-495-00749-4
1921:
1920:
1836:State governments
1775:Electoral College
1712:
1711:
1704:
1665:original research
1641:
1640:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1430:original research
1370:general sales tax
1274:Jammu and Kashmir
1218:Jammu and Kashmir
1206:Seventh Amendment
1185:Union territories
1060:constituent power
1007:state legislature
930:Union territories
918:Jammu and Kashmir
891:
890:
119:
118:
111:
93:
3409:
3228:Himachal Pradesh
3172:
3171:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3091:
2924:
2907:
2888:Attorney General
2823:
2811:Union government
2801:
2789:
2774:
2719:
2718:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2666:Desikanoon.co.in
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2641:Indiacode.nic.in
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2591:on 16 April 2016
2590:
2584:. Archived from
2579:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2258:. Archived from
2253:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2222:. Archived from
2217:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2189:. Archived from
2183:
2177:
2176:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2113:Indiankanoon.org
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2088:Indiankanoon.org
2080:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2052:
2051:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2011:. Archived from
2001:
1936:President's rule
1782:European Council
1725:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1684:inline citations
1656:
1655:
1648:
1524:Emperor of India
1475:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:inline citations
1421:
1420:
1413:
1361:uniform taxation
1343:can be invoked.
1296:Unitary Features
1250:own constitution
1238:Union government
1226:Union Government
1117:Financial powers
1082:Executive powers
883:
876:
869:
146:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3327:
3174:
3166:
3164:
3134:
3129:
3125:District courts
3072:
2955:
2922:Chief ministers
2775:
2766:
2760:Concurrent List
2723:
2713:
2711:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2362:Hegde, Sanjay.
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2291:. 5 August 2019
2283:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2229:on 22 June 2014
2226:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2064:
2055:
2048:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2015:on 2 April 2012
2003:
2002:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1926:
1832:Chief Ministers
1708:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1673:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1469:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1434:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1353:
1341:state emergency
1317:
1298:
1246:Governor's rule
1214:
1198:VI (The States)
1187:
1178:
1158:
1119:
1084:
1072:judicial review
1037:
1028:
1026:Concurrent List
1022:
1020:Concurrent List
1002:
996:
987:
981:
973:
954:
887:
858:
857:
856:
842:Judicial review
837:Concurrent List
811:
803:
802:
373:
363:
362:
341:
331:
330:
318:
302:
281:
271:
270:
266:
234:
198:
165:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3415:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3248:Madhya Pradesh
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:Andhra Pradesh
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3163:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3118:Sitting judges
3115:
3113:Chief justices
3105:
3104:
3103:
3101:Sitting judges
3098:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2982:Deputy speaker
2979:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2919:
2914:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2838:Civil services
2835:
2830:
2821:Prime Minister
2818:
2808:
2799:Vice President
2796:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2678:
2653:
2628:
2602:
2566:
2543:
2529:
2505:
2479:
2468:. 15 June 2016
2457:
2432:
2406:
2395:. 1 April 2016
2393:Jagranjosh.com
2380:
2354:
2328:
2302:
2276:
2240:
2204:
2178:
2171:
2153:
2125:
2100:
2075:
2053:
2046:
2026:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1834:(heads of the
1824:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1801:Prime Minister
1793:
1778:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1721:European Union
1719:(USA) and the
1710:
1709:
1660:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:British Empire
1616:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:
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1510:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
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1483:
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1479:
1471:
1470:
1425:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1352:
1349:
1316:
1313:
1297:
1294:
1213:
1210:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1157:
1154:
1144:judges of the
1118:
1115:
1083:
1080:
1036:
1033:
1024:Main article:
1021:
1018:
998:Main article:
995:
992:
983:Main article:
980:
977:
972:
969:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
953:
950:
889:
888:
886:
885:
878:
871:
863:
860:
859:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
813:
812:
810:Related topics
809:
808:
805:
804:
374:
369:
368:
365:
364:
342:
337:
336:
333:
332:
282:
277:
276:
273:
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166:
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148:
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139:
138:
132:
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117:
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31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3414:
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3400:
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3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:Uttar Pradesh
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
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3266:
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3261:
3259:
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3236:
3234:
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3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
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3201:
3199:
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3141:
3138:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3114:
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3110:
3109:
3106:
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3079:
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2836:
2834:
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2827:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2616:
2612:
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2587:
2583:
2582:Lawmin.nic.in
2576:
2570:
2554:
2547:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2467:
2461:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2193:on 1 May 2017
2192:
2188:
2182:
2174:
2172:9781780762289
2168:
2164:
2157:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2060:
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2049:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2009:Lawmin.nic.in
2006:
2000:
1998:
1996:
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1898:
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1891:
1887:
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1856:
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1726:
1722:
1718:
1706:
1703:
1695:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1661:This section
1659:
1650:
1649:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
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1521:
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1503:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1456:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1426:This section
1424:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1338:
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
30:
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3208:Chhattisgarh
2744:
2735:Constitution
2728:Constitution
2669:. Retrieved
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2615:the original
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2343:. April 2016
2341:Thequint.com
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2289:livemint.com
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2224:the original
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3371:Lakshadweep
3323:West Bengal
3318:Uttarakhand
3253:Maharashtra
3108:High courts
3009:Rajya Sabha
2960:Legislature
2860:Secretaries
2536:15 February
2498:13 November
1809:Rajya Sabha
1324:Article 356
1270:Article 370
1259:Article 308
1255:Article 152
1230:Article 370
1212:Aberrations
1170:Article 263
1150:high courts
1138:Article 360
1123:Article 293
1105:Article 356
1101:Article 256
1097:Article 355
1064:Article 368
1049:Article 245
1011:Rajya Sabha
924:(which was
922:Article 370
3391:Categories
3376:Puducherry
3346:Chandigarh
3298:Tamil Nadu
2967:Parliament
2755:State List
2750:Union List
2745:Federalism
2595:18 October
2559:18 October
2425:18 October
2399:18 October
2373:18 October
2368:Thewire.in
2347:18 October
2321:18 October
1978:References
1788:, and the
1747:Bangladesh
1692:April 2022
1676:improve it
1453:April 2022
1437:improve it
1337:principles
1307:(in 1956)
1288:of India.
1286:Parliament
1089:Union List
1053:parliament
1041:parliament
1000:State List
994:State List
985:Union List
979:Union List
946:Puducherry
928:in 2019).
832:State List
827:Union List
371:Amendments
339:Appendices
99:March 2018
69:newspapers
3303:Telangana
3288:Rajasthan
3263:Meghalaya
3238:Karnataka
3233:Jharkhand
3077:Judiciary
2972:Lok Sabha
2905:Governors
2787:President
2780:Executive
2269:23 August
2233:23 August
2093:23 August
1828:Governors
1805:Lok Sabha
1680:verifying
1441:verifying
1366:Entry Tax
1309:Article 3
1222:abolished
279:Schedules
3273:Nagaland
3014:Chairman
2671:23 March
2646:23 March
2450:21 March
2295:5 August
2146:21 March
2118:21 March
2019:21 March
1924:See also
1875:eurozone
1818:Governor
1384:and the
952:Features
324:Eleventh
153:Preamble
128:a series
126:Part of
3308:Tripura
3268:Mizoram
3258:Manipur
3223:Haryana
3218:Gujarat
3061:Members
2977:Speaker
2875:Foreign
2870:Finance
2865:Defence
2472:20 June
1674:Please
1435:Please
1386:Dalmias
1372:(GST).
1305:amended
1284:in the
1074:by the
901:of the
899:Part XI
328:Twelfth
308:Seventh
83:scholar
3366:Ladakh
3293:Sikkim
3283:Punjab
3278:Odisha
3243:Kerala
3029:Leader
3024:Member
2997:Leader
2992:Member
2621:3 June
2527:
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1734:India
1278:Ladakh
1276:, and
1168:Under
1136:Under
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312:Eighth
296:Fourth
288:Second
130:on the
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3356:Delhi
3203:Bihar
3198:Assam
2589:(PDF)
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2137:(PDF)
1723:(EU)
1670:WP:RS
1382:Tatas
942:Delhi
911:India
320:Tenth
316:Ninth
304:Sixth
300:Fifth
292:Third
284:First
252:XVIII
163:Parts
90:JSTOR
76:books
3094:list
2927:list
2910:list
2880:Home
2826:list
2804:list
2792:list
2673:2016
2648:2014
2623:2015
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2561:2017
2538:2013
2525:ISBN
2500:2016
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2199:2017
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2021:2012
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376:List
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236:XIVA
228:XIII
200:VIII
62:news
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1728:USA
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