446:(GWAS). There have been a number of studies looking into various polymorphisms of asthma-associated genes and how those polymorphisms interact with the carrier's environment. One example is the gene CD14, which is known to have a polymorphism that is associated with increased amounts of CD14 protein as well as reduced levels of IgE serum. A study was conducted on 624 children looking at their IgE serum levels as it related to the polymorphism in CD14. The study found that IgE serum levels differed in children with the C allele in the CD14/-260 gene based on the type of allergens they regularly exposed to. Children who were in regular contact with house pets showed higher serum levels of IgE while children who were regularly exposed to stable animals showed lower serum levels of IgE. Continued research into gene-environment interactions may lead to more specialized treatment plans based on an individual's surroundings.
402:. Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln are the two common polymorphisms of XPD that result in a change in a single amino acid. This variation in Asn and Gln alleles has been related to individuals having a reduced DNA repair efficiency. Several studies have been conducted to see if this diminished capacity to repair DNA is related to an increased risk of lung cancer. These studies examined the XPD gene in lung cancer patients of varying age, gender, race, and
424:
is becoming increasingly important to understand the specific mutations involved in the individual's cancer, such as needed to select specific molecular targets such as mutations in various receptors, but also understanding the polymorphisms they inherited which play important roles in diagnosis,
60:
Gene polymorphisms can occur in any region of the genome. The majority of polymorphisms are silent, meaning they do not alter the function or expression of a gene. Some polymorphisms are visible. For example, in dogs the E locus can have any of five different alleles, known as E, E, E, E, and e.
406:. The studies provided mixed results, from concluding individuals who are homozygous for the Asn allele or homozygous for the Gln allele had an increased risk of developing lung cancer, to finding no statistical significance between smokers who have either allele polymorphism and their
1424:
Misra, R Rita; Ratnasinghe, Duminda; Tangrea, Joseph A; Virtamo, Jarmo; Andersen, Mark R; Barrett, Michael; Taylor, Philip R; Albanes, Demetrius (2003). "Polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes XPD, XRCC1, XRCC3, and APE/ref-1, and the risk of lung cancer amongmale smokers in
Finland".
441:
Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the lungs and more than 100 loci have been identified as contributing to the development and severity of the condition. By using the traditional linkage analysis, these asthma correlated genes were able to be identified in small quantities using
64:
A polymorphic variant of a gene can lead to the abnormal expression or to the production of an abnormal form of the protein; this abnormality may cause or be associated with disease. For example, a polymorphic variant of the gene encoding the enzyme
1572:
Baldini, M.; Lohman, I. C.; Halonen, M.; Erickson, R. P.; Holt, P. G.; Martinez, F. D. (May 1999). "A Polymorphism* in the 5' flanking region of the CD14 gene is associated with circulating soluble CD14 levels and with total serum immunoglobulin E".
136:
rather than polymorphisms. However, since polymorphisms may occur at low allele frequency, this is not a reliable way to tell new mutations from polymorphisms. A mutation is a change to an inherited genetic sequence.
77:
at the gene's nucleotide 8590 position encodes a CYP4A11 protein that substitutes phenylalanine with serine at the protein's amino acid position 434. This variant protein has reduced enzyme activity in metabolizing
1619:
Eder, Waltraud; Klimecki, Walt; Yu, Lizhi; von Mutius, Erika; Riedler, Josef; Braun-Fahrländer, Charlotte; Nowak, Dennis; Martinez, Fernando D.; Allergy And
Endotoxin Alex Study Team (September 2005).
57:
within a population. In addition to having more than one allele at a specific locus, each allele must also occur in the population at a rate of at least 1% to generally be considered polymorphic.
631:
Bodmer, J. G.; Marsh, S. G. E.; Albert, E. D.; Bodmer, W. F.; Bontrop, R. E.; Dupont, B.; Erlich, H. A.; Hansen, J. A.; Mach, B. (1999-04-01). "Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1998".
148:
nearly all mutations are not passed on to subsequent generations. A mutation may, or may not, be passed on to off-spring (e.g. if is a mutation that happens in some replicating cells
178:, which can be subsequently passed on to future generations, and it is very helpful to be clear when discussing mutations whether it is a somatic mutation or germline mutation.
38:
319:
Many different human disease result from polymorphisms. Polymorphisms also play significant role as risk factors for development of disease. Finally, polymorphisms in
236:(i.e. silent or resulting in some change in function or change in fitness). Polymorphisms are also classified based on whether the change is in the sequence of the
363:
310:
are repeats of 1-6 base pairs of DNA sequence. Microsatellites are commonly used as a molecular markers especially for identifying the relationship between alleles
1269:"Polymorphisms in XPD Gene Could Predict Clinical Outcome of Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis of 24 Studies"
501:
414:
398:. XPD works by cutting and removing segments of DNA that have been damaged due to things such as cigarette smoking and inhalation of other environmental
330:, proteins involved in drug transport (whether into the body, into protected areas of the body like the brain, or secreted out) as well as in specific
164:
279:
are a single nucleotide changes that happen in the genome in a particular location. The single nucleotide polymorphism is the most common form of
212:
sequence is repeated (both of these are common in parts of DNA that don't directly code for a protein, as are SNPs, but can have major effects on
1462:"ITPA, TPMT, and NUDT15 Genetic Polymorphisms Predict 6-Mercaptopurine Toxicity in Middle Eastern Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia"
811:"Discovery and verification of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms in regulatory genomic regions: Current and developing technologies"
550:
1151:
1014:
Mills RE, Pittard WS, Mullaney JM, Farooq U, Creasy TH, Mahurkar AA, Kemeza DM, Strassler DS, Ponting CP, Webber C, Devine SE (2011).
1525:
224:
can they spread into a population. Polymorphisms are classified based on what happens at the level of the individual mutation in the
261:
1460:
Moradveisi, Borhan; Muwakkit, Samar; Zamani, Fatemeh; Ghaderi, Ebrahim; Mohammadi, Ebrahim; Zgheib, Nathalie K. (2019-08-27).
1267:
Qin, Qin; Zhang, Chi; Yang, Xi; Zhu, Hongcheng; Yang, Baixia; Cai, Jing; Cheng, Hongyan; Ma, Jianxin; Lu, Jing (2013-11-15).
17:
117:
of human MHC class I and II genes, and it has been estimated that there are 200 variants at the HLA-B HLA-DRB1 loci alone.
90:. A study has shown that humans bearing this variant in one or both of their CYP4A11 genes have an increased incidence of
1112:
809:
Chorley, Brian N.; Wang, Xuting; Campbell, Michelle R.; Pittman, Gary S.; Noureddine, Maher A.; Bell, Douglas A. (2008).
334:
proteins alter the effect of various drugs. This is a rapidly evolving area of drug safety research. Resources such as
109:(MHC) are in fact the most polymorphic genes known. MHC molecules are involved in the immune system and interact with
512:
410:. Research continues to be conducted to determine the relationship between XPD polymorphisms and lung cancer risk.
106:
256:
to amplify the sequence of a gene. Once amplified, polymorphisms and mutations in the sequence can be detected by
1678:
343:
87:
276:
217:
197:
132:
A rule of thumb that is sometimes used is to classify genetic variants that occur below 1% allele frequency as
296:
can also cause polymorphism by inserting themselves in new locations. For example, repetitive elements of the
443:
31:
1126:
244:
of the gene, which can occur at sites that are typically upstream and adjacent to the gene, but not always.
335:
189:
1375:
Liang, Gang; Xing, Deyin; Miao, Xiaoping; Tan, Wen; Yu, Chunyuan; Lu, Wenfu; Lin, Dongxin (2003-07-10).
433:
where toxicity largely depends on polymorphisms in multiple different genes involved in its metabolism.
407:
1220:"The XPD variant alleles are associated with increased aromatic DNA adduct level and lung cancer risk"
253:
205:
61:
Varying combinations of these alleles contribute to the pigmentation and patterns seen in dog coats.
674:
252:
Polymorphisms can be identified in the laboratory using a variety of methods. Many methods employ
1621:"Opposite effects of CD 14/-260 on serum IgE levels in children raised in different environments"
99:
1377:"Sequence variations in the DNA repair gene XPD and risk of lung cancer in a Chinese population"
462:
220:. All genetic polymorphisms start out as a mutation, but only if they are germline and are not
926:
Sadee, W; Wang, D; Papp, AC; Pinsonneault, JK; Smith, RM; Moyer, RA; Johnson, AD (March 2011).
347:
558:
387:
367:
331:
1280:
293:
209:
8:
145:
121:
1284:
1016:"Natural genetic variation caused by small insertions and deletions in the human genome"
1549:
1520:
1496:
1461:
1311:
1268:
1089:
1064:
1040:
1015:
960:
927:
900:
867:
843:
810:
783:
748:
724:
689:
608:
583:
1438:
1169:
1650:
1642:
1598:
1590:
1554:
1501:
1483:
1442:
1406:
1398:
1357:
1316:
1298:
1249:
1241:
1094:
1045:
1000:
965:
947:
905:
887:
848:
830:
788:
770:
729:
711:
656:
648:
644:
613:
421:
280:
160:
1632:
1582:
1544:
1534:
1491:
1473:
1434:
1388:
1347:
1306:
1288:
1231:
1084:
1076:
1035:
1027:
955:
939:
895:
879:
838:
822:
778:
760:
719:
701:
640:
603:
595:
463:"Genetic polymorphism - Biology-Online Dictionary | Biology-Online Dictionary"
430:
375:
216:). Polymorphisms which result in a change in fitness are the grist for the mill of
149:
79:
54:
1293:
928:"Pharmacogenomics of the RNA World: Structural RNA Polymorphisms in Drug Therapy"
747:
Karki, Roshan; Pandya, Deep; Elston, Robert C.; Ferlini, Cristiano (2015-07-15).
688:
Karki, Roshan; Pandya, Deep; Elston, Robert C.; Ferlini, Cristiano (2015-07-15).
599:
395:
324:
320:
241:
237:
213:
193:
185:
826:
27:
Occurrence in an interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes
1673:
1637:
1620:
1194:
371:
307:
257:
1236:
1219:
984:
868:"What is a functional genetic polymorphism? Defining classes of functionality"
765:
706:
1667:
1646:
1594:
1586:
1487:
1478:
1402:
1302:
1245:
951:
891:
834:
774:
715:
652:
221:
188:
mutations there isn't a change in fitness, and the pressures responsible for
1654:
1602:
1558:
1505:
1446:
1410:
1361:
1320:
1253:
1098:
1049:
969:
909:
852:
792:
733:
660:
617:
225:
91:
1031:
943:
536:
1352:
1335:
1080:
386:
Polymorphisms have been discovered in multiple XPD exons. XPD refers to "
297:
260:, either directly or after screening for variation with a method such as
229:
1539:
749:"Defining "mutation" and "polymorphism" in the era of personal genomics"
690:"Defining "mutation" and "polymorphism" in the era of personal genomics"
192:
equilibrium have no impact on the accumulation of silent polymorphisms
883:
399:
391:
327:
83:
1393:
1376:
403:
233:
127:
70:
476:
426:
351:
153:
133:
74:
359:
272:
A polymorphism can be any sequence difference. Examples include:
175:
168:
114:
66:
159:
For example, a mutation may occur in a skin cell as a result of
1521:"Genetic polymorphisms and associated susceptibility to asthma"
1459:
417:
110:
95:
50:
1423:
1336:"ERCC2 /XPD gene polymorphisms and lung cancer: a HuGE review"
584:"20-HETE and blood pressure regulation: clinical implications"
167:
which is not properly repaired before the skin cell undergoes
339:
301:
286:
201:
1571:
355:
174:
This is quite distinct from a mutation which occurs during
46:
37:
1575:
American
Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology
1065:"Small insertions and deletions (INDELs) in human genomes"
1062:
1013:
808:
925:
582:
Wu CC, Gupta T, Garcia V, Ding Y, Schwartzman ML (2014).
1618:
746:
687:
675:"Genetic Polymorphism and How It Lasts over Generations"
364:
International
Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration
1150:
Research, Center for Drug
Evaluation and (2024-02-02).
630:
1518:
1152:"Table of Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers in Drug Labeling"
1113:"Difference Between Minisatellite and Microsatellite"
1063:
Mullaney JM, Mills RE, Pittard WS, Devine SE (2010).
1201:, National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)
551:"E-Locus (Recessive Yellow, Melanistic Mask Allele)"
141:
In unicellular organisms, there isn't a distinction.
289:
consist of insertions or deletions of bases in DNA.
1001:"What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)?"
502:"Technologic Issues in GWAS and Follow-up Studies"
128:Differences between gene polymorphism and mutation
581:
156:, none of the off-spring will bear the mutation.
1665:
1374:
481:National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
262:single strand conformation polymorphism analysis
144:In multi-cellular organisms which replicate via
41:Genes which control hair colour are polymorphic.
1333:
1266:
425:prognosis, and treatment, such as treatment of
1625:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
577:
575:
356:Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)
1512:
1327:
304:families cause polymorphisms in human genome.
1056:
1007:
1519:March ME, Sleiman PM, Hakonarson H (2013).
1195:"GenBank: The Nucleotide Sequence Database"
572:
232:), and what effect the mutation has on the
204:of one or more nucleotides, changes in the
49:is said to be polymorphic if more than one
804:
802:
1636:
1548:
1538:
1526:International Journal of General Medicine
1495:
1477:
1392:
1351:
1310:
1292:
1235:
1088:
1039:
959:
899:
842:
782:
764:
723:
705:
607:
287:Small-scale insertions/deletions (Indels)
1192:
1149:
921:
919:
872:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience
314:
292:Polymorphic repetitive elements. Active
36:
799:
499:
120:Some polymorphism may be maintained by
113:. There are more than 32,000 different
105:Most notably, the genes coding for the
14:
1666:
986:Genetics, Mutations, and Polymorphisms
932:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
865:
277:Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
1614:
1612:
916:
982:
240:protein or in the regulation of the
1217:
24:
1609:
633:European Journal of Immunogenetics
25:
1690:
866:Albert, Paul R. (November 2011).
681:
477:"Genetic Testing Report-Glossary"
247:
82:to the blood pressure-regulating
1340:American Journal of Epidemiology
645:10.1046/j.1365-2370.1999.00159.x
228:(or RNA sequence in the case of
198:variation in a single nucleotide
196:. Most often, a polymorphism is
107:major histocompatibility complex
1565:
1453:
1417:
1381:International Journal of Cancer
1368:
1260:
1211:
1186:
1162:
1143:
1119:
1105:
993:
976:
859:
740:
500:Chanock, Stephen (2017-05-22).
444:genome-wide association studies
88:20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
1334:Benhamou S, Sarasin A (2005).
1193:Mizrachi, Ilene (2007-08-22),
667:
624:
543:
529:
493:
469:
455:
390:group D" and is involved in a
381:
218:evolution by natural selection
13:
1:
1439:10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00638-9
449:
408:susceptibility to lung cancer
1294:10.1371/journal.pone.0079864
600:10.1097/CRD.0b013e3182961659
7:
827:10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.05.001
10:
1695:
1638:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.05.003
537:"Dog Coat Colour Genetics"
362:, and other parts of the
29:
1466:Frontiers in Pharmacology
1218:Hou, S.-M. (2002-04-01).
766:10.1186/s12920-015-0115-z
707:10.1186/s12920-015-0115-z
436:
1587:10.1165/ajrcmb.20.5.3494
1479:10.3389/fphar.2019.00916
1069:Human Molecular Genetics
267:
30:For other concepts, see
1237:10.1093/carcin/23.4.599
1170:"Genomics and Medicine"
1127:"Polygenic Risk Scores"
366:have become crucial in
200:(SNP), but also can be
100:coronary artery disease
1679:Polymorphism (biology)
394:mechanism used during
348:DNA Data Bank of Japan
42:
1032:10.1101/gr.115907.110
944:10.1038/clpt.2010.314
555:www.animalgenetics.us
388:xeroderma pigmentosum
368:Personalized medicine
332:cell surface receptor
315:Clinical significance
294:transposable elements
202:insertion or deletion
53:occupies that gene's
40:
18:Genetic polymorphisms
989:. Landes Bioscience.
983:Bull, Laura (2013).
753:BMC Medical Genomics
694:BMC Medical Genomics
588:Cardiology in Review
415:Peronalized medicine
413:As a cornerstone of
1540:10.2147/IJGM.S28156
1285:2013PLoSO...879864Q
146:sexual reproduction
122:balancing selection
1353:10.1093/aje/kwi018
1199:The NCBI Handbook
1081:10.1093/hmg/ddq400
884:10.1503/jpn.110137
43:
1394:10.1002/ijc.11136
815:Mutation Research
465:. September 2020.
422:Sequence analysis
281:genetic variation
161:ultraviolet light
150:that are not part
16:(Redirected from
1686:
1659:
1658:
1640:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1542:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1481:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1396:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1296:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1239:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1011:
1005:
1004:
997:
991:
990:
980:
974:
973:
963:
923:
914:
913:
903:
863:
857:
856:
846:
821:(1–2): 147–157.
806:
797:
796:
786:
768:
744:
738:
737:
727:
709:
685:
679:
678:
671:
665:
664:
628:
622:
621:
611:
579:
570:
569:
567:
566:
557:. Archived from
547:
541:
540:
533:
527:
526:
524:
523:
517:
511:. Archived from
506:
497:
491:
490:
488:
487:
473:
467:
466:
459:
431:6-mercaptopurine
376:pharmacogenomics
80:arachidonic acid
21:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1617:
1610:
1570:
1566:
1517:
1513:
1458:
1454:
1422:
1418:
1373:
1369:
1332:
1328:
1265:
1261:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1061:
1057:
1020:Genome Research
1012:
1008:
999:
998:
994:
981:
977:
924:
917:
864:
860:
807:
800:
745:
741:
686:
682:
673:
672:
668:
639:(2–3): 81–116.
629:
625:
580:
573:
564:
562:
549:
548:
544:
535:
534:
530:
521:
519:
515:
504:
498:
494:
485:
483:
475:
474:
470:
461:
460:
456:
452:
439:
396:DNA replication
384:
325:cytochrome p450
321:drug metabolism
317:
308:Microsatellites
270:
250:
214:gene expression
206:number of times
184:In the case of
163:resulting in a
130:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1692:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1661:
1660:
1631:(3): 601–607.
1608:
1581:(5): 976–983.
1564:
1511:
1452:
1433:(2): 171–178.
1427:Cancer Letters
1416:
1387:(5): 669–673.
1367:
1326:
1279:(11): e79864.
1259:
1230:(4): 599–603.
1224:Carcinogenesis
1210:
1185:
1174:www.genome.gov
1161:
1142:
1131:www.genome.gov
1118:
1104:
1075:(R2): R131–6.
1055:
1006:
992:
975:
938:(3): 355–365.
915:
878:(6): 363–365.
858:
798:
739:
680:
666:
623:
571:
542:
528:
492:
468:
453:
451:
448:
438:
435:
383:
380:
372:bioinformatics
316:
313:
312:
311:
305:
290:
284:
269:
266:
258:DNA sequencing
249:
248:Identification
246:
190:Hardy-Weinberg
182:
181:
180:
179:
172:
165:thiamine dimer
142:
129:
126:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1691:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1002:
996:
988:
987:
979:
971:
967:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
920:
911:
907:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
862:
854:
850:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
803:
794:
790:
785:
780:
776:
772:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
735:
731:
726:
721:
717:
713:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
676:
670:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
627:
619:
615:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
578:
576:
561:on 2017-10-30
560:
556:
552:
546:
538:
532:
518:on 2018-08-22
514:
510:
503:
496:
482:
478:
472:
464:
458:
454:
447:
445:
434:
432:
428:
423:
419:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
326:
322:
309:
306:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
285:
282:
278:
275:
274:
273:
265:
263:
259:
255:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
177:
173:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
125:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
72:
68:
62:
58:
56:
52:
48:
39:
33:
19:
1628:
1624:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1530:
1524:
1514:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1203:, retrieved
1198:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:
1164:
1155:
1145:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:
1121:
1107:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1026:(6): 830–9.
1023:
1019:
1009:
995:
985:
978:
935:
931:
875:
871:
861:
818:
814:
756:
752:
742:
697:
693:
683:
669:
636:
632:
626:
591:
587:
563:. Retrieved
559:the original
554:
545:
531:
520:. Retrieved
513:the original
508:
495:
484:. Retrieved
480:
471:
457:
440:
412:
385:
318:
271:
251:
226:DNA sequence
183:
171:and divides.
131:
119:
104:
92:hypertension
63:
59:
44:
32:Polymorphism
1346:(1): 1–14.
594:(1): 1–12.
400:carcinogens
382:Lung cancer
230:RNA viruses
208:a short or
94:, ischemic
69:, in which
1668:Categories
1533:: 253–65.
1205:2024-02-17
1179:2024-02-17
1136:2024-02-17
565:2017-11-08
522:2017-11-30
509:Genome.gov
486:2017-11-08
450:References
404:pack-years
392:DNA repair
328:isoenzymes
242:expression
84:eicosanoid
1647:0091-6749
1595:1044-1549
1488:1663-9812
1403:1097-0215
1303:1932-6203
1246:0143-3334
952:0009-9236
892:1180-4882
835:0027-5107
775:1755-8794
716:1755-8794
653:1365-2370
238:resulting
234:phenotype
194:over time
134:mutations
73:replaces
71:thymidine
1655:16159630
1603:10226067
1559:23637549
1506:31507415
1447:12618330
1411:12740916
1362:15615908
1321:24260311
1273:PLOS ONE
1254:11960912
1099:20858594
1050:21460062
970:21289622
910:22011561
853:18565787
793:26173390
734:26173390
661:10331156
618:23584425
427:leukemia
352:DrugBank
154:germline
75:cytosine
1550:3636804
1497:6718715
1472:: 916.
1312:3829883
1281:Bibcode
1090:2953750
1041:3106316
961:3251919
901:3201989
844:2676583
784:4502642
725:4502642
609:4292790
418:cancers
360:GenBank
344:Ensembl
323:, esp.
176:meiosis
169:mitosis
152:of the
115:alleles
111:T-cells
67:CYP4A11
1653:
1645:
1601:
1593:
1557:
1547:
1504:
1494:
1486:
1445:
1409:
1401:
1360:
1319:
1309:
1301:
1252:
1244:
1097:
1087:
1048:
1038:
968:
958:
950:
908:
898:
890:
851:
841:
833:
791:
781:
773:
759:: 37.
732:
722:
714:
700:: 37.
659:
651:
616:
606:
437:Asthma
374:, and
336:HapMap
222:lethal
210:longer
186:silent
98:, and
96:stroke
51:allele
1674:Genes
516:(PDF)
505:(PDF)
429:with
340:DbSNP
302:LINE1
268:Types
55:locus
1651:PMID
1643:ISSN
1599:PMID
1591:ISSN
1555:PMID
1502:PMID
1484:ISSN
1443:PMID
1407:PMID
1399:ISSN
1358:PMID
1317:PMID
1299:ISSN
1250:PMID
1242:ISSN
1095:PMID
1046:PMID
966:PMID
948:ISSN
906:PMID
888:ISSN
849:PMID
831:ISSN
789:PMID
771:ISSN
730:PMID
712:ISSN
657:PMID
649:ISSN
614:PMID
300:and
47:gene
1633:doi
1629:116
1583:doi
1545:PMC
1535:doi
1492:PMC
1474:doi
1435:doi
1431:191
1389:doi
1385:105
1348:doi
1344:161
1307:PMC
1289:doi
1232:doi
1156:FDA
1085:PMC
1077:doi
1036:PMC
1028:doi
956:PMC
940:doi
896:PMC
880:doi
839:PMC
823:doi
819:659
779:PMC
761:doi
720:PMC
702:doi
641:doi
604:PMC
596:doi
298:Alu
254:PCR
1670::
1649:.
1641:.
1627:.
1623:.
1611:^
1597:.
1589:.
1579:20
1577:.
1553:.
1543:.
1529:.
1523:.
1500:.
1490:.
1482:.
1470:10
1468:.
1464:.
1441:.
1429:.
1405:.
1397:.
1383:.
1379:.
1356:.
1342:.
1338:.
1315:.
1305:.
1297:.
1287:.
1275:.
1271:.
1248:.
1240:.
1228:23
1226:.
1222:.
1197:,
1172:.
1154:.
1129:.
1093:.
1083:.
1073:19
1071:.
1067:.
1044:.
1034:.
1024:21
1022:.
1018:.
964:.
954:.
946:.
936:89
934:.
930:.
918:^
904:.
894:.
886:.
876:36
874:.
870:.
847:.
837:.
829:.
817:.
813:.
801:^
787:.
777:.
769:.
755:.
751:.
728:.
718:.
710:.
696:.
692:.
655:.
647:.
637:26
635:.
612:.
602:.
592:22
590:.
586:.
574:^
553:.
507:.
479:.
420:,
378:.
370:,
358:,
354:,
350:,
346:,
338:,
264:.
124:.
102:.
86:,
45:A
1657:.
1635::
1605:.
1585::
1561:.
1537::
1531:6
1508:.
1476::
1449:.
1437::
1413:.
1391::
1364:.
1350::
1323:.
1291::
1283::
1277:8
1256:.
1234::
1182:.
1158:.
1139:.
1115:.
1101:.
1079::
1052:.
1030::
1003:.
972:.
942::
912:.
882::
855:.
825::
795:.
763::
757:8
736:.
704::
698:8
677:.
663:.
643::
620:.
598::
568:.
539:.
525:.
489:.
342:,
283:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
