344:(BLM) - The agency was formed in 1946 from the consolidation of the Grazing Service and the General Land Office. BLM manages about 244.4 million acres (0.989 million km) of federal lands as of 2018, more than any other agency. Of these, more than 99% are in the 11 Western states or Alaska. BLM primarily emphasizes rangeland, but also administers lands for purposes other than grazing, including recreation; timber, energy, and mineral extraction; and conservation (including watershed and wildlife/fish habitat).
316:
Department of
Defense decreased by 10.2% and 56.8%, respectively, and the federal acreage held by the Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service increased by 0.8%, 2.7%, and 5.0%, respectively. Over the 1990–2018 time period, the largest decline in federal acreage was in Alaska (a decrease of 9.4%, or 23.0 million acres (0.093 million km)) and in the 11 contiguous states of the West (a 3% decrease in federal land, or 10.7 million acres (0.043 million km)).
20:
325:
1278:
350:(FWS) - Manages about 89.2 million acres (0.361 million km) of federal land (as of 2018), of which 85.9% are in Alaska. FWS-administered land is primarily for conservation and promotion of wildlife; however, some other uses (such as resource extraction) are permitted under certain conditions and in certain areas.
79:
The federal government manages about 640 million acres (2.6 million km) of land in the United States, which is about 28% of the total land area of 2.27 billion acres (9.2 million km). The majority of federal lands (610.1 million acres (2.469 million km) or
308:
in the 1970s and the 1980s sought major changes to federal land control, use, and disposal policy in 13 western states in which federal land holdings include between 20% and 85% of a state's area. Supporters of the movement wanted more state and local control over the lands, if not outright transfer
240:
of a particular territory. This pattern gradually spread across the entire United States. Homestead entries peaked in 1910, when they amounted to 18.3 million acres (0.074 million km), and sharply declined after 1935 and were eliminated in 1986. The laws that spurred mass federal land
235:
and the Desert Lands Entry Act of 1877. Several different types of patents existed. These include cash entry, credit, homestead, Indian, military warrants, mineral certificates, private land claims, railroads, state selections, swamps, town sites, and town lots. A system of local land offices spread
252:
Between 1781 and 2018, the federal government divested itself of estimated 1.29 billion acres (5.2 million km) of public domain land. The vast majority (97%) of transfers of federal land to private ownership occurred before 1940. Beginning in the early 20th century, U.S. government
315:
From 1990 to 2018, the overall acreage held by the federal government decreased by 4.9% (i.e., from 646.9 million acres (2.618 million km) to 615.3 million acres (2.490 million km)). Over that time period, the federal acreage held by the Bureau of Land
Management and
158:
is "quasi-private, not public, land." Nevertheless, "because the United States is a legal title holder, the federal government is a necessary part in all leases and dispositions of resources including trust land. For example, the secretary of the interior must approve any contract for payment or
145:
tribes are generally not considered public lands. There are some 55 million acres (0.22 million km) of land held in trust by the federal government for Indian tribes and almost 11 million acres (45 thousand km) of land held in trust by the federal government for
219:
instructed a geographer to oversee this work as undertaken by a group of surveyors. The first years of surveying were completed by trial and error; once the territory of Ohio had been surveyed, a modern public land survey system had been developed. In 1812, Congress established the
430:
Together, the BLM, FWS, NPS, Forest
Service, and DOD manage about 96% of federal land. The remaining 4% of federal land is controlled by other federal agencies, including the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the
411:, which owns, leases, or possessed 26.1 million acres (0.106 million km) worldwide, of which 8.8 million acres (0.036 million km) are located in the United States (this figure excluded
459:. Nationwide, the federal government owns 27.4% of all land area. There are significant variations regionally; the federal government owns 61.3% of the land area in Alaska, 46.4% of the land area in the 11
195:
directed that they be explored, surveyed, and made available for settlement. During the
Revolutionary War, military bounty land was promised to soldiers who fought for the colonies. After the war, the
1282:
1077:
215:. By this time, the United States needed revenue to function. Land was sold so that the government would have money to survive. In order to sell the land, surveys needed to be conducted. The
76:
over "Places purchased by the
Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dock-yards, and other needful Buildings."
134:
that "the complete power that
Congress has over federal lands under this clause necessarily includes the power to regulate and protect wildlife living there, state law notwithstanding."
253:
policy shifted from disposing of public land to retaining and managing it. Congress took additional steps toward recognizing the value of the assets on public lands and directed the
357:
58:
834:
929:
A History of the
Rectangular Survey System by C. Albert White, 1983, Pub: Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management: For sale by G.P.O.
65:
has the power to retain, buy, sell, and regulate federal lands, such as by limiting cattle grazing on them. These powers have been recognized in a long series of
72:
In
Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 the United States Constitution empowers the federal government with exclusive legislative authority like that exercised for
580:
1070:
1102:
1378:
356:(NPS) - Manages about 79.9 million acres (0.323 million km) of federal land (as of 2018), of which 66% are in Alaska. There are 431
484:
1019:
508:
1312:
440:
290:
714:
1044:
702:
463:
Western states; and 4.2% of the land area of other states. The state with the highest percentage of land held by the federal government is
1142:
Innovation in the U.S. Bureau of Land
Management: Insights from Integrating Mule Deer Management with Oil and Gas Leasing (Masters Thesis)
1118:
237:
1229:
231:
In the 19th century, other bounty land and homestead laws were enacted to dispose of federal land. These included, among others, the
796:
397:(as of 2018). Although Forest Service holdings are mostly in the West, the USFS also manages about 60% of all federal lands in the
336:
225:
97:
1383:
985:
892:
863:
688:
600:
385:
347:
101:
85:
46:
23:
369:
1288:
830:
412:
142:
31:
104:. An additional 11.4 million acres (46 thousand km) of land (about 2% of all federal land) is managed by the
228:
to oversee the disposition of these federal lands. By the early 1800s, promised bounty land claims were finally fulfilled.
489:
408:
128:
has upheld the broad powers of the federal government to deal with federal lands, for example having unanimously held in
105:
1174:
570:
544:
498:
211:, ceded territory to the United States. In the 1780s, other states relinquished their own claims to land in modern-day
125:
632:
538:
221:
797:
When Did
Congress Deem Indian Lands Public Lands?: The Problem of BLM Exercising Oil and Gas Regulatory Jurisdiction
1297:
1114:
1264:
394:
282:
1247:
436:
390:
180:
93:
527:
560:
258:
66:
1388:
616:
548:
515:
242:
54:
1015:
1016:"Records of the Bureau of Land Management [BLM] (Record Group 49) 1685–1993 (bulk 1770–1982)"
444:
420:
341:
81:
373:
200:
524:
1048:
557:
159:
grant by an Indian tribe for services for the tribe 'relative to their lands' (25 U.S.C. § 81)."
1198:
494:
216:
196:
192:
168:
62:
1106:
1340:
Vincent, Carol Hardy; Comay, Laura B.; Crafton, R. Eliot; Hoover, Katie (November 23, 2018).
1145:
460:
456:
432:
398:
353:
305:
232:
113:
89:
377:
286:
130:
1199:
Ross W. Gorte; Carol Hardy Vincent; Laura A. Hanson; Marc R. Rosenblum (8 February 2012).
467:(80.1%); the states with the lowest percentage of land held by the federal government are
8:
533:
301:
172:
1290:
Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition
978:
856:
566:
419:
and reservations. The largest single DOD-owned, all-land tract is the 2.3-million-acre
278:
888:
813:
Treaties with American Indians: An Encyclopedia of Rights, Conflicts, and Sovereignty
365:
176:
1149:
294:
254:
236:
throughout the territories, patenting land that was surveyed via the corresponding
502:
637:
574:
415:
land). DoD thus administers approximately 1% of federal land. DOD land is mostly
246:
73:
50:
30:, including subsurface rights. This map includes federal lands held in trust for
393:(USFS) - Manages about 192.9 million acres (0.781 million km) of
620:
604:
416:
155:
19:
1200:
1167:
261:
allowed leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities, such as
175:
of 1787 provided for the survey and settlement of the lands that the original
1372:
361:
42:
979:"Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land-Warrant Application Files (p. 3)"
857:"Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land-Warrant Application Files (p. 7)"
1341:
596:
324:
768:
1153:
468:
270:
424:
138:
27:
266:
889:"British-American Diplomacy Treaty of Paris – Hunter Miller's Notes"
1313:"The Biden Administration Has Reached Conservation Records in 2023"
328:
This map shows land owned by different federal government agencies.
291:
Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act
1363:
America's Public Lands: From Yellowstone to Smokey Bear and Beyond
293:
of 1937, commonly referred as the O&C Act, required sustained
16:
Land in the United States which is owned by the federal government
464:
289:
by establishment of advisory boards that set grazing fees. The
274:
204:
188:
154:(the right to use and benefit from the property). As a result,
109:
771:, Congressional Research Service (updated February 21, 2020).
767:
Carol Hardy Vincent, Carla N. Argueta, & Laura A. Hanson,
183:. As additional lands were acquired by the United States from
34:, which may not be considered federal lands in other contexts.
208:
184:
1343:
Federal Land Ownership: Acquisition and Disposal Authorities
1168:"O&C Sustained Yield Act: the Law, the Land, the Legacy"
472:
262:
212:
915:
British foreign policy in an age of revolutions, 1783–1793
1339:
1254:. (Oregon). Associated Press. June 11, 1980. p. 15C.
1365:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2014.
257:
to manage activities on the remaining public lands. The
984:. National Archives and Records Administration (1974).
862:. National Archives and Records Administration (1974).
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
615:
In the United States, federal lands are often used for
514:
Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act (Baca Act) (
478:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
1045:"BLM and Its Predecessors: A Long and Varied History"
146:
individual Natives. Although the United States holds
943:
Vernon Carstensen, "Patterns on the American Land."
108:(DOD). The majority of federal lands are located in
724:
599:under federal management that were obtained by the
581:
Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971
191:, Native American Nations and other countries, the
549:
516:
1192:
791:
789:
704:, Cornell University Legal Information Institute]
660:United States Constitutional Law: An Introduction
249:of 1877, have since been repealed or superseded.
80:95 percent area in 2015) are administered by the
1370:
1349:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service
1230:"The Open West, Owned by the Federal Government"
1018:. National Archives and Records Administration.
815:(ed. Donald L. Fixico: ABC-CLIO, 2008), p. 956.
695:
485:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
319:
786:
619:. The administration of Joe Biden turned into
509:Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976
309:of them to state and local authorities and/or
150:to these lands, the tribe or individual holds
964:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
955:
953:
441:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1267:, National Park Service (revised 03/14/12).
1248:"Andrus predicts end to West's 'rebellion'"
1201:"Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data"
407:The fifth largest federal landowner is the
332:The four primary federal land holders are:
162:
1265:White Sands Missile Range and Trinity Site
962:A history of the rectangular survey system
950:
939:
937:
935:
179:ceded to the federal government after the
100:, while the Forest Service is part of the
96:(USFS). BLM, FWS, and NPS are part of the
1286:
1160:
1039:
1037:
891:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School.
769:Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data
654:
652:
1071:"Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 As Amended"
807:
805:
715:Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling
323:
98:United States Department of the Interior
18:
1379:Federal government of the United States
1240:
1139:
1133:
1083:from the original on September 23, 2015
1010:
1008:
1006:
973:
971:
932:
925:
923:
689:Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority
348:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
102:United States Department of Agriculture
86:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1371:
1121:from the original on November 29, 2014
1034:
1022:from the original on November 29, 2014
991:from the original on February 13, 2015
869:from the original on February 13, 2015
837:from the original on November 26, 2014
649:
297:of the timberlands in western Oregon.
1180:from the original on October 24, 2012
959:
831:"The BLM: The Agency and its History"
825:
823:
821:
802:
413:United States Army Corps of Engineers
241:transfers, with the exception of the
1208:Table 1. Federal Land by State, 2010
1003:
968:
947:Fall 1987, Vol. 18 Issue 4, pp 31–39
920:
479:Primary laws regarding federal lands
455:Federal land is concentrated in the
360:with a variety of titles, including
1310:
1140:Elliott, Clayton R. (August 2010).
1101:
799:, 33 Energy Law Journal 119 (2012).
795:Tom Fredericks & Andrea Aseff,
713:Lipton, Eric, and Clifford Krauss,
490:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
409:United States Department of Defense
277:to take place on public lands. The
199:, signed by the United States, the
119:
106:United States Department of Defense
13:
1333:
818:
684:Utah Power & Light Co. v. U.S.
623:12.5 million acres in 2023 alone.
554:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
545:Omnibus Public Land Management Act
521:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
1400:
895:from the original on May 16, 2015
633:Public lands in the United States
586:
539:National Environmental Policy Act
222:United States General Land Office
1281: This article incorporates
1276:
1210:. Congressional Research Service
1111:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
137:Lands held by the United States
41:are publicly owned lands in the
1304:
1270:
1258:
1222:
1095:
1063:
907:
881:
849:
701:Cornell University Law School,
450:
1384:Geography of the United States
1298:Congressional Research Service
1115:University of Nebraska-Lincoln
774:
707:
665:
238:Office of the Surveyor General
1:
1173:. Bureau of Land Management.
643:
283:United States Grazing Service
1317:Center for American progress
686:, 243 U.S. 389, 405 (1917),
437:United States Postal Service
391:United States Forest Service
320:Primary federal land holders
287:manage the public rangelands
94:United States Forest Service
7:
692:, 297 U.S. 288, 336 (1936).
626:
259:Mineral Leasing Act of 1920
126:United States Supreme Court
67:United States Supreme Court
10:
1405:
617:environmental conservation
337:Department of the Interior
243:General Mining Law of 1872
226:Department of the Treasury
55:United States Constitution
960:White, C. Albert (1991).
674:, 80 U.S. 92, 99 (1872),
445:U.S. Department of Energy
421:White Sands Missile Range
386:Department of Agriculture
342:Bureau of Land Management
82:Bureau of Land Management
374:national recreation area
281:of 1934 established the
201:Kingdom of Great Britain
163:History of federal lands
61:, section 3, clause 2),
678:, 220 U.S. 506 (1911),
610:
595:refer to a category of
197:Treaty of Paris of 1783
1283:public domain material
945:Journal of Federalism,
783:, 426 U.S. 529 (1976).
591:In the United States,
495:Endangered Species Act
370:national historic site
329:
217:Land Ordinance of 1785
193:United States Congress
169:Land Ordinance of 1785
35:
1252:Eugene Register-Guard
1146:University of Montana
1047:. BLM. Archived from
682:220 U.S. 523 (1911),
607:, gift, or exchange.
457:Western United States
433:Bureau of Reclamation
399:Eastern United States
354:National Park Service
327:
306:Western United States
233:Homestead Act of 1862
90:National Park Service
22:
1107:"Taylor Grazing Act"
1051:on November 26, 2014
781:Kleppe v. New Mexico
378:national battlefield
131:Kleppe v. New Mexico
1361:Wilson, Randall K.
662:(2011), p. 100-101.
534:Mineral Leasing Act
302:Sagebrush Rebellion
181:American Revolution
173:Northwest Ordinance
721:, August 24, 2012.
672:Gibson v. Chouteau
603:through purchase,
601:federal government
567:Taylor Grazing Act
358:official NPS units
330:
279:Taylor Grazing Act
49:. Pursuant to the
47:federal government
36:
1389:Land registration
1103:Wishart, David J.
366:national monument
177:Thirteen Colonies
24:Federally managed
1396:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1328:
1327:
1325:
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1128:
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1032:
1031:
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1001:
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983:
975:
966:
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957:
948:
941:
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927:
918:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
885:
879:
878:
876:
874:
868:
861:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
827:
816:
811:"Trust Land" in
809:
800:
793:
784:
778:
772:
765:
722:
711:
705:
699:
693:
669:
663:
656:
555:
551:
522:
518:
395:national forests
312:
304:movement in the
295:yield management
255:Executive Branch
152:beneficial title
120:Legal background
32:Native Americans
26:lands in the 50
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1369:
1368:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:Further reading
1331:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1305:
1293:
1287:Jasper Womach.
1277:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1197:
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1183:
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1177:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1069:
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1054:
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1042:
1035:
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1023:
1014:
1013:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
981:
977:
976:
969:
958:
951:
942:
933:
928:
921:
917:(1994) pp 11–20
913:Black, Jeremy.
912:
908:
898:
896:
887:
886:
882:
872:
870:
866:
859:
855:
854:
850:
840:
838:
829:
828:
819:
810:
803:
794:
787:
779:
775:
766:
725:
712:
708:
700:
696:
676:U.S. v. Grimaud
670:
666:
657:
650:
646:
638:Federal enclave
629:
621:protected areas
613:
589:
553:
520:
481:
453:
322:
310:
247:Desert Land Act
224:as part of the
165:
143:Native American
122:
74:Washington D.C.
51:Property Clause
45:managed by the
17:
12:
11:
5:
1402:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1311:Hananel, Sam.
1303:
1269:
1257:
1239:
1236:. 23 Mar 2012.
1234:New York Times
1221:
1191:
1159:
1148:. p. 45.
1132:
1094:
1062:
1033:
1002:
967:
949:
931:
919:
906:
880:
848:
817:
801:
785:
773:
723:
719:New York Times
706:
694:
664:
658:Paul Rodgers,
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
635:
628:
625:
612:
609:
593:acquired lands
588:
587:Acquired lands
585:
584:
583:
578:
571:43 U.S.C.
564:
542:
536:
531:
525:106–248 (text)
512:
506:
499:16 U.S.C.
492:
487:
480:
477:
452:
449:
417:military bases
405:
404:
403:
402:
383:
382:
381:
351:
345:
321:
318:
311:privatization.
164:
161:
156:Indian Country
121:
118:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1401:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
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1318:
1314:
1307:
1299:
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1273:
1266:
1261:
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1249:
1243:
1235:
1231:
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1209:
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1195:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1155:
1154:2027.42/77588
1151:
1147:
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1120:
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1079:
1072:
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1017:
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954:
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926:
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910:
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884:
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748:
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736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
720:
716:
710:
703:
698:
691:
690:
685:
681:
680:Light v. U.S.
677:
673:
668:
661:
655:
653:
648:
639:
636:
634:
631:
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624:
622:
618:
608:
606:
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598:
594:
582:
579:
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572:
568:
565:
562:
559:
558:111–11 (text)
552:
546:
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540:
537:
535:
532:
529:
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500:
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575:§ 315
461:contiguous
443:, and the
425:New Mexico
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1214:28 April
1184:March 6,
1175:Archived
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