99:
251:
41:
273:
77:
55:
206:"As a consequence, the female-specific diversity of our genome would fit less well with geography and linguistics than would our male-specific component. If that were to prove to be the case, then the common belief that we speak our mother's tongue should be revised in favor of the concept of a ‘father's tongue’."
222:"a mother teaching her children their father’s tongue has been a recurrent, ubiquitous and prevalent pattern throughout linguistic history, some of the mechanisms of language change over time are likely to be inherent to the dynamics of this pathway of transmission. Such correlations are observed worldwide."
988:
Zerjal, Tatiana; Pandya A, Santos FR, Adhikari R, Tarazona E, Kayser M, Evgrafov O, Singh L, Thangaraj K, Destro-Bisol G, Thomas MG, Qamar R, Mehdi SQ, Rosser ZH, Hurles ME, Jobling MA, Tyler-Smith C (1999). "The use of Y-chromosomal DNA variation to investigate population history: Recent male spread
160:
Before the discovery of mtDNA variation and Y-chromosomal variation in the 1980s and 1990s, respectively, it was not possible to distinguish male from female effects in population genetics. Instead, researchers had to rely on autosomal variation, starting with the first population genetic study using
387:
The historical linguist George van Driem interpreted the correlation of Y-chromosomal haplogroups and language families as indicating that the spread of language families was often mediated by male-biased migration, whether these intrusions were martial or something less spectacular. He conjectured
391:
The Father Tongue hypothesis has implications for linguists' understanding of language change. It must be assumed that the dynamics of language change whereby mothers pass on the language of their spouses to their offspring differ from the dynamics of language change in a monolingual community and
231:
The next development was the discovery of specific Y-chromosomal markers linked to a language. These Y-chromosomal variants do not cause language change, but happened to be carried by the historic or prehistoric male speakers spreading the language. These language-specific Y-chromosomal markers
201:
inheritance, meaning it is only passed on from the mother to her children and from her daughters to their children. In 1997 Laurent
Excoffier, his student Estella Poloni and his team reported that they had found a strong correlation between the Y-chromosomal sequence P49a,f/Taql variation and
440:. The mtDNA haplogroups most frequent among Balti are the same as those of the neighbouring Tibetan communities, whereas the Y-chromosomal haplogroups most frequent in Balti males appear to have entered Baltistan from the west with the introduction of Islam. The
139:
variation. The initial work was performed on
African and European samples by a team of population geneticists, led by Laurent Excoffier. On the basis of these, and similar findings by other geneticists, the hypothesis was elaborated by historical linguist
333:
speakers in north and northeast India show high frequencies of O2a, not found in their regional neighbours who speak languages other than
Austroasiatic, whilst their mtDNA haplogroups seem to be those frequent in their region independent of language
185:. On this basis, correlations between languages and genetic variation occasionally were proposed, but sex-specific questions could not be addressed until the 1990s, when both mtDNA and Y-chromosomal variation in humans became available for study.
392:
even from the dynamics of change in a bilingual community where mothers pass on their own language to their children. As a consequence, such dynamics can introduce a discontinuity with the past. For example, it has been observed that
464:
into what is today
Hungary is historically attested and has left clear linguistic evidence, genetically the Magyar intrusion has left no salient genetic traces. Instead, from a genetic point of view, Hungarians strongly resemble a
232:
create correlations such as those observed by Poloni et al. 1997, and furthermore allow the geographic extent, the time depth and the male immigration level underlying an unrecorded (prehistoric) language change to be determined.
217:
elaborated the Father Tongue hypothesis in his ethnolinguistic publications and in population genetic publications which he has co-authored. At the Indo-Pacific
Prehistory Association conference in Taipei in 2002 he proposed that
384:. The Father Tongue hypothesis also has implications for language acquisition, as the hypothesis suggests an evolutionary explanation for why females may be better in some aspects of language performance and acquisition.
987:
901:
Poloni, Estella Simone; et al. (2000). "Languages and genes: Modes of transmission observed through the analysis of male-specific and female-specific genes". In Jean-Louis
Dessalles and Laleh Ghadakpour (ed.).
341:
populations has shown that the Han expansion southward during the sinification of what today is southern China was predominantly male-biased and is an uncontroversial example of the Father Tongue hypothesis.
202:
linguistics, while not being able to find such a correspondence for the mtDNA variation. Poloni et al. proposed the possible consequences of such a correlation, i.e. the Father Tongue hypothesis:
1814:
428:
Genetics does not determine the language spoken by a human being, and the link between Y-chromosomal haplogroups and linguistic affinities is an observed correlation and not a
144:
in 2010 that the teaching by a mother of her spouse's tongue to her children is a mechanism by which language has preferentially been spread over time. Focusing on prehistoric
416:, the language of their husbands, and so the genetic affinity of Michif has come to be almost unidentifiable. If the process of relexification went beyond the possibility of
448:. The language of the Balti corresponds to the mtDNA and not to the Y chromosome and is in effect a salient example of a mother tongue. The other well-known exception is
1441:
Pugh, K. R; et al. (1997). "Predicting reading performance from neuroimaging profiles: The cerebral basis of phonological effects in printed word identification".
1743:
van Driem, George (2008). "Reflections on the ethnolinguistic prehistory of the greater
Himalayan region". In Brigitte Huber, Marianne Volkart and Paul Widmer (ed.).
148:
in already settled areas, examples worldwide show that as little as 10–20% of prehistoric male immigration can (but need not) cause a language switch, indicating an
288:
There are several salient examples where the prehistoric diffusion of a language family correlates strongly with the diffusion of Y-chromosomal haplogroups.
178:
1773:
Bakker, Pieter Jan (1994). "Michif, the Cree-French mixed language of the Metis buffalo hunters in Canada". In Peter Bakker and
Maarten Mous (ed.).
1821:
1004:
887:
824:
684:
621:
1970:
1136:
van Driem, George (2012). "Etyma, shouldered adzes and molecular variants". In Andrea Ender, Adrian
Leemann and Bernhard Wälchli (ed.).
319:
emanating from a region in modern day Iran. However, the Elamo-Dravidian proposal continues to be rejected by mainstream linguists.
17:
924:
van Driem, George (2007). "Austroasiatic phylogeny and the
Austroasiatic homeland in light of recent population genetic studies".
634:
1931:
1072:"The phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup H1a1a-M82 reveals the likely Indian origin of the European Romani populations"
837:
432:. While father tongues predominate, exceptions to father tongues exist in the world. Two very well-known exceptions are the
152:
such as may have happened with the appearance of the first farmers or metalworkers in the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages.
1023:"Population genetic structure in Indian Austroasiatic speakers: The role of landscape barriers and sex-specific admixture"
1560:
Rossell, S. L; et al. (2002). "Sex differences in functional brain activation during a lexical visual field task".
1294:"Y-chromosome E haplogroups: their distribution and implication to the origin of Afro-Asiatic languages and pastoralism"
197:
inheritance, meaning it is only passed on among males, from father to son. Mitochondrial DNA on the other hand follows
1646:
Clements, A. M; et al. (2006). "Sex differences in cerebral laterality of language and visuospatial processing".
1965:
127:
proposes the idea that humans tend to speak their father's language. The hypothesis is based on a 1997 proposal that
1204:"Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes"
838:
Poloni, Estela S; Semino O, Passarino G, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Dupanloup I, Langaney A, Excoffier L (1997).
483:
210:
Estella Poloni also presented the Father Tongue hypothesis at an international conference in Paris in April 2000.
1944:
1869:
1807:
637:"Detection of numerous Y chromosome biallelic polymorphisms by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography"
635:
Underhill, Peter; Jin L, Lin AA, Mehdi SQ, Jenkins T, Vollrath D, Davis RW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ (1997).
1349:
Shaywitz, B. A; et al. (1995). "Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language".
991:
Genomic Diversity. Applications in Human Population Genetic Studies. Williamsburg, Virginia 26 July - 1 Aug 1998
840:"Human genetic affinities for Y-chromosome p49a,f/TaqI haplotypes show strong correspondence with linguistics"
1603:
Baxter, L. C; et al. (2003). "Sex differences in semantic language processing: A functional MRI study".
1476:
Jaeger; et al. (1998). "Sex differences in brain regions activated by grammatical and reading tasks".
698:
Hirszfeld, L; Hirszfeld H (1919). "Essai d'application des méthodes sérologiques au probléme des races".
372:
The Father Tongue hypothesis has far-reaching implications for several processes in linguistics such as
308:
subclade, R1a1, into Europe. R1a1 may also reflect the arrival of the Indo-Aryans into northern India.
98:
1975:
1745:
Chomolangma, Demawend und Kasbek: Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu seinem 65. Geburtstag (2 vols.)
417:
316:
297:
83:
1775:
Mixed Languages, 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining (Studies in Language and Language Use, 13)
1926:
767:"Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data"
1760:
A language of our own: The genesis of Michif, the mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian Métis
1980:
1849:
1844:
1245:"Y-Chromosomal Variation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insights Into the History of Niger-Congo Groups"
460:
communities, but is virtually missing in Hungarian males. Therefore, while the intrusion of the
1830:
113:
87:
456:
of the Y chromosome, distinguished by Tat-C deletion, is found at a high frequency throughout
881:
818:
678:
615:
466:
356:
349:
170:
65:
1777:. Amsterdam: Instituut voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek naar Taal en Taalgebruik. pp. 13–33.
1706:
1358:
1160:
1083:
959:
778:
575:
520:
488:
420:, the dynamics of such a process may obscure the true linguistic heritance of a community.
401:
397:
388:
that the majority of language communities spoke father tongues rather than mother tongues.
377:
293:
105:
8:
1985:
1151:
Wen, Bo; et al. (2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture".
250:
1362:
1164:
1087:
963:
782:
579:
524:
1715:
1690:
1671:
1628:
1585:
1501:
1382:
1326:
1293:
1269:
1244:
1184:
1106:
1071:
1047:
1022:
998:
864:
839:
544:
449:
261:
1616:
989:
in Asia and Europe". In Surinder S Papiha, Ranjan Deka and Ranajit Chakraborty (ed.).
801:
766:
661:
636:
598:
563:
1720:
1663:
1620:
1577:
1542:
1493:
1489:
1458:
1423:
1374:
1331:
1313:
1274:
1225:
1176:
1111:
1052:
869:
806:
666:
603:
536:
453:
445:
326:
305:
301:
279:
136:
109:
1675:
1632:
1589:
1505:
548:
1902:
1710:
1702:
1655:
1612:
1569:
1532:
1485:
1450:
1413:
1386:
1366:
1321:
1305:
1264:
1256:
1215:
1188:
1168:
1101:
1091:
1042:
1034:
967:
859:
851:
796:
786:
745:
656:
648:
593:
583:
528:
457:
381:
312:
257:
214:
166:
141:
61:
1747:. Halle: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies. pp. 39–59.
1897:
1892:
1879:
1096:
944:
478:
393:
373:
345:
330:
182:
149:
128:
1659:
413:
409:
1864:
1859:
1454:
1418:
1401:
971:
904:
Proceedings: Evolution of Language, 3rd International Conference 3-6 April 2000
441:
405:
198:
194:
174:
145:
1537:
1520:
1959:
1854:
1317:
906:. Paris: École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications. pp. 185–186.
764:
322:
1521:"Sex differences in lateralization revealed in the posterior language areas"
1260:
1220:
1203:
1038:
791:
588:
532:
40:
1918:
1887:
1724:
1667:
1624:
1581:
1573:
1546:
1335:
1278:
1229:
1180:
1115:
1056:
540:
433:
132:
1497:
1462:
1427:
1378:
873:
810:
670:
607:
1799:
1309:
338:
162:
1172:
750:
733:
652:
437:
272:
561:
1370:
511:
Forster, Peter; Renfrew C (2011). "Mother Tongue and Y Chromosomes".
429:
1443:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
1907:
855:
226:
213:
On the basis of this population genetic work, historical linguist
1691:"Sex differences in neural processing of language among children"
945:"The ethnolinguistic identity of the domesticators of Asian rice"
716:
461:
1762:. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam: doctoral dissertation.
993:. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 91–101.
315:
could potentially reflect an earlier patrilingual dispersal of
360:
765:
Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Piazza A, Menozzi P, Mountain J (1988).
1292:
Gebremeskel, Eyoab I; Ibrahim, Muntaser E (December 2014).
771:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
568:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
506:
504:
1402:"Cerebral organization of component processes in reading"
564:"Extensive polymorphism in the mitochondrial DNA of apes"
717:
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi P, Piazza A (1994).
710:
76:
54:
501:
1236:
1016:
1014:
562:
Ferris, SD; Brown WM, Davidson WS, Wilson AC (1981).
484:
Haplogroup O-M175 § Languages families and genes
721:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
697:
1639:
1342:
628:
33:
Language families and Y-DNA distributions in Africa
1291:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1011:
758:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1682:
1596:
1553:
1469:
919:
917:
915:
913:
1957:
894:
831:
555:
510:
227:Discovery of Y-chromosomal markers for languages
1434:
1393:
1195:
1122:
936:
304:is suggested to be linked to the spread of the
1781:
1731:
1144:
1063:
983:
981:
910:
725:
352:correlate well with Y-chromosomal haplogroups.
1815:
691:
243:Distributions of Uralic languages and Y-DNA:N
235:
1512:
1003:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
886:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
823:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
683:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
620:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1766:
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978:
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155:
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1242:
731:
1787:
1742:
1714:
1536:
1417:
1325:
1268:
1219:
1135:
1105:
1095:
1046:
1021:Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; et al. (2010).
942:
923:
863:
800:
790:
749:
660:
597:
587:
1689:Burman, Douglas D.; et al. (2008).
1645:
1348:
1243:de Filippo, Cesare; et al. (2011).
719:The history and Geography of Human Genes
173:were used, for example polymorphisms of
1559:
1518:
1202:Wood, Elizabeth T; et al. (2005).
1020:
14:
1958:
1772:
1757:
1707:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.021
1688:
1602:
1475:
900:
325:speakers show a high frequency of the
1932:Farming/language dispersal hypothesis
1803:
1440:
1399:
1201:
359:has been linked to the expansion of
1150:
1138:Methods in Contemporary Linguistics
1069:
734:"The genetic component of language"
24:
1971:Linguistic theories and hypotheses
1298:European Journal of Human Genetics
1208:European Journal of Human Genetics
844:American Journal of Human Genetics
25:
1997:
337:A population genetic study of 23
46:Distribution of language families
1519:Kansaku, K; et al. (2000).
1490:10.1097/00001756-199808240-00022
1400:Pugh, K. R; et al. (1996).
1070:Rai, Niraj; et al. (2012).
344:It has also been suggested that
296:from a proposed homeland in the
271:
249:
97:
75:
53:
39:
1285:
1249:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1027:Molecular Biology and Evolution
367:
27:Hypothesis regarding languages
13:
1:
1617:10.1016/s0093-934x(02)00549-7
494:
444:one of the most conservative
423:
131:correlates more closely with
1140:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
1097:10.1371/journal.pone.0048477
175:proteins of the blood plasma
7:
1758:Bakker, Pieter Jan (1992).
1660:10.1016/j.bandl.2006.04.007
472:
10:
2002:
1790:Languages of the Himalayas
1788:van Driem, George (2001).
1455:10.1037/0096-1523.23.2.299
972:10.1016/j.crpv.2011.07.004
943:van Driem, George (2012).
236:Examples of father tongues
1940:
1916:
1878:
1837:
436:in northern Pakistan and
418:linguistic reconstruction
193:The Y chromosome follows
177:, polymorphisms of human
1966:Linguistic controversies
1927:Father Tongue hypothesis
1419:10.1093/brain/119.4.1221
189:Origin of the hypothesis
156:Early autosomal research
125:father tongue hypothesis
18:Father Tongue hypothesis
1850:Synchrony and diachrony
1845:Comparative Linguistics
1538:10.1093/cercor/10.9.866
1221:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408
792:10.1073/pnas.85.16.6002
732:Darlington, CD (1947).
589:10.1073/pnas.78.10.6319
533:10.1126/science.1205331
467:Western Slavic language
327:O2a haplogroup subclade
313:Y-chromosomal lineage L
133:Y-chromosomal variation
1831:Historical linguistics
1574:10.1006/brln.2000.2449
952:Comptes Rendus Palevol
129:linguistic affiliation
114:Nilo-Saharan languages
88:Afro-Asiatic languages
1261:10.1093/molbev/msq312
1039:10.1093/molbev/msq288
357:Afroasiatic languages
350:Niger-Congo languages
298:Pontic–Caspian steppe
171:genetic polymorphisms
169:in 1919. Later other
66:Niger-Congo languages
1310:10.1038/ejhg.2014.41
489:East Asian languages
378:language acquisition
280:Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)
181:or polymorphisms of
1363:1995Natur.373..607S
1173:10.1038/nature02878
1165:2004Natur.431..302W
1088:2012PLoSO...748477R
964:2012CRPal..11..117V
783:1988PNAS...85.6002C
751:10.1038/hdy.1947.18
653:10.1101/gr.7.10.996
580:1981PNAS...78.6319F
525:2011Sci...333.1390F
519:(6048): 1390–1391.
398:Algonquian language
179:lymphocyte antigens
1917:Relationship with
1648:Brain and Language
1605:Brain and Language
1562:Brain and Language
262:Yukaghir languages
1953:
1952:
1484:(12): 2803–2807.
1357:(6515): 607–609.
1304:(12): 1387–1392.
1159:(7006): 302–305.
926:Mon-Khmer Studies
777:(16): 6002–6006.
574:(10): 6319–6323.
446:Tibetan languages
396:, genetically an
302:Kurgan hypothesis
300:according to the
292:The dispersal of
137:mitochondrial DNA
110:Khoisan languages
16:(Redirected from
1993:
1976:Ethnolinguistics
1903:Syntactic change
1824:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1792:. Leiden: Brill.
1785:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1701:(5): 1349–1362.
1695:Neuropsychologia
1686:
1680:
1679:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1412:(4): 1221–1238.
1397:
1391:
1390:
1371:10.1038/373607a0
1346:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1255:(3): 1255–1269.
1240:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1033:(2): 1013–1024.
1018:
1009:
1008:
1002:
994:
985:
976:
975:
949:
940:
934:
933:
921:
908:
907:
898:
892:
891:
885:
877:
867:
850:(5): 1015–1035.
835:
829:
828:
822:
814:
804:
794:
762:
756:
755:
753:
729:
723:
722:
714:
708:
707:
695:
689:
688:
682:
674:
664:
647:(10): 996–1005.
632:
626:
625:
619:
611:
601:
591:
559:
553:
552:
508:
382:sociolinguistics
361:E1b1b haplogroup
278:Distribution of
275:
258:Uralic languages
256:Distribution of
253:
215:George van Driem
167:Ludwik Hirszfeld
150:elite imposition
142:George van Driem
104:Distribution of
101:
82:Distribution of
79:
60:Distribution of
57:
43:
21:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1936:
1912:
1898:Semantic change
1893:Language change
1880:Language change
1874:
1833:
1828:
1798:
1797:
1786:
1782:
1771:
1767:
1756:
1752:
1741:
1732:
1687:
1683:
1644:
1640:
1601:
1597:
1558:
1554:
1525:Cerebral Cortex
1517:
1513:
1474:
1470:
1439:
1435:
1398:
1394:
1347:
1343:
1290:
1286:
1241:
1237:
1200:
1196:
1149:
1145:
1134:
1123:
1068:
1064:
1019:
1012:
996:
995:
986:
979:
947:
941:
937:
922:
911:
899:
895:
879:
878:
836:
832:
816:
815:
763:
759:
730:
726:
715:
711:
696:
692:
676:
675:
641:Genome Research
633:
629:
613:
612:
560:
556:
509:
502:
497:
479:Language family
475:
458:Uralic language
426:
374:language change
370:
329:. For example,
317:Elamo-Dravidian
286:
285:
284:
283:
282:
276:
267:
266:
265:
254:
245:
244:
238:
229:
191:
183:immunoglobulins
158:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
102:
93:
92:
91:
80:
71:
70:
69:
58:
49:
48:
47:
44:
35:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1999:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1981:Human genetics
1978:
1973:
1968:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1865:Neogrammarians
1862:
1860:Language death
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1780:
1765:
1750:
1730:
1681:
1654:(2): 150–158.
1638:
1611:(2): 264–272.
1595:
1552:
1531:(9): 866–872.
1511:
1468:
1449:(2): 299–318.
1433:
1392:
1341:
1284:
1235:
1214:(7): 867–876.
1194:
1143:
1121:
1082:(11): e48477.
1062:
1010:
977:
958:(2): 117–132.
935:
909:
893:
856:10.1086/301602
830:
757:
744:(3): 269–286.
724:
709:
690:
627:
554:
499:
498:
496:
493:
492:
491:
486:
481:
474:
471:
454:N1c haplogroup
425:
422:
369:
366:
365:
364:
355:The spread of
353:
342:
335:
320:
309:
294:Indo-Europeans
277:
270:
269:
268:
255:
248:
247:
246:
242:
241:
240:
239:
237:
234:
228:
225:
224:
223:
208:
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190:
187:
157:
154:
146:language shift
103:
96:
95:
94:
81:
74:
73:
72:
59:
52:
51:
50:
45:
38:
37:
36:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1998:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Protolanguage
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:(1): 97–105.
1567:
1563:
1556:
1548:
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1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1499:
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1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1456:
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1437:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
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1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
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1280:
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1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
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1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1117:
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1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
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1085:
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1077:
1073:
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1040:
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1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1000:
992:
984:
982:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
939:
931:
927:
920:
918:
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914:
905:
897:
889:
883:
875:
871:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
834:
826:
820:
812:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
720:
713:
705:
701:
700:Anthropologie
694:
686:
680:
672:
668:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
623:
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581:
577:
573:
569:
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558:
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546:
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538:
534:
530:
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522:
518:
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507:
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500:
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463:
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389:
385:
383:
379:
375:
362:
358:
354:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Austroasiatic
321:
318:
314:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:
289:
281:
274:
263:
259:
252:
233:
221:
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205:
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196:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
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153:
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147:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
115:
111:
107:
100:
89:
85:
78:
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1919:anthropology
1888:Sound change
1789:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1744:
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1694:
1684:
1651:
1647:
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1471:
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1301:
1297:
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1075:
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1030:
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990:
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925:
903:
896:
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847:
843:
833:
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770:
760:
741:
737:
727:
718:
712:
703:
699:
693:
679:cite journal
644:
640:
630:
616:cite journal
571:
567:
557:
516:
512:
427:
414:Métis French
390:
386:
371:
368:Implications
306:R haplogroup
287:
230:
212:
209:
192:
163:blood groups
159:
124:
122:
112:and part of
108:(related to
86:(related to
64:(related to
1478:NeuroReport
469:community.
442:Balti speak
430:causal link
412:women with
402:Plains Cree
339:Han Chinese
199:matrilineal
195:patrilineal
84:Y-DNA:E1b1b
62:Y-DNA:E1b1a
1986:Fatherhood
1960:Categories
706:: 505–537.
495:References
438:Hungarians
424:Exceptions
406:relexified
348:and other
135:than with
1318:1476-5438
999:cite book
450:Hungarian
334:affinity.
1945:Category
1908:Archaism
1725:18262207
1676:32525196
1668:16716389
1633:12658733
1625:12590915
1590:34669770
1582:11817892
1547:10982747
1506:41971376
1336:24667790
1279:21109585
1230:15856073
1181:15372031
1116:23209554
1076:PLOS ONE
1057:20978040
738:Heredity
549:43916070
541:21903800
473:See also
1870:More...
1716:2478638
1498:9760124
1463:9103996
1428:8813285
1387:4315684
1379:7854416
1359:Bibcode
1327:4231410
1270:3561512
1189:4301581
1161:Bibcode
1107:3509117
1084:Bibcode
1048:3355372
960:Bibcode
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874:9346874
865:1716025
811:3166138
779:Bibcode
671:9331370
608:6273863
576:Bibcode
521:Bibcode
513:Science
462:Magyars
404:), was
106:Y-DNA:A
1838:Topics
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1713:
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400:(like
394:Michif
1672:S2CID
1629:S2CID
1586:S2CID
1502:S2CID
1406:Brain
1383:S2CID
1185:S2CID
948:(PDF)
545:S2CID
434:Balti
410:Métis
346:Bantu
331:Munda
260:(and
1721:PMID
1664:PMID
1621:PMID
1578:PMID
1543:PMID
1494:PMID
1459:PMID
1424:PMID
1375:PMID
1332:PMID
1314:ISSN
1275:PMID
1226:PMID
1177:PMID
1112:PMID
1053:PMID
1005:link
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825:link
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667:PMID
622:link
604:PMID
537:PMID
380:and
311:The
123:The
1711:PMC
1703:doi
1656:doi
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1169:doi
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